EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON HUMAN

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Long Report on Effects of Smoking on Human

SUBMITTED TO:
MISS SOBIA YAQOOB
SUBMITTED BY:
ZEESHAN MUHAMMAD USMANI
FA15-BEL-035
SHAHZAD AHMED KAKKHEL
FA15-BEL-010
ADNAN SALEEM
FA15-BEL-032

DATE: 22nd May, 2017

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14th May, 2017

Sobia Yaqoob
Professor
Department of Humanities
COMSAT’s Institute of Information and Technology
Chak. Shahzad, Park Road, Islamabad, 44000.

Subject: Letter of Transmittal

Respected Mam,

We are submitting our Final Project Report entitled “The Effects of smoking on Human
Body”.
Smoking is a very bad habit and it should be ended as soon as possible. It causes harmful
effects on human body. A law and regulation should also be imposed to stop this act.
It causes approximately death of 100 people per day. We have highlighted this issue and
have also mentioned the solutions to forbid this habit.
We hope you would find our report interesting and it would create a thought in your mind
to stop and warn someone who is addicted to this habit. We specially thank you for creating
this opportunity for us.
Yours sincerely,
Group – 3
Zeeshan Usmani FA15-BEL-035
Adnan Saleem FA15-BEL-032
Shahzad Kaka Khan FA15-BEL-010

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Acknowledgements
Initially we would like to thank Miss Sobia Yaqoob who created a platform for us to
express our skills. She provided us the opportunity to have faith in ourselves and to build
our confidence. We are really indebted to our friends, seniors and professionals for their
contribution in our project. We would also appreciate our sibling for their precious time
and great ideas for our report compilation.

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Table of Contents
Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 7
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 8
2. History ............................................................................................................................................... 8
3. Types of Smoking .............................................................................................................................. 9
4. Commercialization of Cigarette ...................................................................................................... 10
5. Market share of Tobacco Companies in Pakistan ........................................................................... 11
Chapter 2: E- Cigarettes .......................................................................................................................... 13
CHAPTER 3: MEDIA AND ITS EFFECTS .......................................................................................... 15
1. Positive Effects of Media................................................................................................................. 16
2. Negative Effects of Media ............................................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER 4: RISKS OF SMOKING .................................................................................................... 17
1. Smoking and Death ......................................................................................................................... 18
2. Smoking and Increase Health Risk .................................................................................................. 19
i) Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease ..................................................................................... 20
ii) Smoking and Respiratory Disease ........................................................................................... 21
iii) Smoking and Cancer............................................................................................................. 22
3. Smoking and other Health Disease ................................................................................................. 22
Chapter 4: How to Quit Smoking? .......................................................................................................... 24
1. Have a Plan...................................................................................................................................... 25
2. Cold turkey (no outside help) ......................................................................................................... 25
3. Behavioral Therapy ......................................................................................................................... 25
4. Nicotine Replacement Therapy....................................................................................................... 26
5. Medication ...................................................................................................................................... 26
6. Combo Treatments ......................................................................................................................... 27
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 29
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................. 32
Glossary ..................................................................................................................................................... 33

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Executive Summary
1. Cigarette smoking by youth and young adults has immediate adverse health consequences,
including addiction, and accelerates the development of chronic diseases across the full life
course.

2. Prevention efforts must focus on both adolescents and young adults because among adults
who become daily smokers, nearly all first use of cigarettes occurs by 18 years of age
(88%), with 99% of first use by 26 years of age.

3. Advertising and promotional activities by tobacco companies have been shown to cause
the onset and continuation of smoking among adolescents and young adults.

4. After years of steady progress, declines in the use of tobacco by youth and young adults
have slowed for cigarette smoking and stalled for smokeless tobacco use.

5. Coordinated, multicomponent interventions that combine mass media campaigns, price

increases including those that result from tax increases, school-based policies and
programs, and statewide or community-wide changes in smoke-free policies and norms are
effective in reducing the initiation, prevalence, and intensity of smoking among youth and
young adults.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

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 1. Introduction

A cigarette is a small cylinder of finely cut tobacco leaves rolled in thin paper for smoking. The
cigarette is ignited at one end causing the cigarette to smoulder and allowing smoke to be inhaled
from the other end, which is held in or to the mouth; in some cases, a cigarette holder may be used,
as well. Most modern manufactured cigarettes are filtered, and also include reconstituted tobacco
and other additives.

