Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Preface ........ v
Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ ix
Conversion Factors
List of Contributors ................................................................
11.1 Introduction 89 1
11.2 Design Basis......................................... 892
11.3 Route Selection and Marine Survey ................................................................................... 893
11.4 Diameter Selection .............................................................................................................. 893
11.4.1 Sizing Gas Lines ................................................................................................... 893
11.4.2 Sizing Oil Lines ............... 895
11.5 Wall Thickness and Grade ................................................................................................. 895
11.5.1 Internal Pressure Containment (Burst ) ................................................................. 896
11.5.2 Collapse Due to External Pressure ........................................................................ 897
xviii
11.5.3 Local Buckling Due to Bending and External Pressure ....................................... 899
11.5.4 Rational Model for Collapse of Deepwater Pipelines .......................................... 900
11.6 Buckle Propagation 905
11.7 Design Example ............................................................................. 907
11.7.1 Preliminary Wall Thickness for Internal Pressure
Containment (Burst) .............................................................................................. 908
11.7.2 Collapse Due to External Pressure ...................................... 910
11.7.3 Local Buckling Due to Bending and External Pressure ....................................... 911
11.7.4 Buckle Propagation ................................................................................................ 911
11.8 On-Bottom Stability ......................................................... 912
11.8.1 Soil Friction Factor .................................... 913
11.8.2 Hydrodynamic Coefficient Selection .................................................................... 913
11.8.3 Hydrodynamic Force Calculation ......................................................................... 914
11.8.4 Stability Criteria .................................................................................................... 914
11.9 Bottom Roughness Analysis ........................ 914
11.9.1 Allowable Span Length on Current-Dominated Oscillations 916
11.9.2 Design Example ..................................................................................................... 917
11.IO External Corrosion Protection .......................................................................................... 917
11.10.1 Current Demand Calculations ............................................................................. 918
11.10.2 Selection of Anode Type and Dimensions ............................................................ 919
11.10.3 Anode Mass Calculations ...................................................................................... 919
11.10.4 Calculation of Number of Anodes 920
11.10.5 Design Example ................................................................................................... 920
11.11 Pipeline Crossing Design .................................................................................................... 921
11.12 Construction Feasibility ...................... 927
11.12.1 J -lay Installatio .......................................................... 929
11.12.2 S-lay ....................................................................................................................... 932
11.12.3 Reel-lay ............... 933
11.12.4 Towed Pipelines ..................................................................................................... 933
Index. ...................................................................................................