5G Beamforming PDF

The 2nd International
Towards 5G System:
Conference on Wireless and
Telematics (ICWT 2016) Issues and
Challenges in
1-2 August 2016 Beamforming
Grand Aston Hotel Yogyakarta Indonesia
Prof. Dr. Mahamod Ismail
1 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Abstract
In order to meet Fifth Generation (5G) wireless system requirement in term
of user and system capacity, various disruptive technologies have been
proposed among other heterogeneous network (HetNets) over multiple
Radio Access Technologies (multi-RATs), Millimeter-wave, Massive MIMO
and Device-to-Device and Full-duplex communications. As 5G is
anticipated to operate in higher frequency, the propagation is more
hostile, however more elements can be packed into smaller antenna, thus
it become possible to steer the transmission towards the intended
direction and users using Direction-of-Arrival (DoA) information.
Traditionally, a beamforming is a signal processing techniques used to
control the directionality of the transmission and reception of radio signals,
thus the beam can be directed toward users and suppressed towards
interferers. Moreover, in 2G and 3G system, it been deployed using either
switched beam or adaptive beamformers in 2G and 3G system. Besides
several benefits in term of decreased interference, reduces overall
transmission power in networks, extended service and higher data rates in
sparse deployment, various issues and challenges need to be resolved for
5G beamforming deployment such as digital beamforming, DOA
estimations, Millimiter-wave beamforming and Massive MIMO
beamforming. 2 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Outline
 Introduction
 5G Enabler
 Beamforming
 BF Challenges
 Related Research
 Conclusion
Introduction
Source: Qualcomm 2013
Introduction
Source: Rumney 2014 5 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

Introduction
Source: Roberts 2015 6 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

Introduction
3GPP Release-12 Onwards
MTC – Machine-Type Communications

eMBMS - Evolved Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service
D2D – Device-to-Device 7 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Introduction
3GPP Release-10
Source: Nagata 2014 8 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

Introduction
3GPP Release-10

Introduction
3GPP Release-11

5G Enabler
Source: Tafazolli 2015 11 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

5G Enabler
 High Capacity
 Avoid capacity crunch
with vast number of IoT
devices
 High Throughput
 User throughput ~ 1
Gbps
 Low Latency
 Latency < 1 ms
 High Quality
 High QoE
 Efficiency
 Cost efficient high
density small cell
capacity and energy
efficient
 Long Battery Life
 Energy efficiency (up to
10 years)
Source: Roberts 2015 & Benn 2014 12 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
5G Enabler
5G Enabler
Heterogeneous Networks
•Small cell, new carrier type, multiple RAT, D2D
Software Defined Cellular Networks
Massive MIMO and 3D MIMO
Machine to Machine Communications
Other Technologies
•mmWave, shared spectrum, big data, indoor positioning
5G Enabler
Heterogeneous Network (HetNet)
5G Enabler
Software defined
control framework
for heterogeneous
RAN
5G Enabler
Network slicing in software defined mobile networks

5G Enabler
The features and

benefits of Release
12 work items
Massive MIMO 18 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

5G Enabler
5G Enabler
5G Enabler
Beamforming
 Essentiallynarrows a signal toward a receiver
 Identified as a part of the solution to the 5G deployment
problem.
 Already, beamforming is becoming a standard element
in many wireless scenarios, from Wi-Fi deployments to LTE
rollouts.
 Benefit in Massive MIMO
 Enhanced energy efficiency
 Improved spectral efficiency
 Enhanced data rate through
gain improvement
 Increased system security
 Improved link reliability
 Applicable for mm wavebands
Beamforming
Two adjacent cells each communicating with
a respective UE located at the boundary
between the two cells (eNB1UE1,
eNB2UE2) with maximum signal power in
the azimuth direction of serviced UE and by
steering the power null location in the
direction of interfered UE. Beamforming can
provide considerable performance
improvements particularly for cell edge users.
The beamforming gain can also be used to
increase the cell coverage where required.
A single cell (eNB3) communicating

simultaneously with two spatially separated
devices (UE3 and UE4). Since different
beamforming weightings can be applied
independently to each of the spatial
multiplexing transmission layers, it is possible
to use Space Division Multiple Access
(SDMA) in combination with MU-MIMO
transmissions in order to deliver an improved
cell capacity.
Beamforming
Beamforming
Buttler Matrix
Switched Adaptive Analog Digital