Figure 1: Cigarette

The term cigarette, as commonly used, refers to a tobacco cigarette, but can apply to similar
devices containing other substances, such as cannabis. A cigarette is distinguished from a cigar by
its smaller size, use of processed leaf, and paper wrapping, which is normally white, though other
colors and flavors are also available. Cigars are typically composed entirely of whole-leaf tobacco.

2. History

History of smoking backs to 500 – 600 A.D. The earliest forms of cigarettes were similar to their
predecessor, the cigar. Cigarettes appear to have had antecedents in Mexico and Central America
around the 9th century in the form of reeds and smoking tubes. The Maya, and later the Aztecs,
smoked tobacco and other psychoactive drugs in religious rituals and frequently depicted priests
and deities smoking on pottery and temple engravings. The cigarette and the cigar were the most
common methods of smoking in the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central and South America until
recent times. The North American, Central American, and South American cigarette used various
plant wrappers; when it was brought back to Spain, maize wrappers were introduced, and by the
17th century, fine paper. By the 1800's, many people had begun using small amounts of tobacco.
Some chewed it. Others smoked it occasionally in a pipe, or they hand-rolled a cigarette or cigar.
On the average, people smoked about 40 cigarettes a year.

By 1830, the cigarette had crossed into France, where it received the name cigarette; and in 1845,
the French state tobacco monopoly began manufacturing them. The first patented cigarette
machine was by Juan Nepomuceno Adorno of Mexico in 1847. However, production climbed
markedly when another cigarette-making machine was developed in the 1880s by James Albert
Bonsack, which vastly increased the productivity of cigarette companies, which went from making
about 40,000 hand-rolled cigarettes daily to around 4 million. In the English-speaking world, the
use of tobacco in cigarette form became increasingly widespread during and after the Crimean,

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when British soldiers began emulating their Ottoman Turkish comrades and Russian enemies, who
had begun rolling and smoking tobacco in strips of old newspaper for lack of proper cigar-rolling
leaf.

At the start of the 20th century, the per capita annual consumption in the west was 54 cigarettes
(with less than 0.5% of the population smoking more than 100 cigarettes per year), and
consumption there peaked at 4,259 per capita in 1965. At that time, about 50% of men and 33%
of women smoked (defined as smoking more than 100 cigarettes per year).By 2000, consumption
had fallen to 2,092 per capita, corresponding to about 30% of men and 22% of women smoking
more than 100 cigarettes per year, and by 2006 per capita consumption had declined to 1,691
implying that about 21% of the population smoked 100 cigarettes or more per year.

German doctors were the first to identify the link between smoking and lung cancer, which led to
the first anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany. During World War I and World War II,
cigarettes were rationed to soldiers. During the Vietnam War, cigarettes were included with C-
ration meals. In 1975, the U.S. government stopped putting cigarettes in military rations. During
the second half of the 20th century, the adverse health effects of tobacco smoking started to become
widely known and text-only health warnings became common on cigarette packets.
The United States has not implemented graphical cigarette warning labels, which are considered a
more effective method to communicate to the public the dangers of cigarette smoking. Canada,
Mexico, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Thailand, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Australia, Argentina,
Brazil, Chile, Peru, Greece, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Hungary, the United
Kingdom, France, Romania, Singapore, Egypt, Nepal and Turkey, however, have both textual
warnings and graphic visual images displaying, among other things, the damaging effects tobacco
use has on the human body.
Since 1950, the average nicotine and tar content of cigarettes has steadily fallen. The fall in nicotine
content has led to smokers inhaling larger volumes per puff.

3. Types of Smoking

 Active Smoking
In this type of smoking people who are currently smoking lie under it. Their no
is increasing day by day despite of their sex including men, women and children.
It is a very alarming situation.
 Passive smoking

Passive smoking is the inhalation of smoke, called second-hand smoke (SHS),

or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), by persons other than the intended
"active" smoker. It occurs when tobacco smoke permeates any environment,

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 causing its inhalation by people within that environment. Exposure to second-
hand tobacco smoke causes disease, disability, and death. These risks have been
a major motivation for smoke-free laws in workplaces and indoor public places,
including restaurants, bars and night clubs, as well as some open public spaces.

