Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST)

School of Engineering Physics (SEP)

PHYSICS LABWORK
REPORT
For PH1016

Edited by Phạm Văn Lộc

Class : TE-E2 01 K63

Student number 20186115

Hanoi, 2019
 Experimental Report 1

MEASUREMENT OF BASIC LENGTH

I. EXPERIMENT MOTIVATION
Know to use and read Vernier caliper and Micrometer proficiently.
Know how to calculate uncertainty and standard deviation.
Practice measurement report.

II, THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

1. VERNIER CALIPER

How to read a vernier caliper

- Using the equation: D = n a + m Δ

Step 1: Count the number of division (n) on the main rule – T, lying to the
left of the 0-mark on the vernier scale – T’

Step 2: Look along the division mark on vernier scale and the millimeter
marks on the adjacent main rule, until you find the two that most nearly
line up. Then, count the number of divisions (m) on the vernier scale
except the 0 mark

Step 3: Put the obtained values of n and m into eq. (2) to calculate the
measured dimension

NOTE:

+ If the 0-mark on vernier scale is just adjacently behind the division n on

the main rule, the division m should be on the first end part of vernier scale

+ If the 0-mark on vernier scale is in between the division n and n+1 on the
main rule, the division m should be on the middle part of vernier scale

+ If the 0-mark on vernier scale is just adjacently before the division n+1
on the main rule, the division m should be on the last end part of vernier
scale

2. MICROMETER.

How to read a micrometer

- Using the equations: D = n a + m Δ

- Step 1: Count the number of division (n) on the sleeve - T of both the top
and down divisions of the double rule lying to the left of the thimble edge.
 - Step 2: Look at the thimble divisions mark – T’ to find the one that
coincides nearly a line with the referent one. Then, count the number of
divisions (m) on the thimble except the 0-mark

- Step 3: Put the obtained values of n and m into aforementioned equation

to calculate the measured dimension.

NOTE: The ratchet is only considered to spin completely a revolution

around the sleeve when the 0-mark on the thimble passes the referent line

3. Experimental procedure

1. Use the Vernier caliper to measure the external and internal diameter (D
and d respectively), and the height (h), of a metal hollow cylinder.

2. Use the micrometer to measure the diameter (Db) of a small steel ball
for 5 trial

4.Measurement result:
Table 1: Metal hollow cylinder:
mc  89.40 (g)  0.1 (g)
 c  0.02(mm)
Trials D (mm) d (mm) h (mm)
1 49.72 40.28 15.20
2 49.70 40.30 15.18
3 49.70 40.30 15.22
4 49.72 40.28 15.20
5 49.70 40.30 15.20
Dc  49.71(mm) dc  40.29(mm) hc  15.20(mm)
5 5 5

 ( Dc  Dci )2  (dc  dci )2  (h c  hci ) 2

Dc  i 1
 0.01 d c  i 1
 0.01 hc  i 1
 0.01
5 5 5

Table 2: Steel ball:

 b  0.01(mm)
mb  16.60  0.1(g)
Trials Db (mm)
1 15.96
2 15.95
3 15.97
 4 15.96
5 15.96
Db  15.96 (mm)
5

 (D b  Dbi ) 2
Db  i 1
 0.01(mm)
5

1. Calculate the volume and density of the metal hollow cylinder:

a. Volume:

V 
4
D 2

 d 2 .h 
3.14
4
 (49.712  40.29 2 ) 15.20  10.12 10 3 (mm3 )
2
     ( D  d )   h 
22 2 2

V  V        
    D d   h 
2 2

     D   d    h  2
2 2 2

V    2      2
1  
     D   d  D d 2   h 

2
 0.01    0.01   0.01    0.01  2
2 2 2

 10.12 10     2     
1  
  15.20 
3

 3.14    49.71   40.29  49.71  40.29 2

2

 0.03 10 3 (mm3 )

hence V  (10.12  0.03)  106 (m3 )

b. Density:

m 89.4  10 3
  6
 8.83  103 (kgm3 )
V 10.12  10

 m   V 
2 2 2 2
 0.1   0.03 
        (8.83  10 ) 
3
  
 m   V   89.4   10.12 
 0.03  103 (kgm3 )

Hence   (8.83  0.03)  103 (kgm3 )

 2. Calculate the volume of steel ball:
1 1
Vb  . .Db3   3.14  15.9683  2.13  10 3 (mm3 )  2.13  10 6 (m 3 )
6 6
2
    Db 
2 2 2

  (2.13  10 6 ) 
0.01   0.003 
  
6
Vb  Vb      0.01  10 (m )
3

    Db   3.14   15.968 
then Vb  (2.13  0.01)  10 6 (m 3 )

Hence
V  (2.13  0.01)  10 6 (m 3 )

*/ Conclusion:
Using Vernier caliper and micrometer seems to be easy but we need to be
careful with reading the results. A little mistake in counting lines can lead you to
the wrong result. All the things we measured in this experiment is not totally
symmetric so we usually have deviations after each measurement.
 Experimental Report 2
Momentum and kinetic in elastic and inelastic collisions
Class : TE-E2 K63 Verification of the instructors
Group: 04
Name: Phạm Văn Lộc
Student’s ID: 20186115

Equipment
1. Aluminum demonstration track;
2. Starter system for demonstration track;
3. End holder for demonstration track
4. Light barrier (photo-gate)
5. Cart having low friction sapphire bearings;
6. Digital timers with 4 channels; Trigger

I/ Experimental Motivation
- Verification of conservation of momentum and kinetic energy in elastic and inelastic collision
-Improving experiment skills

II/ Theoretical Background

1.Momentum and conservation of momentum
Momentum is a physics quantity defined as product of the particle's mass and velocity. T
is a vector quantity with the same direction as the particle's velocity.
p  mv (1)
Then we may demonstrate the Newton's second law as
dp
F  dt (2)

The concept of momentum is particularly important in situations in which we have two or

more interacting bodies. For any system, the forces that the particles of the system exert on
each other are called internal forces. Forces exerted on any part of the system by some
object outside it are called external forces. For the system, the internal forces are cancelled
due to the Newton’s third law. Then, if the vector sum of the external forces is zero, the
time rate of change of the total momentum is zero. Hence, the total momentum of the
system is constant:

dp

F  0  dt  p  const (3)
This result is called the principle of conservation of momentum.

2.Elastic and inelastic collision

2.1 Elastic collision

If the forces between the bodies are much larger than any external forces, as is the case
in most collisions, we can neglect the external forces entirely and treat the bodies as an
isolated system. The momentum of an individual object may change, but the total for the
system does not. Then momentum is conserved and the total momentum of the system has
the same value
before and after the collision. If the forces between the bodies are also conservative, so that
no mechanical energy is lost or gained in the collision, the total kinetic energy of the system
is the same after the collision as before. Such a collision is called an elastic collision. This
case can be illustrated by an example in which two bodies undergoing a collision on a
frictionless surface as shown in Fig.1.

