*DNA, RNA, and proteins are linear polymers in which the linkage between the

component units extends in only one direction without branching. The order of specific
kinds of nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or of specific amino acids in proteins, is called
the sequence of the polymer.

*Most of the molecular machines that carry out the various processes essential for
life are proteins. These include enzymes that catalyse chemical reactions, motor
proteins that move things inside the cell, architectural proteins that give the cell its
dynamic shape, and regulatory proteins that switch cellular processes on and off.

*The ribosome, which synthesizes proteins based on the sequences of messenger RNAs,
is made of both proteins and RNA, with RNA being the functionally more important
part.

*There are two central themes:

-First is that the function of a molecule depends on its structure and that biological
macromolecules can assemble spontaneously into functional structures.
-The second is that any biological macromolecule must work together with other
molecules to carry out its particular functions in the cell, and this depends on the
ability of molecules to recognize each other specifically.

*A living cell is a highly organized entity, with the cell membrane surrounding a specific
collection of macromolecules that are where they need to be in order to function
efficiently. Cells require a constant supply of energy to carry out the processes
associated with living. Without energy, they would quickly go into a quiescent state
and eventually disintegrate. The increase in entropy (disorder) upon disintegration
overcomes the energetically favourable interactions that enable the cell to function.
 BIOMOLECULES
-From Genes to RNA and Protein

* DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides, proteins are polymers of amino acids, and glycans are
polymers of sugars.

* Gene: A gene is a segment of DNA that is transcribed into RNA. The RNA could be functional
on its own or, if it is a messenger RNA, used for the production of proteins.

* A segment of DNA that codes for functional RNA or protein molecules is known as a gene.

* The precise relationship between the sequences of genes and that of RNA and proteins enables
the heritable transmission of information from parent to child.

* DNA, RNA and proteins are different from glycans because they are linear polymers— that is,
the polymer chain does not branch, as it does in glycans.