CHAPTER

SECTION

B
1 CHEMICAL REACTIONS

TOPIC-1
Chemical Reactions an Equations

WORKSHEET-1
Solutions
1. Correct option : (d)
Explanation : During combustion of liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG), it forms CO2 and H2O.
2. Rusting of iron. 1
Answering Tip
 Keenly observe the necessary conditions for the
reactions during practical, prepare a list of type of
decomposition reactions, its necessary conditions
and gases released and practise it.

3. Reaction in which a single reactant breaks down to 5. (a) (i) Physical state of reactants and products.
give simpler products. (ii) Conditions such as temperature, pressure,
Thermal decomposition : heat etc.
∆
(iii) Catalyst involved.
CaCO3  → CaO + CO2 (Or any other) (iv) Change in state. ½×4
Electrolytic decomposition : (b) Total mass of the elements present in the products
in a chemical reaction has to be equal to the total
Electric current
2 H2O → 2H2 + O2 mass of elements present in the reactants.
or
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1 + 1 + 1
Mass can neither be created nor be destroyed in a
chemical reaction.
4. CaCO3 heat
 → CaO + CO2  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] 1

2FeSO4 heat
→ Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3  Any one 6. Process in which new substances with new
 properties are formed by the rearrangement of

2Pb(NO3)2 heat
 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 atoms.
Sunlight (i) Evolution of gas : The chemical reaction between
2AgCl → 2Ag + Cl2 
 zinc and dilute H2SO4.
Sunlight  Any one Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) ↑
2AgBr → 2Ag + Br2 
 (ii) Change in colour : The chemical reaction between
electricity
2H2O 
→ 2H2 + O2 potassium iodide and lead nitrate.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(s) → 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)
(or any other equation for above decomposition
reaction.) Colourless Yellow
Note : No marks to be deducted if equations are (iii) Formation of precipitate : The chemical reaction
not balanced. 1+1+1 between sulphuric acid and barium chloride.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → 2HCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)

White precipitate
Commonly Made Error (iv) Change in temperature : The chemical reaction
between quick lime and water.
 Usually students get confused in the necessary CaO(s) + H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + Heat
conditions and liberation of gases in the reaction. 1+1+1+1+1

WORKSHEET-2
Solutions temperature copper (II) oxide is formed.
1. Correct option : (d) 2. Law of conservation of mass.
Explanation : Chemical changes involve formation Mass can neither be created nor can it be destroyed
of new compounds from one or more substances. during a chemical reaction. ½+½
On heating copper wire in presence of air at high

S OLUT I ONS P-1

 3. (i) Copper is more reactive than silver. Hence,
when copper wire is dipped in silver nitrate
solution, it displaces silver from AgNO3 solution
forming copper nitrate which is bluish green in
colour.
(ii) Cu + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
(Copper (II) nitrate (Silver)
: bluish green)
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 2 + 1
4. (i) Two observations are :
(a) Change in state and colour.
(b) Evolution of gas
(ii) Decomposition reaction
(iii) 2FeSO4(s) 
Heat
→ Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)
1+1+1
5. (i) Decomposition reactions require energy either
in the form of heat, light or electricity for breaking
down the reactants. So energy is absorbed and is
endothermic in nature.
(ii) Iron has displaced copper from copper sulphate
solution to form iron sulphate which is light green
in colour because Fe is more reactive than copper.
(iii) During digestion, food containing carbohydrates
are broken down to form glucose. This glucose
combines with oxygen in the cells of our body
and provides energy. Since energy is given, so it is
exothermic. 1×3=3
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
6. (i) CaOCl2(s) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + Cl2(g)
(Bleaching (Carbon dioxide) (Calcium (Chlorine)
powder) carbonate)
Heat
(ii) CuSO4 . 5H2O  → CuSO4 + 5H2O
(Blue) (White)
(iii) Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
(Dry slaked lime) (Chlorine) (Bleaching powder)
(iv) Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
(Lime water) (Calcium
carbonate)
(Milky)
Heat
(v) 2NaOH + Zn  → Na2ZnO2 + H2
(Sodium zincate) (Hydrogen)
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1 × 5

WORKSHEET-3
Solutions 5. (i) Substance X-Calcium Hydroxide.
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) ® CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
1. (c) 2H2(g) + O2(g) ® 2H2O(l) (White ppt.)
Explanation : It is because, the standard state for (ii) Calcium hydroxide is obtained by reaction of
hydrogen and oxygen is gas and for water is liquid
at reaction temperature.
calcium oxide and water.
CaO(s) + H2O(l) ® Ca(OH)2(aq) + Heat 1 + 2
2. In a physical change, no new substance is formed.
In a chemical change, new substance is formed. 6. (i) Decomposition Reaction : Carbohydrates are
½+½ broken down to form glucose.
(ii) Oxidation Reaction : When an iron object is left
3. (i) ‘X’ is Copper (Cu), ‘Y’ is Copper oxide (CuO). 1
in moist air for a considerable time, it gets covered
(ii) Oxidation and Reduction ½+½
Heat with a red brown flaky substance called rust.
(iii) 2Cu + O2  → 2CuO
(iii) Displacement reaction : More reactive metal
Heat
CuO + H2  → Cu + H2O ½+½ displaces less reactive metal from its salt solution.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (iv)
Displacement reaction : More reactive metal
displaces less reactive metal from its salt solution.
4. (i) Exothermic Reaction
(v) Double displacement reaction : Reaction in which
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
two compounds react by an exchange of ions to
(ii) Double displacement reaction
form two new compounds. 1×5
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl 1½ + 1½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]

WORKSHEET-4
Solutions 2. In the absence of air, ZnO(s) and CO2(g) are formed.
1. Quick lime reacts with water vigorously to produce Chemical Equation :
slaked lime and a large amount of heat. Heat
ZnCO3(s) Absence
 → ZnO(s) + CO2(g) ½ + ½
CaO(s) + H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 + Heat of air

(Quick lime) (Slaked lime) 1

P-2 S C I ENC E - X
 3. (i) Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) +
H2O(l) + CO2(g)
(ii) CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + Heat
(iii) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + NaCl(aq) → PbCl2(s) +
2NaNO3(aq) 1+1+1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014]
4. (a) (i) HCl is oxidized. ½
(ii) MnO2 is reduced. ½
(b) (i) Oxidation : Gain of Oxygen or loss of Hydro-
gen. 1
(ii) Reduction : Gain of Hydrogen or loss of Oxy-
gen. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 1
Commonly Made Error
 Usually students get confused with the oxidised
and reduced substances in the reaction.
Answering Tip
 Students must remember that oxidation, a process
in which oxygen or an electronegative element
is added, while reduction is a process in which
addition of hydrogen or an electropositive element
takes place.
WORKSHEET-5
Solutions
1. Burning of candle is both physical and chemical
change. Burning of candle melts the wax and hence
physical state of wax has changed from solid to
liquid. Again the wax combines with the atmosphere
oxygen and changes to carbon dioxide, heat and
light. Thus both the changes are accompanied in
the burning of candle. 1
2. Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → 2KNO3 + PbI2
(Lead (Potassium (Potassium (Lead
nitrate) iodide) nitrate) iodide) 1
3. (i) CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) →CaCl2(s) + H2O(l)
+ CO2(g)
(ii) 2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) →2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)
(iii) MnO2 (s) + 4HCl(aq) →MnCl2 (aq) + 2H2O(l) +
Cl2(g) 1+1+1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014]
4. (i) 2Al + 3H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
(ii) Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
(iii) Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O 1×3
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013]
S OLUT I ONS
5. (i) Change in colour : Reaction between lead
nitrate solution and potassium iodide solution.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) →PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
In this reaction, colour changes from colourless to
yellow.
(ii) Change in temperature : Action of dilute sulphuric
acid on zinc.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
In this reaction, heat is evolved.
(iii) Formation of precipitate : Action of barium
chloride on sodium sulphate.
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
(ppt.)
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 1+1+1
6. (i) 2NaOH(aq) + Zn(s) → Na2ZnO2(aq) + H2(g)
(ii) Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) → Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
(iii) Na2CO3(s) + H2SO4(dil) → Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
+ CO2(g)
(iv) CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
(v) CuO + 2HCl (dil) → CuCl2 + H2O
1+1+1+1+1
5. (i) 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
It is an exothermic reaction.
∆
(ii) 2FeSO4(s)  → Fe2O3 (s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)
It is an endothermic reaction. 1½ + 1½
6. (i) With dilute H2SO4 : H2 gas is evolved.
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2 ­↑
(ii) With dilute HCl : H2 gas is evolved.
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 ­↑
(iii) With dilute HNO3 : Zinc nitrate, nitrous oxide and
water are formed.
Here, HNO3, is an oxidising agent which oxidises
H2 gas to H2O.
4Zn + 10HNO3 → 4Zn(NO3)2 + 5H2O + N2O↑
(iv) With dilute NaCl : No chemical reaction takes
place.
(v) With dilute NaOH : Sodium Zincate is formed and
H2 gas is evolved.
Zn + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + H2 ­↑ 1×5
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013]
P-3
 WORKSHEET-6
Solutions
1. Balanced Equation :
2FeSO4(s) Heat
→ Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g) 1
2. (i) In white washing, quicklime reacts with water
to form slaked lime.
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat
Quick lime Slaked lime
(ii) Silver bromide, when exposed to light decomposes
to silver and bromine.
Sunlight
2 AgBr(s) → 2 Ag(s) + Br2(g)
(Silver bromide) (Silver) (Bromine)
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1½ + 1½
3. (i) Before heating : Pale green
After heating : Brown or reddish brown. 1
(ii) SO2 and SO3 1
Heat
(iii) 2FeSO4(s) → Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g) 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
TOPIC-2
Types of Chemical Reactions-Corrosion and Rancidity
WORKSHEET-7
Solutions
1. Correct option : (c)
Explanation : The given reaction is a redox reaction
because oxidation and reduction both take place
simultaneously. Also, it is a displacement reaction
because hydrogen of NH3 has been displaced by
oxygen.
2. In combination reactions, two substances combine
to form one compound and in decomposition
reactions, a compound breaks down into two or
more substances, so they are opposite to each
other. 1
3. The oxidation of oils or fats in a food resulting into
bad smell and bad taste is called rancidity. 1
It can be prevented by :
(i) adding anti-oxidants. 1
(ii) flushing with nitrogen gas. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
4.
On mixing the clear solution of two ionic
compounds, a substance which is insoluble in water,
is formed. This insoluble substance is known as a
P-4
4. The fizzing will occur strongly in test tube A, in
which hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added. This is
because HCl is a stronger acid than CH3COOH and
thus, produces hydrogen gas at a faster speed due
to which fizzing occurs. 3
5. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a commonly used
base and is hygroscopic, that is, it absorbs moisture
from the atmosphere and becomes sticky. The acidic
oxides react with base to give salt and water. The
reaction between NaOH and CO2 can be given as :
2NaOH + CO2 → Na2CO3 + H2O 3
6. Compound X is ethanol, Y is ethene and Z is
hydrogen gas.
CH3CH2OH Conc.H
 2 SO4
Heat [443K]
→ CH2=CH2 + H2O
Here, sulphuric acid acts as dehydrating agent.
When ethanol (X) reacts with sodium metal, a
colourless gas is evolved which known as hydrogen.
2CH3CH2OH + 2Na ® 2CH3CH2ONa + H2
(Sodium ethoxide)
 1+1+1+1+1
precipitate and the reaction in which precipitate is
formed is called precipitation reaction.
Example : When sodium sulphate solution is mixed
with barium chloride solution, a white precipitate
of a substance (BaSO4) is formed.
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(↓) + 2NaCl(aq)
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] 1+1+1
5. Rancidity.
Anti-oxidants are substances which prevents
oxidation, actually are reducing agents. When
added to food, the fats and oils present in the
food do not get oxidized easily, hence do not turn
rancid and remain good to eat for longer time.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1 + 1 + 1
6. (i) Correct definition.
(ii) rusting.
(iii) Silver - black, copper - green.
(iv) Destruction of car bodies, bridges, railing, etc
(Any two)
(v) Painting, alloying, greasing etc (Any two)
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 5
S C I ENC E - X
 Detailed Answer :
(i) Corrosion is a process in which metals, are
deteriorated by action of air, moisture, chemicals
etc.
(ii) Corrosion of iron is called rusting.
WORKSHEET-8
Solutions
1. Correct option : (c)
Explanation : The substance which oxidises the
other substances in a chemical reaction is known as
an oxidising agent. Likewise, the substance which
reduces the other substance in a chemical reaction
is known as reducing agent.
2. Because heat is absorbed in this process. 1
3. Iron is more reactive than copper. Iron displaces
copper from copper sulphate solution and forms
iron sulphate, hence holes appear on the pot.
Chemical equation :
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s) 1½ + 1½
4. (i) Silver : Colour — Black
Chemical name — Silver sulphide
(ii) Copper : Colour — Green
Chemical name — Copper oxide
WORKSHEET-9
Solutions
1. Correct option : (a)
Explanation : Exothermic reactions are the reactions
in which heat is released along with the formation
of products. When quick lime reacts with water,
a large amount of heat is released along with the
formation of calcium hydroxide. Similarly, the
process of dissolving an acid or base in water is a
highly exothermic reaction. Evaporation of water
and sublimation of camphor are endothermic
reactions.
2. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes into H2O and O2
in the presence of sunlight and hence to prevent
decomposition, they are kept in coloured bottles.
2H O Sunlight 2H2O + O2 1
2 2 →
3. (i) Decomposition reaction
(ii) Displacement reaction
(iii) Double displacement reaction
(iv) Combination reaction
(v) Displacement reaction
(vi) Combination reaction ½+½+½+½+½+½
4. The chemical reaction in which a single product is
formed from two or more reactants and energy is
evolved, is known as combination reaction.
Example : 2Mg + O2 Burn→ 2MgO 1½
S OLUT I ONS
(iii) Silver turns black as it reacts with H2S present in air
and form a layer of Ag2S.
(iv) Corrosion of iron is a serious problem because it
leads to wastage of tonnes of iron every year and
lot of money is spent to repair or replace it.
(v) The iron articles should be painted to prevent it
from corrosion. 1+1+1+1+1
(iii) Iron : Colour — Reddish Brown
Chemical name — Ferric oxide. 1+1+1
5. (i) 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2
Type of reaction : Oxidation reaction/Combination
reaction
(ii) CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
(Lime stone) (quick lime)
Type of reaction : Decomposition reaction. 1½+1½
6. (i) Corrosion is a process in which metals, are
deteriorated by action of air, moisture, chemicals
etc.
Corrosion of iron is Rusting.
(ii) Silver - black, copper - green.
(iii) Car bodies, bridges, railing etc (Any two)
Painting, alloying, greasing etc (Any two)
When a single reactant on gaining energy
decomposes to give two or more simpler products,
such a reaction is called a decomposition reaction.
Example : CaCO ∆3 → CaO + CO 2 1½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
5. (i) Photochemical decomposition : A single
reactant breaks down to give simpler products.
½+½
White silver chloride changes to grey, as it
decomposes to silver and chlorine in presence of
sunlight. ½
(ii) 2AgCl(s) Sunlight
→ 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g) ½
(iii) Black and white photography. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
6. (a) Corrosion. ½
(b) Conditions are : air and moisture. ½+½
Activity : (i) Take three test-tubes. Place clean iron
nails in each test-tube.
(ii) Pour some water in test-tube 1, cork it.
(iii) Pour water (boiled/distilled) in test-tube 2, add
some oil and cork it.
(iv) Put some anhydrous calcium chloride in test-tube 3
and cork it.
P-5
 (v) After 2-3 days, you will observe that the nails in
test-tube 1 get rusted because they were exposed to
air and water both, while nail in test-tube 2 and 3
do not get rusted. This shows rusting of iron takes
WORKSHEET-10
Solutions
1. Correct option : (c)
Explanation : In beakers A and B, heat is given
out, so temperature became high, hence it is an
exothermic reaction while in beaker C, heat is
absorbed from water, so temperature falls, hence it
is an endothermic process.
2. It is a combination reaction. 1
3. A reaction is considered as double displacement
reaction if during the chemical reaction an
exchange of ions takes place between two ionic
substances.
Example : BaCl2 + Na2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl
In a displacement reaction, a more reactive element
displaces or removes another less reactive element,
to form its compound. e.g. Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4
+ Cu; whereas in a double displacement reaction,
the compounds react by exchanging their ions and
form two new compounds. 1½+1½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
WORKSHEET-11
Solutions
1. Correct option : (a)
Explanation : A dilute ferrous sulphate solution was
gradually added to the beaker containing acidified
permanganate solution. A permanganate solution
is usually purple in colour. The light purple colour
of the solution fades and finally disappears. This
is because Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)
is relatively an unstable compound, it tends to
decompose in the presence of ferrous sulphate
(FeSO4). This changes the colour of the solution
from purple to colourless. The FeSO4 gets oxidised
to Fe2(SO4) as KMnO4 acts as a good oxidising
agent in an acidic medium
2. They get tarnished by reacting with atmospheric air
to form silver sulphide. 1
3. (i) Yes, temperature rises as the beaker gets hot.
This is because large amount of heat is released or
the reaction is exothermic. 1
(ii) Combination reaction. Reaction in which a single
product is obtained from two or more reactants. 1
(iii) CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + heat 1
(Quick lime) (Slaked lime)
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
P-6
place in the presence of air and moisture, both. 2½
Methods to prevent rusting : Alloying, galvanization,
painting, lubrication. (Any two) ½+½
4. Gold and platinum.
(i) Corrosion of aluminium is useful. A protective
layer of aluminium oxide is formed on the surface
of the metal which renders the metal passive and
prevents its further corrosion.
(ii) Corrosion of iron is a serious problem. Every year
large amount of money is spent to replace damaged
iron and steel structures. So, here, corrosion is a
serious problem. 1+1+1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
5. (i) At Cathode : Hydrogen gas (H2) ½
At Anode : Oxygen gas (O2) ½
(ii) Since 2H2O Electric current
→ 2H2 + O2
2 molecules of H2 combine with 1 mol of O2 to
form H2O, so the volume of H2, liberated is double
than that of O2. 1
(iii) When a burning splinter is brought near the
mouth of the liberated gases, the burning splinter
extinguishes near the H2 gas while the burning
splinter keeps burning more near the O2 gas. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
4. (i) Brown fumes, white residue. 1
(ii) Decomposition reaction 1
2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
5. (i) C is getting oxidized to CO, ZnO is getting
reduced to Zn. ½+½
(ii) As carbon is gaining oxygen and ZnO is losing
oxygen. 1
(iii) It is a redox reaction or oxidation and reduction
reaction.
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
6. (i) (a) Due to the decomposition of silver chloride
into silver and chlorine by sunlight.
Sunlight
2AgCl → 2Ag + Cl2 1
(b) Due to the oxidation of copper powder to
copper oxide, brown colour turns into black. 1
2Cu(s) + O2(g) → 2CuO(s)
(ii) (a) A chemical reaction in which the more reactive
element displaces the less reactive element
from its compound is called displacement
reaction.
S C I ENC E - X
 CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) 1
(b) A chemical reaction in which hydrogen is
added or oxygen is removed is called reduction
reaction.
ZnO + C → Zn + CO 1
WORKSHEET-12
Solutions
1. Correct option : (b)
Explanation : Double displacement reaction is the
reaction in which two different atoms or group of
atoms are mutually exchanged. Only in reaction
(Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ↓ BaSO4 + 2NaCl), sodium and
barium are mutually exchanged. Hence, correct
option is (b).
2. To prevent the oil and fats of the chips from being
oxidized or become rancid. 1
3. Silver chloride (AgCl) and Silver bromide (AgBr) is formed. 1
½+½
2AgCl Sunlight 2Ag + Cl ½ to the formation of calcium carbonate.
→ 2
2AgBr Sunlight
→ 2Ag + Br2 ½
Those reactions in which energy is absorbed (in
form of heat, light or electricity) to break down the
reactants is called decomposition reaction. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
4. Combination reaction : Single product is formed
from two or more reactants.
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 1½
Decomposition reaction : A single reactant breaks
down to give simpler products.
CaCO ∆3 → CaO + CO 2 1½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
S OLUT I ONS
(c) Combination reaction is a reaction in which
two or more than two substances combine and
form a single substance.
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
5. (i) Any suitable exothermic reaction like
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + heat 1
(ii) Oxidising agent : Cl2 ½
Reducing agent : H2S ½
(iii) Rancidity, keep food in airtight containers. ½+½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
6. (i) (a) Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water
and releases a large amount of heat. 1
(b) Calcium hydroxide (Slaked lime) i.e., Ca(OH)2
(ii) (a) In small amount, solution becomes milky due
Or
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O. 1
(b) In excess, Milkiness disappears because cal-
cium carbonate changes to calcium hydrogen
carbonate which is colourless in nature.
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 → Ca(HCO3)2
(Colourless) 1
(iii) Paint forms a protective coating on the surface of
iron so that, oxygen and moisture present in the
air cannot have a direct contact with iron. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2010]
qqq
P-7
CHAPTER
SECTION
B
2 ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
TOPIC-1
Acids and Bases
WORKSHEET-13
Solutions
1. Correct option : (c)
Explanation : Vanilla essence can be used as an
acid-base indicator by visually impaired students as
it is an olfactory indicator whose odour changes in
acidic or basic media.]
2. Formic acid (Methanoic acid), HCOOH. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2010]
3. Acids which ionize completely in aqueous solution :
strong acids. ½
Acids which ionize partially in aqueous
solution : weak acids ½
Hydrochloric acid, nitric acid : strong acid ½+½
Acetic acid, formic acid : weak acid ½+½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
4. (i) Alkali. ½
NaOH or KOH ½
(ii) Tooth decay starts when the pH of the mouth is
lower than 5·5. It can be prevented by using tooth
pastes which are generally basic. 1
(iii) Bee-sting has acid that causes pain and irritation.
Baking soda being alkaline, neutralizes acid and
gives relief. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1
WORKSHEET-14
Solutions
1. Correct option : (a)
Explanation : Lime juice is acidic in nature as the
juice is obtained from lime, a citrus fruit. This
contains citric acid, and is therefore sour in taste.
2. When milk changes into curd, its pH will decrease.
Because curd contains lactic acid, so H+ ion
concentration increases and thus pH will decrease. 1
3. (i) Increase in the strength of alkali. So the nature
of solution will be basic. 1
(ii) Hydroxide ion or hydroxyl ion or OH– ion. 1
(iii) A paper impregnated with the universal indicator
is generally used to measure the pH of a solution. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
P-8
5. (i) Solution Y is a stronger acid.
(ii) Strong acid : An acid which dissociates completely
in water and produces a large amount of hydrogen
ions. e.g., HCl.
Weak acid : An acid which dissociates partially in
water and produces small amount of hydrogen
ions. e.g., CH3COOH.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1 + 1 + 1
6. (i) Tomato — Malic acid and citric acid
(ii) Vinegar — Acetic acid
(iii) Tamarind — Tartaric acid and citric acid. 1 + 1 + 1
7. (i) Scale for measuring [H+] concentration in a
solution is called pH scale.
Refer to below figure :
Neutral
0 Acidic nature increasing 7 Basic nature increasing 14
+ +
Increasing in H ion Decreasing in H
concentration concentration
(ii) pH of Neutral solution is 7.
pH of Acidic solution is 0 to below 7.
pH of Basic solution is 7 to 14.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1 + 2 + 2
Commonly Made Error
 Students usually get confused with the pH values.
Answering Tip
 Practice the different pH values mentioned with
examples in the chapter.
4 . (i) B → 7 (ii) D → 11
(iii) C → 1 (iv) A → 4
(v) E → 9 ½ × 5 = 2½
Arrangement : D, E, B, A, C or 11, 9, 7, 4, 1. ½
5. (i) (a) Solution of glucose will not conduct
electricity because it does not have ions.
(b) Dil. HCl will conduct electricity because it
produces H+ ions in water. ½+½
S C I ENC E - X
 (ii) HCl is stronger because it gives rise to more H+ 7. (i) Universal indicator is a mixture of many different
ions than acetic acid. 1 indication (or dyes) which give different colours
(iii) The strength of the acid decreases. 1 at different pH values of the entire pH scale. The
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] colour produced by universal indicator is used to
find the pH value of acid or base by matching the
6. colour with the colours on pH colour chart.
(ii) Solution A is acidic and will turn litmus solution
Colour change from blue to red.
Name of the Colour change
solution with Solution B is basic and will turn phenolphthalein
phenolphthalein with blue litmus
from colourless to pink.
1. Sodium (iii) Green colour will be obtained.
carbonate turns pink no change
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 2 + 2 + 1
2. Hydrochloric
acid no change turns red