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 1. Before collision (a), elastic collision (b) and after collision (c)

Remember this rule:

- In any collision in which external forces can be neglected, momentum is conserved and
the total momentum before equals the total momentum after that is
m1v1 'm2v2 ' m1v1  m2v2 (4)
- In elastic collisions only, the total kinetic energy before equals the total kinetic energy
after that is
1 m v'2  1 m v'2  1 m v2  1 m v2 (5)
2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2
Using the two laws of conservation (4) and (5), the velocities after the collision and can be
calculated based on the initial velocities as follows
m1 m2v12m2 v2
v'1 (6)
m1 m2
m2 m1 v2  2m1v1
v'2  (7)
m1  m2
If the second body is in stationary (v2 = 0) then
m1 m2 v1
v'1  (8)
m1 m2
 2m1v1
v' 2 m1 m2 (9)
In common sense, eqs. (6) and (7) lead to the result for the difference between the
velocities v’2 – v’1= v 2 – v1.
The difference can be considered as a relative velocity with which cart 1 and cart 2 approach
one another or move apart. In general, the relative velocity before and after the collision is
identical. In the experiment, the collisions are never completely elastic so that the law of
conservation of kinetic energy is affected. As a consequence, eqs. (6) and (7) are not
absolutely valid. It is now possible to introduce the coefficient of restitution δ, which is a
measure for the elasticity of the collision:
v'2 v'1
 (10)
v2  v1
In the case of a completely elastic collision, the value of this coefficient of restitution is 1 and
in the case of an inelastic collision, its value is 0. Then, eqs (6) and (7) can be rewritten as
m1m2v1 1 m2v2
v'1  (11)
m1 m2
m2m1v21m1v1
v' 2  (12)
m1  m2
2.2 Inelastic collision
A collision in which the total kinetic energy after the collision is less than before the
collision is called an inelastic collision. An inelastic collision in which the colliding bodies
stick together and move as one body after the collision is often called a completely inelastic
collision. The phenomenon is represented in Fig.2.

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 2. Before collision (a), completely inelastic collision (b) and after collision (c)

Conservation of momentum gives the relationship:

m1v1  m1v2m1  m2v' (13)
In the case that the second mass is initially at rest (v2 = 0), velocity of both bodies after
the collision is:
m1 v1
v' m 1  m2 (14)
Let's verify that the total kinetic energy after this completely inelastic collision is less than
before the collision. The motion is purely along the x-axis, so the kinetic energies Kl and K2
before and after the collision, respectively, are:
K  1 m v2 (15)
1 1
2
1 2
1  m 2
 1
 2
m m v'
K ' 2 1 2  2 m1  m2 m  m  v1 (16)
 1 2 
Then, the ratio of final to initial kinetic energy is
m1
K'
K  m m (17)
1 2
It is obviously that the kinetic energy after a completely inelastic collision is always less
than before.

III/ EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

2.1. Set up
In this experiment, the collisions between two carts attached with “shutter plate” (length
as 100 mm) (Fig. 3a) will be investigated. One end of cart 1 is attached with a magnet with a
plug facing the starter system and the other one is attached with a plug in the direction of
motion. The moving time before and after the collisions through the photogates will be
measured by the timer (Fig. 3b) that enable to calculate the corresponding velocities.

2.2. Elastic collision

- Step 1: Place the cart 1 (m1) on the left of track closer to the starter system. The
cartm2isstationary between the photogates. It means that its initial velocity v2 = 0. In this
investigation, cart 2 is attached with a bow-shaped fork with rubber band facing cart 1 and a
needle plug facing the end holder on the right of track (Fig. 4a). The photogate 1 should be
located at position of 50 cm and photogate 2 at 100 cm. It is also noted that in this case,
theweightm1should be haft ofm2 due to cart 2 is attached with an additional weight.
- Step 2: Push the trigger on the top of vertically long stem of the starter system that
enablescart 1 to be released and accelerate in the direction to cart 2. During this process, it
receives
 an initial velocity v1 that can be calculated by the duration t1 measured by photogate 1.
Quickly record the moving time t1 (Fig. 4b).

(a) (b)
Fig. 3. Carts enclosed with shutter plates (a) and the timer for investigating the collision (b)

- Step 3: After collision, cart 2 moves with the velocityv’2that can be calculated by
theduration t’2 measured by photogate 2 and cart 1 moves in the opposite direction with
cart 1. Then, record the time t’2 and also total time t1+ t’1 displayed on the timer (Fig. 4c).
The moving time of the cart 1 after collision, t’1 is determined by subtract t1 by total time
t1+ t’1.
- Step 4: Repeat the measurement procedure from step 1 to 3 for more 9 times and record
allthe measurement results in a data sheet 1.
- Step 5: Weight two carts to know their masses by using an electronic balance. Record
themass of each cart.

(a)

(b)

(c)
Fig.4. Experimental procedure to investigate the elastic collision

2.3. Inelastic collision

Step 1: Place the cart 1 (m1) on the left of track closer to the starter system. Put off the
rightplug of cart 1 and attach the other one with a needle facing to cart 2 (Fig. 5a). Place the
cart 2 (m2) also stationary between the photogates as in Part 2.2. In this circumstance, the
fork plug facing cart 1 is replaced by another one having plasticine. It is noted that in this
case, the weight m1 should be twicem2. In order to get this condition, take off the additional
weight from cart 2 and put it on cart 1
Step 2: Push the trigger of the starter system that enables cart 1 to be released and
acceleratein the direction to cart 2 similar previous case. Record the moving time t1 that can
be considered as t (Fig. 5b).
- Step 3: After collision, cart 1 sticks with cart 2 then both carts move together with the
samevelocity v’ that can be calculated by the duration t’1 = t’2 = t’ measured by photogate
2. Record the t’ displayed on the timer (Fig. 5c).
- Step 4: Repeat the measurement procedure from step 1 to 3 for more 9 times and record
allthe measurement results in a data sheet 2.
- Step 5: Weight two carts to know their masses by using an electronic balance. Record
themass of each cart.

(a)

(b)

(c)
Fig.5. Experimental procedure to investigate the inelastic collision
IV/Experimental results
1) Elastic collision

Trial t1 (s) t2’ (s) t1 + t1’ (s) t1’= (t1 + t1’) - t1

1 0.160 0.246 0.601 0.441
2 0.158 0.252 0.594 0.436
3 0.157 0.252 0.594 0.437
4 0.157 0.249 0.596 0.439
5 0.157 0.250 0.617 0.460
6 0.158 0.251 0.614 0.456
7 0.159 0.254 0.591 0.432
8 0.158 0.252 0.598 0.440
9 0.159 0.253 0.591 0.432

𝑡1 = 0.158(𝑠) 𝑡′2 = 0.251(𝑠) 𝑡1 ′ = 0.447(𝑠)

∑9𝑖=1(𝑡1 𝑖 − 𝑡1 )2 ∑9𝑖=1(𝑡2 𝑖 − 𝑡2 )2 ∑9𝑖=1(𝑡1 ′𝑖 − 𝑡1 ′)2
𝛥𝑡1 = √ 𝛥𝑡′2 = √ 𝛥𝑡1 ′ = √
9 9 9
= 0.001(𝑠) = 0.002(𝑠) = 0.011(𝑠)

𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑣1 = 0.633 ( ) 𝑣2 ′ = 0.398 ( ) 𝑣1 ′ = 0.224 ( )
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝛥𝑣1 = 0.004(𝑚/𝑠) ⇒ 𝛥𝑣2 ′ = 0.005(𝑚/𝑠) 𝛥𝑣1 ′ = 0.010(𝑚/𝑠)

m1=380 ± 1 (g)

m2=780 ± 1 (g)

