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DNA replication
The chemical structure of DNA
This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure
of DNA and to a chromosome (right). Introns are regions often found in eukaryote
genes which are removed in the splicing process: only the exons encode the protein.
This diagram labels a region of only 40 or so bases as a gene. In reality many genes are
much larger.
Thymine and Uracil were incorrectly depicted in the previous version. Guanine and
Adenine are still incorrect (Guanine has a C with 5 bonds and an H with 4 bonds;
Adenine has a C with 5 bonds). Better version of the image is needed.
RNA codons.
This table shows the 64 codons and the amino acid each codon codes for.
2nd base
U C A G
UUU (Phe/F)Phenylalanine UCU (Ser/S)Serine UAU (Tyr/Y)Tyrosine UGU (Cys/C)Cysteine
UUC (Phe/F)Phenylalanine UCC (Ser/S)Serine UAC (Tyr/Y)Tyrosine UGC (Cys/C)Cysteine
UUA (Leu/L)Leucine UCA (Ser/S)Serine UAA Ochre (Stop) UGA Opal (Stop)
U UUG (Leu/L)Leucine, Start UCG (Ser/S)Serine UAG Amber (Stop) UGG (Trp/W)Tryptophan
1st
base AUU (Ile/I)Isoleucine, Start
2
ACU (Thr/T)Threonine AAU (Asn/N)Asparagine AGU (Ser/S)Serine
AUC (Ile/I)Isoleucine ACC (Thr/T)Threonine AAC (Asn/N)Asparagine AGC (Ser/S)Serine
AUA (Ile/I)Isoleucine ACA (Thr/T)Threonine AAA (Lys/K)Lysine AGA (Arg/R)Arginine
A AUG (Met/M)Methionine, Start
1
ACG (Thr/T)Threonine AAG (Lys/K)Lysine AGG (Arg/R)Arginine
1The codon AUG both codes for methionine and serves as an initiation site: the first AUG in an mRNA's
coding region is where translation into protein begins.
2This is a start codon for prokaryotes only.
This table shows the 20 amino acids used in proteins, and the codons that
code for each amino acid.
Ala A GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG Leu L UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC,
CUA, CUG
Arg R CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, AGG Lys K AAA, AAG
Asn N AAU, AAC Met M AUG
Asp D GAU, GAC Phe F UUU, UUC
Cys C UGU, UGC Pro P CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG
Gln Q CAA, CAG Ser S UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG,
AGU,AGC
Glu E GAA, GAG Thr T ACU, ACC, ACA, ACG
Gly G GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG Trp W UGG
His H CAU, CAC Tyr Y UAU, UAC
Ile I AUU, AUC, AUA Val V GUU, GUC, GUA, GUG
Start AUG, GUG Stop UAG, UGA, UAA
Figure 1: Ribosome structure indicating small subunit (A) and large subunit (B). Side
and front view.
(1) Head. (2) Platform. (3) Base. (4) Ridge. (5) Central protuberance. (6) Back. (7)
Stalk. (8) Front.
Figure 2 : Large (1) and small (2) subunit fit together
Figure 3 : Translation of mRNA (1) by a ribosome (2) into a polypeptide chain (3).
The mRNA begins with a start codon (AUG) and ends with a stop codon (UAG).
The "life cycle" of an mRNA in a eukaryotic cell. RNA is transcribed in the nucleus;
once completely processed, it is transported to the cytoplasm and translated by the
ribosome. At the end of its life, the mRNA is degraded.
The structure of a mature eukaryotic mRNA. A fully processed mRNA includes a 5'
cap, 5' UTR, coding region, 3' UTR, and poly(A) tail.
Structure of tRNA
Detection of Plant Viruses
Chain Reaction
Viral RNA
cDNA
Denature, 94 C
Anneal,50-55 C
Extension,72 C
Chain Reaction
PCR DNA
Use electrophoresis to detect PCR DNA
M TSWV M
1700
1600
1016
516
CuYV RNA 1
A 529 bp C
529 kDa
Primer CP-5
B ataggatccGACGTTTTGAACACTCAGG(+)
Primer CP-6 ataaagcttCATAAGAAGCCAATTGGG ( - )
Schematic diagram of BPYV-CP expression construct (A);primers CP-5 and CP-6 with BamHI and HindIII
restriction site (underline), respectively (B); and RT-PCR-amplified product of CP.
Consensus TCAAACCGCT TTATGTCGTG AAATTAGTAG GGAATGATGT CTATTWWACT GGTGTGAACA 60
CuYV-Japan .......... .......... .......... .......... .....AT... .......... 60
CuYV-Indonesia .......... .......... .......... .......... .....TA... .......... 60
CuYV-Vietnam .......... .......... .......... .......... .....TA... .......... 60
RNA1 RNA2
P-PRO MTR HEL P32 P5 P59 CPd
RNA2 RNA1
P-PRO MTR HEL P4 P59 CPd
Fig. Comparison of the genome organization of CuYV with BYV, CTV, LChV-1 and LIYV. Boxes
represent ORFs, and homologous genes are shade similarly. Open boxes indicate ORFs that
encoded proteins whose functions are unknown or that are not statistically similar to other virus
proteins. The scale indicates size in kb.