As according to scientific research “Passive smoking” is more harmful then the “Active smoking”.
The reason behind it is that an active smoker inhales the smokes by the filter which is the part of
cigarette, when he exhales that smoke the person near to him who is having no filter when inhales
it he take the direct inhalation of carcinogen materials which is 30% more harmful

Figure 2: Difference between Active and Passive Smoking

4. Commercialization of Cigarette

The first commercial cigarettes were made in 1865 by Washington Duke on his 300-acre farm in
Raleigh, North Carolina. His hand-rolled cigarettes were sold to soldiers at the end of the Civil
War. It was not until James Bonsack invented the cigarette-making machine in 1881 that cigarette
smoking became widespread. Bonsack's cigarette machine could make 120,000 cigarettes a day.
He went into business with Washington Duke's son, James "Buck" Duke. They built a factory and
made 10 million cigarettes their first year and about one billion cigarettes five years later. The first
brand of cigarettes were packaged in a box with baseball cards and were called Duke of Durham.

They named it the American Tobacco Company. The American Tobacco Company was the largest
and most powerful tobacco company until the early 1900's. Everything changed during World War
I (1914-18) and World War II (1939-45).Women were also along men to smoke. Soldiers overseas
were given free cigarettes every day. By 1944 cigarette production was up to 300 billion a year.
Service men received about 75% of all cigarettes produced. The wars were good for the tobacco
industry. Since WW II, there have been six giant cigarette companies in the U.S. They are Philip
Morris, R.J. Reynolds, American Brands, Lorillard, Brown & Williamson, and Liggett & Myers

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(now called the Brooke Group). They make millions of dollars selling cigarettes in the U.S. and
all over the world.

Figure 3: First Commercial Cigarette.

5. Market share of Tobacco Companies in Pakistan

Pakistan Tobacco Company (PAKT) is an associate of a leading global tobacco group, the British
American Tobacco Company (BATC), which has a legacy spreading over more than 100 years.
The BATC has presence in more than 180 countries and is known for its high quality tobacco
brands. Shares of companies are as follows:

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 Table 1: Market share of Tobacco Companies

Pakistan is also the 4th biggest exporter and importer of Tobacco.

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Chapter 2: E- Cigarettes

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An electronic cigarette or e-cigarette is a handheld electronic device that creates an aerosol by
heating a liquid. By this picture it simply consist of mouthpiece, atomizer known as heater
and battery which is rechargeable the user then inhales the aerosol. Using e-cigarettes is
sometimes called. The liquid in the e-cigarette, called e-liquid, is usually made
of nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin, and flavorings. Not all e-liquids contain nicotine.

Figure 4: E-cigarette

The health risks of e-cigarettes are uncertain. They are likely safer than tobacco cigarettes, but the
long-term health effects are not known. E-cigarettes can help some smokers quit. When used by
non-smokers, e-cigarettes can lead to nicotine addiction and starting smoking. So far, no serious
adverse effects have been reported in trials. Less serious adverse effects include throat and mouth
irritation, vomiting, nausea, and coughing.
The modern e-cigarette was invented in 2003 by Chinese pharmacist Hon Lik, and as of 2015 most
e-cigarettes are made in China. Since they were first sold in 2004 their global use has
risen exponentially. In the US and UK their use is widespread, and a significant proportion of
schoolchildren use them. Reasons for using e-cigarettes involve trying to quit smoking, reduce
risk, or save money, though many use them recreationally. A majority of users still smoke tobacco,
causing concerns that dual use may "delay or deter quitting". About 60% of UK users are smokers
and roughly 40% are ex-smokers, while use among never-smokers is "negligible". Because of
overlap with tobacco laws and medical drug policies, e-cigarette legislation is debated in many
countries. A European directive in 2016, set limits for liquids and vaporizers, ingredients, and
child-proof liquid containers. As of August 2016, the US FDA extended its regulatory power to
include e-cigarettes .There are around 500 brands of e-cigarette with global sales in excess of US$7
billion.
Some on the peoples thought that these cigarettes are the alternative for tobacco. It is much less
harmful but also have side effects.

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CHAPTER 3: MEDIA AND ITS EFFECTS

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 1. Positive Effects of Media

Media communications play a key role in shaping tobacco-related knowledge, opinions, attitudes,
and behaviors among individuals and within communities. Media communications on tobacco
include brand-specific advertising and promotion, news coverage, depictions of tobacco use and
tobacco products in entertainment media, public relations, corporate sponsorship, corporate
advertising, and political advertising for ballot initiatives and referenda, and media campaigns for
tobacco control.