S =100 ± 1 (mm)
 2) Inelastic collision

Trial t1 (s) t1’ = t2’ (s) t2

1 0.226 0.383 0,470
2 0.227 0.388 0,473
3 0.225 0.380 0,470
4 0.225 0.381 0,472
5 0.226 0.380 0,471
6 0.225 0.380 0,470
7 0.227 0.385 0,472
8 0.227 0.383 0,469
9 0.225 0.378 0,473
′
𝑡1 = 0.226(𝑠) 𝑡1 = 0.382(𝑠) 𝑡2 = 0.471(𝑠)
∑9𝑖=1(𝑡1 𝑖 − 𝑡1 )2 ∑9𝑖=1(𝑡1 ′𝑖 − 𝑡1 ′)2 ∑9𝑖=1(𝑡2 𝑖 − 𝑡2 )2
𝛥𝑡1 = √ 𝛥𝑡1 ′ = √ 𝛥𝑡2 = √
9 9 9
= 0.001(𝑠) = 0.003(𝑠) = 0.001(𝑠)
𝑣1 = 0.442(𝑚/𝑠) 𝑣2 ′ = 𝑣1 ′ = 0.262(𝑚/𝑠) 𝑣2 = 0.212(𝑚/𝑠)
𝛥𝑣1 = 0.005(𝑚/𝑠) 𝛥𝑣2 ′ = 0.003(𝑚/𝑠) 𝛥𝑣2 = 0.002(𝑚/𝑠)

M1 = 780 ± 1 (g)

M2 = 380 ± 1 (g)

S = 100 ± 1 (mm)

S
v
t

𝛥𝑆 2 𝛥𝑡 2
𝛥𝑣 = 𝑣1 √( 𝑆 ) + ( 𝑡 )
V/Data processing
1. Elastic collision

a)Momentum

The total momentum before collision are

𝑃1 = 𝑚𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑎1 + 𝑚𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑏1

𝑆1 100 × 10−3
𝑃1 = 𝑚1 = 380 × 10−3 × = 0.241(𝑘𝑔. 𝑚/𝑠)
𝑡1 0.158

2
𝛥𝑚1 2 𝛥𝑡1 2 1 × 10−3 0.001 2
√
⇒ ∆𝑃1 = 𝑃1 ( √
) + ( ) = (0.241) ( ) +( )
𝑚1 𝑡1 380 × 10−3 0.158
= 0.002(𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠)
then 𝑃1 = (0.241 ± 0.002)(𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠)
Hence

𝑘𝑔𝑚
𝑃1 = (0.241 ± 0.002)( )
𝑠

The total momentum after collision are

𝑃2 = 𝑚𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑎2 + 𝑚𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑏2

𝑆2 𝑆1 100 × 10−3 100 × 10−3

𝑃2 = 𝑚2 + 𝑚1 = 780 × 10−3 − 380 × 10−3 = 0.229(𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠)
𝑡2 ′ 𝑡1 ′ 0.251 0.447

2 2
𝛥𝑚1 2 𝛥𝑣1 ′ 𝛥𝑚2 2 𝛥𝑣2 ′
⇒ ∆𝑃2 = 𝑃2 √( ) +( ) +( ) +( )
𝑚1 𝑣1 ′ 𝑚2 𝑣2 ′
2 2
1 × 10−3 0.001 2 1 × 10−3 0.002 2
= (0.229) √( ) +( ) + ( ) +( )
380 × 10−3 0.158 780 × 10−3 0.251
kgm
= 0,002 ( )
s

Hence
 𝑘𝑔𝑚
𝑃2 = (0.226 ± 0.002)( )
𝑠

The percent change in momentum

|𝑃2 − 𝑃1 | |0.229 − 0.241|
𝐶% = = = 5%
𝑃1 0.241

b)Kinetic energy

The total Kinetic energy before collision is

2 2
1 1 𝑆1 380 × 10−3 100 × 10−3
𝐾1 = 𝑚1 (𝑣1 )2 = 𝑚1 ( ) = ×( ) = 0.076(𝐽)
2 2 𝑡1 2 0.158

2
𝛥𝑚1 2 𝛥𝑡1 2 1 × 10−3 0.001 2
⇒ 𝛥𝐾1 = 𝐾1 √( ) + (−2 ) = (0.076)√( ) + 4 ( )
𝑚1 𝑡1 380 × 10−3 0.158
= 0.001(𝐽)
then K1 = (0.076 ± 0.001)(𝐽)

Hence

𝐾1 = (0.076 ± 0.001)(𝐽)

The total Kinetic energy after collision is

2 2
1 𝑆1 1 𝑆2
𝐾2 = 𝑚1 ( ) + 𝑚2 ( )
2 𝑡1 ′ 2 𝑡2 ′
2 2
380 100 × 10−3 780 100 × 10−3
=( ×( ) + ×( ) ) × 10−3 = 0.072(𝐽)
2 0.447 2 0.251

𝛥𝑡2 2 𝛥𝑡1 2 0.002 2 0.011 2

⇒ 𝛥𝐾2 = 𝐾2 √(2 ) + (−2 √
) = (0.072) 4 ( ) + 4( )
𝑡2 𝑡1 0.251 0.447
= 0.004(𝐽)
then K2 = (0.072 ± 0.004)(𝐽)
Hence

𝐾2 = (0.072 ± 0.004)(𝐽)

The percent change in kinetic energy

|𝐾2 − 𝐾1 | |0.072 − 0.076|

𝐶% = = = 5%
𝐾1 0.076

2. Inelastic collision

a)Momentum

The total momentum before collision are

𝑆1 −3
100 × 10−3 𝑚
𝑃1 = 𝑚1 = 780 × 10 × = 0.345 (𝑘𝑔. )
𝑡1 0.226 𝑠

2
𝛥𝑚1 2 𝛥𝑡1 2 1 × 10−3 0.001 2
⇒ ∆𝑃1 = 𝑃1 √( ) + ( ) = (0.345)√( ) + ( )
𝑚1 𝑡1 780 × 10−3 0.226
= 0.002(𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠)
then 𝑃1 = (0.345 ± 0.002)(𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠)

Hence

𝑚
𝑃1 = (0.345 ± 0.002)(𝑘𝑔. )
𝑠

The total momentum after collision are

𝑆2 100 × 10−3 𝑚
𝑃2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) = (780 + 380) × 10−3 × = 0.304 (𝑘𝑔. )
𝑡2 ′ 0.382 𝑠
 2 2
𝛥𝑚 2 𝛥𝑡2 ′ 2 × 10−3 0.003 2
⇒ ∆𝑃2 = 𝑃2 √( ) + ( ) = (0.304)√( ) + ( )
𝑚 𝑡2 ′ 1160 × 10−3 0.382
= 0.002(𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠)
then P2 = (0.304 ± 0.002)(𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠)

Hence

𝑚
𝑃1 = (0.304 ± 0.002)(𝑘𝑔. )
𝑠

The percent change in momentum

|𝑃2 − 𝑃1 | |0.304 − 0.345|

𝐶% = = = 12%
𝑃1 0.345

b.Kinetic energy

The total Kinetic energy before collision are

2 2
1 1 𝑆1 780 × 10−3 100 × 10−3
𝐾1 = 𝑚1 (𝑣1 )2 = 𝑚1 ( ) = ×( ) = 0.076(𝐽)
2 2 𝑡1 2 0.226