3. Sodium
chloride no change no change

[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 × 3 = 3

WORKSHEET-15
Solutions
1. Correct option : (c)
Explanation : The role of calcium chloride taken in
the guard tube is to absorb moisture from the gas.
This is because calcium chloride is used as a drying
agent which absorbs moisture from the hydrogen
chloride (HCl) gas.
2. Hydrogen gas. 1
3. (i) The acid must slowly be added to water. 1
(ii) Otherwise the mixture may splash out causing
burns, as a lot of heat is generated in this process. 1
(iii) Dilution of the acid. 1
4. Zn + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + H2
When a burning splinter is brought near the gas, it
burns with a Pop Sound.
Gas – Hydrogen / H2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 1 + 1 + 1
Commonly Made Error
 Usually students get confused with the action of
wet or dry litmus paper and reason for the same.
Answering Tip
 The concept of ionization of acids in aqueous
medium to give hydrogen or hydronium ions
should be kept in mind.
6. Sweet tooth leads to tooth decay, which is caused
by the action of bacteria on food particles remaining
in the mouth and acid is formed. As a result, the
pH of the mouth falls below 5.5 and the tooth
enamel dissolves resulting in cavities. Toothpastes
are generally basic, they neutralize the excess acid
produced in the mouth and prevent tooth decay.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 3

Commonly Made Error
 Usually students get confused with the liberation of
gas in the reaction of zinc with acids and bases.
Answering Tip
 Keenly observe the reactions during practicals, zinc
reacts with both acids and bases to give out hydrogen
gas but remember the above said reactions are not
possible with all metals.
5. Wet blue litmus paper ½
Reason : Hydrogen ions are produced by HCl in
the presence of water. 1
It has acidic nature. ½
HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl– 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
Ans. (i) HCl will give rise to more H+ ions and
CH3COOH produces less H+ ions on dissociation.
The colour of pH paper depends on the
concentration of H+ ion. Colour becomes red for
high H+ concentration. 1
(ii) Aqueous solution of acids have H+ ions which
carry electric current through the solution. 1
(iii) (a) Most acidic : A, Most basic : C ½+½
(b) C, B, D, A / C < B < D < A ½+½
(c) In C- blue, In D- green ½+½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
Answering Tip
 Do not overlook any part of a question and avoid
being in a hurry to conclude the answer.

S OLUT I ONS P-9

 WORKSHEET-16
Solutions Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
Sodium Hydrochloric Sodium Carbon
1. Correct option : (d)
carbonate acid chloride dioxide
Explanation : Lime will not give carbon dioxide (CO2)
on treatment with dilute acid because lime is calcium
1+1+1
oxide which gives salt and water on reaction with acids Commonly Made Error
but no CO2. On the other hand, marble, limestone and
 Students usually get confused in the different
baking soda are metal carbonates and bicarbonates
reactions of acid with different substances.
which forms CO2 on treatment with acids.
2. pH = 2 (lower the pH, stronger the acid). 1 Answering Tip
3. (i) They react with metals to give out hydrogen gas.  Keenly observe the reactions during practical, make
e.g., a list and practice all the reactions of acids with
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 other substances for one to be confident.
Zinc Hydrochloric Zinc chloride Hydrogen
4. (i) Solid sodium chloride and conc. sulphuric acid.1
acid
(ii) Dry litmus — no change ½
(ii) They react with bases to form salt and water. e.g.,
Wet blue litmus — changes to red ½
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
(iii) HCl + H2O → H 3 O+ + Cl–
Sodium Sulphuric Sodium Water
hydroxide acid sulphate (Hydronium ion) (Chloride ion)
(iii) They react with metal carbonates to liberate CO2 1
gas. e.g., [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]

5. (i) Bulb A and B do not glow but bulb C glows. 1

(ii) Glucose and alcohol solutions do not conduct electricity as they do not have ions. 1
Dil. HCl contains ions so the flow of ions is responsible for the flow of current.
(iii) After replacement, bulb glows in B as NaOH solution contains ions (Na+ and OH– ions). 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
6. (a) (b) Solution A : Basic solution
Indicators Acid Base Because, [H+] is lesser than 1.0 × 10–7.
Solution B : Acidic solution
Litmus solution Blue to Red Red to Blue Because [H+] is greater than 1.0 × 10–7 m 3+2
Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink
Methyl orange Yellow Pink

WORKSHEET-17
Solutions (vi) Liquid hydrogen is used as a fuel in rockets. ½ × 6

1. Correct option : (b) 4. (i) Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2

Explanation : Citric acid is an example of organic acid
or edible acid.
2. 1 M HCl has a higher concentration of H+ ions
because when HCl dissolves in water it dissociates
completely into ions while CH3COOH is a weak acid
and does not dissociate into ions completely. 1
3. (i) Hydrogen gas.
(ii) Is soluble in water.
(iii) It is lighter than air.
(iv) Test for H2 Gas : Bring a burning matchstick near
the gas jar. It burns with a pop sound.
(v) Zn(s) + H2SO4(dil) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)↑
Hydrogen gas is produced.
(ii) HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
Neutralization reaction
(iii) 2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O + CO2
Calcium chloride is formed.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1 + 1 + 1
5. (i) If H+ ion concentration is more, pH will be
less and vice versa or pH of a solution is inversely
proportional to H+ ion concentration or pH = –log
[H+].
(ii) This solution is neutral.

P-10 S C I ENC E - X
 (iii) 1M NaOH solution. (v) As hydronium [H3O]+ ion.
(iv) When the pH in the mouth is below 5.5, bacteria [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
present in the mouth produce acids by degradation
of sugar and corrode the tooth enamel. It can
be prevented by using toothpastes which are
generally basic.

WORKSHEET-18
Solutions 2. At lower pH below 5.5, the calcium phosphate of
enamel of tooth gets corroded, which leads to tooth
1. Correct option : (b)
decay. 1
Explanation : Citric acid is an example of organic acid
or edible acid.
3.
Stand
Delivery tube
Test-tube
Burning of hydrogen
gas with a pop sound
Dilute
sulphuric
acid Hydrogen
gas
Zinc granules bubbles

Soap bubble filled

with hydrogen

Soap solution

(i) The gas evolved is hydrogen.

(ii) Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2↑
Test for H2 gas : The presence of H2 gas can be tested by passing the gas through soap solution and then bringing
a burning splinter near the soap bubbles filled with the gas. If the gas burns with a pop sound, it is hydrogen.
1+2
4. (i) Hydrogen gas will evolve with greater speed. 6. (a) (i) Acidic — Solution A ½
(ii) Almost same amount of gas is evolved. Basic — Solution B ½
(iii) If sodium hydroxide is taken, hydrogen gas will be +
(ii) Solution A because H ion concentration is
evolved only on heating.
higher in acidic solutions. 1
Zn + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + H2
(b) When same concentration of HCl and acetic acid
Sodium Zincate 1×3 are taken (one molar), then these produce different
amounts of H+ ion (as HCl dissociates completely).
5. (i) Blue and white respectively. 1 HCl gives more H+ but acetic acid gives less H+
(ii) Water of crystallization is lost on heating. 1 ions (as this does not dissociate completely). 1
(iii) Yes, by adding water. 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]

S OLUT I ONS P-11

 TOPIC-2
Salts, Their Properties and Uses
WORKSHEET-19
Solutions
1. Correct option : (b)
Explanation : Water of crystallisation is the fixed
number of water molecules presenting one formula
unit of a salt. Potassium nitrate, barium sulphate,
potassium chloride, sodium nitrate, baking soda, etc.,
are the salts that do not contain water of crystallisation.
2. Baking soda. 1
3. (i) Salt that contains water of crystallization. 1
(ii) Washing soda — Na2CO3.10H2O
Gypsum — CaSO4.2H2O
1 stomach which causes burning sensation.
Plaster of paris — CaSO4. H2O. (Any two) 1 + 1
2 (iii) Copper vessels tarnish due to formation of basic
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
4. (i) Bleaching powder : CaOCl2
(ii) Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
(iii) Two uses other than disinfection are :
(a) Paper industries (b) Chemical Industries.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1 + 1 + 1
5. (i) X = Chlorine gas, Y = Calcium oxychloride
(ii) Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
(Dry slaked (Chlorine) (Calcium (Water)
lime) oxy-chloride)
(Bleaching agent) 1+1+1
WORKSHEET-20
Solutions
1. Correct option : (d)
Explanation : Sodium carbonate is a basic salt of
weak acid i.e. carbonic acid and a strong base i.e.
sodium hydroxide.
2. The colour of litmus in a solution of sodium
carbonate is blue. 1
3. Chemical formula : CaOCl2 ½
Chemical equation :
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2  → CaOCl2 + H2O 1
Uses :
(i) For bleaching cotton and linen in textile industry½
(ii) As an oxidising agent in a chemical industry. ½
(iii) For disinfecting water. ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
P-12
6. Water of crystallization is the fixed number of
water molecules present in one formula unit of
salt. 1
(i) Five molecules of water. ½
(ii) Formula : CuSO4.5H2O ½
(iii) When heated, its colour changes from blue to
white. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1
7. (i) Distilled water does not conduct electricity
because it does not contain any ionic compound
like acids, bases or salts dissolved in it.
(ii) When we overeat, excess of acid is produced in the
copper carbonate which gets neutralized when
rubbed with lemon and the copper vessel regains
its shine.
(iv) Washing soda is sodium carbonate decahydrate
which when exposed to air loses 10 molecules of
water and changes to white powder.
(v) Sodium chloride is a salt of strong acid HCl and
strong base NaOH, so it is neutral.
Sodium carbonate is a salt of weak acid H2CO3 and
strong base NaOH, so it is basic. 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 +1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014]
4. (i) Compound is NaHCO3/baking soda/sodium
hydrogen carbonate
Manufacture : NH3 + NaCl + H2O + CO2 →
NH4Cl + NaHCO3
Heat
(ii) 2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1 + 1 + 1
5. It is a salt produced by the neutralization reaction
between a strong base (NaOH) and a weak acid
(H2CO3), hence it is a basic salt. 1
It is heated strongly to produce sodium carbonate.
2NaHCO3 ∆ → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 1
Sodium carbonate is recrystallized to produce
washing soda.
Na2CO3 + 10H2O  → Na2CO3.10H2O 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
S C I ENC E - X
 6. CaCO3 + 2HCl ¾® CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 1
Marble is calcium carbonate and on reacting with
HCl releases CO2.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ¾® CaCO3 + H2O
(Lime water) (White ppt)
Lime water turns milky due to the formation of
white precipitate of CaCO3. On passing excess
CO2, milkiness disappears because Ca(HCO3)2 is
formed, which is soluble in water. 1
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 ¾® Ca(HCO3)2 1
Soluble in water
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
7. (a) Hydrated copper sulphate – CuSO4.5H2O
Anhydrous copper sulphate – CuSO4.
WORKSHEET-21
Solutions
1. Correct option : (c)
Explanation : The common salt obtained is an
important raw material for various materials of
daily use, such as sodium hydroxide, baking soda,
washing soda and many more.
2. When baking soda is heated, it decomposes to
produce sodium carbonate, water and CO2 gas. 1
2NaHCO3 ∆ → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 1
CO2 gas produced during the reaction makes the
cake or bread spongy and fluffy. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
3. (i) It loses water molecules and becomes calcium
1 H2 — fuels, margarine, NH3 for fertilizers. 1
sulphate hemihydrate, CaSO4. H2O or plaster of
2 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
paris.
(ii) Blue copper sulphate crystals on heating lose
water of crystallisation and become white. When
these crystals are left open, will absorb moisture
from air and regain blue colour.
(iii) On passing CO2 gas through lime water, insoluble
calcium carbonate is formed. On passing excess of
CO2, soluble calcium bicarbonate is formed.
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
Insoluble
CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) → Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
Soluble 1+1+1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014]
S OLUT I ONS
Activity : (i) Heat a few crystals of copper sulphate
in a dry boiling tube.
(ii) Add 2-3 drops of water on the sample of copper
sulphate obtained after heating.
After heating, water is removed and salt turns
white.
If crystals are moisten again with water, blue colour
reappears. Water of crystallization is fixed number
of water molecules present in one formulae unit
of a salt. Five water molecules are present in one
formula unit of copper sulphate.
(b) Calcium sulphate hemihydrate – CaSO4.½H2O
Calcium sulphate dihydrate – CaSO4.2H2O.
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2015] 3+2
1
4. (i) (a) CaSO4. H2O
2
(b) CaSO4.2H2O ½+½
(ii) By mixing with water
1 1
CaSO4. H2O + 1 H2O → CaSO4.2H2O 1
2 2
(iii) For making toys, for supporting fractured bones. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
5. The three products are :
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Chlorine (Cl2) and
Hydrogen (H2). 1
NaOH — for soaps and detergents and paper
making or artificial fibers.
Cl2 — PVC, pesticides, CFCs. 1
6. (i) Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide.
NaOH + HCl  → NaCl + H2O ½+½
NaCl, sodium chloride, Ocean water. ½+½
(ii) Deposits of solid salt are found in several parts of
the world. These large crystals are called rock salt. 2
Colour of rock salts is brown, due to impurities.
(iii) 2NaCl + 2H2O electricity
→ 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
P-13
 WORKSHEET-22
Solutions Tartaric acid is used to avoid the bitter taste by
reacting with Na2CO3 formed.
1. Correct option : (b) Heat
2NaHCO3 + H+ From
 → Na2CO3 + H2O +
Explanation : Baking powder is a mixture of baking acid

soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate) and a mild
edible acid such as tartaric acid.
2. (a) Copper sulphate crystals (CuSO4.5H2O)
5 molecules of water are present in one formula
unit of copper sulphate. When heated, its loses its
water and salt turns white. 1
(b) Basic Salt :
(i) Base — KOH (Potassium hydroxide) ½
Acid — H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid) ½
(ii) Base — NH4OH (Ammonium hydroxide) ½
Acid — HCl (Hydrochloric acid) ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
3. (i) X – Sodium hydrogen carbonate or baking soda.
Y – CO2
(ii) NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2↑
1+1+1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013]
4. Baking powder. ½
Baking soda and tartaric acid. ½+½
On heating or mixing with water, sodium
bicarbonate reacts with hydrogen ion from acid
and releases CO2 that makes the cake soft and
fluffy. 1
CO2 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] ½
5. (i) Plaster of Paris / Calcium sulphate hemihydrate
1
CaSO4. H2O. 1
2
Heat 1 1
(ii) CaSO4.2H2O 373
 K
→ CaSO4. H2O + 1 H2O 1
2 2
(iii) Used as a plaster for supporting fractured bones.½
Used for making toys / statues / decorative items.½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
6. (a) The common name of CaOCl2 is Bleaching
powder. ½
By passing chlorine into dry slaked lime (Ca(OH)2)
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 
→ CaOCl2 + H2O 1
Two uses :
(i) Used for bleaching cotton and linen in the
textile industry and wood pulp in paper
industry etc. ½
(ii) It is used for disinfecting drinking water. ½
(b) Washing Soda : Na2CO3.10H2O ½
By heating baking soda, sodium carbonate is
obtained, its recrystallization gives washing soda.1
2NaHCO3 Heat
→ Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 ½
Na2CO3 + 10H2O → Na2CO3.10H2O ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]

qqq

P-14 S C I ENC E - X
CHAPTER
SECTION

B
3 METALS AND NON-METALS

TOPIC-1
Properties of Metals and Non-Metals

WORKSHEET-23
Solutions Answering Tip
1. Correct option : (c)  Learn and understand the different physical and
chemical properties of metals and non-metals with
Explanation : Metals in their pure state have a
unique reactions.
shining surface and thus, dullness property is not
shown by metals. 6. (i) Non-metals are electron acceptors, they cannot
2. Metal – mercury, Non-metal – bromine. ½+½ supply electrons so as to convert H+ ion to H2(g).
(ii) Like metals, hydrogen can lose an electron to form
3. Three properties of sodium are :
positive H+ ion.
(i) Sodium is so soft that it can be cut with a knife. 1 (iii) Aluminium is covered with a strong protective
(ii) It has low density. 1 layer of oxide which protects the metal from further
(iii) It has low melting points. 1 corrosion. 1+1+1
4. (a) (i) Oxides of metal are basic / amphoteric. ½ 7. (a)
Oxides of non-metal are acidic/neutral. ½ S. Metals Non-Metals
(ii) Metals are good conductors whereas non- No.
metals are poor conductors. 1
1. Lose electrons to form Gain electrons to
(b) Iodine and Mercury. ½+½ positive ions/ are elec- form negative ions/
5. (i) X — Carbon, Y — Diamond, Z — Graphite tropositive in nature. are electronegative
(ii) Non-metal in nature.
(iii) Tin. 1+1+1 2. React with dilute acids Do not react with
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] to liberate hydrogen gas. dilute acids .
3. Generally metal oxides Generally non-met-
Commonly Made Error are basic in nature. al oxides are acidic
 Usually students get confused with different in nature.
physical and chemical properties of metals and non- (b) (i) Painting
metals. (ii) Oiling
(iii) Galvanization
(vi) Alloying (or any other)
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 5

WORKSHEET-24
Solutions
1. Correct option : (a)
Explanation : The ability of metals to be drawn into
thin wires is called ductility.
2. Gallium. 1
3. (i) Gold and silver are most malleable metal and
most ductile metal.
(ii) Silver is the best conductor of heat and lead is the
poorest conductor of heat.
(iii) Metal with highest melting point : Tungsten, iron.
Metal with lowest melting point : Gallium, Cesium.
½ + ½ + ½ + ½ +½ + ½
Commonly Made Error
 Usually students get confused with different
physical properties of metals.
Answering Tip
 Learn and understand all the physical properties of
metals.
4. (i) 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3, Aluminium oxide 1
(ii) 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2, Ferric oxide 1
(iii) Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2, because hydrogen
sticks to calcium. 1

S OLUT I ONS P-15

 Commonly Made Error
 Usually students get confused with different
reactions of metals showing their reactivity.
Answering Tip
 Learn and understand the reactivity series of metals
and understand reactivity of metals in different
reactions.
5. (i) 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO 1
(ii) 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3 1
(iii) Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O 1
6. (i) Take three test-tubes. Place clean iron nails in
each test-tube.
(ii) Pour some water in test-tube-1, cork it.
(iii) Pour water (boiled/distilled) in test-tube-2, add
some oil and cork it.
(iv) Put some anhydrous calcium chloride in test-tube-3
and cork it.
(v) After 2-3 days, we observe that the nails in test-tube
1 rust because they are exposed to air and water
both, while nail in test-tube 2 and 3 do not rust.
This shows that rusting of iron takes place in the
presence of air and moisture both. 3
TOPIC-2
Ionic compounds, Metallurgy and Corrosion
WORKSHEET-25
Solutions
1. Correct option : (a)
Explanation : Sodium and potassium are extracted
by electrolytic reduction. Metals obtained after
electrolytic reduction are in pure form. But, copper
and gold are in impure form after extraction. Copper
and gold are refined by electrolytic refining methods.
2. Reduction of iron oxide to iron by aluminium is
called thermite reaction. 1
Fe2O3 + 2Al → 2Fe + Al2O3 + Heat.
3. Electrolytic Refining : This method is widely used
as purification of metals like zinc (Zn), copper
(Cu), aluminium (Al), chromium (Cr), tin (Sn), lead
(Pb), nickel (Ni) and gold (Au).
In this process, impure metal is used as anode, a
strip of pure metal is used as cathode and soluble
salt of metal is used as electrolyte. On passing
electric current through the electrolyte, cations
move towards cathode, gain electrons and pure
metal gets deposited on cathode.
In electrolytic refining of copper, the impurities
left behind at anode called anode mud contains
valuable metals such as gold and silver which can
be recovered in the native state.
P-16
7. Different metals react with oxygen at different rates.
e.g., Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) catch fire, if left
in open. Hence, these are the most reactive metals.
To prevent accidental fires, these metals are kept
immersed in kerosene oil. Magnesium burns in air
only by heating. So, it is less reactive than sodium
and potassium. Copper (Cu) does not burn on
heating but blister copper burns. Hence the order
of reactivity of these metals with oxygen is :
Na > Mg > Cu.
Metals react with water to produce a metal oxide
and hydrogen gas. Sodium (Na) and potassium
(K) react violently with cold water. So the reaction
is violent and exothermic. Magnesium (Mg) does
not react with cold water. It reacts with hot water.
Metals like lead, copper, silver do not react with
water at all. The reactivity series of metals towards
water is :
Na > Mg > Cu. 1½ + 1½
Commonly Made Error
 Usually students get confused with the order of
reactivity of metals.
+
Cathode
(Pure metal)
Anode
(Impure Solution of
metal) metal salt
Anode mud (Electrolyte)
Electrolytic refining
(Electrolytic refining of copper with explanation)
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 3
Commonly Made Error
 Usually students get confused between anode,
cathode and the electrolyte.
Answering Tip
 Carefully understand the electrolytic reductions of
metals. Practice drawing a well-labelled diagram.
S C I ENC E - X
 4. (i) Calcium (20) – 2, 8, 8, 2 Oxygen (8) – 2, 6 1
–2
Ca + O (Ca2+) O
1
(ii) Constituents metals of bronze – copper, tin. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
Commonly Made Error
 Usually students get confused in writing the
electronic configuration, drawing the dot structure,
cations and anions.
Answering Tip
 Learn to write the electronic configuration and
understand the concept of sharing in ionic
compounds. Electron donating atoms become
cations and electron receiving atoms become anions.
WORKSHEET-26
Solutions
1. Correct option : (c)
Explanation : Sulphur is present in air and silver
gets tarnished after the reaction of sulphur. Because
of formation of layer of silver sulphide silver articles
become black on prolonged exposure to air.
2. Paint forms a protective coating on the surface
of iron. So, oxygen and moisture present in the
air cannot have a direct contact with the metal.
Therefore, surface gets protected against rusting. 1
3. (i) Self reduction
Heat
2HgO 
→ 2Hg + O2
Heat
2Cu 2O + Cu 2S 
→ 6Cu + SO2
(ii) Reduction using carbon
ZnO + C → Zn + CO
Sometimes, some highly reactive metals are used
as reducing agents.
e.g., 3MnO2 + 4Al → 3Mn + 2Al2O3 + heat
or Fe2O3 + 2Al → 2Fe + Al2O3 + heat 1
(iii) Electrolytic reduction
e.g., Na, Mg and Ca are obtained by electrolysis of
their molten chlorides. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
Commonly Made Error
 Students often get confused between the methods
of reduction of metals.
Answering Tip
 Make a list of less, moderate and highly reactive
metals and learn the different processes involved in
their reduction.
S OLUT I ONS
5. Calcination : Heating the ore strongly in limited
amount of oxygen.
Heat
ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2
Reduction : Converting ZnO to Zn with the help
of carbon.
ZnO + C → Zn + CO 1+½+1+½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013]
6. (i) Diagrams (activity 3.5 fig. 3.1)
Procedure
Observation : Heat is transferred from one end of
metal wire to the free end of wire which melts the
wax and pin falls. Shows metals conduct heat.
(ii) Ore HgS cinnabar
Roasting : 2HgS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2HgO(s) +
2SO2(g)
∆
Reduction : 2HgO(s)  → 2Hg(l) + O2(g) 5
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
4. (i) A large amount of energy is required to break
the strong inter-ionic attraction.
(ii) When ionic compounds is present in molten state,
crystal structure deforms and they can easily
conduct electricity with the mobile ions.
(iii) Due to the strong force of attraction between the
positive and negative ions. 1+1+1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
5. Cinnabar (HgS) is an ore of mercury.
When Cinnabar, HgS is heated in air, it is first
converted into HgO, HgO is then reduced to Hg
on further heating.
∆
1 2HgS + 3O2 
→ 2HgO + 2SO2
∆
2HgO 
→ 2Hg + O2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
etailed Answer :
D
Cinnabar (HgS) is an ore of Mercury.
The metals being less reactive can be obtained by
reducing their oxides to metals by heating alone.
So, when Cinnabar is heated in air, it first changes
into its oxide and then into mercury metal.
Heat
2HgS(s) + 3O2(g) 
→ 2HgO(s) + 2SO2(g)
(Cinnabar) (Air) Mercury Sulphur
oxide dioxide
∆
2HgO(s) → 2Hg(l) + O2(g)
Mercuric (II) oxide Mercury metal Oxygen
 1+1+1
P-17
 Ans. (i) (a) Calcination, (b) Reduction, (c) Purification (ii) In the extraction of copper from its Sulphide Ore
when ore is subjected to roasting some of it is
(in the given sequence only)
oxidised to Cu2O which reacts with the remaining
(ii) Sulphide ore of copper is heated in air. Cu2S to give copper metal. In this process, Cu2S
2Cu2S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2SO2 behaves as reducing agent.
2Cu2O + Cu2S → 6Cu + SO2
∆
2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g)  → 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2 (g)
(Note : Full marks to be awarded even when only ∆
equations are written) 2Cu2O(s) + Cu2S(s)  → 6Cu(s) + SO2(g)

Labelled diagram of electrolytic refining of copper In electrolytic refining of copper, the impurities
–
Key– +e
left behind at anode called anode mud contains
– valuable metals such as gold and silver which can
be recovered in the native state.
Cathode Anode

Acidified +
copper
Cu 2+ sulphate Cathode
solution (Pure metal)
Cu
Tank
Anode
Impurities (Impure Solution of
(anode mud) metal) metal salt
 [CBSE Marking scheme, 2018] 5 Anode mud (Electrolyte)
etailed Answer :
D Electrolytic refining
(i) A metal is obtained from its carbonate ore by
converting it into its oxide by the process of Commonly Made Error
Calcination.
 Usually students get confused with the order of

In Calcination, the ore is heated to a high the steps in extraction and sulphide ore extraction
temperature in the absence of air. technique.
∆
ZnCO3(s)  → ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
Answering Tip

The metal oxides obtained by calcination are
converted into the free metal by using reducing  Understand the concept of ore extraction and the
agents like carbon, aluminium which depend upon order of the steps involved in the extraction and
the reactivity of the metal. the equation separately for sulphide and oxide ores.
Diagrams are equally important.
ZnO + C → Zn + CO.

Impure Zn obtained is refined by electrolysis
process.

WORKSHEET-27
Solutions
1. Correct option : (c)
Explanation : In the process of galvanization, iron is
covered by a coat of zinc. This layer of zinc prevents
iron from getting rusted.
2. Because aluminium has greater affinity for oxygen
than for carbon, therefore carbon cannot reduce
alumina (Al2O3) to aluminium. 1
3. (i) Aluminium (Al) ½
(ii) Iron (Fe) ½
(iii) Fe2O3 + 2Al → 2Fe + Al2O3 + Heat. 1
(iv) Use : To join railway tracks or cracked machine
parts. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1
4. Steps :
(i) Roasting : Sulphide ores are converted into oxides
by heating strongly in the presence of excess air. 1
Heat
2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2 ½
(ii) Reduction : Metal oxides are then reduced to the
corresponding metal by using suitable reducing
agent (carbon). 1
ZnO + C → Zn + CO ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
5. The metal is copper. The metal has corroded because
of being exposed to moist air. Green compound is
basic copper carbonate [CuCO3. Cu(OH)2]

P-18 S C I ENC E - X
 Two ways to prevent this process : 7. The two reactive metals are sodium (Na) and
Painting, Greasing, Oiling, Galvanizing (Any two) potassium (K). Sodium reacts with chlorine. 1 + 1
1+1+1
Na → Na+ + e–
6. (i) Metal X is obtained simply by heating their 2, 8, 1 2, 8
oxides with carbon. e.g., mercury is obtained from
(Sodium cation)
cinnabar.
Cl + e → Cl–
–
2HgS(s) + 3O2(g) Heat
 → 2HgO(s) + 2SO2(g)
2, 8, 7 2, 8, 8
2HgO(s) Heat
→ 2Hg(l) + O2(g) 1 (Chloride anion)
–
(ii) Metals in the middle of activity series can be Na + Cl [Na+] Cl
1
obtained by heating with carbon, e.g.,
Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling
ZnO(s) + C(s) Heat
 → Zn(s) + CO(g) 1
points.
(iii) Metals high in the reactivity series are obtained by They are good conductors of electricity.
electrolytic reduction of molten ores e.g., in NaCl They are generally soluble in water and insoluble
NaCl → Na+ + Cl– in organic solvents.
They are solid, hard and brittle. 4×½ = 2
Na + e– → Na (at cathode)
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e– (at anode) 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014]

qqq

S OLUT I ONS P-19

SECTION
CHAPTER
B
4 CARBON COMPOUNDS
TOPIC-1
Carbon and its Properties, Homologous Series and
IUPAC Names
WORKSHEET-28
Solutions
1. Correct option : (b)
Explanation : Carbon is present in the atmosphere
in the form of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in air (only
0.03%). Carbon also occurs in the earth’s crust in
the form of minerals like carbonates. It also occurs
in the form of fossil, organic compounds, wood,
cotton and wool, etc. products.
2. A homologous series is the family of organic
compound having the same functional group, and
the successive (adjacent) members of which differ
by CH2 unit or 14 mass unit. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
3. A group of organic compounds having the
same functional group and similar structures
in which any two successive members differ by
– CH2. 1
(i) All members have similar chemical properties ½
(ii) There is gradation in the physical properties. ½
(or any other)
Name — Ethanoic acid/Acetic acid ½
Formula — CH3COOH ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]
4. The compounds that are formed due to sharing of
electrons between two atoms/compounds having
covalent bonds. 1
Ionic compounds are formed due to transfer of
electrons from one atom to another/compounds
having ionic bonds/compounds having attraction
between oppositely charged ions 1
(i) They are poor conductors of electricity ½
(ii) They have low melting and boiling point. ½
(or any other)
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]
6.
P-20
5. Carbon cannot form C4+ cation because removal
of 4 electrons from a carbon atom would require a
large amount of energy. ½
Carbon cannot form C4– anion because it would be
difficult for the nucleus with 6 protons to hold on
to 10 electrons. ½
Hence, carbon atoms share electrons forming
covalent compounds 1
Covalent compounds do not form ions/ charged
particles and therefore do not conduct electricity. ½
Inter molecular forces of attraction are weak, hence
low melting and boiling points. ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]
Detailed Answer :
Atomic number of carbon is six. This means that it
has four electrons in its outermost shell and it needs
four more electrons to attain noble gas electronic
configuration. It does not form C4+ cation, as the
removal of four valence electrons will require a
huge amount of energy. The cation formed will
have six protons and two electrons. This makes it
highly unstable. Carbon is unable to form C4– anion
as its nucleus with six protons will not be able to
hold ten electrons. Thus, carbon achieves noble
gas electronic configuration by sharing its four
electrons with other elements, i.e. it forms covalent
compounds.
(i) Covalent compounds are bad conductors of
electricity due to lack of free electrons.
(ii) Covalent compounds are formed by covalent bonds
and it has been found that the intermolecular forces
of attraction in covalent compounds are weak.
Thus, their melting and boiling points are quite low.
They cannot ionize producing ions in molten state
which are mainly require to conduct electricity.
3+1+1
S C I ENC E - X


[Topper Answer, 2017] 5

WORKSHEET-29
Solutions (i) The parent chain should have the most number of
carbon atoms.
1. Correct option : (b) (ii) The branching cannot be done from the first on
Explanation : Ethane has 7 covalent bonds. One the last atom carbon atom of the structure. 1+1+1
bond is between two carbon atoms and rest of the [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
six are between hydrogen atoms.
2. The molecular formula of first two consecutive
4. (a) Carbon compounds form covalent bonds/
members of this series is :
do not dissociate into ions/do not have charged
CH3Cl (Chloromethane) particles (ions) ½
C2H5Cl (Chloroethane) ½+½ (b) Cyclohexane
3. Isomers are the compounds which have the same H H H H
molecular formula but different structural formula. C C
H H
somers of Butane :
H H H H C C
(i)
| | | | H C C H
H— C—C— C—C —H
H H H H
| | | |
H H H H Total no. of single bonds = 18
n-butane (OR any other cycloalkane with corresponding
(ii) H| number of bonds) 1 + 1 +1

H — C—H [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]

H
|
H— C — C—
| H
|
C—H
Commonly Made Error
 Students usually get confused in the structure
and the number of single bonds present in the
| | |
compound.
H H H
iso-butane Answering Tip
We cannot have isomers of the first three members
 Practice the structure of different and special
of the alkane series because of the following laws
compounds involved in the homologous series.
of isomers :

S OLUT I ONS P-21

 H H H 5. (i) The compounds that contain the same molecular
formula but different structures are called isomers.
| | |
The isomers of a compound have different physical
5. (i) H — C — C — C — C — OH
properties. 1
| | | ||
(ii) The two possible isomers of the compound with
H H H O
molecular formula C3H6O are :
Carboxylic group – COOH H H O H O H
H H H

—
—

—
—

—
| | | H—C—C—C—H H — C —C —C — H
(ii) H — C — C — C — Br

—
H H H H
| | |
(Propanal) (Propanone) 2
H H H
Halogen atom – Br (iii) Electron dot structure of propanal :
H H H H O
 


| |
(iii) H — C — C — C —
—C —H H C C C H






—
 
| |
H H
H H
Electron dot structure of propanone :
Triple bond – C ≡ C –
H O  H
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 1+1+1   
H C C C H
Commonly Made Error






 
 Students get confused and do mistakes while H H 2
writing the structure, name and also with the
functional group involved. Commonly Made Error
 Students get confused in writing isomeric structures
Answering Tip and make mistake while drawing electron dot
structures.
 Please understand the basic concept of alkane,
alkene and alkynes with their general formula. Then
Answering Tip
make a list of the compounds involved in the above
and also learn different functional groups. Drawing  Learn the concept of isomerism and write structures
structures and practicing them is mandatory. accordingly.