Evidence from controlled field experiments and population studies shows that mass media
campaigns designed to discourage tobacco use can change youth attitudes about tobacco use, curb
smoking initiation, and encourage adult cessation. The initiation effect appears greater in
controlled field experiments when mass media campaigns are combined with school- and/or
community-based programming. Many population studies document reductions in smoking
prevalence when mass media campaigns are combined with other strategies in multicomponent
tobacco control programs.

2. Negative Effects of Media

Seeing other teens and young adults—celebrities, entertainers, and musicians—smoking can make
it seem “cool” or popular. In fact, tobacco companies are counting on it and have invested a lot of
time and money to find out the best places to reach teens. Just because the tobacco companies are
banned from showing commercials on television doesn’t mean they can’t influence the content of
TV shows in other, more subtle ways, or use other tools to influence smoking behavior.

According to a survey seeing smoking in movies can almost triple the chances that an adolescent
will try smoking. The exposure to movie smoking was a stronger predictor of smoking initiation
than tobacco marketing receptivity, which was more common among ever smokers. The results
suggest that entertainment media smoking should be emphasized in programs aimed at preventing
onset, and both exposures should be emphasized in programs aimed at experimental smokers.

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CHAPTER 4: RISKS OF SMOKING

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Cigarette smoking harms nearly every organ of the body, causes many diseases, and
reduces the health of smokers in general. As shown in the following figure:

Figure 5: Effects of Smoking on Our Body

Now we will discuss in detail the Risks that came along the smoking

1. Smoking and Death

Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States.

 Cigarette smoking causes more than 480,000 deaths each year in the United States. This is
nearly one in five deaths.
 Smoking causes more deaths each year than the following causes combined:

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 o Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
o Illegal drug use
o Alcohol use
o Motor vehicle injuries

 More than 10 times as many U.S. citizens have died prematurely from cigarette smoking than
have died in all the wars fought by the United States.
 Smoking causes about 90% (or 9 out of 10) of all lung cancer deaths. More women die from
lung cancer each year than from breast cancer.
 Smoking causes about 80% (or 8 out of 10) of all deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD).
 Cigarette smoking increases risk for death from all causes in men and women.
 The risk of dying from cigarette smoking has increased over the last 50 years in the U.S.

2. Smoking and Increase Health Risk

Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer.

 Estimates show smoking increases the risk:

o For coronary heart disease by 2 to 4 times
o For stroke by 2 to 4 times
o Of men developing lung cancer by 25 times
o Of women developing lung cancer by 25.7 times

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 Smoking causes diminished overall health, increased absenteeism from work, and increased
health care utilization and cost.

i) Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease

Figure 6: Cardiovascular Disease Due to Smoking

Smokers are at greater risk for diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular
disease)

 Smoking causes stroke and coronary heart disease, which are among the leading causes of
death in the United States.
 Even people who smoke fewer than five cigarettes a day can have early signs of cardiovascular
disease.
 Smoking damages blood vessels and can make them thicken and grow narrower. This makes
your heart beat faster and your blood pressure go up. Clots can also form.
 A stroke occurs when:
o A clot blocks the blood flow to part of your brain;

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 o A blood vessel in or around your brain bursts.
 Blockages caused by smoking can also reduce blood flow to your legs and skin.

ii) Smoking and Respiratory Disease

Smoking can cause lung disease by damaging your airways and the small air sacs (alveoli) found
in your lungs

(a) Non-Smoker lungs (b) Smokers lung

Figure 7: a) Non-smokers Lungs b) Smokers Lungs

 Lung diseases caused by smoking include COPD, which includes emphysema and chronic
bronchitis.
 Cigarette smoking causes most cases of lung cancer.
 If you have asthma, tobacco smoke can trigger an attack or make an attack worse.
 Smokers are 12 to 13 times more likely to die from COPD than nonsmokers.

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iii) Smoking and Cancer

Figure 8: Percentage of cancer you get from smoking

Smoking can cause cancer almost anywhere in your body

 Bladder
 Blood (acute myeloid leukemia)
 Cervix
 Colon and rectum (colorectal)
 Esophagus
 Kidney and ureter
 Larynx
 Liver
 Oropharynx (includes parts of the throat, tongue, soft palate, and the tonsils)
 Pancreas
 Stomach
 Trachea, bronchus, and lung

Smoking also increases the risk of dying from cancer and other diseases in cancer patients and
survivors.

3. Smoking and other Health Disease

Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body and affects a person’s overall health.