2
𝛥𝑚1 2 𝛥𝑡1 2 1 × 10−3 0.001 2
⇒ ∆𝐾1 = 𝐾1 √( ) + (−2 ) = (0.076)√( ) + 4 ( )
𝑚1 𝑡1 780 × 10−3 0.226
= 0.003(𝐽)
then K1 = (0.076 ± 0.003)(𝐽)

Hence

𝐾1 = (0.076 ± 0.003)(𝐽)

The total Kinetic energy after collision are

 2
1 𝑆2
𝐾2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) ( )
2 𝑡2 ′
2
(780 + 380) × 10−3 100 × 10−3
= ×( ) = 0.040(𝐽)
2 0.382

2
𝛥𝑚 2 𝛥𝑡2 2 2 × 10−3 0.003 2
⇒ ∆𝐾2 = 𝐾2 √( ) + (−2 √
) = (0.040) ( ) + 4( )
𝑚 𝑡2 ′ 1160 × 10−3 0.382
= 0.001(𝐽)
then K2 = (0.040 ± 0.001)(𝐽)

Hence

𝐾2 = (0.040 ± 0.001)(𝐽)

The percent change in kinetic energy

|𝐾2 − 𝐾1 | |0.040 − 0.076|

𝐶% = = = 47%
𝐾1 0.076

 The kinetic energy after a completely inelastic collision is significantly less than before

Experiment Report 3
 MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE SYMMETRIC RIGID BODIES
I. EXPERIMENT MOTIVATIONS
- Calculating the moment of inertia in the symmetric rigid bodies
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
1. Moment of inertia of the body about the axis of rotation:
I=∫ 𝑟 2 ⅆ𝑚 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠)
dm: mass element
r: distance from the mass element to the axis of rotation
2. Moment of inertia about the center of mass axis and Equipment
Parameter
1
- For a long bar: Icm = . 𝑚. 𝑙 2
12
1
- For a thin disk or a solid cylinder: Icm = . 𝑚. 𝑅2
2
- For a hollow cylinder having very thin wall: Icm = 𝑚. 𝑅2
2
- For a solid sphere: Icm = . 𝑚. 𝑅2
5
- I = Icm + Md2
- If the object is rotated by an angle φ , the torque acting on it will be Շ= Dz.φ
Dz: elastic constant of spring
𝑑𝐿 𝑑𝑤 𝑑2ɸ
- Շ= = I. =I.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2ɸ Dz.φ
- + =0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐼
𝐼
- 𝑇 = 2𝜋. √
Dz
- Rotation axle with aspiral spring having the elastic constant:
Dz  0,044  Nm / Rad 
- Rod with length of 620mm and mass of 240g
- Solid sphere with mass of 2290g and diameter of 146mm
- Solid disk with mass of 795g and diameter of 220mm
- Hollow cylinder with mass of 780g and diameter of 89mm

III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. Measurement of the rod
- Step 1: Equipment is setup. A mask (width ~ 3 mm) is stuck on the rod to
ensure the rod went through the photogate.
- Step 2: Press the button “Start” to turn on the counter
- Step 3: Push the rod to rotate with an angle of 1800 , then let it to oscillate
freely. Make 5 trials and record the measurement result of period T in a
data sheet.
- Step 4: Press the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
Uninstall the rod for next measurement.

2. Measurement of the solid disk

- Using the suitable screws to mount the solid disk on the rotation axle of the
spiral spring. A piece of note paper is stuck on the disk to ensure it passing
through the photogate.
- Perform the measurement procedure similar to that of the rod. Record the
measurement result of period T in a data sheet.
- Press the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
Uninstall the disk for next measurement.
3. Measurement of the hollow cylinder
- Using the suitable screws to mount the hollow cylinder coupled with a
supported disk below on the rotation axle of the spiral spring.
- Perform the measurement procedure similar to that of the disk. Record the
measurement result of period T (5 trials) in a data sheet.
- Push the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
Uninstall the hollow cylinder and repeat the measurement to get its rotary
period T (5 trials).
- Press the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
Uninstall the supported disk for next measurement.
4. Measurement of the Solid Sphere
- Mount the solid sphere on the rotation axle of the spiral spring
- Push the sphere to rotate with an angle of 2700 , then let it to oscillate
freely. The obtained vibration period of the sphere will be recorded (5
trials) in the data sheet.
- Uninstall the solid sphere and switch off the counter to finish the
measurements.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
1. Measurement of the rod:

Trial T(s)

1 2.646

2 2.647

3 2.653

4 2.648

5 2.653
2.646  2.647  2.653  2.648  2.653
T  2.6494( s)
5
5

 (T  T )
i
2

T  i 1
 3.0067 103 ( s)
5

2. Measurement of the solid disk:

Trial T(s)

1 2.062

2 2.059

3 2.059

4 2.054

5 2.058
2.062  2.059  2.059  2.054  2.058
T  2.0584( s)
5
5

 (T  T )
i
2

T  i 1
 0.0057( s)
5
3. Measurement of the hollow cylinder:
a) Supported disk + Hollow cylinder:

Trial T(s)

1 1.136

2 1.137

3 1.134

4 1.134

5 1.136
1.136  1.137  1.134  1.134  1.136
T  1.1354( s)
5
5 2

 (T  T ) i
T  i 1
 0.003( s)
5

b) Supported disk

Trial T(s)

1 0.324

2 0.323

3 0.321

4 0.320

5 0.320
0.324  0.323  0.321  0.320  0.320
T  0.3216( s)
5
5 2

 (T  T )i
T  i 1
 0.0036( s)
5
4. Measurement of the solid sphere:

Trial T(s)

1 2.202

2 2.195

3 2.198

4 2.205

5 2.193
2.202  2.195  2.198  2.205  2.193
T  2.1986( s)
5
5 2

 (Ti  T )
T  i 1
 0.007( s)
5

V. DATA PROCESSING
1. Rod:
a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment: Dz =0.044
2
 T   2.6494 
2
3
I cm  Dz    0.044    7.823 10 (kgm / s)
2

 2   2 

 T    
2 2

 I cm  I cm 2    2
 T    
2
 3.0067 103 
2
3  0.001 
 7.82 10 4   4 
 2.6494    
 0.018 103

Then Icm   7.823  0.018 103 (kgm2 / s)

Hence

Icm   7.823  0.018 103 (kgm2 / s)

b) Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula
1 2 1
I cmTH  ml   0.240  (0.620) 2  7.688 103 (kgm 2 / s)
12 12

The different between theoretical and experimental number:

I cmTH  I cm 7.688 103  7.823 103

%   100  1.8%
I cmTH 7.688 103

2. Solid disk
a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment
2
 T   2.0584 
2
3
I cm  Dz    0.044     4.722 10
 2   2 

 T    
2 2

 I cm  I cm 2    2
 T    
2 2
 0.0057 
3  0.001 
 4.722 10  4     4 
 2.0584    
 0.026 103

Then I cm   4.722  0.026  103  kgm 2 / s 

Hence

I cm   4.722  0.026  103  kgm 2 / s 

b) Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

2
1 1  0.220  3
I cmTH  mR 2   0.795     4.80975 10 (kgm / s)
2

2 2  2 

The different between theoretical and experimental number:

I cmTH  I cm 4.80975 103  4.722 103

%   100  1.82%
I cmTH 4.80975 103
3. Hollow cylinder
a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment

+) Moment of inertia of the supported disk

2
 T   0.3216 
2
3
I sp  Dz    0.044     0.1153 10 (kgm / s)
2

 2   2 

 T    
2 2

 I sp  I sp 2    2
 T    
2 2
3 0.3216   0.001 
 0.1153 10  4     4 
 1.1354    
 0.0653 103 (kgm2 / s)

Then I sp   0.1153  0.0653 103  kgm2 / s 

+) Moment of inertia of the couple object (supported disk + hollow cylinder)

2
 T   1.1354 
2

  1.44 10  kgm / s 

3
I co  Dz    0.044  
2

 2   2 
 T    
2 2

 I co  I co  2    2
 T    
2 2
3  0.003   0.001 
 1.44 10  4     4 
 1.1354    
 0.0076 103 (kgm 2 / s )

Then I co  1.44  0.0076  103  kgm2 / s 

⇒Moment of inertia of the hollow cylinder

I cm  I co  I sp  (1.44  0.1153) 103  1.3247 103 (kgm2 / s)

 I co    I sp 
2
I cm 
2

 (0.0076 103 ) 2   0.0653 10 3 

2

 0.0657 103 ( kgm 2 / s)

Then I cm  1.3247  0.0657  103  kgm2 / s 

Hence

I cm  1.3247  0.0657  103  kgm2 / s 

b) Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

0.089 2
I cmTH  mR 2  0.780  ( )  1.544595  103 (kgm2 / s)
2

The different between theoretical and experimental number:

I cmTH  I cm 1.544595 103  1.3247 103

%   100  14.236%
I cmTH 1.544595 103

4. Solid sphere
a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment

2
 T   2.1986 
2
3
I cm  Dz    0.044     5.387 10 (kgm / s)
2

 2   2 

 T    
2 2

 I cm  I cm 2    2
 T    
2 2
3  0.007   0.001 
 5.387  10  4     4 
 2.1986    
 0.0255 103 (kgm 2 / s )

Then I cm   5.387  0.0255 103  kgm2 / s 

Hence

I cm   5.387  0.0255  103  kgm2 / s 

b) Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

 2
2 2  0.146  3
I cmTH  mR 2   2.290     4.881364 10 (kgm / s)
2

5 5  2 

The different between theoretical and experimental number:

I cmTH  I cm 4.881364 103  5.387 103

%   100  10.36%
I cmTH 4.881364 103
 Experimental Report 4
PENDULUM OSCILLATION WITH PC INTERFACE
I/Experiment Motivations
- Understanding more about the harmonic oscillation.

- Verifying the value of gravity acceleration.

- Improving experimental skills.

II/ Theoretical Background:

- When pendulum mass m is deviated to a small angle γ, a retracting

force acts on it to the initial balanced position :

F(γ) = – mg · sinγ ≈ – mg.γ

- The movement can be described by the following differential equation:

d 2
I 2
  g
dt

- This is a harmonic oscillation having the amplitude γ0 and the

oscillation period T :
l
T  2
g

- If one rotates the oscillation plane around the angle θ with respect to
the vertical plane , the components of the acceleration of gravity g(θ)
which are effective in its oscillation plane are reduced to g(θ) = g.cosθ,
that is only the force component mg.sinγ.cosθ is effective and the
following is obtained for the oscillationperiod:

l
T  2
g cos

III/ Experimental Procedure

Part I: Investigation for various pendulum lengths
Preparation
- Set up the experiment according to
image such that the oscillating plane
runs vertically.
- Start the MEASURE software written
for COBRA interface. The COBRA
window is appeared for setting
measuring parameters. The diameter of
the thread groove of the movement
recorder is entered into the input
window d0 (12 mm are set as a default
value). In the first part of the experiment
(thread pendulum), d1 is the double
length of the pendulum in mm, that is,
the diameter of the circle described by
the centre of gravity of the pendulum. In
this case, the measured deviations of the
pendulum sphere are indicated directly
in rad. If measurements are carried out
with the g pendulum, 12 is entered for d1 (d1 = d0), because the
pendulum is now coupled 1:1 with the movement measuring unit. If the
values (50 ms) in the ”Get value every (50) ms” dialog box are too high
or too low, noisy or non-uniform measurements can occur. In this case
adjust the measurement sampling rate appropriately. The <Start> button
must then be pressed. A new measurement can be initiated any time with
the <Reset> button, the number of measurement points “n” is reset to
zero. In total, about n = 250 measurement values are recorded and then
the <Stop> button is pressed.

- Step 1: Choose an arbitrary pendulum length (may be 400 mm or 500

mm). Note that the pendulum length l was the distance of the centre of
the supported mass from the centre of the rotational axis.
- Step 2: Move the 1-g weight holder, which tenses the coupling thread
between the pendulum sphere and the movement sensor, manually
downward and the release it. Set the pendulum in motion (small
oscillation amplitude) and click on the ”Start measurement” icon. After
approximately 5 oscillations click on the ”Stop measurement” icon, a
graph similar appears on the screen. Determine the period duration with
the aid of the cursor lines, which can be freely moved and shifted onto
the adjacent maxima or minima of the oscillation curve. Record the
measurement result in a data sheet.
- Step 3: Repeat the measurement several times (5 to 10) to get the
average value of the oscillation period.
- Step 4: Repeat the measurement with different pendulum lengths
(500mm and 600mm or 600mm and 700mm).

Part II: Pendulum with inclined

oscillation plan

Preparation and Steps

- Step 1: Rebuild the experimental set-

up according to image. The oscillation
plane is initially vertical. The round
level located on top of the movement
sensor housing facilitates the exact
adjustment. Determine g for various
deflection angles such that the
oscillation plane is not vertical but
rather at an angle θ to the perpendicular. The following angles are
recommended for measurement: θ = 0°, 10°, 20°, 40°, 60°, 80°.
 - Step 2: Perform the measurement several times (5 to10) for each case
of angle to get the average value of oscillation period.
IV/Experimental result
1)Pendulum with vertical oscillation plan:

L1= 400 (mm) L2= 500 (mm) L3= 600 (mm)

Trial
T1 (s) T2 (s) T3 (s)
1 1.349 1.453 1.604
2 1.360 1.410 1.605
3 1.346 1.484 1.652
4 1.327 1.385 1.545
5 1.384 1.380 1.499
T1  1.349( s ) T2  1.422( s) T3  1.581( s)
5 5 5

 (Ti  T )2  (Ti  T )2  (T  T )
i
2

T1  i 1
 0.019( s ) T2  i 1
 0.038( s) T3  i 1
 0.05( s)
5 5 5

* Determination of the oscillation period of a thread pendulum as a function

of the pendulum length:
l
Pendulum with vertical oscillation plane: T  2 (s)
g

 2 
2

 g  l   (m / s 2 )
T 

a.L1= 0.4 (m)

2
 2   2  3.14 
2

g1  L1    0.4    8.7(m / s )
2

 T1   1.353 
2 2
 T1   l1     2
g1  g1   2    2   0.25(m / s )
2

 T1   1  
l  

Then, g1  8.7  0.25(m / s 2 )

Hence
 g1  8.7  0.25(m / s 2 )

b.L2= 0.5 (m)

