PERFORMACE ANALYSIS OF MULTILEVEL INVERTER

FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM

A

Seminar Report
In partial fulfilement
For the award of the degree of

Master of Technology
In Department of Electrical Engineering
(With Specialization in Power System)

Supervisoer Submitted By :
Prof. Virendra Sharma Dinesh kumar sharma
Professor Dept. of Electrical Engg. Roll No. 18EARPS601
Arya College of Engg. & I.T Jaipur

Department of Electrical Engineering

Arya college of Engineerig and Information Technology Jaipur
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

Dec. - 2019
 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work , which is being presented in seminar,entitled “Performance
analysis of multilevel inverter for renewable energy system” in partial fulfilment for the
award of degree of “ Master of Technology” in Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering with
specialization in Power System and submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering ,
Arya College of Engineering & I.T Jaipur , Rajasthan Technical University is a record of my
owen Investigation carried under the guidance of Prof. Virendra Sharma Department of
Electrical Engineering , Arya College Of Engineering & I.T. Jaipur

Dinesh kumar sharma

Power System
Date Roll No.18EARPS601
Palace Arya College of Engineering & I.T. Jaipur

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wholeheartedly give my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Prof. Virendra Sharma,

Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Arya College of Engineering & I.T. Jaipur
for providing the encouragement and guidance. It is due to their consistent advices, valuable
suggestions and continuous support that I was able to complete this dissertation work
successfully

I express my profound thanks to Dr. Prabhat Kumar, HOD, Dept. of Electrical

Engineering, Arya College of Engineering & I.T. Jaipur for his encouragement and
providing me with outstanding facilities for the successful completion of my project work. I
also thank all staff members of the Department of Electrical Engineering, for their extended
cooperation in the completion of this work. I am also thankful to my friends and seniors who
gave precious support and encouragement to keep me motivated. I express my deep thanks to
my family members for the love, motivation, inspiration and support in boosting my morals in
life. I am also thankful to the previous researchers whose published work has been consulted
and cited in my seminar.

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 ABSTRACT

Multilevel inverters are very much suitable for controlling induction motor because it
can apply for high voltage power applications, it reduces the voltage stress on the switching
device and the harmonic distortion of the output. This thesis is analyzed the performance of
3 level voltage source inverter based on space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM)
technique for renewable energy sources. The renewable energy sources are utilized for
application of induction motor. The harmonic content, speed and torque of the system are
achieved better results.

A buck-boost converter is utilized for MPPT of the solar PV array. The

performance of solar water pumping system which is connected to induction motor
is improved. The performance analysis of solar water pumping and 3-level voltage
source inverter based on space vector pulse width modulation are implemented in
MATLAB/Simulink environment.

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Table of Content:

Candidate declaration ..................................................................................................... i

Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... ii
Abstract............................................................................................................................ iii
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. iv
List of Figures................................................................................................................... vi
List of Tables .................................................................................................................. .viii
Abbreviations… ............................................................................................................. ..ix

Chapter 1 Introduction.....................................................................................................1
Overview ........................................................................................................................... 1
Multilevel inverter… ......................................................................................................... 2
State of Art ........................................................................................................................ 3
Orientation of Thesis ................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 2 Literature Survey...........................................................................................5
Converter topologies .................................................................................................. 5
Modulation methods ................................................................................................... 7
Solar water pumping ................................................................................................... 8
Conventional inverter .................................................................................................. 9
Multilevel inverter ............................................................................................................ 10
Solar power ....................................................................................................................... 18
Outcoms of the literature survey ................................................................................ 21

Chapter 3 3-level NPC VSI using SVPWM for Renewable energy sources ............. 22
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 22
Induction motor drive ...................................................................................................... 23
SVPWM .......................................................................................................................... 24
3-Level NPC voltage source inverter .............................................................................. 25
Simulation and Results .................................................................................................... 27
Summary ......................................................................................................................... 31
Chapter 4 3-LEVEL Inverter for Solar water pumping system using solar PV array
based on MPPT technique.............................................................................................32

Introduction .................................................................................................................... 32

iv
Maximum power point tracking...................................................................................... 33
Types of MPPT techniques ............................................................................................. 33
Perturb & Observe technique ............................................................................... 34
Buck-Boost Converter Model ......................................................................................... 36
PV system design ...................................................................................................... 37
Buck-boost converter design ..................................................................................... 37
Simulation and Results ................................................................................................... 38
Summary ......................................................................................................................... 41
Chapter-5 Conclusions and Future Scope ................................................................... 42
Conclusions… ................................................................................................................ 42
Future Scope .................................................................................................................. 42
References ...................................................................................................................... 43
List of publication .......................................................................................................... 48

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 List of Figures
Figure 2. 1 Two Level Converter ......................................................................................... 6
Figure 2. 2 Vienna converter ............................................................................................... 6
Figure 2. 3 Cascade H-bridge Multilevel Converter......................................................... 7
Figure 2. 4 Conventional inverter circuit topology ............................................................ 10
Figure 2. 5 Diode clamp multilevel inverter ...................................................................... 11
Figure 2. 6 Flying capacitor multilevel inverter ................................................................ 12
Figure 2. 7 Cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter ............................................................ 13
Figure 2. 8 Multilevel voltage inverter circuit topology (Cascaded H-Bridge) ................. 16
Figure 2. 9 Basic circuit of H-bridge CSI .......................................................................... 17
Figure 2. 10 Parabolic trough systems using mirrors......................................................... 18
Figure 2. 11 Stand-alone mode .......................................................................................... 20
Figure 2. 12 Grid-connected PV systems .......................................................................... 21

Figure 3. 1 Switching States and Sectors of SVPWM ....................................................... 25

Figure 3. 2 3-level NPC inverter solar PV array ................................................................ 25
Figure 3.3 Operating mode (a) of proposed inverter ......................................................... 26
Figure 3. 4 Operating mode (a) of proposed inverter ........................................................ 26
Figure 3. 5 Operating mode (b) of proposed inverter ........................................................ 27
Figure 3. 6 3- level inverter using SVPWM technique for solar PV application .............. 28
Figure 3. 7 Phase to phase output voltage waveform of 3-level NPC inverter .................. 28
Figure 3. 8 Output inverter Current ................................................................................... 29
Figure 3. 9 3-Phase line to line output voltage waveform of 3-level NPC inverter........... 29
Figure 3. 10 Rotor speed waveform ................................................................................... 30
Figure 3. 11 Electromagnetic torque waveform ................................................................. 30
Figure 3. 12 Voltage THD waveform using FFT analysis ................................................. 31
Figure 3. 13 Current THD waveform using FFT analysis ................................................. 31
Figure 4.1 Block Diagram of Solar system with MPPT Controller 33
Figure 4.2 MPPT algorithm flow chart. ............................................................................. 35
Figure 4.3 Deviation of MPP with P&O method under rapid solar irradiance changes .... 36
Figure 4.4 Buck- Boost converter model. .......................................................................... 36
Figure 4.5 basic equivalent circuit diagram of a single diode Photovoltaic cell................ 37
Figure 4.6 3- level inverter using SVPWM technique for Solar water pumping
application .......................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 4.7 Output voltage waveform of the PV array ..................................................40