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 Smoking can make it harder for a woman to become pregnant. It can also affect her baby’s
health before and after birth. Smoking increases risks for:1,2,5
o Preterm (early) delivery
o Stillbirth (death of the baby before birth)
o Low birth weight
o Sudden infant death syndrome (known as SIDS or crib death)
o Ectopic pregnancy
o Orofacial clefts in infants

 Smoking can also affect men’s sperm, which can reduce fertility and also increase risks for
birth defects and miscarriage.
 Smoking can affect bone health.
 Women past childbearing years who smoke have weaker bones than women who never
smoked. They are also at greater risk for broken bones.
 Smoking affects the health of your teeth and gums and can cause tooth loss.
 Smoking can increase your risk for cataracts (clouding of the eye’s lens that makes it hard for
you to see). It can also cause age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is damage to a
small spot near the center of the retina, the part of the eye needed for central vision.
 Smoking is a cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus and can make it harder to control. The risk of
developing diabetes is 30–40% higher for active smokers than nonsmokers.
 Smoking causes general adverse effects on the body, including inflammation and decreased
immune function. Smoking is a cause of rheumatoid arthritis.

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Chapter 4: How to Quit Smoking?

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 1. Have a Plan

As you probably know, there are many different ways to quit smoking. Some work better than
others. The best plan is the one you can stick with. Consider which of these might work for you:

2. Cold turkey (no outside help)

About 90% of people who try to quit smoking do it without outside support -- no aids, therapy, or
medicine. Although most people try to quit this way, it's not the most effective or successful
method. Only between 4% and 7% are able to quit by doing it alone.

Figure 9: Cold turkey

Quit Smoking By the Cold Turkey Approach. If you're a pack-a-day smoker, this means going
from 20 to 0 cigarettes in the matter of a day. With the cold turkey method, you completely stop
you’re smoking all at once, relying on your will power to fight your nicotine addiction.

3. Behavioral Therapy

Figure 10: Behavioral Therapy

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This involves working with a counselor to find ways not to smoke. Together, you'll find your
triggers (such as emotions or situations that make you want to smoke) and make a plan to get
through the cravings.

Behavioral therapy is an umbrella term for types of therapy that treat mental health disorders. This
form of therapy seeks to identify and help change potentially self-destructive or
unhealthy behaviors. It functions on the idea that all behaviors are learned and that unhealthy
behaviors can be changed.

4. Nicotine Replacement Therapy

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is a medically-approved way to take nicotine by means other
than tobacco. It is used to help with quitting smoking or stopping chewing tobacco. It increases
the chance of quitting smoking by about 50% to 70%.

Often it is used along with other behavioral techniques. Nicotine gum, patches, inhalers, sprays,
and lozenges are nicotine replacement therapies. They work by giving you nicotine without the
use of tobacco. You may be more likely to quit with nicotine replacement therapy, but it works
best when combined with behavioral therapy and lots of support from friends and family. And
remember that the goal is to end your addiction to nicotine, not simply to quit using tobacco.

Figure 11: Nicotine Replacements

5. Medication
Chantix (varenicline) is a smoking cessation medicine. It is used together with behavior
modification and counseling support to help you stop smoking.

Chantix may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

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 Figure 12: Mechanism of Chantix

Chantix may cause changes in your thoughts or behavior. Stop using this medicine and call your
doctor at once if you have: any mood or behavior changes, confusion, anxiety, panic attacks,
hallucinations, extreme fear, or if you feel impulsive, agitated, aggressive, restless, hostile,
depressed, hyperactive (mentally or physically), or have thoughts about suicide or hurting yourself.

Bupropion (Zyban) and varenicline (Chantix) are prescription medications that can help with your
cravings and symptoms from withdrawals.

6. Combo Treatments

Using a combination of treatment methods might increase your chances of quitting. For example,
using both a nicotine patch and gum may be better than a patch alone. Other combination
treatments that are helpful include behavioral therapy and nicotine replacement therapy;
prescription medication used together a nicotine replacement therapy patch; and a nicotine
replacement therapy patch and nicotine spray.

The FDA hasn’t approved using 2 types of nicotine replacement therapies at the same time, so be
sure to talk with your doctor first to see if this is the right approach for you.