2
 2   2  3.14 
2

g 2  L2    0.5     9.75(m / s )
2

 T2   1.422 
2 2
 T2   l2    2
g 2  g 2   2    2   0.5(m / s )
2

 T2   l2    
Then, g 2  9.75  0.5(m / s 2 )

Hence

g 2  9.75  0.5(m / s 2 )

c.L3= 0.6 (m)

2
 2   2  3.14 
2

g3  L3    0.6    9.47(m / s )
2

 3 
T  1.581 
2 2
 T3   l3    2
g3  g3   2    2   0.6(m / s )
2

 T3   l3    
Then, g3  9.47  0.6(m / s 2 )

Hence

g3  9.47  0.6(m / s 2 )
L=400: 2nd measurement

L=400: 3rd measurement

L=400: 4th measurement

L=400: 5th measurement

L=500: 1st measurement

L=500: 2nd measurement

L=500: 3rd measurement

L=500: 4th measurement

L=500: 5th measurement

L=600: 2nd measurement

L=600: 3rd measurement

L=600: 4th measurement

L=600: 5th measurement

 2)Pendulum with inclined oscillation plan:

L=0.14 (m)

1  0 2  10 3  20
Trial
T1 (s) T2 (s) T3 (s)
1 0.744 0.774 0.798
2 0.783 0.794 0.794
3 0.771 0.788 0.813
4 0.741 0.761 0.810
5 0.724 0.799 0.819

T1  0.753( s)
T2  0.783( s) T3  0.807( s)
5

 (T  T )
i
2 5

 (T  T ) 2
5

 (T  T ) 2

T1  i 1
 0.021( s) i i

5 T2  i 1
 0.014( s) T3  i 1
 0.009( s)
5 5
 4  40 5  60 6  80
Trial
T4 (s) T5 (s) T6 (s)
1 0.876 1.070 1.890
2 0.892 1.062 1.780
3 0.844 1.048 1.753
4 0.921 1.062 1.703
5 0.923 1.074 1.847

T4  0.891( s) T5  1.063( s) T6  1.795( s)

5 5 5

 (T  T )
i
2
 (T  T )
i
2
 (T  T )
i
2

T4  i 1
 0.03( s) T5  i 1
 0.009( s) T6  i 1
 0.067( s)
5 5 5

1  0 :1st measurement
1  0 :2nd measurement

1  0 : 3rd measurement
1  0 : 4th measurement

1  0 : 5th measurement

2  10 : 1st measurement

2  10 : 2nd measurement

2  10 : 3rd measurement

2  10 : 4th measurement

2  10 : 5th measurement

3  20 : 1st measurement

3  20 : 2nd measurement

3  20 : 3rd measurement

3  20 : 4th measurement

3  20 : 5th measurement

4  40 : 1st measurement

4  40 : 2nd measurement

4  40 : 3rd measurement

4  40 : 4th measurement

4  40 : 5th measurement

5  60 : 1st measurement

5  60 : 2nd measurement

5  60 : 3rd measurement

5  60 : 4th measurement

5  60 : 5th measurement

6  80 : 1st measurement

6  80 : 2nd measurement

6  80 : 3rd measurement

6  80 : 4th measurement

6  80 : 5th measurement

*Determination of the gravitational acceleration as a function of the

inclination of the pendulum force:

l
Pendulum with inclined oscillation plane: T  2 (s)
g cos 

 2 
2
l
g   (m / s )
2

cos  T 

a. 1  0

2
l  2  0.14  2  3.14 
2

g1        9.75(m / s )
2

cos 1  T1  cos 0  0.753 

2 2 2
 T1   l1    2   cos 1 
g1  g1   2    2     0.5(m / s 2 )
 T1   l1      cos 1 
Then, g1  9.75  0.5(m / s 2 )

Hence

g1  9.75  0.5(m / s 2 )
b.  2  10

2
l  2  0.14  2  3.14 
2

g2        9.15(m / s )
2

cos  2  T2  cos10  0.783 

2 2
 T2   l 2   2   cos  2 
g 2  g 2   2    2     0.3(m / s 2 )
 T2   l      cos  2 
Then, g 2  9.15  0.3(m / s 2 )

Hence

g 2  9.15  0.3(m / s 2 )

c. 3  20

2
l  2  0.140  2  3.14 
2

g3        9.03(m / s )
2

cos 3  T3  cos 20  0.807 

2 2
 T3   l 2   2   cos 3 
g3  g3   2    2     0.2(m / s )
2

 T3    
l    cos  3 

Then, g3  9.03  0.2(m / s 2 )

Hence

g3  9.03  0.2(m / s 2 )

d. 4  40
 2
l  2  0.14  2  3.14 
2

g4        9.08(m / s )
2

cos  4  T4  cos 40  0.891 

2 2
 T4   l 2    2   cos  4 
g 4  g 4   2    2     0.6(m / s )
2

 T4   l      cos  4 
Then, g 2  9.08  0.6(m / s 2 )

Hence

g 4  9.08  0.6(m / s 2 )

e. 5  60

2
l  2  0.14  2  3.14 
2

g5        9.77(m / s )
2

cos 5  T5  cos 60  1.063 

2 2
 T5   l  2    2   cos 5 
g5  g5   2    2     0.16(m / s )
2

 T5   l      cos 5 
Then, g5  9.77  0.16(m / s 2 )

Hence

g5  9.77  0.16(m / s 2 )

f. 6  80

2
l  2  0.14  2  3.14 
2

g6        9.87(m / s )
2

cos  6  T6  cos80  1.795 

2 2
 T   l  2    2   cos  6 
g 6  g 6   2 6       2     0.7(m / s )
2

 T6   l      cos  6 
Then, g 6  9.87  0.7(m / s 2 )

Hence

g6  9.87  0.7(m / s 2 )
3)Conclusion

Gravitational acceleration does not depend on the length of the rod or the
angle of inclined oscillation plane because it only depends on altitude, depth
and other factors like air density, the gravitational effect of the Moon and the
Sun.
 Experimental Report 5
DETERMINATION OF MOMENT OF INERTIA BASED ON
TORSIONAL VIBRATION
Instruments:
1. Torsion apparatus;
2. Torsion rods (steel)
3. Spring balance;
4. Stop watch;
5. Sliding weight
6. Support rods and base.
Purpose of the experiment:
Bars of various materials will be exciting into torsion vibration. The relationship
between the torsion and the deflection as well as the torsion period and moment of
inertia will be derived. As a result, moment of inertia of a long bar can be
determined.
I/Experiment Motivations
- Verifying the linear relationship between𝜏and 𝜃.

- Understanding about the moment of inertia, torsion modulus...

II/System of theory

- If a body is regarded as a continuum, and if ⃗⃗⃗⃗

r0 and 𝑟 denote the position
vector of a point p in the undeformed and deformed states of the body, then
for small displacement vectors
u = r – r0 = (u1,u2,u3)
Շ𝑢𝑖 Շ𝑢𝑘
The deformation tensor 𝜀 is εik= -
𝑑𝑥𝑘 𝑑𝑥𝑖
- The forces d𝐹 which act on a volume element of the body, the edges of the
element being cut parallel to the coordinate planes, are described by the
stress tensor σ
⃗
 ⅆ𝐹
⃗ =
σ
ⅆ𝐴
- Hooke’s law: σ = E. ε, E: elastic modulus
- The angular restoring torque or torsion modulus D τ can be determined by:
Τz= D τ. Ø
𝑑𝐿 𝑑(𝐼𝑧.𝑤)
 Τ= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2Ø Dτ
 + =0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐼𝑧
𝐼𝑧
- T = 2π√
Dτ

III/ Experimental procedure

1. Set-up experiment

-The experimental set-up is arranged as shown in Fig. 3.