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Figure 4.8 Output current of the inverter ..................................................................... 40
Figure 4.9 Output Torque and rotor speed waveforms ...................................................... 41

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 List of Tables

Table 3. 1 System parameters.......................................................................................... 27

Table 4. 1 Module parameter of boost converter ............................................................ 36
Table 4.2 Design parameters for SPV array ................................................................... 38
Table 4.3 Design parameters for buck boost converter .................................................. 38

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 Abbrebiations
FF Fill Factor
IGBT Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor
IM Induction Motor
IMD Induction Motor Drive
SVPWM Space Vector Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
INC Incremental Conductance
MPP Maximum Power Point
PV Photo Voltaic
SMPS Switched-Mode Power Supply
SPV Solar Photo Voltaic
SPWM Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
THD Total Harmonic Distortion
MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
V/F Voltage/Frequency
VSI Voltage Source Inverter
MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
NPC Neutral Point Clamped

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 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Overview
The world is stepping towards the sustainable generation of power from renewable
sources of energy. The depletion of fossil fuel is being a major issue and lots of discussions
have been done by the eminent bodies. The talks suggested the use of non conventional
resources such as wind, solar, and tidal for the electric power generation. It is due to the
reasons that the coal-fired thermal power stations generate ash and the amount of coal is
also limited as per future demands. The renewable energy power is variable in nature and
hence the power generated must be efficiently supplied to the grid. The different types of
loads require different input voltages for their efficient operation.
The power electronic converters play vital role in conversion of power from one form
to another for such loads. However, the conversion is not pure dc in case of rectifier or not
pure ac in case of inverters. Hence, filters are very important part to be added with the
current power electronic converters. The filters help in reducing the ripple content. The
power conversion is done using the power electronic switches at high frequency. The
ripple content in the output depends on the switching frequency. The higher the switching
frequency the lesser is the ripple content. The power converter control strategies are also
important for better performance. Various control strategies are available such as PWM and
SVPWM are suggested. The efforts are being made by the researcher day by day to enhance
the performance of the available topologies. The solar power generation uses PV cells to
generate the power and the power is then stored in battery banks. The battery banks acts as
DC storage. The DC power is converted to the AC by the power electronic converters at
high efficiency.
The power electronic converters provide the variable injection with minimum power
loss. Hence, power electronic converters are the heart of renewable energy-based power
generation [1]. The next application of power electronic converters also resides in the DC
loads and electric vehicle charging stations. The improvements in technology are being
done in this field [2]. The converters provide facility of variable and optimal charging of
batteries. The power electronics today has application in every sector. The market is
promoting the electric vehicles to tackle the environmental issues and global warming. The
diesel locomotives are already been replaced by electric engines. The electric vehicles
charging station converts the grid AC to the DC and further fixed DC is made variable and
batteries are charged efficiently using the converters.

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As the increasing concerns of the global warming and increase in average temperature of
earth by about 0.8°C since 1880 and 0.15-0.20 °C/decade since 1975 world leading leader is
forced to think some alternatives for this. One other problem in front of world leader is that
earlier people depended upon non renewable source of energy such as coal, diesel, petrol
etc. to meet his energy demands but due to increasing population of world the conventional
source of energy is depleting very fast and going to exhaust in near future. With all these
concerns we are shifting very fast towards renewable energy source for our energy demand.
By use of renewable energy, we can mitigate or reduce the environmental problems such as:
greenhouse gases include Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrous Oxide (NO,), Methane (CI-14),
CFCs, other high global warming potential gases and pollutants including particulate
matter, Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides which create due to use of conventional
energy source.
The renewable energy source which is used for generating electricity is solar, hydro,
wind, tidal energy etc. As of March 31, 2017, the scenario of electricity generation in India
from renewable energy is about 57GW includes solar, wind and bio fuel. India also
focusing to develop 175GW from renewable energy source including 100GW grid
interacted solar electricity generation before 2022.
Nowadays SPV energy is widely used in home, industry, remote area power
requirement, hospital, agriculture purposes, park and public place etc. SPV array used as
standalone and grid interacted system. In grid interacted system a large SPV array plant is
designed and power fed to grid which is used by user. In standalone system SPV array fed
power to specific equipment. Now a day's solar mobile charger, solar lamp, solar fan etc. is
best suitable example for standalone SPV array system. The standalone SPV system
provide very good response to the people in remote area where grid power is not available
or where electricity supply is not available continuously. In recent time SPV energy is used
in irrigation purpose for water pumping mostly in arid region where rain fall is very less
supply of grid connected electricity is insufficient and watering is necessary for crop. This
system is also a standalone system example.

Multilevel Inverter
Multilevel inverters have been studied and improved for over 30 years and have found
useful industrial requirements. However, this is still a technical issue, and many new aids
and new useful topologies have been proposed in the past few years. The purpose ofathis
article is to group and comment on recent contributions to the current level of technology

2
development and to provide the reader with a complete and insightful overview of the
directionality of multilevel converter technology.
Multilevel inverters have recently attracted interest, mainly due to their high-power
ratings, high harmonic performance and the concentration of electromagnetic interference
(EMI) radiation that can be archived at many DC levels. A combination of output voltage
waveforms. In particular, multi-level inverters have sufficient needs
in applications such as medium voltage industrial drives, electric vehicles, and grid-
connected photovoltaic systems. Current research provides solutions for designing efficient
multilevel topologies ideal for medium and high-power industrial applications

State of Art
The aim of the research is to study the performance of Solar Water Pumping System
based on single phase induction machine and find the best suitable configuration.
 Constant V/F (Voltage/Frequency) SVPWM control for 3-phase induction motor
(IM) is utilized.
 Three Phase Induction Motor is to perform with variation of power generated from
Solar PV array. The speed of machine is changing according to variation in power
generated from PV. The total harmonic distortion minimized using modified
inverter topologies, and improved control schemes.
 The buck-boost Converters is utilized for better performance of solar water
pumping.
 The power of solar PV array is extracted with the help of MPPT for solar water
pumping.

Orientation of thesis
The contents of this thesis work are presented as follows.

Chapter 1-This chapter is started with and utilization of solar water pumping system.
The state of art is summarized with orientation of the thesis.
Chapter 2-This chapter presents the exhaustive literature review on solar water
pumping system. On the basis of literature review the area of further research work is
identified and also discusses VSI and CSI topologies along with the multilevel inverters,
importance of MLI, features, advantages and disadvantage. In the last,the outcomes of
literature review are summarized.