WORKSHEET-30
Solutions Commonly Made Error
1. Correct option : (c)  Students write irrelevant stories. Be specific. Read
Explanation : Pentane contains four C—C and question carefully and write only what is asked.
twelve C—H covalent bonds. Therefore, total 16
covalent bonds.
Answering Tip
2. The molecular formula for two consecutive  Do not overlook any part of a question and avoid
members of this series are : being in a hurry to conclude the answer.
CH3Br (Bromomethane)
4.
C2H5Br (Bromoethane) ½+½
(i) Ethane : C2H6
3. (i) Vegetable oil is converted into saturated fat. ½ H H
(ii) The reaction is Hydrogenation 1 x x
(iii) Vegetable oil is liquid and saturated fat is solid at H H
x
C x
x
room temperature 1 H C C H H C H
x
(iv) Nickel acts as a catalyst. ½ H H x x
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
H H
½+½

P-22 S C I ENC E - X
 (ii) Ethene : C2H4 (ii) Conc. H2SO4 acts as a dehydrating agent. 1
Conc H 2SO 4
H H

CH3CH2OH 
443K
→ C2H4 + H2O 1

H H [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]

C C H C C H 6. Two examples of covalent compounds are ethanol,
H H and ethanoic acid. ½+½
½+½ Difference between the properties of covalent and
(iii) Ethyne : C2H2 ionic compounds :

S. Covalent Ionic
H C C H H C C H
No. Compounds Compounds
½+½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (i) They are readily They are not soluble in
soluble in organic organic solvent.
solvent.
Commonly Made Error
(ii) They do not ionize. They ionize in organic
 Students often make mistake while drawing electron medium.
dot structures.
(iii) They are bad They are good
Answering Tip conductor of heat conductor of heat and
and electricity. electricity.
 Understand the basic concepts involved in drawing
the dot structure. Make sure that you have dots for (iv) They have weak force They have strong force
all shared bonds. of attraction between of attraction between
the molecule. the molecule. 4
5. (i) Ethene
H H
C C

H H 1

WORKSHEET-31
Solutions H
|
1. Correct option : (b) — C— H
H—C —
Explanation : The nearest inert gas from carbon |
is Neon and it is an element which attempts to H
attain the electronic configuration of its nearest
The first member of alkynes is ethyne and its
noble gas while attaining a fully-filled outermost
structure is given below :
shell.
H—C ≡ C—H 1+1+½+½
2. The molecular formula for first two consecutive
member of this series is : Commonly Made Error
CH3OH (Methanol)  Students get confused and do mistake while writing
C2H5OH (Ethanol) ½+½ the structure and its name.
3. A homologous series is a series of organic
compounds that belongs to the same family (i.e., Answering Tip
possesses the same functional group) and show  Drawing structures and practicing them is
similar chemical properties. The members of this mandatory.
series are called homologous as they differ from 4.
A homologous series is a series of organic
each other by the number of CH2 units in the main compounds which belong to the same family (i.e.
carbon chain. possess same functional group) and show similar
General Formula chemical properties. The members of this series are
Alkenes : CnH2n, Alkynes : CnH2n-2 called homologous and differ from each other by
Structures : the number of CH2 units in the main carbon chain.

Molecular formula of two consecutive
The first member of alkenes is ethene and its
members of homologous series of aldehydes is
structure is given below.
CH3-CHO and CH3-CH2-CHO.

S OLUT I ONS P-23

 (i) Physical properties of compounds of homologous 6. (i) Pass the vapours of the given samples of saturated
series are determined by the number of -CH2 units. and unsaturated hydrocarbons into bromine water
(ii)
Chemical properties are determined by the taken in two separate test-tubes. The one which
functional groups attached to the compounds. discharges the colour of bromine water is that of
unsaturated hydrocarbon and the other represents
Thus here, additional -CH2 part determine
saturated hydrocarbon.  (Or any other test) 1
the physical properties, while the -CHO part
determines the chemical property. (ii) On burning ethane in air, the products obtained
are carbon dioxide and water, along with heat and
5. Functional group is an atom or a group of atoms light.
that is bonded to a carbon chain. It defines the
2C2H6(g) + 7O2 (g) ® 4CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) + Heat
chemical property of the organic compound.
+ Light 2
Compound Functional Structure (iii) It is considered a substitution reaction because the
Group hydrogen atoms of methane (CH4) are replaced by
chlorine atoms one by one. 1+1
Ethanol Hydroxyl CH3CH2OH
(–OH)
Ethanoic acid Carboxylic acid CH3COOH
(–COOH)
1+1+1

WORKSHEET-32
Solutions Carboxylic acid – COOH

1. Correct option : (c) 1+½+½+½+½

Explanation : Oxygen has a complete octet while Commonly Made Error
each atom of hydrogen has two electrons in
outermost shell.  Students confuse with names and structure of
2. Ethane (C2H6) functional groups.
Propane (C3H8) ½+½
OR Answering Tip
 Make a list of different functional groups with its
structure and learn them.
4. Name and general formula of hydrocarbons
undergoing addition reaction with hydrogen :
Name General Formula
Alkene CnH2n
[Topper Answer, 2017]
Alkyne CnH2n-2
Commonly Made Error Essential conditions required for the addition
reaction to occur :
 Usually students get confused between the first few (i) Multiple bonds (double and triple bonds) must
members of alkane, alkene and alkyne series. be present between carbon atoms in the chain of
hydrocarbon.
Answering Tip
(ii) Addition of hydrogen should be carried out in the
 Learn and practice the starting members and first presence of catalyst such as nickel or platinum.
few members of alkane, alkene and alkyne series Chemical Equation :
with their formulae.
( Ni or Pt )
3. Functional group is an atom or a group of atoms CH2=CH2 + H2 → CH3—CH3
that is bonded to a carbon chain. It defines the Ethene Ethane
chemical property of the organic compound.
( Ni or Pt )
CH ≡ CH + H2 → CH2 = CH2
Compound Functional Group Ethyne Ethene
1+1+1
Alcohol – OH
5. (a) Four characteristics of homologous series are :
Aldehyde – CHO
(i) Same functional group. ½
Ketone – C=O (ii) Similar chemical properties. ½

P-24 S C I ENC E - X
 (iii) Regular gradation in physical properties. ½ (ii) Low melting and boiling point compared to ionic
(iv) Successive member differ by – CH2. ½ compound.
(iii) Poor conductors of electricity.
(b) O C O (b) Carbon is a versatile element because it forms
1 covalent bonds with large number of elements
and has catenation capacity to form compounds
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] by chain of bonds with itself. 3+2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
6. (a) Three physical properties of carbon
compounds are :
(i) Catenation property.

WORKSHEET-33
Solutions 4. (i) Methane
H
1. Correct option : (c) H .
Explanation : Unsaturated hydrocarbons have x

—
multiple covalent bonds (double or triple bond) like H—C—H H .x C x. H
alkene and alkyne.

—
x.
2. Ethane (C2H6) H
Propane (C3H8) ½+½ H
OR 1½
(ii) Ethane
H H
H H . .
x x
—

X
H—C—C—H x. H C C x. H
X
—

x. x.
H H
H H
[Topper Answer, 2017]
1½

Commonly Made Error 5. (i) Functional group : Hetero atom or group of

atoms attached to the carbon chain, which gives
 Usually students get confused between the first few
members of alkane, alkene and alkyne series. specific properties to the compounds, is called a
functional group. 1
Answering Tip (a) Aldehyde group, (b) Carboxylic acid ½+½
 Learn and practice the starting members and first (ii)
Acetic/Ethanoic acid is formed. It is an oxidizing
few members of alkane, alkene and alkyne series agent. ½+½
with their formulae.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
3. (i) Catenation. 6. (i) Combustion : 'This reaction involves burning of
(ii) Carbon forms large number of compounds due to
carbon compounds releasing carbon dioxide and
the following :
water with excess heat and light'
(a) Catenation : Carbon forms bond with other
atoms of carbon. CH4 + O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + Energy + Light

(b) Tetravalency : Carbon share four electrons (ii) Addition : It is the reaction in which unsaturated
with other atoms. compound reacts with hydrogen in presence of
(iii) Structure of Cyclohexane : nickel as a catalyst to form saturated compound. '
H
H H Ni
H C
CH2 = CH2 + H2 → C2H6
H
C C (iii) Substitution : This is a reaction in which an atom
H H or group of atoms of a compound are replaced by
C C other atom or group of atoms.
H C H Sunlight
H H
CH4 + Cl2 
→ CH3Cl + HCl
H 1+1+1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014]

S OLUT I ONS P-25

 (iv) Esterification : Reaction between an acid and an (v) Oxidation : When there is an addition of oxygen in
alcohol, which is acid catalysed to form sweet- the reaction, it is known as oxidation reaction. This
smelling compound called esters. reaction takes place in the presence of oxidising
+ agents. ‘
CH3COOH + C2H5OH H
→ CH3COOC2H5 +
C2H5OH alk

KMnO4
→ CH3COOH.
H 2O
1+1+1+1+1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]

WORKSHEET-34
Solutions 5. (i) Propanal (aldehyde); ½+½
1. Correct option : (d) H H H

—
Explanation : A series of compounds in which the
H—C—C—C—
—O
same functional group substitutes for hydrogen in

—
a carbon chain is called as homologous series. The H H
option (d) follows the generic formula CnH2n, while
others follow the generic formula CnH2n+2. (ii)
Propanone (Ketone); ½+½
2. Propane (C3H8) H H

—
Butane (C4H10) ½+½
H—C—C—C—H
3. An atom or a group of atoms/heteroatoms which

—
—

—
determines the chemical properties of an organic H O H
compound is called functional group. 1
(iii)
Isomers (same molecular formula but different
Name Structural Functional structural formula/different functional group) 1
Formula Group [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
Ethanol H H – OH
6. (i) Hydrogenation reaction : It is the process
H—C—C—O—H in which unsaturated compound reacts with
hydrogen in presence of nickel as a catalyst to
H H form saturated compound.
R R R R
Ethanoic H O – COOH | |
acid Nickel
H — C — C — OH O C =C + H2 H — C — C —H
| |
H — C — OH R R R R
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 1 + 1 Vegetable Oil Vegetable Ghee

4. (i) C3H4, C2H4 will undergo addition reactions 1

because they are unsaturated compounds. 1 (ii) Oxidation reaction : When there is an addition of
(ii) C3H4 – Alkyne 1 oxygen in the reaction, it is known as oxidation
C2H4 – Alkene [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 reaction.

CH3CH2OH + [O] Alkaline

 → CH3COOH + H2O
Commonly Made Error KMnO4
Ethanol Ethanoic acid 1
 Students write vague answers. It seems they are
unaware of the concept of addition reaction and (iii) Substitution reaction : This is a reaction in which
homologous series.
an atom or group of atoms of a compound are
Answering Tips replaced by other atom or group of atoms.
Sunlight
 First understand the homologous series (saturated CH4(g) + CH3Cl(g) Cl2(g) 
→
and unsaturated compounds), then learn their Methane ChloromethaneChlorine
general formula, first few compounds, their + HCl(g)
structures and names.
Hydrogen
 Always remember unsaturated compounds
chloride 1
undergo addition reactions.

P-26 S C I ENC E - X
 (iv) Combustion reaction : Ethanol is highly
inflammable liquid, i.e., it catches fire very easily.
It burns with blue flame in presence of oxygen to
form carbon dioxide and water.
C2H5OH + 3O2 →
Ethanol Oxygen
2CO2 + 3H2O
Carbon dioxide Water 1
WORKSHEET-35
Solutions
1. Correct option : (d)
Explanation : Any atom apart from carbon and
hydrogen is called heteroatom.
2. (i) C3H6, (ii) C5H8. ½+½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
3. (i) Test 1 (Litmus Test) : Take two strips of blue
litmus paper. Place a drop each of the alcohol and
carboxylic acid on these strips separately. The blue
litmus paper turns red in the case of carboxylic acid
and remains unaffected in the case of alcohol. 1
(ii) Test 2 (Sodium hydrogen carbonate test/sodium
carbonate test) : A pinch of sodium hydrogen
carbonate or sodium carbonate is added to both
test tubes, separately.
If brisk effervescence with the evolution of a
colorless gas is observed, it indicates the presence
of carboxylic acid. ½
If no change is observed then it confirms the
presence of the alcohol. ½
(iii) Test 3 (Ester test or any other suitable test) example from any other homologous series. ½
(Any two) ½ + ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
Detailed Answer :
(ii) We can distinguish between an alcohol and a
carboxylic acid on the basis of their reaction with
sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate.
Carboxylic acids reacts with sodium carbonate and
sodium hydrogen carbonate to evolve CO2 gas that
turns lime water milky.
Alcohol, on the other hand, do not react with
sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate.
(iii) Alcohol reacts with sodium metal to produce
hydrogen gas with rapid effervescence. On the
other hand, carboxylic acid does not show this type
of chemical reaction with sodium metal. 1½+1½
Commonly Made Error
 Students usually get confused between various
distinguishing tests for functional groups.
S OLUT I ONS
(v) Saponification reaction : It is the reaction in which
an ester reacts with sodium hydroxide to form
sodium salts of acid and alcohol.
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH →
Ethyl ethanoate Sodium hydroxide
CH3COONa + C2H5OH
Sodium ethanoate Ethanol 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014]
Answering Tip
 Keenly observe experimental tests done during
practicals, understand and then learn the tests.
Make a list of experimentally done tests used for
distinguishing organic compounds with different
functional groups and practice them.
4. (i) C2H4O4 : CH3–COOH - ethanoic acid
(ii) C2H5OH : ethanol
(iii) X is CH3COOC2H5 - ethyl acetate [ethyl ethanoate
-ester] 1+1+1
5. (i) All the members of a series have the same
functional group, similar structure and same
general formula. (Any two) ½ + ½
(ii) CH3OH, C2H5OH ½+½
(iii) The physical properties are determined by alkyl
group/hydrocarbon part/part other than the
functional group. ½
(iv) The chemical properties are determined by
functional group such as –OH group, or any other
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
6. (a) (i) CH3 — CH2 — CH2 — CH — CH3 1
|
Br
(ii) CH3 — CH — CH3
|
CH3 1
(iii) CH3CH2CH2CHO 1
(iv) HC ≡ C – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 1
(b) Electrons dot structure of ethanoic acid
H
H C C O H
H O 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
P-27
 WORKSHEET-36
Solutions
1. Correct option : (a)
Explanation : The hydrocarbons containing one
or more triple bonds are called alkynes. The first
member is ethyne.
2. Name : Ethane
Formula : C2H6 ½+½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013]
3. (i) Butyne 1
(ii) Ethanol 1
(iii) Propanone [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1
4. Hydrogenation : The process in which
unsaturated compounds reacts with hydrogen
in the presence of nickel (as a catalyst) to form
saturated compounds are called hydrogenation. 1
This reaction is commonly used in the
hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Vegetable oils
have long unsaturated carbon chains, which are
converted into vegetable ghee i.e., saturated fatty
acids. 1
TOPIC-2
Carbon Compounds, Soap and Detergents
WORKSHEET-37
Solutions
1. Correct option : (a)
Explanation : Hydrogenation reaction means
addition of hydrogen to double bonds of
unsaturated compounds found in oil in the
presence of catalysts such as palladium or nickel to
give saturated hydrocarbons.
2. Acetic acid or vinegar. hard water. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1
3. (i) It is a substance which can give oxygen to other
substances. 1
(ii) CH3 —CH2 —CH2 —OH 
Alkaline KMnO4 + Heat

OR Acidified K Cr O + Heat
2 2 7
Propanol
CH 3 -- CH 2 -- C -- OH
||
O 1
Propanoic acid
P-28
R R R R
| |
Ni catalyst
C =C + H2 H — C — C —H
H2 | |
R R R R 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
6. (i) Carbon has 4 electrons in its outermost shell,
and needs to gain or lose 4 electrons to attain noble
gas configuration. 1
(ii) Losing or gaining 4 electrons is not possible due to
energy considerations; hence it shares electrons to
form covalent bonds. 1
Two reasons for large number of carbon
compounds :
(i) Catenation : The unique ability of carbon to form
bonds with other atoms of carbon, giving rise to
long chains of different types of compounds. 1
(ii) Tetravalency : Since carbon has a valency of 4,
it is capable of bonding with four other atoms
of carbon or atoms of elements like oxygen,
hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine, etc. 1
The reason for the formation of strong bonds by
carbon is its small size which enables the nucleus to
hold on to the shared pairs of electrons strongly. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
(iii) Propanol is oxidised to Propanoic acid. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
4. In hard water, soap reacts with calcium and
magnesium salts which are present in hard water
and form insoluble substances called scum. 1
Detergents are ammonium or sulphonate salts
of long chain carboxylic acids. The charged
end of these compounds do not form insoluble
precipitates with calcium and magnesium ions in
5. Molecular formula of ethyne = C2H2
Electronic formula = H C C H
→ Structural formula = H — C —
— C — H
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 1+2
6. (i) Soaps are the sodium or potassium salts of
long chain carboxylic acids while detergents are
the ammonium of sulphonate salts of long chain
carboxylic acids.
S C I ENC E - X
 (ii) The dirt is oily in nature and when soap is added
to water, its molecules form structures called
micelles in which carbon chain of the molecules
dissolves in together to form micelles and remain radially
the oil while the ionic end dissolves in water and
faces outside. The micelles thus help in dissolving
the dirt in water. (Note : 1 mark to be awarded if
only labelled diagram of micelle is given)
Ca2+ and Mg2+ present in hard water form
insoluble substance (scum) with soap.
Two problems :
(a) Non-biodegradable
(b) Water pollution / soil pollution
(Note : 1 mark to be awarded for any one of
the problems.) shaping it into small globules. A stable emulsion of
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]
Detailed Answer : globules bearing the dirt can now be readily washed
S.No. Soap Detergents
(i) They are sodium These are sodium
salts of long chain or potassium
fatty acids. salts of sulphonic
acids of hydro-
carbons.
(ii) Soaps cannot be Detergents work
used with hard well with hard
water. and soft water
both.
(iii) They are fully They are non-bi-
biodegradable. odegradable.
(iv) They take time to They dissolve
dissolve in water. faster in water.
Cleansing Action of Soap : When soap is dissolved
in water, it forms a colloidal suspension. In this
colloidal suspension, the soap molecules cluster
suspended in water with the hydrocarbon end
towards the centre and the ionic end directed
outward. The dirt particles always adhere to the
oily or greasy layer present on the skin or clothes.
When a dirty cloth is dipped into a soap solution,
its non-polar hydrocarbon end of micelles gets
attached to the grease or oil present in dirt and
polar end remains in water layer.
The mechanical action of rubbing subsequently
dislodges the oily layer from the dirty surface
oil in water is formed. The emulsified oil or grease
with water.
Soaps do not form lather when the water is hard.
When soap is added to hard water, calcium and
magnesium salts present in water displace sodium
or potassium ions from the soap molecules forming
an insoluble substance called scum.
Problems that aries due to use of detergents instead
of soap :
(i) Detergents being non-biodegradable, they
accumulate in the environment causing pollution.
(ii) In soil, the presence of detergents leads to pH
changes making soil infertile.
(iii) The entry of detergents into food chain leads to
bioaccumulation in living beings and leads to
serious health issues. (Any two) 5

WORKSHEET-38
Solutions 2. Correct option : (c)
1. Correct option : (b) Explanation : In esterification, RCOOH, – H is
Explanation : Compounds with –OH functional replaced by – R’ of R’OH in the presence of acid to
group are ended with suffix –ol. form RCOOR’.