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 Figure 13: Combo Treatments

No matter which method you choose, an important part of quitting is to build the quit plan that
works for you. Pick a quit date that gives you time to prepare without losing your motivation. Tell
friends and family that you are quitting. Get rid of all cigarettes and ashtrays from your home,
work, and car. Figure out your smoking triggers, and decide how you’re going to deal with them.

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 Statistics

Figure 14: 2nd Highest Tobacco Consumer in Asia

Figure 15: Consumption of tobacco during education in Pakistan

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Figure 16: Death rate of rural and urban people in Pakistan due to Smoking per week

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 Conclusion

1. No replacement is for tobacco smoking. You are killing yourself by your own hands day
by day.
2. From a scientific standpoint, the story of exposure to secondhand smoke has been
purposely muddled by pro-smoking advocates. These pro-smoking critics try to poke
holes in the previous epidemiological research studies linking smoke exposure to long-
term adverse health effects, such as cancer and heart disease.
3. What the pro-smoking critics seem to forget is that the health effects of most of the
pollutants that make up secondhand smoke – such as fine particles, carbon monoxide,
benzene, PAHs – already are well-known and documented in environmental science.
4. The pro-smoking critics also tend to ignore various acute, but still significant, health
effects caused by the toxic pollution in secondhand smoke, such as an increased severity
of asthma, respiratory infection, and simple irritation of the eyes or throat.
5. Prior to the enactment by cities, counties, and states of recent environmental laws designed
to protect public health, the adverse effects of these pollutants already were documented
and their effects were well-understood.
6. As we have seen, the enormous mass of pollutants generated by a single cigarette
causes persons close to a smoker or living in the same house to be exposed to pollutant
concentrations that are many times higher than those permitted outdoors under existing
environmental laws.
7. The potency of the cigarette in violating clean air standards has been greatly
underestimated by pro-smoking advocates. This fact needs needs greater attention and
understanding by the public. The potency of the cigarette as a generator of high
concentrations of toxic pollutants that can cause cancer and other long and short-term
health effects argues strongly for restricting smoking in public places as a matter of
prudent public policy.
8. A proper legislature should be made to eradicate this curse.

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1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK99239/
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0ahUKEwi0qabtiIDUAhULshQKHSNoCvcQ_AUICigB&biw=1137&bih=668
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette#History
5. Samet JM (2008). "Secondhand smoke: facts and lies"
6. http://healthliteracy.worlded.org/docs/tobacco/Unit1/2history_of.html
7. http://www.ravimagazine.com/finance-report-on-pakistani-tobacco-industry/
8. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/216550.php
9. ttps://www.google.com.pk/search?q=risks+of+smoking&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=
X&ved=0ahUKEwjIgYGoiIHUAhUJCsAKHRi9CK8Q_AUICigB&biw=1137&bih=6
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10. https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/nnbbsn.pdf
11. https://www.cdc.gov/bam/teachers/documents/smoking.pdf
12. https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf/0264.pdf
13. http://tobaccosmoke.exposurescience.org/abcs-of-shs/summary
14. https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=media+and+its+effects+on+smoking&source=ln
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&biw=1137&bih=668#tbm=isch&q=smoking+and+media

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 Glossary
A:
Addiction: the state of being enslaved to a habit or practice or to something that is psychologically
or physically habit-forming, as narcotics, to such an extent that its cessation causes severe trauma
B:
C:
Carcinogen: any substance or agent that tends to produce a cancer.
Chronic: having long had a disease, habit, weakness, or thelike
Clot: a semisolid mass, as of coagulated blood
Cessation: a temporary or complete stopping; discontinuance
D:
E:
Engraving:
the art of forming designs by cutting, corrosion byacids, a photographic process, etc., on the surf
aceof a metal plate, block of wood, or the like, for oras for the purpose of taking off impressions
orprints of the design so formed.
Eradicate: to remove from root
F:
G:
H:
I:
Indebted: obligated for favors or kindness received
J:
K:
L:
Legislature: a deliberative body of persons, usually elective, who are empowered to make, change,
or repeal the laws of a country or state; the branch of government having the power to make laws,
as distinguished from the executive and judicial branches of government.
M:
N:

33
O:
P:
Prevalence: having the superiority or ascendancy
Priests: to ordain as a priest.
Pulmonary: affecting the lungs.
Patches: a piece of material used to cover or protect awound, an injured part, etc
Q:
R:
S:
Smoulder:(verb) to burn without flame; undergo slow or suppressed combustion.
T:
U:
V:
W:
X:
Y:
Z:

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