3
Chapter 3-In this chapter,the performance analysis of induction motor based on 3-level
NPC voltage source inverter using SVPWM technique is implemented.the performance of
speed and torque of IM is found satisfactory. Further more,the THD of voltage and current
are achieved with in the limit. The analysis of the system is performed in the MATLAB.

Chapter 4 -In this chapter,the performance analysis of solar water pumping using solar
PV array and MPPT algorihm based on 3-level NPC voltage source inverter
using SVPWM technique is implemented. The performance of solar water pumping is
found satisfactory. Further more,the THD of current and voltage are achieved with in the
limit. The analysis of the system is performed in the MATLAB.

Chapter 5 discusses the conclusions and future scope of dissertation work.

4
 CHAPTER 2

Literature review

Multilevel Rectifiers are attracting both academia as well as the industry in

recent years for meeting energy demands of medium voltage and high power
applications. Also, the waveform is synthesized in the levels, therefore a lower
harmonic distortion is achieved. The multilevel concept is used to decrease THD in
the input phase voltages of the NPC inverter. In case of 3-level converters, the input
phase voltages are formed in steps of three levels.

Converter topologies
The various topologies and types of converter have been suggested the time to
time by the researchers. The contribution and the previous work in the area are as
follows:
• Peter Cooper Hewitt in 1902, very first invented the mercury arc valves rectifiers
for conversion of AC to DC [3]. These were further developed in the later 1920s and
1930s.
• Later in 1975, the mercury valve rectifier became obsolete and the invention of
thyristors became more popular among the engineers [4]. The thyristor-based
rectifiers are provided the better-quality variable output voltage as compared to
conventional mercury arc valve rectifiers. the thyristor-based bridge rectifiers have
disadvantages such as low power factor, large filters and more harmonic injection to
the grid.
• Later in 1987, the rectifier technology developments led to the use of two-level
rectifiers for certain applications [5]. The voltage stress on the switches for high
power applications is higher than other methods. The conventional 2-level converter
is given in Figure 2.1. It had the problem of low power factor and more harmonic
injection in the grid. The solution was needed for the problem of voltage stress per
switch. The two-level converter was superior to the 6 old arc valve-based rectifiers.
Later, some more advancements were suggested for improved two-level converters.
The IGBT based 2-level converters were the most superior with minimum switching
losses.

5
 Figure 2. 1 Two Level Converter
• In 1996, Vienna rectifier, a topology of three level converter was suggested by the
researchers [6]. This topology was better than two level inverters in all terms and the
number of diodes were more and voltage stress was also more due to single switch
per leg which is shown if Figure 2.2.

Figure 2. 2 Vienna converter

• The next rectifiers was introduced the cascaded H bridge MLIs [7]. In the 2-level H
bridge converters provides high power handling Cascaded H bridge converters. The
Cascade H-Bridge converter is given in Figure 2.3.

6
 Figure 2. 3 Cascade H-bridge Multilevel Converter

• Among all topologies, three level neutral point clamped converters are the most
used for medium and high-power applications. The NPC has a lot of advantages over
above all topologies. The NPC converter has a lot of scope in the battery charging and
electric vehicle research areas. The NPC has the facility of bipolar dc bus that can
handle more dc loads than the unipolar dc bus [8]. It makes NPC handle more power
and making it best among all other topologies. The NPC converter will be discussed
thoroughly in Chapter 3.

Modulation methods
The modulation techniques for gating signal in the converter are responsible for
the quality of output. A lot of modulation methods have been seen in the literature
for the control of NPC rectifiers. The modulation methods fulfill the control
objectives by providing different pulse width to the converters. The reduced ripple,
better power quality is some of the goals which are achieved after smooth switching
of the semiconductor devices. The some of the modulation strategies have been
implemented in the switching of NPC rectifiers and are as follows:
• In this thesis [16], the pulse width modulation strategy compares the modulating
signals with the triangular wave. The pulse width is varied in different forms to obtain
7
the signals. The SPWM technique is implemented in the NPC rectifier. The reduced
THD is obtained using the sinusoidal pulse width modulation.
• In this thesis [17], SVPWM method is proposed. For the power electronic
converters, SVPWM method is found most advantageous and best. The lower
switching frequency leads to lower switching losses. The current THD is also very
less as compared to SPWM technique.
• In this thesis [18], The comparison of both the techniques are discussed. The some
of the points that can be concluded from the paper are as follows:
 The input current THD is always less in case of SVPWM as compared to
SPWM.
 The ripple factor is reduced in case of SVPWM with respect to SPWM.
 The switching power loss is also reduced in space vector modulation.
 The simulation results in the previous work reveals that the SVPWM gives
better quality fundamental output as compared to conventional SPWM
methods.
The SPWM is carrier-based technique while the SVPWM is based on the reference
vector rotating in the 360-degree frame. The SVPWM is the digital technique having
binary states. Each state represents the magnitude of the phase voltage vector. The
three-phase voltages are obtained instantaneously using one reference vector. Overall,
SVPWM leads the SPWM technique in all respects.

Solar water pumping

In [45], Solar PV fed IMD for water pumping system is implemented. In this case ,the
IMD is performed based on SVPWM. In vector controlled IMD implemented. To
maximize the efficiency,solar water pumping system works in two stages, which
involves direct conversion of DC-AC from PV. It means the proposed system is
without DC-DC converter. In [46], V/F control of IM water pumping system is
implemented. The INC MPPT algorithm is implemented for controlling DC-DC boost
converter and V/F based SVPWM is used for controlling VSI. Induction motor drive
is performed by direct torque control. In Landsman converter, Canonical Switching
Cell Converter base SRM drive for water pumping system is implemented. The
starting performance of IMD is also considered in this proposed system,through SPV
array BLDC motor drive for water pumping system is implemented. Boost converter,
Buck-Boost converter, ZETA converter, Cuk converter, Landsman converter, Luo

8
converter-based BLDC motor drive performance is demonstrated[44]. In an energy
storage device is added with bidirectional converter performance is shown.