3.

[Topper Answer, 2017] 3

S OLUT I ONS P-29

 4.

[Topper Answer, 2017] 3
OR
In esterification, a carboxylic acid and alcohol react to form ester in presence of acid. It is reverse of saponification.
+
H
RCOOH + R’OH → RCOOR’ + H2O
Ester
In saponification, an ester reacts with a strong base or an acid to give soap and alcohol.
RCOOR’ + NaOH → RCOONa + R’OH 2
Soap
(i) Use of esters :
As esters have fragrant odours, they are used as a constituent of perfumes, essential oils, food flavourings etc.
(ii) Use of saponification process :
In the manufacturing of soap used as cleansing agent. 1
5. CH3COOH + C4H9OH ¾® CH3COOC4H9 + H2O 6. (i) Soap molecules have two ends– one end is
Acid Alcohol Ester the hydrocarbon chain which is water repellent,
H O H H H H where as the other end is the ionic part which it
—

—
—

water soluble end. When soap is dissolved in water

H — C — C — OH + H — C — C — C — C — O — H it forms a group of many molecules, known as
—

micelle. 1
H H H H H (ii) These micelles are formed because their
Ethanoic acid Butanol hydrocarbon chains come together and the polar
Process is Esterification. 1+ 1 + 1 ends are projected outwards. 1
(iii) Micelle formation in ethanol will not occur because
Commonly Made Error the hydrocarbon chain end of the soap will dissolve
 Students often write incorrect formula. in ethanol. 1
(iv) Soaps in the form of micelle are able to clean
Answering Tip dirty clothes having oily spots, as the oily dirt is
collected in the centre of the micelle, which forms
 Be clear with concepts and how the reaction occurs. an emulsion in water and on rinsing, the water
In the above reaction a water is removed from washes away the micelles with dirt attached to
reactants (acid and alcohol) to form ester. Cautiously them. 2
count the number of carbon atoms present and then [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
write the name.

WORKSHEET-39
Solutions of soap molecules in water in which hydrocarbon
ends are directed towards the centre and ionic ends
1. Correct option : (a) are directed outwards.
Explanation : A micelle is a spherical aggregation

P-30 S C I ENC E - X
 2. It is unsaturated compound because they have 6. (i) The force of attraction between the molecules
more carbon. It burns with sooty or smoky flame. of covalent compounds are not strong as ionic
compounds. So, they have low melting and low
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1
boiling points. 1
(ii) Esters are organic compounds which have sweet
3. CH3COOH + Na2CO3 ¾® smell.
Sodium carbonate Activity :
2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 Aim : To demonstrate esterification process using
Water Carbondioxide ethanol and acetic acid. 1
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 ¾® Materials Required : Beakers, water, test-tube,
Sodium hydrogen CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 ethanol, ethanoic acid, conc. H2SO4.
carbonate Water Carbon
Test-tube
cantaining
dioxide
ethanol
CH3COOH+ NaOH ¾® CH3COONa + H2O
ethanoic acid Beaker
Sodium hydroxide Water
conc. H2SO4
2CH3COOH + 2 Na ¾® CH3COONa + H2
Wire
Sodium Hydrogen gas
gauge
(Any three reaction) 1+1 +1 Water
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]

4. (i) Esters. ½
Chemical Equation :
O Tripod
Burner
stand
—
—

CH3 — C — OH + CH3CH2OH
Conc. H2SO4 Procedure :
O
(a) Take 2 ml of ethanol in a test-tube. 1
—
—

CH3 — C — O — CH2 — CH3 +H2O 1 (b) Add 2 ml of ethanoic acid into it.
(c) Add few drops of conc. H2SO4.
Product’s chemical name—Ethyl ethanoate ½
(d) Warm it in a beaker containing water.
(ii) Conc. H2SO4 acts as a dehydrating agent. (Helps
in the removal of water formed in the reaction.) 1 (e) Observe the smell of the products formed.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] Observation : Pleasant fruity smelling compound
(called ester) is formed. 1
5. (i) Ethene ½ Chemical Reaction :
Conc. H2 SO4 + Heat
CH3COOH(l) + C2H5OH(l) Conc.H
 2 SO 4
→
(ii) C2H5OH  443 K
 → H2C = CH2 + H2O ½
Ethanoic acid Ethanol

Ethene CH3COOC2H5 + H 2O
(iii) Conc. H2SO4 acts as a dehydrating agent/removes Ethyl ethanoate Water 1
water from the reactant. 1
Conclusion : Carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol in
(iv) Ethane/C2H6 will be formed. 1 presence of conc. H2SO4 which act as a dehydrating
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] agent to from esters.

WORKSHEET-40
Solutions 3. Ethanol, C2H5OH 1
Conc.H SO
1. Correct option : (c) C2H5OH 
2 4
→ CH2 = CH2 + H2O 1
Explanation : Ethanol (C2H5OH) reacts with Ethene
sodium to form sodium ethoxide (C2H5ONa) along

Role of conc. H2SO4 : It act as a dehydrating
with liberation of hydrogen gas.
agent.
2C2H5OH + 2Na → 2C2H5ONa + H2 ↑
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1
2. N N
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1

S OLUT I ONS P-31

 4. (i) CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3 COONa
CH2 = CH2 + H2 → C2H6
Ni
+ C2H5OH
(ii) CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O Use : Hydrogenation of vegetable oils in the
Conc. H 2 SO4 presence of Ni as catalyst. 2
(iii) C2H5OH + CH3COOH → Catalyst : Increases the rate of reaction. 1
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O 1×3 Hydrogenation reaction : It is the process in which
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]
unsaturated compound reacts with hydrogen in
presence of nickel as a catalyst to form saturated
5. P-Ethanol, Q-Ethanoic acid, R-Hydrogen
compound.
½+½+½ R R R R
Acidified K 2 Cr2 O7 | |
CH3CH2OH  → CH3COOH ½ Nickel
C =C + H2 H — C — C —H
2CH3COOH + 2Na ¾® 2CH3COONa + H2 1 | |
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] R R R R

6. When any molecule like H2 adds to unsaturated Vegetable Oil Vegetable Ghee
hydrocarbon because of double and triple bond in [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 2
the presence of Ni as catalyst, it is called addition
reaction.

WORKSHEET-41
Solutions 5.
O
1. Correct option : (c)
—
—

Conc. H2SO4 + heat

Explanation : Vinegar is a 5%–8% aqueous solution CH3 — C — OH + H — OCH2CH3
(Esterification)
of acetic acid. Ethanoic acid Ethanol

2.
O
—
—
CH3 — C — OCH2CH3 + H2O
[Topper Answer, 2017] Ethyl acetate Water
Reverse reaction = Saponification 2+1
Commonly Made Error [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
 Students write vague answers.
Commonly Made Error
 Generally students get confused and write the
Answering Tip
reaction and their structures incorrectly.
 Learn the reactions, how they react, step by step,
changes involved, product formed. Carefully Answering Tip
observe reactions done during practicals.
 Be clear with concepts and how the reaction occurs.
In the above reaction a water is removed from
3. (i) 2CH3COOH + 2Na ¾® 2CH3COONa + H2 reactants (acid and alcohol) to form ester. Cautiously
Sodium ethanoate/Sodium acetate ½ + ½ count the number of carbon atoms present and then
write the name.
(ii) CH 3 COOH + NaOH ¾® CH3COONa + H2O
Conc.H SO
Sodium ethanoate/Sodium acetate ½ + ½ 6. (a) (i) CH3CH2OH  2
443 K
4
→

(iii) CH3COOH + C2H5OH ¾® CH3COOC2H5 + H2O CH2 = CH2 + H2O 1
Ethyl ethanoate/Ester ½ + ½ Alkaline KMnO
(ii) CH3CH2OH 4 → CH3COOH
1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
Sunlight
(b) (i) CH4 + Cl2 
→ CH3Cl + HCl 1
4. X : C2H5OH, Y : H2 gas ½+½ NaOH
2C2H5OH + 2Na ¾® 2C2H5ONa + H2­­­­­↑ 1 (ii)CH3COOC2H5 
H2 O
→ C2H5OH+ CH3COONa


Ethene, C2H4. ½+½
1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
(iii) CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + light + heat energy
1

P-32 S C I ENC E - X
 WORKSHEET-42
Solutions R R H H
| |
1. Correct option : (a) Ni catalyst
C =C + H2 R — C — C —R
Explanation : Mineral acids like nitric acid, sulphuric Heat | |
acid are stronger than carboxylic acid as they can R R R R
ionize 100% in their solution.
Vegetable oil Vanaspati ghee
2. (Liquid state) (Solid state)
The essential condition for the reaction is presence
of nickel as a catalyst and temperature.
[Topper Answer, 2017] Change observed in the physical property during
hydrogenation is the change of the unsaturated
Commonly Made Error compound from the liquid state to the
 Students write irrelevant stories. Be specific. Read corresponding saturated compound in the solid
question carefully and write only what is asked. state. Its boiling and melting point will increase.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 1+2
Answering Tip
5. The name of the compound formed is Ethene and
 Remember that salts of calcium and magnesium are
responsible for hardness of water, which result in its structural formula is :
scum. H H
| |
H—C=C—H
3. (i) 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + H2O
Chemical equation :
+ CO2 1 Conc H SO
(ii) CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O 1 CH3CH2OH  2
443 K
4
→ CH2=CH2+H2O

(iii) 2C2H5OH + 2Na → 2 C2H5ONa + H2 1 Ethanol Ethene

[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017] Role of H2SO4 : It works as a catalyst to initiate the
4. The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated reaction to lose water molecule to form alkene.
hydrocarbon to get a saturated hydrocarbon is [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 1+1+1
called hydrogenation.
6. (i) CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + heat + light 1
Example : Vegetable oils such as groundnut oils,
(ii) 2CH3CH2OH + 2Na → 2CH3CH2ONa + H2 1
cotton seed oils and mustard oils are unsaturated
(iii) CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O 1
and also contain double bonds (C=C). They are in
(iv) 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + H2O
the liquid state.
+ CO2 1
On hydrogenation (addition of hydrogen) in Acid
(v) C H
2 5 OH + CH 3 COOH  → CH 3 COOC 2H 5
the presence of nickel as catalyst. Vegetable oil
+
produces vanaspati ghee. This is solid at room
H 2O 1
temperature.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]

WORKSHEET-43
Solutions is replaced by —O— alkyl or aryl group to form
an ester. Esters are represented by the formula
1. Correct option : (b) R1COOR2 where R1 and R2 represent an alkyl or
Explanation : While cooking, if the bottom of the aryl group.
vessel is getting blackened on the outside, then it Preparation of esters : When carboxylic acids are
means that the fuel is not burning completely. heated with alcohols in the presence of an acid
2. CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa catalyst, esters are produced.
O O
+ H2O+CO2
R– C + R'OH R– C + H2 O
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1
3. Esters are the derivatives of carboxylic acids which O –H O–R'
contain —COOR group. The –OH group in an acid

S OLUT I ONS P-33

 Uses of esters : a soap solution, its non-polar hydrocarbon end of
(i) Esters are used in food as flavours and fragrances. micelles gets attached to the grease or oil present
(ii) In making of soaps. in dirt and polar end remains in water layer.
(iii) Esters are used as solvents. The mechanical action of rubbing subsequently,
(iv) Esters are used in medicines. dislodges the oily layer from the dirty surface
(v) Esters are used as emulsifying agents. (Any two) shaping it into small globules. A stable emulsion
1+1+1 of oil in water is formed. The emulsified oil or
grease globules bearing the dirt can now be
4. Detergents are sodium salt of long chain benzene readily washed with water. 3
sulphonic acids.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
Soaps are sodium or potassium salt of long chain
fatty acids that have cleaning action in water. e.g., Conc.H SO
5. (a) (i) CH3CH2OH 2 4
→ CH2 = CH2
1
Sodium stearate. Heat

Cleansing Action of Soap : A soap molecule (ii) CH3COOH + KHCO3 → CH3COOK + H2O +
consists of two dissimilar parts : CO2 1
(i) A short ionic part comprising the carboxylate salt- (iii) CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl 1
- COO–Na+ which is water soluble. (b) (i) CH3CH2COOH : propanoic acid ½
(ii) A long hydrocarbon chain which is hydrophobic. (ii) CH3CH2CH2Br : 1-bromo propane ½
When soap is dissolved in water, it forms a colloidal
(c) Electron dot structure of ethene (C2H4) :
suspension. In this colloidal suspension, the soap
molecules cluster together to form micelles and H H
. . . .
remain radially suspended in water with the
hydrocarbon end towards the centre and the ionic
. .

. .
. .

. .
H C C H
end directed outward. The dirt particles always 1
adhere to the oily or greasy layer present on the
skin or clothes. When a dirty cloth is dipped into [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]

WORKSHEET-44
Solutions In pure oxygen, ethyne undergoes complete
combustion and high temperature suitable for
1. Correct option : (c) welding is attained. 1
Explanation : The beaker becomes hot because it is Whereas air contains less percentage/amount of
an exothermic reaction. oxygen which results in incomplete combustion of
ethyne and the temperature required for welding
2. is not attained. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
etailed Answer :
D
Electron dot structure of ethyne is :
[Topper Answer, 2017] H C C H
No, the mixture of ethyne and air cannot be used
NaOH for welding because when ethyne is burnt in air,
3. (i) CH3COOC2H5 
→ C2H5OH it gives a sooty flame. This is due to incomplete
+ CH3COONa combustion caused by limited supply of air.
(ii) CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + H2O However, if ethyne is burnt with oxygen, it gives
a clean flame with temperature 3000°C because of
+ CO2 complete combustion. This oxy-acetylene flame is
Sunlight
used for welding. It is not possible to attain such a
(iii) CH4 + Cl2  → CH3Cl + HCl 1+1+1
high temperature without mixing oxygen. 1 + 2
4.
.. .. 5. (i) Ethanol is oxidised to ethanoic acid with the
. . . .
H . C .. .. C . H / H . C .. .. C . H help of acidified K2Cr2O7.
CH3CH2OH  +  2[O] —→ CH3COOH + H2O
1

P-34 S C I ENC E - X
 (ii) Ethanol reacts with sodium metal to form sodium 6. 2CH3COOH + 2Na → 2CH3COONa + H2O.
ethoxide and hydrogen gas. (A) (B)
2C2H5OH + 2Na —→ 2C2H5ONa + H2 CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
(iii) Ethene is formed when ethanol is heated at 443 (C) (D)
K with concentrated sulphuric acid. Concentrated CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3COONa
sulphuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent in this + C2H5OH
reaction and removes a molecule of water. (A) CH3COOH
H SO (B) CH3COONa
CH CH2OH 
2 4
→ CH2 = CH2 + H2O 1+1+1
(C) C2H5OH
3 443 K

[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] (D) CH3COOC2H5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 5

Commonly Made Error Commonly Made Error

 Students often write incorrect reactions.
Answering Tip
 Understand the reactions and how it takes place.
Make a list of important reactions (reactants,
conditions and products) in this chapter and
practice them.
 Students usually make mistakes in writing the
name of the structures and also writing products in
reactions.
Answering Tip
 Please understanding basic concept of naming
in carbon compounds (involving saturated,
unsaturated hydrocarbons, functional groups).
Understand the reactions and how the reactions
take place. Then make a list of every important
reactions and practice them.

WORKSHEET-45
Solutions 3. The oxidizing agents used for the conversion of
ethanol to ethanoic acid are alkaline potassium
permanganate (KMnO4) and acidified potassium
1. CH3CH2OH KMnO
 4 [ O]
→ CH3COOH dichromate (K2Cr2O7). 1
Ethanol Ethanoic acid
S. Ethanoic
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 1 Test Ethanol
No. Acid
2. (i) The carboxylic acid involved in the reaction is
acetic acid (CH3COOH). (i) Litmus Test No change in Blue litmus
H O colour of litmus solution turns
| || solution. red.
H — C — C — OH
(ii) Reaction with No brisk Brisk
|
sodium effervescence. effervescence
H
carbonate due to
(ii) The alcohol involved in the reaction is ethanol evolution of
(CH3CH2OH). CO2.
H H
1+1
| |
4. (i) Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence
H — C — C — OH of acid catalyst to give ethyl ethanoate.
| |
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH  Acid
→
H H cataltyst

(iii) X is the ester formed by the condensation of acetic CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O

acid and ethanol is ethyl acetate (CH3COOC2H5). (ii) When ethanol reacts with sodium, sodium
H O H H ethoxide is produced along with the liberation of
| || | | hydrogen.
H— C — C — O— C— C— H 2CH3CH2OH + 2Na → 2CH3CH2ONa + H2
| | | 1½+1½
H H H 1+1+1