- For the static determination of the torsion modulus, the spring balance acts on
the beam at r = 0.15 cm. The spring balance and lever arm form a right angle.
- It is recommended that the steel bar, 0.5 m long, 0.002 m dia., is used for this
experiment, since it is distinguished by a wide elastic range. The steel bar is also
preferable for determining the moment of inertia of the rod with the two masses
arranged symmetrically
2. How to perform the experiment
- Step 1: Assemble the steel rod on the torsion apparatus.
- Step 2: Use the spring balance of force to turn the disk being deflected an angle ϕ
- Step 3: Record the value of force F shown on the spring balance and the distance
of the lever arm.
- Step 4: Pull out to turn the disk being deflected an angle ϕ , then let it vibration
and use the stopwatch to determine the vibration period.

V/Experimental result

1)Measurement of force (F)

a. 𝜙1 = 10∘

R (m) 𝜏1 =F.r (N.m)

Trial F (N)

1 0.14 0.014
 2 0.14 0.014
3 0.10 0.15 0.015
4 0.15 0.015
5 0.12 0.012
𝜏1 = 0.014(𝑁. 𝑚)
∑5𝑖=1(𝜏𝑖 − 𝜏)2
𝛥𝜏1 = √ = 0.001(𝑁. 𝑚)
5

b. 𝜙2 = 20∘

R (m) 𝜏2 =F.r (N.m)

Trial F (N)

1 0.29 0.029
2 0.29 0.029
3 0.10 0.30 0.030
4 0.29 0.029
5 0.30 0.030
𝜏2 = 0.029(N.m)
∑5𝑖=1(𝜏𝑖 − 𝜏)2
𝛥𝜏2 = √ = 0.001(N.m)
5

c. 𝜙3 = 30∘

R (m) 𝜏3 =F.r (N.m)

Trial F (N)

1 0.43 0.043
2 0.42 0.042
3 0.10 0.41 0.041
4 0.43 0.043
5 0.44 0.044
 𝜏3 = 0.043(N.m)
∑5𝑖=1(𝜏𝑖 − 𝜏)2
𝛥𝜏3 = √ = 0.001(N.m)
5

d. 𝜙2 = 40∘

R (m) 𝜏4 =F.r (N.m)

Trial F (N)

1 0.58 0.058
2 0.60 0.060
3 0.10 0.59 0.059
4 0.58 0.058
5 0.60 0.060
𝜏4 = 0.059(N.m)
∑5𝑖=1(𝜏𝑖 − 𝜏)2
𝛥𝜏4 = √ = 0.001(N.m)
5

e. 𝜙2 = 50∘

R (m) 𝜏5 =F.r (N.m)

Trial F (N)

1 0.74 0.074
2 0.72 0.072
3 0.10 0.74 0.074
 4 0.73 0.073
5 0.73 0.073
𝜏5 = 0.073(N.m)
∑5𝑖=1(𝜏𝑖 − 𝜏)2
𝛥𝜏5 = √ = 0.001(N.m)
5

* Graph showing the relationship of torsion on deflection angle θ

𝜏 (𝑁.𝑚)

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 𝜑 (°)
 2)Determination of the torsion modulus Dτ based on the graph

Using the above graph, we can see that the “best fit” line passes through the points
( 10; 0.013) and ( 30; 0.041)

𝜏1 +𝜏2 +𝜏3 +𝜏4 +𝜏5 0.014+0.029+0.043+0.059+0.073

𝜏= = = 0.044
5 5

∅₁ +∅₂ +∅₃ +∅₄ +∅₅

∅= = 30𝑜
5
2𝜋
∑5𝑖=1(∅𝑖 −∅)(𝜏𝑖 −𝜏)×
360
𝐷𝜏 = 2𝜋 2
=0.085(N.m/rad)
∑5𝑖=1[(∅𝑖 −∅)× ]
360

2𝜋 2
∑5𝑖=1[𝜏̅𝑖 −𝐷𝜏 .∅𝑖 × ]
360
∆𝐷𝜏 = √ 2𝜋 2
=0.004(N.m/rad)
∑5𝑖=1[(∅𝑖 −∅)× ]
360

Hence:

𝐷𝜏 = 0.085 ± 0.004(𝑁. 𝑚/𝑟𝑎ⅆ)

2)Measurement of vibration period (T):

Trial
𝜃1 = 10° 𝜃2 = 20° 𝜃3 = 30° 𝜃3 = 40° 𝜃3 = 50°
T1 (s) T2 (s) T3 (s)
1 2.123 2.116 2.123 2.115 2.111
2 2.124 2.128 2.118 2.123 2.110
3 2.124 2.119 2.121 2.123 2.110
4 2.125 2.125 2.125 2.121 2.111
5 2.122 2.123 2.115 2.119 2.112
𝑇1 = 2.1236(𝑠) 𝑇2 = 2.1222(𝑠) 𝑇3 = 2.1212(𝑠) 𝑇4 = 2.1202(𝑠) 𝑇5 = 2.1108(𝑠)
𝛥𝑇1 𝛥𝑇2 𝛥𝑇3 𝛥𝑇4 𝛥𝑇5
5 2 ∑5𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇)2
∑5𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇)2 ∑5𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇)2 ∑5𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇)2 = √∑𝑖=1(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇) =√
=√ = √ = √
5 5
5 5 5
= 0.01(𝑠) = 0.04(𝑠) = 0.04(𝑠) = 0.03(𝑠) = 0.07(𝑠)
*Calculation of average value and absolute error of T

𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + 𝑇̅₄ + 𝑇̅₅
𝑇= = 2.12(𝑠)
5
𝛥𝑇1 + 𝛥𝑇2 + 𝛥𝑇3 + ∆𝑇₄ + ∆𝑇₅
𝛥𝑇 = = 0.04(𝑠)
5

Hence:

𝑇 = 2.12 ± 0.04(𝑠)

3)Calculation of the moment of inertia of the long rod

𝐼𝑧
We have 𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝐷𝜏

𝑇 2
⇒ 𝐼𝑧 = 𝐷𝜏 × ( )
2𝜋
𝑇 2 2.12 2
𝐼𝑧 = 𝐷𝜏 × ( ) = 0.085 × ( ) = 9.68 × 10−3 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 )
2𝜋 2×𝜋
𝛥𝑇 2 𝛥𝐷 2 𝛥𝜋 2
𝛥𝐼𝑧 = 𝐼𝑧 √(2
𝑇
) + ( 𝐷 𝜏 ) + (2 𝜋
)
𝜏

0.04 2
−3 √
0.004 2 0.001 2
= 9.68 × 10 (2 ) +( ) + (2 )
2.12 0.085 3.141
∆𝐼𝑧 =5.84× 10−4 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 )
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝐼𝑧 = 9.68 × 10−3 + 5.84 × 10−4 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 )
Hence
𝐼𝑧 = 9.68 × 10−3 + 5.84 × 10−4 (𝑘𝑔𝑚2 )
 EXPERIMENTAL REPORT 6
DETERMINATION OF SOUND WAVE LENGTH
BY USING STANDING WAVE PHENOMENON
I. EXPERIMENT MOTIVATION

- To understand the physical phenomenon of standing wave and to

determine the sound wavelength and propagation velocity.
- Improving experimental skills.