Conventional inverter
Currently, there is intense competition between traditional power converter topologies
using high voltage semiconductors and new converter topologies using medium voltage
devices. However, in the current situation, multi-stage technology using medium voltage
semiconductors is competing with the development of classical power inverters using high
power semiconductors that are constantly evolving and not mature yet. While conventional
inverters are used for low power applications, they do not meet high power level
requirements.
Because the electrical drive system processes AC waveforms hence the main purpose of
the power converter required for variable speed drive is to generate an AC output waveform
from a DC power supply. Depending on the type of AC output waveform, the power
converter topology can be measured as a voltage source inverter and a current source
inverter (CSI). The amplitude, frequency and phase of the sinusoidal AC output should be
good. A voltage source inverter capable of self-measuring AC output voltage waveforms is
the most widely used power converter in ASD and many technical requirements. The
isolation of this technique is to present some of the internal operation of the inverter without
losing some detail, as the inverter circuit can be quite complex. Hence an inverter is a
converter that converts DC-AC power. Later, given the shortcomings of finding classic
inverters, we should understand multi-level technology and the benefits it offers.
Multilevel inverters are ideal replacements for power applications because they can
achieve high power using proven mid-power semiconductor technology. In fact, multilevel
inverters have significant advantages over conventional and well known two stage
converters. These advantages basically concentrate on improving the output signal quality
(voltage and current) and increasing the nominal power of the converter (Leon et al., 2000).
These features make multi-level inverters very attractive to the industry, and researchers
around the world are currently using different optimization programs to simplify control
and improve THD, Output signal, DC capacitor voltage balance and current ripples.
In power electronics, the term "inverter" means a power conversion circuit of the type
that operates from a DC voltage source or source and converts it to an AC voltage or
current. Even though the input to the inverter circuit is a DC power supply, this DC is also
common from AC power supplies such as useful AC power supplies. Figure 2.4 shows a
conventional voltage source inverter.
9
 Figure 2. 4 Conventional inverter circuit topology

Multilevel inverter
Medium-voltage and megawatt power levels are depended on the requirements of
the medium-voltage motor drive and the power company (Franquelo et al. 2008). renewable
energy sources such as solar power and wind power and fuel cells can be connected to
multi-level converter systems for high power requirements [23].
The multilevel converter starts with a three-level converter. The several multilevel
converter topologies are proposed. The basic idea of implementing a high-power multilevel
converter is to implement power supply changes by synthesizing a step voltage waveform
using a series of power semiconductor switches and low voltage DC power supplies.
Capacitors, batteries, and renewable energy sources can be recovered as multiple
DC sources. Power supply commutation switches these multiple DC power supplies
together to get high voltage at the output, but the rated voltage of the power semiconductor
switch is only affected by the rating of the relevant DC power supply (Bensraj & Natarajan
2010)[27].
The multilevel inverters are advanced to achieve higher voltage operation, with
additional switches and DC power supplies. It produces different voltage levels and limited
by semiconductor limitations. It can be used to low voltages produce harmonic noise, dv/dt
drops, and common mode voltage in linear waveforms. These properties are made for high
power medium voltage requirements. The large number of semiconductor switches in these
inverters reduce drive reliability and efficiency. As a result, many power electronics
researchers are made great efforts to develop multilevel inverters with the same advantages

10
and a smaller number ofasemiconductor devices[7]. For n-level multilevel inverter (MLI),
there (n-1) dc link capacitors are present. There are various types of MLI given below:

 Diode clamp multilevel inverter: Diode Clamp Multi Level Converter

incorporates a clamping diode. The midpoint of the clamp diode is connected to the
midpoint of the DC link capacitor. Diode clamp multilevel converters are also
known as neutral point clamp converters. The disadvantage of diode clamp
converters is that raising the converter level requires more clamp diodes.

Figure 2. 5 Diode clamp multilevel inverter

 Flying-capacitor multilevel inverter: These converters also provide the same

reduced step AC waveform. The difference is that a clamp capacitor is used instead
of the clamp diode. In addition to the DC link capacitance, there is an auxiliary
capacitor for the clamp.

11
 Figure 2. 6 Flying capacitor multilevel inverter

 Cascaded H-bridge multi-level inverter: The cascaded H-bridge converter uses

an H-bridge battery. Each H-bridge unit consists of four switch topologies and their
respective DC link capacitors. The advantage of a single battery with its own DC
link capacitor is that it can be easily integrated with distributed renewable energy
sources. Because various H-bridge batteries are cascaded to obtain high voltage
output, they are called cascaded H-bridge multi-level converters.

12
 Figure 2. 7 Cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter.
Advantages ofamulti-level inverter (MLI)
Multilevel converters have many advantages over traditional two-level converters
that use pulse width modulation (PWM) at high switching frequencies. The attractive
features of the multilevel converter can be concisely abridging as follows:

 Common mode (CM) voltage: Multilevel converters generate small CM

voltages, which can reduce stress on motor bearings connected to multi-stage motor
13
 drives. In addition, advanced modulation methods can be used to eliminate CM
voltage.
 Stepwise waveform quality: The multilevel converter not only reduces noise but
also reduces dv /dt stress, so it can concentrate electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
glitches.
 Switching frequency: The multilevel converter can operate not only at switching
frequency PWM but also at fundamental and high switching frequencies. It is well
known that lower switching frequencies usually mean lower switching losses and
higher efficiencies.
 Input current: Multilevel converters can draw input current with low distortion.
Unfortunately, multilevel converters have some drawbacks. A particular disadvantage is
the number of power semiconductor switches required. Low voltage rated switches are
available for multilevel converters, but each switch requires an associated gate drive circuit
(Lai and Peng 1996). This can make the whole system more expensive and complex. Over
the past 20 years, abundant multilevel converter topologies have been proposed. Modern
research involves new converter topologies and unique modulation systems.
Importance of multilevel inverter:-
The importance of multilevel inverters has been improved since last few decades. These
new inverters can combine the waveforms with higher harmonic spectra and lower total
harmonic distortion (THD), making them suitable for high voltage and high-power
requirements. Many topologies have been proposed and widely considered not only for
driver applications but also for non-traditional source applications.
Between these topologies, cascaded multilevel inverters are used in static reactive
power compensation and drive systems (Moran and Dixon, 2006). Multilevel inverters are
promising inverter topologies for high voltage and high-power requirements. The inverter
generates several different levels of DC voltage to generate a stepped AC output for
processing pure sine waveforms. It features high power quality waveform, low device
voltage rating, high efficiency, reduced dv/dt stress, reduced harmonic distortion, reduced
switching frequency and switching loss. It can be evaluated using a low-speed
semiconductor with a two-stage inverter (Moran and Dixon, 2002).
Main features of multi-level inverter:-
 At low switching frequencies, the noise on the AC side of the multilevel inverter
is reduced (using trodden modulation technique).