S OLUT I ONS P-35

 5. (i) A : CH2 = CH2 Ethene 6. (i)
B : CH3 – CH3 Ethane Blue Lit- Red Lit-
Solution Sodium Metal
C : CH3 – CH2 – Cl Chloroethane 1½ mus Paper mus Paper
(ii) CH2 = CH2 hydrogen
 → CH3 – CH3 1 Ethanol No No change Hydrogen 1
nickel
change gas
(A) (B)
Ethanoic Turns red No change Hydrogen 1
Type of reaction : Addition reaction. ½ acid gas
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] Soap No Turns blue Hydrogen 1
change gas
(full credit may be given to the candidate with the
answer showing test only with litmus paper)
(ii)
Hard water contains calcium ions or magnesium
ions or both. These ions on reacting with soap
solution form insoluble substance called scum.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1 + 1

qqq

P-36 S C I ENC E - X
CHAPTER
SECTION
B
5 PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
TOPIC-1
Periodic Laws and their Limitations
WORKSHEET-46
Solutions
1. Correct option : (b)
Explanation : It was found that the Law of Octaves
was applicable only upto calcium, as after calcium
every eighth element did not possess properties
similar to that of the first.
2. It states that “Properties of elements are periodic
function of their atomic number.” 1
3. (i) Henry Moseley
(ii) Atomic number
(iii) Modern Periodic Law : Properties of elements are
the periodic functions of their atomic numbers.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 1 + 1 + 1
4. (i) Aim of Classification : For systematic and
simplified study of elements and their com-
pounds. ½
(ii) Basic property : Atomic Number. ½
(iii) Modern periodic Law : The properties of elements
are a periodic function of their atomic number. ½
(iv) Metals are found on the left side and centre of the
Modern Periodic Table. ½
(v) Metalloids are found in a zig-zag manner between
the metals and the non-metals. ½
(vi) Non-metals are found on the right side of the
Modern Periodic Table. ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
5. X : 2, 8, 6
(a) Since ‘X’ has three energy shells and period
number of an element is equal to the number of
energy shells. X belongs to 3rd period. 1
WORKSHEET-47
Solutions
1. Correct option : (c)
Explanation : Mendeleev arranged the known
elements according to increasing order of their atomic
masses because according to him, fundamental
property of an element was atomic mass.
2. There are seven horizontal rows in the modern
periodic table. These rows are called periods. ½ + ½
3. (i) Borderline elements which are intermediate
S OLUT I ONS
(b X has 6 valence electrons it belongs to group 16. 1
(c) Valency will be 2. To acquire noble gas
configuration it will gain 2 electrons. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
Commonly Made Error
 Usually students get confused with the group
and period to which they belong to. They also get
confuse with the valency.
Answering Tip
 Understand the basic concepts involved in the
separation of periods and groups in the modern
periodic table. After writing the electronic
configuration, check the number of energy shells
and this will be equal to the period number. Then
check for how many outermost (valence) electrons
are there and then write the Group to which it
belongs. From the valence electrons we can write
the valency of that element.
6. (i) To study the properties of elements and to keep
the elements with similar properties together. 1
(ii) Chemical properties of elements and atomic
number. 1
(iii) Metals lies on extreme left, metalloids lie in the
middle and non-metals lie on the right side. 2
(iv) They should be placed in the same slot. Since they
have same numbers of electrons.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 1
in properties between metals and non-metals are
called metalloids.
(ii) Boron, silicon, germanium and arsenic.
1+½+½+½+½
4. (i) Electronic Configuration — 2, 8, 2
Valency — 2.
(ii) Metal
There are two electrons in its outermost shell and it
easily loses them to form a positive ion.
P-37
 (iii) M O
2 2
M2O2 = MO
It is a basic oxide. 1+1+1
5. Electronic Configuration of ‘P’ — 2, 8, 7
Group number — 17
Period number — 3rd Period
Electronic Configuration of ‘Q‘ — 2, 8, 8, 1
Group number — 1
Period number — 4th Period
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017] 1 + 1 + 1
Commonly Made Error
 Students usually get confused with the group and
period to which an element belong to. They also get
confused with the valency.
Answering Tip
 Understand the basic concepts involved in the
making of periods and groups in the modern
periodic table. After writing the electronic
configuration, check the number of energy shells
and this will be equal to the period number. Then
WORKSHEET-48
Solutions
1. Correct option : (a)
Explanation : Many gaps for the undiscovered
elements were left in the periodic table by
Mendeleev. For instance, the elements scandium
(Sc), gallium (Ga), and germanium (Ge) were not
known at Mendeleev’s time, but he had predicted
their existence in advance of their discovery.
2. There are 18 vertical columns in the modern periodic
table and these are known as groups. ½+½
3. (a) (i) K (Potassium — 2, 8, 8, 1)
(ii) Be and Ca in same group because both have same
number of valence electrons in their outermost
shell. The number of this group is 2.
(b) Ca X
Valency 2 1
Thus, the formula of the compound is Ca1X2 =
CaX2 1+1+1
4. (i) Cations are Na and Al (Sodium and Aluminium)
Anions are Cl and O (Chlorine and Oxygen)
(ii) Inert elements are He and Ne (Helium and Neon) (iii) He predicted the properties of such elements.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 1 + 1 + 1
5. (i) Mercury
(ii) Bromine
(iii) Helium or Neon or Argon. (Any one) 1 + 1 + 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
P-38
check for how many outermost (valence) electrons
are present, and use them to write the Group to
which it belongs. From the valence electrons we can
write the valency of that element.
6. (i) X is a metal. Nature of it is Basic.
(ii) X(NO3)2, XSO4
These compounds are Ionic/electrovalent. 1+1+1
7. (a) Gaps were left for undiscovered elements in the
periodic table.
(b) (i) Position of hydrogen was not justified.
(ii) Increasing order of atomic mass could not be
maintained.
(iii) Isotopes have atomic number but different
atomic masses, they cannot be given separate
places.
(c) Number of shells remains the same, number of
valence electrons goes on increasing from left to
right in a period till octet is complete. e.g.,
Li Be B C N O F Ne
2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 2, 4 2, 5 2, 6 2, 7 2, 8
1+3+1
6. (i) In the periodic table, elements are placed
according to their electronic configuration. If
an element has only one shell in its electronic
configuration, it is placed in the first period.
If the element has two shells then it is placed in the
second period, and so on. Vertical columns in the
periodic table are called groups.
There are eighteen groups and in a group, all
the elements have same number of valence
electrons. 1+1
(ii) They will be placed at the same slot as their atomic
number is same, valence electron and valency are
same and have same chemical properties. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
7. (a) Atomic mass 1
(b) (i) He could classify all the 63 elements known at
that time.
(ii) He left gaps for the yet to be discovered
elements.
(any two) 1 × 2
(c) (i) Position of isotopes
(ii) Irregular increase in atomic masses in going
from one element to the next, making the
prediction of undiscovered elements difficult.
(iii) Position of Hydrogen. (any two) 1 × 2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
S C I ENC E - X
 Commonly Made Error
 Students write irrelevant stories. Be specific. Read
question carefully and write only what is asked.
TOPIC-2
Periodic Elements and Periodic Properties
WORKSHEET-49
Solutions
1. Correct option : (c)
Explanation : There are 18 vertical columns, known
as groups and 7 horizontal rows in Modern Periodic
Table.
2. Due to the presence of 2 electrons in the valence
shell and similar chemical properties.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 1
3. The distance from centre of nucleus to outermost
shell of an atom is atomic radius.
Atomic radius decreases across a period because
electron is added in the same shell. So attraction
between nucleus and valence shell increases due
to which outermost shell is pulled in closer to the
nucleus. [CBSE Marking scheme, 2015] 1 + 2
4. (i) Atomic radius decreases ½
Reason : Nuclear charge increases which tends to
pull the electrons closer to the nucleus. 1
(ii) Atomic radius increases ½
Reason : Number of shells increases on going
down the group. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]
Ans. Vertical Column — Groups ½
Horizontal Rows — Periods ½
(i) Metallic character increases.
Reason : Ability to lose electrons increases on
moving down the group due to increase in distance
between the nucleus and the valence electrons/
decrease in the attraction between the nucleus and
the valence electrons. 1
(ii) Atomic radius decreases.
Reason : The nuclear charge increases on moving
from left to right across a period resulting in
increase in the attraction between the nucleus and
the valence electrons. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]
S OLUT I ONS
Answering Tip
 Do not overlook any part of a question and avoid
being in a hurry to conclude the answer.
Detailed Answer :
In the modern periodic table, there are 18 vertical
columns known as Groups and 7 horizontal rows
known as Periods.
Metallic character increases on moving down
a group in the Modern Periodic table. As we
move down the group, the electrostatic attraction
between the nucleus and the outermost electron
decreases due to increase in the distance between
them. This happens because; on moving down the
group a new shell is added. So, the valence electron
can be easily lost by the element, thereby metallic
character increases on moving down a group.
The size of atomic radius decreases on moving
left to right in a horizontal row. When, we move
across a period, the number of electrons in the same
shell increases. This leads to greater electrostatic
attraction between the nucleus and the outermost
electron. This increased attraction pulls the
outermost electron closer to the nucleus, thereby
decreasing the atomic size. 3
Ans. (i) A and B belong to group 1 and 2 because they
form basic oxides. C belongs to group 13 as it has 3
valence electrons. D belongs to group 14 as it forms
almost neutral oxide. E and F belong to group 15 and
16 as they form acidic oxides, G belongs to group 17
as it has 7 valence electrons, and H to group 18. They
belong to 3rd period of the periodic table.
(ii) H belongs to noble gas
(iii) A has largest atomic radius
(iv) E and F are likely to be non–metals
(v) D is likely to be metalloid or semi–metal.
1+1+1+1+1
Commonly Made Error
 Students write irrelevant stories. Be specific. Read
question carefully and write only what is asked.
Answering Tip
 Do not overlook any part of a question and avoid
being in a hurry to conclude the answer.
P-39
 WORKSHEET-50
Solutions
1. Correct option : (c)
Explanation : Element with electronic configuration
2, 8 has octet configuration, so must be placed in
group 18.
2. A and C will show similar properties because they
have same number of valence electrons.  1
3. (i) Chlorine ½
(ii) 3rd period 1
(iii) 17th group 1
(iv) 2, 8, 7. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] ½
4. There are 18 groups and 7 periods in the modern
periodic table.
(i) Atomic size generally increases down a group due
to the addition of new shell and metallic character
also increases down a group due to the increase in
tendency to lose electrons.
(ii) Atomic size goes on decreasing along a period
from left to right.
Metallic character decreases along a period due to
decrease in tendency to lose electrons. 1 + 1 + 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
5. Atomic number is more appropriate parameter
than atomic mass as atomic number determines
the number of valence electrons which decide the
chemical properties of an atom of an element. 1
Metallic character decreases from left to right in
a period, because the tendency to lose electrons
increase in size and decreases due to increased
attraction between nucleus and valence electrons. the period changes from basic to acidic.
½+½
Metallic character increases down the group, as
the tendency to lose electrons increases, due to
decreased attraction between nucleus and valence
electrons because outermost electrons are farther
away. ½+½
Ans. (a) Valency first increases, then decreases
(b) Decreases
(c) Increase
(d)
Increases
(e)
Change from basic to acidic
[CBSE Marking scheme, 2018] 5
Detailed Answer :
WORKSHEET-51
Solutions
1. Correct option : (b)
Explanation : Carbon is an essential element for all
organic compounds and belongs to group 14.
P-40
(a) Valency is the combining capacity of an element.
Valence electrons are the number of electrons in
the outermost shell. Valency and valence electrons
are same till the outermost electron is 4, but when
it goes beyond 4, then the outermost electrons are
subtracted from 8 and valency is determined. Thus
valency first increases along the period and then
decreases.
(b) Along the period, from left to right effective nuclear
charge increases as the number of protons increase,
due to which force of attraction between nucleus
and the valence electron increases therefore, atomic
radius decreases.
(c) Along the period, from left to right effective nuclear
charge increases as the number of protons increase,
due to which force of attraction between nucleus
and the valence electron increases thus, it becomes
difficult to lose electron across the period and
metallic to non-metallic character increases.
(d) Along the period, from left to right effective nuclear
charge increases as the number of protons increase,
due to which force of attraction between nucleus and
the valence electron increases. Hence the electron
from the outermost orbit is difficult to remove,
atomic size decreases therefore electronegativity
increases.
(e) Along the period, from left to right effective nuclear
charge increases as the number of protons increase,
due to which force of attraction between nucleus and
the valence electron increases, hence the electron
from the outermost orbit is difficult to remove.
Therefore,across the period the metallic to non-metallic
character increases. So nature of oxide formation across
Commonly Made Error
 Usually students get confused with variation in
periodic properties across the period and down the
group.
Answering Tip
 Students should understand the basic concept of
how the elements are arranged in the periodic
table, across the period and down the group, their
electronic configurations etc. Then they should
learn the variation of periodic properties and how
it varies.
2. 2nd period has 8 elements, 5th period has 18
elements. ½ + ½
3. (a) (i) Valency : The combining power or the com-
bining capacity of an atom is called its valency.
S C I ENC E - X
 (ii) Atomic size: Atomic size or atomic radius is 4. Vertical columns of the periodic table are known as
the distance between the centre of the nucleus
and the outermost shell of an isolated atom.
(b) On moving from left to right in the periodic table,
valency increases up to 4 and then decreases.
The electrons present in the last shell determine
the valency of a particular element.
If the number of valence electrons is less than or
equal to 4, valency = number of valence electrons.
If the number of valence electrons is more than 4,
valency = 8 - number of valence electrons
Atomic size decreases along a period. This is because
on moving across a period, the number of valence
shells remains the same and the electrons increase
by one unit. As a result, the nuclear charge increases
and thus, the atomic radius decreases. Metallic character of elements across a period
1 + 1 + ½ + ½
6.
WORKSHEET-52
Solutions
1. Correct option : (b)
Explanation : The elements of 2nd period contain
two shells, K and L shell.
2. (i) Magnesium : 2, 8, 2 ½
(ii) Calcium : 2, 8, 8, 2. ½
3. (i) It is a metal. ½
Since it has two electrons in its outermost shell/
two valence electrons, which it can lose easily. ½
(ii) K (19) is placed before Ca (20) in the same period/
fourth period. ½
S OLUT I ONS
groups.
(i) The number of valence electrons remains constant
when we move down the group.
(ii) The number of occupied shells increases down the
group.
(iii) The size of atom increases down the group.
(iv) The metallic character of elements increases down
the group.
(v) The effective nuclear charge decreases down the
group. ½×6=3
5. No. of periods : 7. ½
Valency across a period increases from 1 to 4, then
decreases from 4 to zero. 1
decreases. ½
Valency remains the same down a group ½
Atomic size of elements increases down a group. ½
[Topper Answer, 2017]
Since the atomic radius decreases along a period,
the atomic radius of calcium is smaller than that of
potassium. ½
(iii) The formula of oxide of calcium is CaO, because
the valency of calcium as well as that of oxygen
is 2. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] ½+½
4. (i) The electronic configuration (2, 8, 2) of the
element ‘M’ suggests that it belongs to group 2
and period 3 of the modern periodic table and its
valency is 2. ½+½
P-41
 (ii) The chemical formula of the compounds are : 5. Sr. No. Characteristics A B
M (NO3)2 / Mg (NO3)2; MSO4 / MgSO4; M3 (PO4)2 /
(i) Number of elec- 12 13
Mg3 (PO4)2. 3×½ = 1½
trons in their atoms
(iii) ‘M’ will form ionic compounds by losing two
electrons. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] ½
(ii) Size of their atoms Bigger Smaller
Commonly Made Error (iii) Their tendencies to More Less
 Usually students get confused with the position lose electrons
of elements arranged in groups and periods of (iv) The formula of AO B2O3
the periodic table. They also get confuse with the their oxides
electronic configuration, valence electrons, formula
of compound these elements form. (v) Their metallic More Less
character metallic metal-
Answering Tip lic

 Basically students should understand the basic
concept of how the elements are arranged in the
periodic table, across the period and down the
group, their position, electronic configurations,
no. of shells, valence electrons. Valence electrons
are the electrons of outermost orbit. Correctly find
the number of valence electrons. While writing
the formula of the compound formed, first find
the valence electrons of both elements and then
interchange their valency as subscript of the
compound’s formula.
(vi) The formula of ACl2 BCl3
their chlorides
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 6 × ½ = 3
6. (i) Two elements of group 1 are Na, K / Sodium,
potassium. 2×½
Electronic configurations Na = 2,8,1; K = 2,8,8,1
2×½
(ii) Similarity : Both have one valence electron / One
electron in outermost shell. ½
(iii) Oxide – Na2O / K2O. ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]

WORKSHEET-53
Solutions (ii) Formula with hydrogen- H2X or H2S
xx
1. Correct option : (d)
Explanation : In the Modern Periodic Table, the
atomic radii decrease with increasing the atomic
H . x
X x .
H
number from left to right. The atomic number of xx
½+½
F, O, and N are 9, 8, and 7, respectively so atomic
(iii) Sulphur; non-metal. ½+½
radius will decrease from N to F. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
2. Atomic number of X = 2 + 8 + 7 = 17
Atomic number of Y = 2 + 8 + 8 + 3 = 21 ½ + ½ 6. Atomic number of X = Mass number of X – No. of
neutrons ½
3. (i) Electronic Configuration − 2,8,2. ½ = 35 – 18 = 17 ½
(ii) Metal, as it can easily lose electrons (from outer Therefore, Electronic configuration of
most orbit) ½+½ X = 2, 8, 7 ½
(iii) (a) X Y (b) X Z Group number =17 ½
2 2 2 1 ½ Period = 3
Valency = 8 – 7 = 1 ½+½
Compound – XY XZ2 ½+½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
OR
4. (i) Electronic Configuration of X(19) − 2,8, 8, 1. ½
(ii) Fourth Period, Valency 1. ½+½
(iii) Basic oxide (X2O). ½
(iv) X2O + H2O ¾® 2 XOH. ½+½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]

5. (i) Electronic configuration of X = 2,8,6.

