Bayzoni

Department of Civil Engineering

Faculty of Engineering
University of Lampung
2018
DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURES
1. Introduction
2. Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems
• Equation of Motion
• Solution of the Equation of Motion
• Evaluation of Damping in SDOF Systems
• Response to Harmonic Loading
• Response to Periodic Loading
• Response to Impulsive Loads
• Response to General Dynamic Loading
• Superpotition Method
• Step-by-step Method
• Nonlinear Analysis
• Generalized Single Degree of Freedom

3. Multi Degree-of-Freedom Systems

• Equations of Motion
• Vibration Mode Shapes and Frequencies
• Modal Equations of Motion
Forced Vibrations
Response to Impulsive Loads

Impulsive or shock loads, consisting of a single short duration pulse, are of

great importance in the design of certain structures. Unlike for longer
duration loading, damping usually has little influence on the response to
impulsive load as the maximum response is reached in a very short time. In
the following, response to impulsive loading is illustrated by four example
cases: (1) sine wave impulse, (2) rectangular impulse, (3) decaying triangular
impulse, and (4) increasing triangular impulse. In each case, the solution is
divided into two phases: (1) the interval during which the load acts and (2)
the following free vibration.
Forced Vibrations
Response to Impulsive Loads : Sine-Wave Impulse

 During phase I, for 0 ≤ t ≤ t1, the structure is

subjected to harmonic loading, starting from rest
(Figure), and the undamped response, including
the transient as well as the steady-state term:
 During phase II, for , the free-
vibration motion depends
·
on the displacement
u(t1) and velocity u(t1) at the end of phase I, and
may be expressed as follows:
 umax can be found using the standard approach of
differential calculus, i.e., as the value of u at the
point where
·
the first derivative of u(t), i.e.,
velocity u (t) is equal to zero. The computations
reveal that if the ratio of the loading and system
natural frequency, α = ωp/ω, is less than 1, umax
will occur during phase I, i.e., while the impulsive
load is acting. If α >1, umax will occur during free
vibration in phase II with the amplification factor,
D, given by:
REVIEW SDOF
 Impulse Setengah Sinus
untuk 0 <t <t1
 2 
Po  100 k1  t1  0.02 T T  0.04
0.02 
b
b  0.6  b  94.248     0.6


Po 1
v ( t) 
k

2
  
 sin b  t    sin    t  t  0 0.001 0.02
1
Untuk t1 < t < ...

 
vo  v t 1 vo  148.603
d 4
vov( t) 
dt
v ( t)  
vov t1  1.018 10

 
vov t 1

v 2 ti 

 
 sin   ti  v o  cos   t i  
 t i  vov t1      vo  
v2damp ti  e   sin d  t i  vo  cos  d  t i t i  0 0.05 4
 d  
REVIEW SDOF
 Impulse Setengah Sinus
200 500

v( t ) 100 
v2damp t i
0

0
0 0.01 0 2 4
t ti

600
500


v tot t  t 1 
0
 150
0 1 2
0 t 2
Forced Vibrations
Response to Impulsive Loads : Rectangular Impulse
 In the case of the rectangular impulse shown in Figure,
response is again divided into the loading phase and
the subsequent free-vibration phase.
 In phase I, the particular solution for a step loading,
with 0 ≤ t ≤ t1 , is simply:
 The general solution with the integration constants set
to satisfy the at-rest initial conditions is easily found to
be:
 In phase II, the free vibration,
with is again given by Equation:
 The maximum response umax can again be found using
the approach outlined above for the sine-wave
impulse case, and the amplification factor is as
follows:
REVIEW SDOF
 Impulse Segiempat
untuk 0 <t <t1
 2 
Po  20 k  15  t1  0.1 T  T  0.04
0.02 
  17.15
Po
v(t )    1  cos    t  t  0  0.01 0.1
k

Untuk t1 < t < ...

 
v o  v t1 v o  1.525

d
v ov ( t) 
dt
v(t )  
v ov t1  22.629

 
v ov t1

v2 ti 

  
 sin   t i  v o  cos   ti 
 t i  v ov  t1      v o  

v 2damp ti  e    sin  d  ti  v o  cos  d  ti t i  0  0.05 4
 d  
  
REVIEW SDOF
 Impulse Segiempat
Forced Vibrations
Response to Impulsive Loads : Decaying Triangular Impulse
 Response to the decaying triangular impulse shown
in Figure is solved again in two steps using the
same approach for the rectangular impulse above.
 For phase I, the decreasing triangular loading is
p0(1 − t/t1), and the particular solution to this
loading is:
 With zero initial conditions, the general solution is:
 For phase II, the first derivative at the end of
phase I (t = t1) gives:
Forced Vibrations
Response to Impulsive Loads : Increasing Triangular Impulse
 The maximum response is found again from the zero-
velocity condition. For very short duration loading
(t1/T < 0.4), the maximum response occurs during the
free vibrations of phase II; otherwise it occurs during
the loading interval (phase I)
 For phase I, during the application of the loading, for
0 ≤ t ≤ t1 , with zero initial conditions, the general
solution is:
 During application of loading in phase I,
for , is again given by Equation:
·
 Which after determining u (t) and u (t) at the end of
phase I and substitution becomes:
Dynamic Amplification Factor
The dynamic amplification factor D as a function of t1/T for the
four idealized impulsive load shapes:
REVIEW SDOF
 Impulse Segitiga
untuk 0 <t <t1
 2 
Po  100 k1  t1  0.02 T T  0.04
0.02 

v( t) 
Po

 sin   t  cos    t  t  1 t  0 0.001 0.02
k t1 
   t1 
Untuk t1 < t < ...

 
vo  v t1 vo  100

d 4
vov( t) 
dt
v ( t)  
vov t1  1  10

 
vov t1

v2 ti 

 
 sin   ti  v o  cos   ti  
 t i  v ov t 1      vo  

v2damp ti  e   sin d  ti  vo  cos  d  ti ti  0  0.05 4
 d  
  
REVIEW SDOF
 Impulse Segitiga
150

100
0
v( t ) v2damp t i 
50

0
0 0.01 0 2 4
t ti

 
vtot t  t 1 0

0 0.5
t