14
  It is important when a high DC side voltage is executed by request in traction
systems.
 The DC bus uses multiple levels to reduce the voltage stress on each power
device.
Voltage source inverter:-
A DC voltage power supply is supplied to a voltage source inverter. An AC/DC
rectifier used as the DC source in an ASD. The input terminal is capacitive and voltage
annealed in voltage source inverter. Input port has large size capacitor.The structure of a
typical multilevel voltage source inverter is shown in Figure 2.5.
VSI usually has a buck converter operation. The output voltage peak of VSI is lower
than the DC bus voltage. During its operation, short circuit is avoided between DC power
supplies. If VSI is bipolar, i.e. if the upper and lower switches provide a pulse width
modulated waveform then the interface and control circuit switches to the same section with
a small gap between the switching signal and the upper switch and lower part should be
designed accordingly.
There are many advantages like modularity, high efficiency, lesser switching losses in
cascaded H-bridge multilevel voltage source inverter. So, these are widely used in high
power and medium voltage application. The performance of inverters basically depends
upon their pulse width modulation technique (PWM) due to presence of many DC levels
voltages output waveform can be obtained sinusoidal due to easy control and modern
structure CHB inverter topologies are more attractive than other inverter topologies like
diode clamped and flying capacitor inverter

15
 Figure 2. 8 Multilevel voltage inverter circuit topology (Cascaded H-Bridge)
In the current source inverter, the direct current source converted into an alternating
current output current waveform. A current source inverter has more losses as compared to
voltage source inverter. Major losses come from input inductor used to produce the current
as a source. For some materials such as superconducting materials, this type of problem can
easily be conquered in the future. CSI DC port is an inductor and current annealing. Figure
shows the basic circuit configuration of H-bridge CSI

16
 Figure 2. 9 Basic circuit of H-bridge CSI
In ASD, DC power supplies are usually AC/ DC rectifiers with large inductance to
keep the current stable. Typically, the CSI has a boost operating function. Its output voltage
peak can be higher than the DC link voltage. Because the power supply is a DC power
supply, open circuits at both ends of the inverter should be avoided during operation. The
control circuit and interface must be designed to have a small overlap between the
switching signals to the upper and lower switches in at least one leg.
Nowadays, most of the inverters depend on the Voltage source conversion topologies.
Comparison of VSI and CSI given is follows:

 Large DC- link capacitors are used to limit high ripple current in VSI. Although
CSI has low DC link inductance and DC link capacitor; these capacitor and inductor
together measures the DC ripple voltage.
 CSI does not require any voltage boosting. Its lifetime is longer than VSI.
 In current source inverter DC link inductors reduces DC ripple current. Therefore,
a CSI is used in place of VSI, because DC link capacitors require lower value
capacitance as Compared to VSI, it is economically viable.
 It is desirable for the output LC filter to provide a sinusoidal voltage as compared
to CSI.
 The devices above and below cannot be gated simultaneously with resolution.
Then there is a shot and the device is cancelled. The problem of false induced shoot
of EMI noise is a major factor in converter consistency.

17
 Followings are the mutual issues of VSI and CSI:

 Their main circuit is irreplaceable. That is, the VSI main circuit cannot be
recirculated for CSI, and vice versa.
 It is susceptible to EMI noise.
 Also, these converters are either buck or boost but not a buck-boost type. Hence,
they provide an output voltage which is in the range either lower or higher than the
input DC voltage.

Solar power
The power of the sun can be utilized in two ways, one way is to collect solar
energy in a mirror, concentrate it in a pipeline, exchange the heat of the sun with a specific
fluid and then use it for power conversion as shown in Fig. 2.7

Figure 2. 10 Parabolic trough systems using mirrors []

Advantages and Disadvantages of PV systems:

The advantages of PV systems are:
1. PV systems have different sizes and outputs depending on several applications.
PV systems are lightweight and easy to transport safely.
2. Photovoltaic systems are considered to be electrostatic generators because they
convert the electricity directly from the sun. They are prepackaged and can be
installed and wired. The module contains no moving parts, so there is no need for
maintenance or maintenance.

18
 3. The production of photovoltaic systems can withstand the harshest environments.
This module is designed to withstand extreme temperatures, heights, strong winds,
and atmospheric moisture and salinity. The system is designed with storage space to
provide stable, high quality power even when exposed to sunlight.
4. It is easy to increase voltage and current ratings of the PV system by adding
modules in series and in parallel respectively.
5. Photovoltaic systems do not generate any noise or pollution or carbon dioxide
emissions.
The demerits of PV systems are as follows:
1. Maximum power point problem.
2. The manufacturing costs are very high when compared to other non-conventional
resources.
3. The efficiency is quite low.
4. Dust on the outside should be cleaned regularly.
The type of mode are axis which as stand alone and grid connected mode
 Stand-alone system

Stand-alone systems mainly include solar panels, battery packs for storage, and
inverters for DC to AC conversion as shown in Fig.2.8. This type is particularly suitable for
remote areas where basic energy demand is limited as long as there is a reasonable amount
of solar insulation [21-22].
This type of system uses a generator to charge the PV cell during long periods of
cloudy weather. It is also possible to combine PV systems with fossil fuel general purpose
devices. This "hybrid" system has much less fuel and maintenance for the generator and
extends battery life.

19
 Figure 2. 11 System in Stand-alone mode

 Grid connected systems

Different from stand-alone systems, the commercial power supply dialogue system is
connected to the power line, as per in Figure 2.9. The system has a PV solar module that
powers the device through a high-quality inverter. Inverters convert solar power generated
by solar power into high quality AC, usually available from the utility [23].

20
 Figure 2. 12 Grid-connected PV systems
Furthermore, power plants based on solar PV modules are grid-connected system because
they convert a large amount of electricity and add to the grid. Grid-connected systems offer
great potential as compared to stand-alone systems because they can sell unused surplus
power to the utility for a high price and still be supplied from the utility for a short period of
time, even at night.

Outcomes of the literature survey

 The NPC converter leads among all available topologies of multilevel inverter.
 The control strategies in the past doesn't include decoupled control of NPC
converter.
 The work in an area of NPC converter and their optimal tuning is not discussed
and yet to be done.
 Some other configurations of DC-DC converters may be exploited with various
MPPT technique.
 As this work is based on the stand alone system, in future grid connected system
may be designed.

21
 CHAPTER 3

3-LEVEL NPC VSI using SVPWM for renewable energy

sources

Introduction
The renewable energy utilization is inspired due to increase energy demand,
deficiency of conventional energy source and environment effects. Multilevel inverter used
for industrial, remote sensing, high power and medium power applications in recent years.
Basic concept of multi-level inverter is to achieve higher power using a power switch in
series with low DC voltage sources. The source of the power conversion is performed by
combining the step output voltage waveforms. The awareness of multi-level inverters is
increased due to the limitations of the traditional 2-level output inverter that handles high
power conversion. Multi-level inverter reduces total harmonics level and as the number of
levels increases, the harmonic content begins to decrease. Multi-level inverters are not only
achieving high power ratings, but also used renewable energy applications. The neutral
point clamped inverter applications include typical applications such as UPFC,
STATCOM, power regulators, power quality, grid- connected systems and reactive power
compensators [33].

Induction motors are multivariable and highly nonlinear systems. Therefore, it is difficult to
control the machine efficiently. Induction motors have been widely used for industrial
applications requiring a powerful control system for uncertain operating environments.
Various methods of speed control of induction motor such as direct and indirect magnetic
field direction control are widely used [36,13]. However, these methods are very
complicated and require much time for signal processing. Mathematical model induction
motors are described by higher order nonlinear differential equations as angular velocity,
torque, current and terminal voltage and rotor axis position variables. Due to sudden or
random load variations, the controlling parameters of induction motors are ambiguous.