Valence electrons = 6.
Valency = 8-6= 2. ½+½ [Topper Answer, 2016]

P-42 S C I ENC E - X
 WORKSHEET-54
Solutions
1. Correct option : (c)
Explanation : Na and K are in the same group whereas
Na and Mg belong to same period. In a group from
top to bottom, atomic radius increase whereas it
decreases in period from left to right. Hence, the
order would be K> Na >Mg and K> Ca> Mg.
2. Group 1 elements have 1 valence electron while
Group 2 elements have 2 valence electrons. ½+½
3. (i) X (7) = 2,5. Group 15; Period 2 ½
Y(8 ) = 2,6. Group 16; Period 2 ½
Z(9) = 2,7. Group 17; Period 2 ½
(ii) X> Y>Z ½
(iii) XZ3 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
4. (i) Ca = 2, 8, 8, 2 ½
(ii) Valence electrons in Rb = 1 ½
(iii) Five ½
(iv) Metal ½
(v) Rb is biggest in size ½
(vi) Be < Mg < Ca < Rb. ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
OR
(vi) B
e < Mg < Ca < Rb
[Topper Answer, 2016]
5. (i) Na/Sodium.
Reason : The atomic size decreases from left to
right due to the increase in the nuclear charge.
(ii) Al/Aluminium.
Reason : The tendency to lose electrons decreases
from left to right.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 1½ + 1½
Detailed Answer :
(i) Na will have the largest atomic radius as atomic size
goes on decreasing along a period from left to right.
It is due to increase in nuclear charge (number
of protons in nucleus) which pulls the electrons
towards it, i.e., force of attraction between nucleus
and valence electrons increases, therefore atomic
size decreases.
(ii) Al is least reactive because reactivity of an element
depends upon the ability of its atoms to donate or
accept electrons. Tendency to lose electrons along a
period generally decreases with decrease in atomic
size, i.e., the force of attraction between the valence
electrons and the nucleus increases, therefore
electrons cannot be removed easily. 1+2
6. (i) Valence electrons in ‘D’ = 5 and Valency of
‘D’ = 3. 1
(ii) ‘A’ will have largest atomic radii because atomic
radius decreases across a period from left to right. 1
(iii) ‘A’ will form the most basic oxide as it is most
metallic. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1

WORKSHEET-55
Solutions 4.
1. Correct option : (c) Sr. No. Property P Q
Explanation : Mg and Ca are alkaline earth metals (i) No. of elec- 3 4
whereas Na and K are alkali metals. Alkali metals trons in the 11 12
are more electropositive compared to alkaline earth atom 19 20
metals and can easily lose electrons. Out of Na and (any one pair) ½
K, K will easily lose electrons because of bigger size
(ii) Size of the Bigger Smaller
and less electronic attraction. ½
atom
2. Atomic number of X = 2 + 8 + 2 = 12
Atomic number of Y = 2 + 8 + 6 = 16 ½+½ (iii) Metallic More Less metallic
½
character metallic
3. (a) Non-metals
(iv) Tendency to More Less
(b) (i) Increases lose electrons
(ii) Decreases
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 1 + 1 + 1 (v) Formula of P2 O QO
½
oxides
(vi) Formula of PCl QCl2
½
chlorides

S OLUT I ONS P-43

 Note : For parts (v) and (vi) examples using
symbols of elements may also be accepted. ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
etailed Answer :
D
(i) P has 1 valence electron, Q has 2 valence electrons.
(ii) ‘P‘ is bigger than ‘Q‘.
(iii) ‘P‘ is more metallic than ‘Q‘.
(iv) ‘P‘ has more tendency to lose electrons than ‘Q‘.
(v) P2O and QO are formula of their oxides.
(vi) P Cl and Q Cl2 are formula of their chlorides.
½+ ½+ ½+ ½+ ½+ ½
Commonly Made Error
 Usually students get confused with the position
of elements arranged in groups and periods of
the periodic table and also with their periodic
properties. They also confuse with the valence
electrons, formula of compound these elements
form.
WORKSHEET-56
Solutions
1. Correct option : (b)
Explanation : As we move from left to right in
periodic table, metallic characters’ decreases and
non-metallic characters’ increases.
2. X and Y will show similar chemical properties as
these have same valence electrons.
X = 2, (1)
Y = 2, 8, (1) ½ + ½
3. (i) E ½
(ii) B ½
(iii) C ½
(iv) B, because atomic radius decreases from left to right
due to increase in the nuclear charge. 1
(v) Noble gases. ½
4. (i) They all belong to group 2 because all three
have 2 electrons in their outermost shell.
(ii) Be is least reactive because it has 2 shells and due to
more nuclear change it is not easy to take electrons
from it.
(iii) Ca is the element having largest atomic radius
because it has 4 shells. 1+1+1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
Commonly Made Error
 Usually students get confused with element
arranged in groups and periods in the periodic table
and their periodic properties.
P-44
5. (i) The elements which have one electron in the
outermost shell are
19K = 2, 8, 8, 1
(ii) Two elements of the same group are Beryllium (Be)
and Calcium (Ca).
4Be = 2, 2
20Ca = 2, 8, 8, 2
Formula of element K and element X :
Both elements K and X have valency one.
So, K X
1 1
K1X1 = KX/KCl
It is an electrovalent compound. 1+1+1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
6. Electronic configuration = 2, 8, 8, 2. ½
(i) ‘X’ is present in the 2nd group and 4th period of the
periodic table. ½+½
(ii) XY. ½
(iii) Basic because X is a metal and the oxides of
metals are basic in nature (Y, Atomic number = 8,
Oxygen). ½+½
Answering Tip
 Basically students should understand the basic
concept of how the elements are arranged in the
periodic table, across the period and down the
group, their electronic configurations, stability,
reactivity, family and other properties. Then they
should recollect the element in the modern periodic
table and answer the questions.
5. Electronic configuration of Q = 2, 8, 3
Valency of Q = 3 1
Electronic Configuration of R = 2, 8, 5
Valency of R = 8 – 5 = 3 1
Electronic configuration of P = 2, 8, 1
Electronic configuration of S = 2, 8, 7 1
Formula : PS/NaCl
6. (i)Valency of group 1 elements = 1
Valency of oxygen = 2
Oxides of group 1 elements :
Formula of the oxides of group 1 is M2O, where M
is the group 1 element and O is oxygen.
(ii) Valency of group 13 elements = 3
Valency of halogens = 1
Halides of group 13 elements :
Formula of the halides of group 13 is MX3,
where M is the group 13 element and X is
halogen.
(iii) Valency of group 2 elements = 2
Valency of group 16 elements = 2
Compounds of group 2 and group 16 elements :
Formula of the compounds of group 2 and 16 is
MN, where M is the group 2 element and
N is the group 16 element. 1+1+1
S C I ENC E - X
 Commonly Made Error group, their position, electronic configurations, no.
of shells, valence electrons. Valence electrons are
 Usually students get confused with the position
the electrons of outer most orbit. Correctly find
of elements arranged in groups and periods of the
the number of valence electrons. While writing
periodic table. They also confuse with the valence
the formula of the compound formed, first find
electrons, formula of compound these elements
the valence electrons of both elements and then
form.
interchange their valency as subscript of the
compound’s formula.
Answering Tip
 Basically students should understand the basic
concept of how the elements are arranged in the
periodic table, across the period and down the

WORKSHEET-57
Solutions 4.

1. Correct option : (b) Elements Valence Period

Explanation : These all elements belong to same electrons
period in which non-metallic characters increases A 1 3
from left to right.
B 3 3
2. Hydrogen and Helium. ½+½
C 5 3
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
3. (i) Position of the elements in the periodic table : D 7 3
Electronic configuration of A : 2, 8, 1
Element Period Group
Electronic configuration of D : 2, 8, 7
A 3 17 Atomic number of A = 11
B 4 1 Electronic configuration A = 2, 8, 1
Number of valence electrons of A = 1
(ii) Atomic number of A = 17
Valency of A = 1
Electronic configuration A = 2, 8, 7
Atomic number of D = 17
Number of valence electrons of A = 7
Electronic configuration D = 2, 8, 7
Valency of A = 8 – 7 = 1
Number of valence electrons of D = 7
Atomic number of B = 19
Valency of D = 8 – 7 = 1
Electronic configuration B = 2, 8, 8, 1
Element D A
Number of valence electrons of B = 1
Valency of A = 1
Element B A

Valency 1 1
So, the formula of the compound formed when
Valency elements A and D combine is AD. 1+1+1
1 1
5. (i) Element E will form covalent compounds by
So, the formula of the compound formed when
sharing its four valence electrons.
elements A and B combine is BA.
(ii) Element D is a metal with valency three.
(iii) B. + A B A
(iii) Element B is a non-metal with valency three.
+ – (iv) We know that the size of elements decreases on
Lewis Structure : B A moving left to right in a period. Therefore, element
1+1+1 D is greater than element E.
(v) The name of the family to which elements C and F
belong is the noble gas family (group 18).
½+½+½+1+½

S OLUT I ONS P-45

 WORKSHEET-58
Solutions
1. Correct option : (a)
Explanation : Formation of acidic oxides is
characteristic of non-metals. Here, element with
atomic number 7 is a non-metal that is nitrogen.
Rest three elements are metals and hence from basic
oxide.
2. Metals are placed on the left side while non-metals
are placed on the right side of the periodic table. (ii) A and C have one valence electron, so they belong
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] ½+½
3. (i)They are in group 1 because all the elements in
group have 1 valence electron. They form positively
charged ions by losing one electron.
(ii) Lithium is least reactive because reactivity of an
element depends upon the ability of its atoms to
donate or accept electrons.
(iii) Potassium will have largest atomic radius due to
the addition of a new shell. Atomic size generally
increases from top to bottom in a group. 1+1+1
4. (i) The valency of Q is 3 as its valence shell has three
electrons in it.
WORKSHEET-59
Solutions
1. Correct option : (b)
Explanation : Atomic number 14 is for Silicon
element which is a metalloid and exhibit properties
of both metals and non-metals. It has 4 electrons
in its valence shell so tends to form covalent acidic
oxide like non-metals.
2. Valency is same i.e. 1. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
3. (i) Z. ½
(ii) Halogens. ½
(iii) Magnesium and nitrogen. ½+½
(iv) Silicon. ½
(v) X has bigger size than P because X has less effective
nuclear charge. ½
Commonly Made Error
 Students usually get confused with elements
arranged in groups and periods in the given table.
Answering Tip
 Students should understand the basic concept of
how the elements are arranged in the periodic
table, across the period and down the group, their
electronic configurations, stability reactivity, family
and other properties.
P-46
(ii) Elements P and Q are metals as they have 2
electrons in their valence shell and they are
positively charged ions whereas elements R and S
are non-metals as they gain electrons to complete
their octet.
(iii) P and Q will form basic oxides as they are metals.
1+1+1
5. (i) A and B have same period(second period). C and
D have same period (third period).
to same group.
(iii) C is more reactive because C is placed below
A in the periodic table and reactivity increases
down the group. 1+1+1
6. (i) Number of electrons in the outermost orbit of
X = 1 and Y = 2. ½
(ii) Valency of X = 1 and Y =2. ½
(iii) Metal X is more metallic than Y. ½
(iv) Atomic size of X is bigger than that of Y. ½
(v) Chloride XCl ; YCl2 ½
(vi) Sulphate X2SO4 ; YSO4 ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
4. (i) 12. ½
(ii) 2. ½
(iii) Be. ½
Because Be has two electrons in its valence shell.
Given element also has two electrons in its valence
shell.
Since valence electrons determine the chemical
property, hence the given element has same
chemical properties as that of Be. 1½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
5. (i) The position of elements X in the modern periodic
table is group number 17 and period number 3. The
position of element Y in the modern periodic table
is group number 2 and period number 4. Electronic
configuration of element X = 2, 8, 7.
It has 3 shells so period number 3.
Halogens are kept in group 17.
Electronic configuration of element Y = 2, 8, 8, 2
It has 4 shells so period number is 4.
The valence shell has 2 electrons so the group
number is 2. 1½
(ii) Formula of the compound :
Valency of element Y Valency of element X
2 1
\ YX2 1½
S C I ENC E - X
 Commonly Made Error
 Students usually get confused with the position
of elements arranged in groups and periods of
the periodic table. They also get confused with the
formula of compound.
6. (i) 19K (Potassium) is the element that has one
electron in the outermost shell.
Electronic configuration = 2, 8, 8, 1
WORKSHEET-60
Solutions
1. Correct option : (c)
Explanation : Elements of the same group have
same number of valence electrons hence valency
will remain same.
2. Electronegativity increases across a period. 1
[CBSE Marking scheme, 2012]
3. (i) Element ‘A’ is a metal because it is present in
group I (1 valence electron) and can lose electron
easily. 1
(ii) Element B has larger size than ‘C’ because it has
more number of shells than ‘C’.
Also, B lies in the third period and has three shells
whereas C lies in second period and has two
shells. 1
(iii) ‘C’ being an element of 3rd group has three valence
electrons, therefore its valency is 3. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014]
S OLUT I ONS
(ii) 4Be (Beryllium) and 20Ca (Calcium) belong to the
same group, because they have same number of
valence electrons.
Be = 2, 2 and Ca = 2, 8, 8, 2
(iii) Beryllium (Be) and Fluorine (F) have same period
i.e., second period which has 2 shells (K and L)
whereas Potassium (K) and Calcium (Ca) also
belong to same period i.e., fourth period which
have 4 shells (K, L, M and N). 1+1+1
4. There are 7 horizontal rows known as periods, that
the modern periodic table has.
In periods, the number of valence electrons
increases from left to right and due to decrease
in atomic size, the force of attraction between
the valence electrons and the nucleus increases.
Metallic character decreases along the period due
to decrease in tendency to lose electrons.
Atomic size generally increases from top to bottom
in a group due to the addition of a new shell i.e.,
number of shells goes on increasing down the
group. 3
5. (i) Element — E 1
(ii) K L M 1
2 8 6
(iii) X and Z. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
qqq
P-47
SECTION
CHAPTER

B
6 LIFE PROCESSES

TOPIC-1
Nutrition
WORKSHEET-61
Solutions
1. Correct option : (c)
Explanation : Autotrophs take in food from the
outside world and convert them into stored forms
of energy. This material is taken in the form of
carbon dioxide and water which is converted into
carbohydrates in the presence of sunlight and
chlorophyll.
2. Glucose/Amino acid 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
3. Conditions necessary for autotrophic nutrition are
: Sunlight, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide and water.
The by-products are carbohydrates, in the form
of starch and oxygen. The source of by-product
(oxygen) is water. 1+1+1
4. It is the mode of nutrition in which an organism
cannot make its own food and depends on other
organisms for food. All the animals including man,
most bacteria and some fungi have heterotrophic
mode of nutrition and these organisms are called
heterotrophs.
Holozoic, Saprophytic and Parasitic. 3
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014]
5. Three event which occur during photosynthesis :
(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and
splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and
oxygen : Photochemical reaction.
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates :
Dark reaction. 1+1+1
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2016]
6. Photosynthesis takes place in the grana and stroma
of the chloroplast (Plastid) in green parts of plants.
The raw materials required for this process are
carbon dioxide and water in the presence of
sunlight and chlorophyll.
Carbon dioxide enters the leaves through stomata
and cells of the roots absorbs water from the soil.
Balanced equation for photosynthesis :
Chlorophyll
6CO2 + 6H2O 
Sunlight
→ C6H12O6 + 6O2
The by-products in this process is the evolution of
oxygen gas. 1+1+1+1+1

WORKSHEET-62
Solutions are generally basic, they neutralize the excess acid
produced in the mouth and prevent tooth decay.3
1. Correct option : (d) [CBSE Marking Scheme 2018-19]
Explanation : The autotrophic mode of nutrition
requires carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll and
sunlight. 5.
2. Saliva moistens the ingested food with mucus, S. Name of the Name of Secretions
sterilises it with lysozyme and partially digests No. glands
starch part of food into sugar with the help of
salivary amylase or ptyalin. 1 (i) Salivary glands Saliva contains enzyme,
3. Digestion starts in the buccal cavity in the mouth. ptyalin
The enzyme secreted in buccal cavity is salivary (ii) Gastric glands Secretes gastric juice,
amylase. Salivary amylase helps in breakdown of HCl, mucus, pepsin.
starch into maltose and dextrin. 1+1+1
(iii) Liver Bile juice.
4. Sweet tooth leads to tooth decay, which is
(iv) Intestinal glands Intestinal juice.
caused by the action of bacteria on food particles
remaining in the mouth and acid is formed. (v) Pancreas Pancreatic juice which
The pH of the mouth falls below 5.5 and the tooth contains trypsin, lipase
and amylase.
enamel dissolves resulting in cavity. Toothpastes
(Any three) 1 + 1 + 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]

P-48 S C I ENC E - X
 6. (a) (i) Starch (ii) ATP
Ingested food Food
(b) Food particle Fresh food
vacuole
Contractive particle Lysosome vacuole
vacuole Old food Undigested
vacuole particle

A B C D E
Holozoic nutrition in Amoeba
Protozoans like Amoeba capture food with the help of temporary finger-like processes called pseudopodia.
As soon as Amoeba comes in contact with a food particle or prey, it throws pseudopodia all around the food
particle. The tips of encircling pseudopodia fuse and the prey comes to lie in a vesicle or phagosome. This
method of intake of food is called circumvallation. Amoeba can also ingest food by other methods like import
circumfluence and invagination.
(c) In Paramecium, the food is taken in at a specific spot and is moved to this spot by the movement of cilia, which
cover the entire surface of the cell. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 1 + 3 + 1

WORKSHEET-63
Solutions
1. Correct option : (b)
Explanation : These are saprotrophs and digestion
in saprotrophs takes place before ingestion. They
break down and convert complex organic molecules
present in dead and decaying matter into simpler
substances outside their body.
2. Digestion of fats takes place in small intestine with
the help of bile juice which acts as emulsifiers and
breaks down the larger fat droplets into smaller
ones. They are then acted upon by lipase enzyme
found in pancreatic juice, which converts them into
monoglycerides and fatty acids. 1
3. (i) Small intestine.
(ii) Herbivores have longer, small intestine for
digestion of cellulose while carnivores have a
shorter small intestine for early digestion of meat.
1+2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013]
4. Small intestine. ½
Secretions of liver and pancreas mixes with food.
Pancreatic enzymes make it alkaline. Bile juice
from liver too helps in it. Bile salts break the fat
present in the form of large globules into smaller
ones, increasing the efficiency of enzyme action.
Enzymes like trypsin digests proteins and lipase
breaks down fats. Intestinal juice convert proteins
to amino acids, complex carbohydrate to glucose
and fat into fatty acids and glycerol. 2½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
5. They are called as Villi.
(i) Villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which
take the absorbed food to each and every cell of the
body.
(ii) It also absorbs water.
(iii) They increase the surface area for the absorption of
food. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] 1 + 1 + 1

6. (a)

Tongue Mouth (Buccal Cavity)

Oesophagus

Diaphragm
Gall bladder
(stores bile)
Stomach
Bile duct
Liver Small
Pancreas intestine

Large intestine (Colon)

Appendix
Anus

S OLUT I ONS P-49

 2 marks for diagram + 2 marks for labelling = 4
(b) Peristaltic movement : The lining of alimentary canal has muscles that contract rhythmically in order to push
the food forward. This is called peristaltic movements. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1

Commonly Made Error

 Students fail to draw a neat diagram. Make sure the lines are properly marked. Lines which are not properly
marked will deduct your marks. Many students forget the next part of the question.

WORKSHEET-64
Solutions (v) HCl and Enzymes–pepsin, mucus.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 + 1 + 1
1. Correct option : (d)
Explanation : The sequence of organs in human 4. (a) (i) Dilute HCl makes the medium acidic. 1
alimentary canal are mouth, oesophagus, stomach,
(ii) It activates the enzyme pepsin. 1
small intestine, large intestine and anus. (b) CO2 and water. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1
2. Gastric glands are present in the wall of stomach
which releases hydrochloric acid, mucus and 5. (i) Helps in mixing the food thoroughly with more
protein digesting enzyme pepsin. 1 digestive juice by peristalsis. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] (ii) Creates an acidic medium, which facilitates the
action of the enzyme pepsin. 1
3. (i) Small intestine (iii) Protects the inner lining of the stomach from the
(ii) Pancreatic juice action of the acid. 1
(iii) Liver [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011]
(iv) Large intestine

6. (i) Process : Photosynthesis ½

Type of Autotrophic Nutrition
Explanation : Autotrophic nutrition is the process where plants prepare their own food, using inorganic mate-
rial such as CO2 and H2O in presence of Sunlight and Chlorophyll.½+½
Chlorophyll, Sunlight
6CO2 + 12H2O 
→ C H O + 6O + 6H O
6 12 6 2 2 1
(Glucose)
Raw material : CO2, H2O½+½
(ii) (a) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
(b) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
(c) Reduction of Carbon dioxide to Carbohydrates.
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 1½

WORKSHEET-65
Solutions (ii) The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste
products (urea or uric acid) from the blood. 1
1. Correct option : (b) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
Explanation : If salivary amylase is lacking in the
saliva, the process of starch digestion will get disturb 4. (i) Trypsin + Proteins → Amino acids
as salivary amylase helps in digestion of starch. (ii) Amylase + Carbohydrates → Simple sugars
2. HCl of gastric juice disinfects the food and acidifies
(iii) Lipase + Fats → Fatty acids + Glycerol.
it for proper functioning of proteolytic enzyme
pepsin. 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 + 1 + 1
Detailed Answer :
3. (i) The food coming from the stomach is acidic and
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase
has to be made alkaline for the pancreatic enzyme
and lipase are the main enzymes present in the
to act. Bile juice accomplishes this. Bile salts break-
pancreatic juice. They help in the break down of
down larger globules of fats into smaller globules
food components as follows :
increasing the efficiency of enzyme action. 2

P-50 S C I ENC E - X
 Trypsin acts upon proteins and converts it into
peptids and amino acids, pancreatic amylase
converts starch into disaccharide and other simple
sugars while pancreatic lipase acts upon fats and
converts it into fatty acids and glycerol.
5. (i) The cake will have a bitter taste because of the
formation of Na2CO3/sodium carbonate while
baking/heating ½+½
(ii) By adding tartaric acid 1
(iii) The liberated CO2 gas 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
6. Just before Starch test — Pale yellow
Just after Starch test – Blue black
Chlorophyll
6CO2 + 6H2O 
Sunlight
→ C6H12O6 + 6O2
O2 is obtained from water (H2O), as splitting of
water results in formation of hydrogen (used for
making glucose) and oxygen (by-product).
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018-19] 3

TOPIC-2
Respiration
WORKSHEET-66
Solutions Detailed Answer :
A physical process by which oxygen is taken in and
1. Correct option : (b)
carbon dioxide is given out is called breathing.
Explanation : The breakdown of pyruvate to give
carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in Breathing in humans involves three steps :
mitochondria. (i) Inspiration : When we breathe in, ribs move up and
2. The respiratory pigment in human being is flatten the diaphragm due to which the chest cavity
haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is present in RBC’s of becomes larger. As a result air is sucked into the
blood in humans. ½+½ lungs and fills the expanded alveoli.
3. Breathing is the process of letting in oxygen from (ii) Gaseous exchange : Haemoglobin binds with
air into the lungs and CO2 out of the lungs. the oxygen and carries it along the blood in the
Mechanism : Involuntary, rate controlled by body. As blood passes through the tissues of the
brain. Outward and inward movement of ribs body, oxygen from the blood diffuses into the cell,
whereas carbon dioxide which is produced during
increases or decreases the space of thoracic
respiration diffuses into the blood and is carried to
cavity, action assisted by diaphragm continuous
the lungs for expiration.
inhalation and exhalation of the air. (iii) Expiration : Ribs move down and diaphragm
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] becomes dome-shaped decreasing the chest cavity.
Thus, pushing the air out from lungs. 3
4. (i) Take two healthy potted plants which are nearly the same size.
(ii) Keep them in a dark room for three days.
(iii) Now place each plant on separate glass plates. Place a watch glass containing potassium hydroxide by the side of
one of the plants. The potassium hydroxide is used to absorb carbon dioxide. When the leaves of both the plants
were tested for starch, it was found that the leaves of the plant kept in bell jar (b), which is without potassium
hydroxide gave the positive test of starch. This shows that CO2 is essential for photosynthesis.