II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

1. STANDING WAVE
- Considering a suitable initial moment t so that the incoming wave with frequency
f making an oscillation at point N in form:
x1N = a0. sin( 2πft ) (1)
- Because of N doesn’t move (xN = 0), then the reflective wave also creates an
oscillation of which phase is opposite at N:

x2N= -a0.sin( 2πft ) (2)

- It means that the algebraic sum of two oscillations is equal to 0 at N:

xN = x1N + x2N = 0 (3)

- On the other hand, considering a point M which is separated from N with a
distance of: y = MN.
Let the velocity of the sound wave traveling in the air is v, then the phase of
incoming wave at M will be earlier than that at N. In this case, the phase difference
is denoted as: Δt = y/v
The oscillation made by the incoming wave at M at moment t is the same as
at N at moment t + y/v.
x1M = a0. Sin ( 2πf (t - y/v) ) (4)
- In opposite, the oscillation made by the reflected wave at M will be later than
that at N with an amount of y/v:
x2M = -a0. Sin ( 2πf ( t + y/v ) ) (5)
- Using a trigonometric identity to simplify, the resultant wave equation will be:

xM = x1M + x2M = 2a0.sin( 2π f ( y/v ) ) . cos ( 2πft ) (6)

- The sound wavelength λ (in meters) is related with the frequency f as the
follows:
λ = v/f (7)
- The amplitude of the resultant wave at M is:
 a = l 2a0.sin( 2 π (y/ λ) l (8)
- Hence:
 The positions of nodes where the amplitude equals to zero are
corresponding to
2 π ( y/ λ ) = k π or y = k.( λ /2) (9)
where k = 0,1,2,3,…
 The positions of antinodes where the amplitude is maximum are
corresponding to
2 π (y/ λ ) = (2k+1). π /2 or y = (2k+1).( λ /4) (10)
where k = 0,1,2,3,…

2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
- Step1: Switch the frequency knob on the surface of base-box to the position of
500 Hz.

- Step 2: Turn slowly the crank to move up the piston and simultaneously observe
the movement of ampere-meter’s hand until it gets the maximum deviation.

- Step 3: Record the position L1 of the piston corresponding to the maximum

deviation of ampere-meter’s hand in table 1 of the report sheet.

Note: The position L1 is determined corresponding to the marked line on the piston.

- Step 4: Continue to move up the piston and observe the movement of

microamperemeter’s hand until it gets the position of maximum deviation once again.

- Step 5: Again, record the second position of the piston L2 (in millimeters) in table 1.

- Step 6: Repeat the experimental steps of 2 to 5 for more four times.

- Step 7: Perform again all the measurement procedures (from step 1 to step 6)
corresponding to the frequencies of 600 Hz and 700 Hz. The measurement results are
recorded in table 2 and 3, respectively.

III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Table 1
 Frequency: f1 = 500 ±1 Hz

Trial L1 (mm ) L2 ( mm ) d1 = L1 – L2 ( mm )
1 165 513 348
2 164 513 349
3 164 512 348
4 165 513 348
5 165 512 347

ⅆ 1 = 348

∑5𝑖=1(𝑑1 −𝒅𝟏)2
∆ⅆ1 = √ =1
5

Table 2
Frequency: f2 = 600 ±1 Hz
Trial L1 (mm ) L2 ( mm ) d2 = L1 – L2 ( mm )

1 136 430 294

2 136 429 293
3 136 429 293
4 136 429 293
5 137 429 292

ⅆ 2 = 293

∑5𝑖=1(𝑑2 −𝒅𝟐)2
∆ⅆ2 = √ =1
5

Table 3
Frequency: f3= 700 ±1 Hz
Trial L1 (mm ) L2 ( mm ) d3 = L1 – L2 ( mm )
 1 104 358 254
2 105 359 254
3 105 358 253
4 104 359 255
5 105 359 254

ⅆ 3 = 254

∑5𝑖=1(𝑑3 −𝒅𝟑)2
∆ⅆ3 = √ =1
5

2. Calculation of Average Value and Absolute Error of Wavelength

a. f1 = 500 ±1Hz :
λ1 =2.ⅆ1 = 2 . 348 = 696 ( mm ) = 696 × 10-3 ( m )
∆λ1 = √(∆ⅆ1 )2 = √12 = 1 ( mm ) = 1 × 10-3 ( m )

Hence :
λ1 = ( 696 ± 1 ) × 10-3 ( m )

b. f2 = 600 ±1Hz :
λ2 =2.ⅆ2 = 2 . 293 = 586 ( mm ) = 586 × 10-3 ( m )
∆λ2 = √(∆ⅆ2 )2 = √(1)2 = 1 ( mm ) = 1 × 10-3 ( m )

Hence :
λ2 = ( 586 ± 1 ) × 10-3 ( m )

c. f3 = 700 ±1Hz :
λ3 =2.𝒅3 = 2 . 254 = 508 ( mm ) = 508 × 10-3 ( m )
∆λ3 = √(∆ⅆ3 )2 = √(1)2 = 1 ( mm ) = 1× 10-3 ( m )

Hence :
λ3 = ( 508 ± 1 ) × 10-3 ( m )

3. Calculation of Average Value and Absolute Error of Sound Velocity

a. f1 = 500 ±1Hz
𝒗1 = λ1 . f1 = 696 × 10-3 . 500 = 348 ( m/s )
 ∆λ1 ∆ 𝑓𝟏 2 1 1 2
∆v1 = 𝒗𝟏 . √( λ1 )2 + ( ) = 348 . √(696 )2 + ( 500) = 1 ( m/s )
𝑓𝟏
Hence:
V1 = 348 ± 1 ( m/s )
b. f2 = 600 ±1Hz
v2 = λ2 . f2 = 586 × 10-3. 600 = 352 ( m/s )
∆λ2 ∆ 𝑓𝟐 2 2
∆v2 = 𝑣2 . √( λ2 )2 + ( ) = 352 √( 1 )2 + ( 1 ) = 1 ( m/s )
𝑓𝟐 586 600
Hence:
V2 = 352 ± 1 ( m/𝒔 )
c. f3 = 700 ±1Hz
𝑣3 = λ3 . f3 = 508 × 10-3 . 700 = 355 ( m/s )
∆λ3 ∆ 𝑓𝟑 2 1 1 2
∆v3 = 𝑣3 . √( λ3 )2 + ( ) = 355 √(508 )2 + ( 700) = 1 ( m/𝑠 )
𝑓𝟑
Hence:
V3 = 355± 1 ( m/𝒔 )
4. Theoretical velocity of sound wave and experimental values:
Theoretically, the velocity of sound wave at a temperature T can be calculated as
follows:
v = v0 . √1 + α . T
At room temperature T= 29𝑜 C
1
v = 332 . √1 + 273 . 29 = 349 ( m/s )

In direct comparison with v1 , v2 , v3 which are measured above, we can conclude

that our experimental values are acceptable since they approximate to theoretical
value.