22
 The field-oriented control method is used to achieve stable operation of IM [36].
Therefor multilevel inverters are suitable for controlling induction motor, which provides a
sinusoidal output voltage. In this chapter 3-level NPC inverter fed induction motor is
implemented, this minimizes stator current and reduces THD.
Further SVPWM technique is explained using switching states and sectors in section 3.3.
Thereafter a NPC voltage source inverter explained with the help of circuit diagram and
working principle in section 3.4 After that simulation results are shown with proper
waveforms in section 3.5 and at last all the summary discuss in section 3.6.

Induction motor drive

IM is much cheaper and robust as compared to other commercially available motors.

Cage induction motors are the most potential motor for EV propulsion, and are widely
accepted according to their low cost, low maintenance, ruggedness, reliability and ability to
operate in harsh environments. Currently, induction motor drive is the most mature
technology among other commutator less drives. The control of IM is more complicated
than the DC ones due to its complex dynamics. IMs can operate in wide speed range with
constant power, it is accomplished by flux weakening. The efficiency of induction motor at
high speed is relatively lower than permanent magnet (PM) brushless motors due to the
absence of rotor winding.
Furthermore, IMs have high inertia,efficiency and overload capability. Thus, IMs are
cheaper, more robust, and do not prove any failure at high speed. In addition, the motor also
works in explosive environments due to no sparks occur.
In view of all the above advantages, the IM must be considered as a complete electro-
mechanical energy converter. However, at variable speeds where the speed control system
is not trivial, mechanical energy is often required.
For obtaining the wide range of speed of IM drive, the variable frequency and variable
amplitude of three phase voltage are applied. The rotor speed depends on the rotation of
magnetic field provided by stator for variable frequency. Since the motor's impedance drops
at low frequencies, a variable voltage is required for limiting the supply voltage [13].
Limiting speed control of the IM is accomplished by switching the three phase stator
windings from the delta connection with to star connection before the power electronics
generate, which can bring down the voltage on the engine windings. IMs can likewise be
utilized for in excess of three phase stator windings to permit changing pole pairs. However,
motors with multiple windings are more extensive, as more than three connections to the

23
motor are required and only a few separate speeds are available. Another choice to speed
control can be accomplished by a wound rotor IM in which the rotor winding closures are
attracted to the slip ring [13]. This strategy plainly takes out numerous points of interest of
IMs alongside increasing the losses. Poor performance is found by interfacing a resistor or
reactance in arrangement with the stator twisting of the IM.

SVPWM
The SVPWM technology is used multilevel inverter applications for renewable energy
sources. Compared to SPWM, the SVPWM technology is to provide a wide range of
modulation, higher output voltage, lower switching loss, and better harmonic performance
for the same DC bus voltage. Space Vector PWM is represented by a unique sequence of
switches, and it is necessary to turn ON any one of the top three switching devices and
bottom three switching devices. In this implementation, we will sample the circular
trajectory that averages the reference current and the output current in time period T, with
the reference current [39].
The SVPWM technique has following types: -

 Reduced switching SVPWM

 Selection of sectors based SVPWM

 Reduced switching carrier based SVPWM

 Carrier based SVPWM.

A. Generation of getting logics

Following steps are used to generate neutral modulating waveforms [3]-

 Converting the reference voltage into αβ plane using αβ transformation.

 Measurement various regions.
 Determine all sectors.
 Measurement of switching time duration
Fig.3.1. describes the switching states of SVPWM technique for proposed inverter. An n
level inverter has n^3 possible switching states. There are six sectors in total and four
triangles in each sector and 27 switching states as shown below [4].

24
 Figure 3. 1 Switching States and Sectors of SVPWM

3-Level neutral point clamped voltage source inverter

The NPC-MLI (Multi Level Inverter) Class m inverter consists of 2(m-1) switching
devices per phase, (m–1) capacitors on the DC bus, and 2(m-2) clamp diodes. The
multilevel inverter NPC synthesizes small steps of the ladder's output voltage from the
various voltage levels of the DC capacitor. Every capacitor divides the voltage as Vdc/2
volts and the voltage is limited to one level of the capacitor by a clamp diode. The circuit of
3 level VSI with solar PV array is discussed in Fig.3.2. The gate pulses of switches use in
this inverter circuit are generated by MATLAB coding of SVPWM technique [40, 11].

Figure 3. 2 3-level NPC inverter solar PV array

25
 There are 2 capacitors, 2 clamp diodes and 4 switching devices per phase in the inverter
circuit. IGBT is used as switching device because of its higher switching frequency and
good voltage current ratings compared to other devices. Induction motor is taken in the
load. This is a 4-pole induction motor with 1500 rpm rated speed. To control speed and
torque characteristics of induction motor, PI controller is used so that stable output can be
obtained for this operation. Also using this inverter circuit, most of lower order harmonics
are reduced. Solar PV array is used as a source in which there are 40 parallel and 10 series
strings. The available voltage rating of this Solar PV array is approximate 360 volts. By
using this inverter circuit, we are reducing harmonics, no. switching steps, and improving
the torque speed characteristics of motor. We can further modify this inverter circuit into 5,
7, 9 levels etc. depending on the demand [37, 31].
The working and generation of 3 levels is explained by fig.3.3 and Fig. 3.4

 In Fig.3.3, the devices Q1 and Q2 are connected to leg a, so the output

voltage is +Vdc/2. Devices Q3 and Q4 are connected to leg b, and the
output voltage is -Vdc/2 in Fig. In leg c, devices Q2 and Q3 turn on,
resulting in 0V.
 Fig.3.4 shows that the output voltage is -Vdc/2 because devices Q3 and
Q4 are connected to leg a. Since devices Q3 and Q4 are connected to leg
b, the output voltage is -Vdc/2. In leg c, devices Q1 and Q2 conduct,
resulting in +Vdc/2.

Figure 3.3 Operating mode (a) of proposed inverter

Figure 3. 4 Operating mode (a) of proposed inverter

26
 Figure 3. 5 Operating mode (b) of proposed inverter

Simulation and Results

The simulation of multilevel inverter is done with the help of SVPWM technique and
parameters as shown in the table3.1. The simulation model of this inverter circuit is given
in fig.3.5. The output voltage of the inverter is show in Fig.3.6. The line and phase voltage
of the 3-ϕ inverter is given in Fig.3.6 and 3.8 respectively.The output current of the inverter

is show in Fig.3.7. The initial current is larger than steady state due to required more current
in the starting of the induction motor.