Bell Jar

Watch glass
containing potassium
hydroxide
(a) (b)
Experimental set up (a) With potassium hydroxide (b) Without potassium hydroxide. 3

S OLUT I ONS P-51

 Answering Tip
 Write answers point-wise rather than in the form of an essay.
 Steps should be written in the correct sequence.

5. (i) It has large surface area and are branched. 1

(ii) Contain an extensive network of blood vessels. 1
(iii) It is thin, delicate and fine. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]

6. (i)
Nasal passage
Trachea
Mouth cavity
Pharynx
Larynx Rings of cartilage

Lung

Bronchi Ribs
Bronchioles
Alveolar sac
Diaphragm 4
(ii) So that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for CO2 to be released. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]

WORKSHEET-67
Solutions
1. Correct option : (d)
Explanation : Yeast is unicellular eukaryote which
carries out ethanol fermentation. In the first phase,
glucose is converted into pyruvate (glycolysis) in
the cytoplasm of the cell. Due to limited oxygen
availability, pyruvate remains in cytoplasm where
pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase
enzymes carry out the second phase of anaerobic
respiration and produce ethanol and carbon
dioxide.
2. Aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria of the
cell. 1
3. A terrestrial organism can obtain oxygen directly
from the air and have slow breathing rate but;
aquatic organisms have to obtain oxygen for
respiration which is dissolved in water. Since, the
amount of oxygen dissolved in water is fairly low as
compared to the amount of oxygen in air, the rate of
breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster. 3
Commonly Made Error
 Students often write vague answer. It seems they
are unaware of the concept of rate of breathing.
Answering Tip
 Always be specific and give clear and complete
answers. Incomplete and vague answers must be
pointed out.
4.
The exchange of gases takes place between the
blood capillaries that surround the alveoli and the
gases present in the alveoli. Thus, alveoli are the
site for exchange of gases. The lungs get filled up
with air during the process of inhalation as ribs are
lifted up and diaphragm is flattened. The air that is
rushed inside the lungs fills the numerous alveoli
present in the lungs. Each lung contains 300–350
million alveoli. These numerous alveoli increase
the surface area for gaseous exchange making the
process of respiration more efficient. 3
5.
Plants perform two processes all together,
photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthesis
takes place during day time when there is enough
sunlight. During this process, the green tissue of the
plants exposed to light makes glucose in presence
of chlorophyll pigment, water and carbon dioxide.
During this process oxygen is released and it is
possible only in presence of sunlight. 2

P-52 S C I ENC E - X
 Respiration is another process which is carried out by (ii) Oxygen ½
all animals and plants. This is a continuous process By splitting of water (photolysis)
where glucose is broken down to CO2 and H2O and
energy is released in the form of ATP molecules. This 2H2O splits
→ H2 + O2 1
is continued regardless of daylight or darkness. 1
(iii)
They take up CO2 at night through stomata, which
6. (i) 2 open during night and produce an intermediate
(b) Cuticle organic acid which is acted upon by the energy
absorbed by chlorophyll during the day and
breaks up to release of CO2. The CO2 so produced
internally is used in photosynthesis during day
(a) Chloroplast when stomata are closed. 1½

Desert plants. [Xerophytic CAM plants] 1

WORKSHEET-68
Solutions
4. (a) Glucose In Cytoplasm
 → Pyruvate
1. Aquatic organisms like fishes obtain oxygen from
In absence of oxygen
water present in dissolved state through their gills. 
→ Ethanol + CO2 + Energy 1½
Since the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is (b) Fishes take in water through the mouth and force
fairly low compared to the amount of oxygen in the it past the gills where the dissolved oxygen is taken
air. Hence, the rate of breathing is much faster in up by the blood. 1
aquatic organisms than in terrestrial organisms. 1
(c) Alveoli ½
2. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It is produced during
respiration in living organisms in mitochondria. 1 Functions : They contain an extensive network of
3. blood vessels which exchange gases. ½
They increase surface area of absorption of gases. ½
S. No. Aerobic respiration Anaerobic
(d) Haemoglobin ½
respiration
Role : Due to high affinity for O2, it helps in its
(i) Oxygen is utilized Oxygen is not transport from alveoli to the tissue ½
for the breakdown required. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
of respiratory sub-
strate. 5. Breathing : Breathing is the process of taking in
(ii) It takes place in It takes place in oxygen-rich air and giving out carbon dioxide-
cytoplasm (glycoly- cytoplasm only. rich air. Breathing in is ‘inhalation’ and breathing
sis) and inside mi- out is ‘exhalation’. The breathing mechanism of
tochondria (Krebs lungs is controlled by the diaphragm and the inter-
cycle). costal muscles. Diaphragm is a membrane which
separates the thoracic chamber from the abdominal
(iii) End products are End products are
cavity. When diaphragm moves down, the lungs
carbon dioxide and lactic acid or etha-
expand and air is inhaled. When diaphragm moves
water. nol and carbon di-
up, the lungs contract and air is exhaled. Inhalation
oxide.
involves bringing in air from outside the body into
(iv) More energy is re- Less energy is re- the lungs. When we breathe in, the size of our chest
leased. leased. increases. This happens because when air enters,
(v) Complete oxidation There is incomplete the lungs expand and the ribs move outwards.
of glucose happens. oxidation of glu- Simultaneously, the diaphragm contracts and
cose. becomes flat. Thus, the size of our chest increases.
Exhalation involves removal of CO2 from the
 (Any Three) 1 + 1 + 1
body. When we breathe out, the size of our chest

S OLUT I ONS P-53

 decreases. This happens because when air moves Breathing in Breathing out
out of our lungs, lungs contract, the ribs move back,
and the diaphragm curves upwards into the chest
decreasing the size of the chest. Chest Chest
expands contracts

Ribs Lung

Diaphragm

Diaphragm
contracts Diaphragm
relaxes

Breathing in Man 5

TOPIC-3
Circulation and Transportation
WORKSHEET-69
Solutions plants by physical forces such as transpiration pull.
Transport in phloem : Phloem tissue helps in
1. Correct option : (a)
transport of food. Here, food is transported in both
Explanation : Valves ensure that blood does
not flow backwards when the atria or ventricles upward and downward directions. Transport of
contract. Semilunar valves, the valves present food in phloem requires energy in the form of ATP.
between ventricles and their attached vessels, (b)
The transport of soluble products of photosynthesis
serve to prevent the backflow of blood to ventricles to other parts of plant through phloem is known as
from their respective attached vessels. Likewise,
translocation. 1+1+1
atrioventricular (AV) valve between atrium and
ventricle directs the flow of blood and prevents any 5.
backflow into atria.
S. No. Artery Vein
2. (i) Phloem (ii) Xylem. ½+½
(i) Wall is thick. Wall is thin.
3. The loss of water in the form of vapour from
the aerial parts of the plants is known as (ii) Valves absent. Valves present.
transpiration. 1
(iii) Blood flows from Blood flows from
Functions : heart to different different organs to
(i) It helps in the absorption and upward movement organs. heart.
of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to
(iv) The flow of The flow of blood
the leaves. 1
blood is fast, is slow, steady and
(ii) It also helps in temperature regulation. 1 jerky and with with less pressure.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] great pressure.
4. (a) Transport in xylem : Xylem tissue helps in (Any three) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
transport of water and minerals. Here, water is 1+1+1
transported upwards from roots to aerial parts of

P-54 S C I ENC E - X
 Aorta
6. (a)
Vena Cava Pulmonary arteries
from upper
body Pulmonary veins

Right atrium Left atrium

Vena Cava
from lower
body
Right
ventricle Left ventricle
Septum
(Dividing wall)
4
(b) (i) As ventricle has to pump blood into various organs. Therefore it has wall thicker them that of atria.
(ii) Since the blood emerges from the heart under high pressure. 1

WORKSHEET-70
Solutions Detailed Answer :
(i) Capillaries.
1. Correct option : (b) (ii)
Explanation : Hippocampus, Exocoetus, Anabas
belong to class pisces. Fishes have two chambered
heart and exhibit single circulation while three
chambered heart of amphibian and reptiles and Pulmonary
Lung Pulmonary vein
four chambered heart of birds and mammals exhibit artery to lungs
capillaries from lungs
double circulation.
2. It is the loss of water in the vapour form from the
aerial exposed parts of a plant. 1

3. (a) Lymph is a colourless fluid containing white

blood cells. 1 Vena cava Aorta to
body
(b)
Lymph is colourless and contains less protein than from body
plasma. 1
Capillaries in
(c) Functions : body organs apart
(i) Carry digested fat/absorption of fat. ½ from the lungs
(ii) Drains excess fluid from extracellular space
back into the blood. ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
Schematic representation of transport of exchange of
4. (i) Because fish has two chambered heart . The
oxygen & carbon dioxide
blood is pumped to the gills for oxygenation from 1+2
where it is passed directly to the rest of the body 6. (a) Two advantages :
and de-oxygenated blood returns to the heart to be
(i) Helps in absorption and upward movement of
pumped into gills again. 1 water and minerals from roots to the leaves. 1
(ii) Because plant bodies have a large proportion of (ii) Temperature regulation. 1
dead cells. 1
(b) (i)
(iii) Capillaries are smallest vessels which have one cell
thick wall. The exchange of material between the S. No. Transpiration Translocation
blood and the surroundings take place through (i) Plays role in It is a transport of soluble
capillaries. 1 transport of water products of photosynthesis.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] and minerals.
(ii) Occurs through Occurs through phloem
5. (i) Capillaries xylem by simple in the form of sucrose by
physical forces. utilising energy.
(ii) Diagram. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 3
2

S OLUT I ONS P-55

 (ii) Because plants have a large proportion of dead cells Answering Tip
in many tissues. So, their energy needs are low and
they can afford to have slow transport system. 1  Differences when asked should be compatible.
 Answers should be specific and precise. Answers
Commonly Made Error like present and not present are not acceptable.
 Sometimes students write irrelevant stories. Be
specific. Read question carefully and write only
what is asked.

WORKSHEET-71
Solutions 4. (i) Since ventricles have to pump blood into
various organs, they have thicker muscular walls
1. Correct option : (a)
than atria do. 1
Explanation : The anterior vena cava collects
deoxygenated blood from the head, chest, and arms (ii) The lining of alimentary canal has muscles that
and enters the right atrium while the inferior vena contract rhythmically in order to push the food
cava collects blood from the lower body regions. forward. These are peristaltic movements. 1
Both venae cavae pass the deoxygenated blood to (iii) In desert plant, stomata open at night and absorb
the right atrium. Therefore, blood from tissues is CO2 and store it as an intermediate compound,
rich in carbon dioxide. that is converted into carbohydrate during the day
2. (i) Plasma time. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1
(ii) Haemoglobin present in RBCs. ½+½
3. 5. Xylem (vessels) of roots, stems and leaves are inter-
connected to form a continuous column. Roots
S. No. Blood Vessels Function also take up mineral salts actively, water moves
in and as a result by creating pressure pushes the
(i) Arteries They carry blood away from water up. Transpiration pull creates a suction force
the heart to various organs of for pulling water up. 3
the body. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014]
(ii) Veins They collect blood from
different organs and bring it 6. (a) Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells,
back to the heart. platelets (Any two) 2
(iii) Capillaries Exchange of material between (b) Lungs → Left side of the heart → aorta → body
organs 1
the blood and surrounding
(c) Prevent back flow of blood. 1
cells takes place across the thin
(d) Artery has thick elastic wall and vein is thin walled/
walls of capillaries.
valves are present in the veins and not in arteries.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 + 1 + 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 1

WORKSHEET-72
Solutions
1. Correct option : (a)
Explanation : In a plant, the xylem is responsible for
transport of water.
2. Transpiration [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1
3. (i) This allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen,
and meet their high energy needs (as they are
warm–blooded animals). 1
(ii) Because they have to pump blood throughout the
body or into various organs. 1
(iii) To allow cellulose to be digested. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
4.
The components of xylem tissue (tracheids
and vessels) of roots, stems and leaves are
interconnected to form a continuous system of
water conducting channels that reaches all parts of
the plant. Transpiration creates a suction pressure,
as a result of which water is forced into the xylem
cells of the roots. Then there is a steady movement
of water from the root xylem to all the plant parts
through the interconnected water conducting
channels. 3
5. Differences between Xylem and Phloem :
S. No. Xylem Phloem
(i) Xylem tissue helps Phloem tissue helps
in the transport of in the transport of
water and minerals. food.

P-56 S C I ENC E - X
 (ii) Water is transported Food is transported Pulmonary Vein
upwards from roots in both upward and ¯
to all other plant downward direc- Left Auricle
parts. tions. ¯
Left Ventricle
(iii) Transport in xylem Transport of food ¯
occurs with the help in phloem requires Truncus Arteriosus
of simple physical energy in the form ¯
forces such as tran- of ATP. Systemic Circulation
spiration pull. The blood from the systemic circulation comes to
 1+1+1 the right auricle. From the right auricle, the blood is
pumped into the right ventricle. The right ventricle
Ans. The heart is the key organ of cardiovascular system,
pumps the blood to lungs, through pulmonary
which acts as a muscular pump. It is organized with
a set of arteries and blood vessels which regulates artery. Oxygenation of blood takes place in alveoli
the blood flow systematically. in lungs. The oxygenated blood, from the lungs,
comes to the left auricle through pulmonary vein.
The following flow chart shows the circulation of
From left auricle, the blood is pumped into the left
blood through the heart :
ventricle. Finally, the left ventricle pumps the blood
Systemic Vein into the systemic circulation.
¯ In our body two types of circulatory system
Sinus Venosus completes together the whole cardiovascular
¯ system.
Right Auricle (i) First is the transport of blood for the exchange of
¯ gases (Oxygen and Carbon dioxide) which includes
Right Ventricle the connection of heart to liver.
¯ (ii) Second, includes the transport and distribution
Pulmonary Artery
of oxygenated blood from heart to all the other
¯
body parts.
Lungs
¯

TOPIC-4
Excretion
WORKSHEET-69
Solutions
1. Correct option : (d)
Explanation : Nephrons are the structural and
functional filtration unit of kidney that serve in
filtration, reabsorption and secretion. Ureters are
small muscular tubes that extend from the kidney
and carry urine into the urinary bladder. The
urethra is a canal that carries urine from bladder
and expels it out of body. Neurons are structural
and functional unit of nervous system.
2. Respiratory unit of lungs — Alveoli
Excretory unit of kidneys — Nephrons ½+½
3. Kidney → Ureters → Urinary bladder → Urethra.
Glucose, amino acids, salts and major amount of
water. [CBSE Marking Scheme 2016] 1 + 2
Detailed Answer :
The pathway of urine starting from the organ of its
formation is :
Kidney → Ureters → Urinary bladder → Urethra.
The four substances reabsorbed from initial filtrate
are :
(i) Amino acid (ii) glucose (iii) salts (iv) major
amount of water. 1+2
4. Nitrogenous waste present in urine is uric acid or
urea.
The basic filtration unit of kidney is nephron.
Urine production is regulated by :
(i) amount of excess water in the body.
(ii) amount of dissolved wastes that need to be excreted.
1+1+1
5. (i) Many plants store waste materials in the vacuoles
of mesophyll cells and epidermal cells. When old
leaves fall, the waste materials are excreted along
with the leaves.
(ii) Gaseous waste is removed through stomata in
leaves.
(iii) Excess of water is also excreted from the plant
body through the stomatal pores. The process of
elimination of water is called transpiration. 3

S OLUT I ONS P-57

 6. (a)

Right renal artery

Left kidney
Right kidney

Vena cava Ureter

Urinary bladder

Urethra
3
(b) Vital functions of kidney :
(i) To regulate right amount of water in body.
(ii) Helps in filtering out nitrogenous waste like urea from blood. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 2

WORKSHEET-74
Solutions
1. Correct option : (c)
Explanation : Kidneys are the paired organ where
urine formation takes place. Small muscular tube,
called as ureter, extend from kidneys and carry
blood to urinary bladder. The urethra is a small tube
that extends from the urinary bladder to an external
opening.
2. The amount of urine produced depends on the
amount of excess water and dissolved wastes
present in the body. Some other factors such as
habitat of an organism and hormone such as
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also regulates the
amount of urine produced. 1
3. (i)
Bowman's Capillaries
capsule Glomerulus
(ii) Function of nephron is filtration, reabsorption and
secretion. 1
(iii) Function of artificial kidney : Helps to remove
harmful wastes, extra salts and water, control
blood pressure. Maintain the balance of sodium
potassium salts in a patient whose kidneys have
failed. (Any one) 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014]
4. (a) Process involved in removal of nitrogenous
harmful metabolic waste from the body. 1
(b) Nephron. 1
(c) Diagram of Human Excretory System.
Labelling of the following parts :
(i) Kidney
(ii) Ureter
(iii) Urinary bladder

Left kidney
Renal Artery

Ureter
Collecting duct
Venule

Urinary bladder

[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 3

qqq

3
Uriniferous tubule with its blood vessels

P-58 S C I ENC E - X