Table 3. 1 System parameters

S No. Component Type or Value

1. Solar PV Array 40 parallel, 10 series strings,
36.3volts and 7.8 amps per
string
2. Input Capacitor 2300 µF
3. Frequency 50 Hz
4. Induction 5 HP, 4 pole, Squirrel cage
motor type

27
 Figure 3. 6 3- level inverter using SVPWM technique for solar PV application

Figure 3. 7 Phase to phase output voltage waveform of 3-level NPC inverter

A suitable value of input capacitors is taken. The pattern of 3 phase output current of this
inverter after simulation is discussed in fig.3.7.
This 3-phase current is almost a sinusoidal wave which means the operation of this
inverter circuit is satisfactory. A 4-pole induction motor is taken in the load. The torque and
rotor speed characteristics of induction motor are discussed in Fig.3.9 and Fig.3.10.

28
 Figure 3. 8 Output inverter Current

Total harmonic distortion is reduced and calculated on the basis of Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) analysis, as shown in Fig.3.11 and Fig.3.12. THD in voltage and current is
0.76% and 2.57% respectively

Figure 3. 9 3-Phase line to line output voltage waveform of 3-level NPC inverter

29
 Figure 3. 10 Rotor speed waveform

Figure 3. 11 Electromagnetic torque waveform

30
 Figure 3. 12 Voltage THD waveform using FFT analysis

Figure 3. 13 Current THD waveform using FFT analysis

Summary

In this chapter, the performance analysis of induction motor based on 3-level NPC
voltage source inverter using SVPWM technique is implemented.the performance of speed
and torque of IM is found satisfactory. Further more,the THD of voltage and current are
achieved with in the limit. The analysis of the system is performed in the
MATLAB/Simulink environment.

31
 Chapter 4
3- level inverter for solar water pumping system using solar
PV array based on MPPT technique

Introduction
Nowadays, with the continuously increasing in price of non-renewable energy
resources like oil or other fossil fuels, generation of power with non-conventional
energy sources such that fuel cell, wind power system and PV system became a focal
point of research. It is becoming more beneficial for the environmental related issues
and energy conservation. The increase in energy demand caused by climate change
caused by carbon dioxide emissions has stimulated the use of photovoltaic energy. In
the photovoltaic power generation system, electric energy generated by photovoltaic
power generation can be supplied to the grid without being stored. The following are
the main components of the solar power generation system. (1) inverters, (2) solar
power generation panels, (3) other scales in the system (support of mechanical
structures, cables, shelters, etc.[44].
Solar PV arrays workspaces are increased and used in low-power applications such
as street lighting, homes etc., average power requirements such as pumps and lighting
parks and high-power requirements such as irrigation for remote use in agricultural.
Recently, SPV arrays are mainly used for power supply in pumping networks in arid
regions, as well as parks that require night lighting and continuous watering during the
day[41].
DC-DC converters can be used from low power to high power applications. Widely
these are employed in power generation in SPV cell, fuel cell, LED, wind turbines,
mobile and smartphones, laptop, inverter, battery charger, electric vehicle, wireless
power transfer, DC voltage regulator, adjustable speed drives and speed control,
aerospace applications, SMPS, power quality improvement, etc. DC-DC converters
work for or bidirectional power flow. DC-DC converters also called as DC transformer
used for step up or step down the voltage level by controlling duty cycle. In DC-DC
converters, the energy transfer takes place with the help of inductor and capacitor.
Nowadays multilevel voltage source converters are used to fed induction motor. In this
paper a three level VSI is used. The main feature of this inverter modal is that for
generation of getting patterns for switching devices space vector modulation (SVM)
technique. By using this technique modelling and simulation of this proposed inverter

32
modal are controlled speed and torque of induction motor under loaded condition which
is given efficient and stable operation.

Maximum power point tracking

The MPPT algorithm of a photovoltaic system is used to continuously set new
photovoltaic voltage references in order to sense P-V curves and to perturb the PV
operation point towards the potential maximum power point (MPP). In section 4.3, several
conventional MPPT algorithms are briefly introduced by analysing their advantages and
disadvantages. In section 4.3.1, the performance of the Perturb & Observer (P&O)
algorithm is discussed in detail because it provides fundamental concepts for other MPPT
algorithms.

Figure 4.1 Block Diagram of Solar system with MPPT Controller

Types of MPPT techniques

There are many different MPPT methods depending on the complexity, convergence
speed, parameters, cost, and ability to detect maxima and minima. Some of the
mostcommon techniques are
Conventional methods:
a. Incremental Conductance (INC) method
b. Perturb & Observe (Hill climbing) method
c. Fractional Short Circuit Current (FSCC) Method
d. Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV) Method

33
Artificial Intelligence
a. Fuzzy Logic Controller base
b. Neural Network
c. Neuro-Fuzzy Logic

Artificial intelligence, has a very fast response under all operating conditions and
produces very efficient results. It also works well with transient temperature and solar
radiation changes. The disadvantage of AI methods is that these are complex in design and
require a very fast processor to be physically implemented. Otherwise, the execution speed
will be slower. For each PV array type, you need to design a separate model to ensure good
performance. This too is considered as a drawback [28].

.4.3.1 Perturb and observe technique

In all available source of renewable energy solar energy is most efficient and easily
traceable. Along with this, global concern also for consuming less energy i e. highly
efficient machine to be used. For all these solar energies is most promising alternative for
conventional source of electricity generation system and boon for globe. SPV (Solar
Photovoltaic) system provide clean and green energy, no toxic emissions, no greenhouse
gases emission, no fuel cost involvement, least maintenance cost, no water use etc. and
uninterrupted supply throughout day when ever solar irradiance available[43]. PV
(Photovoltaic) cell first discover in early 1880s with use of Selenium at that time oil and gas
is cheap. Later in 1950s at bell laboratory accidently silicon PV cell is created and there
after used in space application and remote areas.
In 1980s a new type of SPV energy has been introduced and gained more importance in
the 1990s, research on solar cells is in progress and the cost of solar cells is decreasing, but
the system efficiency is as low as 5 to 6%, the initial cost is high, and the investment is
increasing. Currently, commercial solar panels have an SPV efficiency of about 15-16%,
and commercial solar panels have an efficiency ofaabout 27%. Some groups are studying
SPV systems, claiming that the efficiency of solar panels is 44.7%. This is a good sign for
the industry. Due to developing phase of technology there are many challenges which need
to address such as cost, efficiency, intermittency etc.
We can substitute PV cell by equivalent electric circuit which consist of a power supply,
one shunt resistance, one series resistance and a diode. If we connect a resistive load R to
cell then working point of cell will be on crossing point volt-ampere characteristic of cell

34
and load characteristic. SPV array output is largely affected due to different atmospheric
condition such as solar intensity, temperature, resistance, cloud etc.
One drawback of the P & O algorithm is that if the solar irradiance increases rapidly,
it appears that the P & O response increases as a result of the previous disruption of the
array's operating voltage [39]. Thus, the next operation will be the same as the previous
operation direction, which may be the opposite direction ofamaximum power. Figure 4.3
shows that the continuous voltage in one direction causes the operating voltage to move
away from the MPP voltage. When the change in irradiance decreases or stops, MPPT
resumes normal operation. (See Figure 4.3)
start

Sense V(K),I(K),D

dI=I(n)-I(n-1)
dV=V(n)-V(n-1)

NO Yes
dV=0

dI=0
dI/dV=-I/V

NO YES
NO
YES

dI/dV>-I/V dI>0
YES NO
NO YES

Increase D Increase D Decrease D Increase D

Update
V(n),I(n)

Return

Figure 4.2 MPPT algorithm flow chart.

35
 Figure 4.3 Deviation of MPP along with P&O method

Buck-Boost converter model

The buck-boost converter MATLAB / SIMULINK model is givenn in Figure 4.4. The
buck-boost converter plays a very vital role because as the duty cycle changes, it will
change the PV array's terminal voltage . As explained in the following section, the duty
cycle is determined from the signal of the MPP Tracker, regardless of whether it is FLC or
P&O.

Figure 4.4 Buck- Boost converter circuit

Table 4.1 Module parameter of buck-boost converter

Quantity Value

Capacitance, Cin 20*10-3 F

Output 3*10-3 F
Capacitance, Cout
Inductance, L 30*10-3 H

36
PV system design
Solar cells are built up of semiconductor that has ability of absorbing the irradiance and
temperature from the sun and converting into electrical power. The connection of these
modules can be done in two ways i.e. series and/or parallel. Series connections are made for
obtaining large output voltage while parallel connection is for large output current.
The Fig.4.5 gives the idea of basic equivalent circuit diagram of a single diode
Photovoltaic cell. An ideal PV cell may be designed by an independent current source
having a parallel connected diode to it, but practically no cell is ideal. The output power of
PV panel depends mainly on temperature and solar irradiance.

Figure 4.5 Basic equivalent circuit diagram of a single diode PV cell

For generating emission free and clean electricity photovoltaic based solar cell has been a
well-known power generation method. However, only direct current electricity (DC) is
produced from these systems, which is not directly used by normal appliances. Solar PV
systems are often comprised of inverters (changing DC to AC) and solar Photo Voltaic
panels (modules). The processes of producing solar Photo Voltaic cells involves highly
environmental toxic chemicals and are very poisonous also this process is energy intensive.
There are some solar Photo Voltaic manufacturing industries across the world
manufacturing Photo Voltaic modules with energy produced from Photo Voltaic. It helps in
reducing the carbon footprint in a large scale during the manufacturing process [37,38].
The solar PV array module consists of 1 parallel string and 10 series module which
gives 36.3 V open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current (Isc) of 7.8 A. The
proposed Solar PV system reach maximum power point at 79.24% of Voc and 84% of
Isc. Datasheet of Solar PV module is shown below in Table 4.2.

Buck-boost converter design

Buck boost converter is working in CCM mode. The parameters of converter

such as DC link capacitor (C), inductance value (L) and duty cycle designed by

37
 equations given below and summarized in Table 4.3. DC link voltage taken as 400V
within the specifies range. [43]

Vdc 400
D   0.5817
Vdc Vmp 400  287.6

Vmp  D 287.6  0.5817 

L  
 33.45m
IL  fs 0.2 5 5000

Imp  1 D 6.5521 0.5817

C    6.44F
V  fs 370 0.23 5000

Table 4.2 Design parameters for SPV array

Parameter Single module Complete

parameter module
parameter

Voltage at MPP (Vmp) 28.76V 287.6V

Current at MPP (Imp) 6.552A 6.552A

Power at MPP (Pmp) 188.4W 1884.3W

Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 36.3V 363V

Short Circuit Current (Isc) 7.8A 7.8A

Fill Factor 0.72 0.72

Table 4.3 Design parameters for buck boost converter

Parameter Data calculated Data taken (for simplify

calculation)

D .5817 .5817

L 33.45mH 40mH

C 6.44µF 10µF

Simulation and Results

The simulation of the multilevel inverter is done with the help of SVPWM
technique and parameters as shown in the Table1. The simulation model of this inverter

38
circuit is shown in Fig.4.6. The output of this inverter is explained in the waveforms
given below. Fig.4.7 shows PV array output voltage waveform. The pattern of 3 phase
output current of this inverter after simulation is discussed in Fig.4.8. This 3-phase
current is almost sinusoidal wave which means the operation is inverter circuit is
satisfactory. A 4-pole induction motor is used for water pumping system. The torque and
rotor speed characteristics of the induction motor are shown in Fig.4.9

Figure 4.6 3- level inverter using SVPWM technique for Solar water pumping
application

39
Figure 4.7 Output voltage waveform of the PV array

Figure 4.8 Output current of the inverter

40
 Figure 4.9 Output Torque and rotor speed waveforms

Summary
In this chapter,the performance analysis of solar water pumping using solar PV array
and MPPT algorihm based on 3-level NPC voltage source inverter using SVPWM
technique is implemented.the performance of speed and torque of solar water pumping is
found satisfactory. Further more,the THD of current and voltage are achieved with in the
limit. The analysis of the system is performed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.

41
 Chapter 5

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Conclusion
This dissertation work concludes that the solar PV array with Buck-Boost converter
fed induction motor works very efficiently in terms of speed and torque. The proposed
system is simulated with the help of SVPWM technique. The output voltage and current of
3-ϕ inverter are achived satisfactory.The total harmonic distortion is found with in

prescribed limit.
The performance of Solar PV in MPPT technique is analyzed for buck-boost
converter either for stand alone or grid connected mode.The output voltage of the inverter
and stator current of induction motor drive are obtained satisfactory.The performance
analysis of the system is analyzed in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The output
voltage of VSI and stator current of IMD are also obtained successfully.

Future scope

 The future work is to implement of the NPC converters in electric vehicle

applications.

 As this work is based on the stand alone system, in future grid connected system
may be designed.

 Some other control techniques may be applied for IMD control such as direct torque
control, vector control etc.

 The optimization techniques can be implemented in other topologies such as

cascade H bridge and DC-DC converters for improving their performances.

42
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 List of publications

International Conference

[1] Ravi Kant Sharma and Shivam, "Performance Analysis of Multilevel Inverter Based
on SVPWM for Renewable Energy Sources," 2019 6th International Conference on
Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), Noida, India, 2019, pp. 632-636
[2] Ravi Kant Sharma and Shivam, "Simulaton of multilevel inverter using SVPWM
technique used for solar water pumping," 2019 International Conference on
advance in Electronic,electrical and computational intelligence (ICAEEC),
Allahabad, India, 2019.

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