Beamforming Beamforming Beamforming Beamforming
Non Blind Adaptive Blind Adaptive Hybrid

Algorithms Algorithms Beamforming
LMS CMA
Battler Matrix
RLS LS-CMA
Beamforming
SMI LCMV classifications
CGA MVDR
Beamforming
Switched beamforming vs adaptive beamforming

Beamforming
SWITCHED BEAMFORMING ADAPTIVE BEAMFORMING
COVERAGE AND BETTER COVERAGE AND WITH THE SAME POWER LEVEL,
CAPACITY CAPACITY COMPARED TO CAN COVER A LARGER AND
CONVENTIONAL ANTENNA UNIFORM AREA COMPARED TO
SYSTEMS. THE IMPROVEMENT IS SWITCHED BEAMFORMING.
FROM 20 TO 200%.
INTERFERENCE SUFFERS FROM A PROBLEM IN OFFERS MORE COMPREHENSIVE
ELIMINATION DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN THE INTERFERENCE REJECTION
DESIRED SIGNAL AND AN
INTERFERER SIGNAL
COMPLEXITY AND - EASY TO IMPLEMENT IN - VERY DIFFICULT TO
COST EXISTING CELLULAR SYSTEMS IMPLEMENT AND EXPENSIVE.
AND INEXPENSIVE. - REQUIRES TIME AND
- SIMPLE ALGORITHMS ARE ACCURATE ALGORITHMS
USED FOR BEAM SELECTION (VERY COMPLICATED) TO
STEER THE BEAM AND NULLS.
Beamforming
 Beamforming utilizes multiple antennas
transmitting at the same frequency to realize
directional transmission
 Open loop beamforming
 Usedprecomputed beamforming weights without
knowledge of the user’s location
 Closed loop beamforming
 Employs channel state information (CSI) to
calculate the beamweights
Beamforming
Beamforming
Beamforming
Electrical downtilt Conventional 2D MIMO beamforming
3D dynamic beamforming in 3D dynamic beamforming in

horizontal sight vertical sight
Beamforming
Beamforming
Classification of Beamforming Techniques :

• Direction of Arrival (DOA) beamforming
 The eNodeB estimates the direction of arrival of the signal, uses
the DOA information to calculate the transmit weight, and targets
the major lobe of the transmit beam at the best direction.
• MIMO beamforming:
 The eNodeB uses the channel information to calculate the
transmit weight, forming a beam.
In the industry
• TDD system uses open loop beamforming and
• FDD system uses closed loop beamforming.
Beamforming
Several AAS beamforming and beam steering

applications are possible for macro cell sites
Beamforming
Applications of full-dimension MIMO (FD-MIMO) with 3D BF
Beamforming
• Multi-antenna technology is a wireless communication
technology which uses more than one antennas in both Base
Station (BS) and Mobile Station (MS) in many wireless
communication standards, such as 16e,16m,LTE,LTE-A
• The technology brings:
• Power Gain
• Space Diversity Gain
• Spatial Multiplexing Gain
• Array Gain and
• Co-channel Interference Reduction Gain.
• Therefore, it is used to improve the system coverage,
enhance the link reliability and increase system capacity, and
what’s more, these performances can be achieved without
obvious cost increase in wireless communication systems.
Beamforming
• Space-Time Block Coding (STBC)
• achieve the Spatial Diversity Gain
• offers redundancy in the spatial dimensions by transmitting a signal
on more than one antenna during two time slot.
• Space Multiplexing (SM)
• is for the Multiplexing Gain in MIMO system
• it sends a different signal on each time-frequency resources of each
antenna
• could multiply spectrum efficiency without additional spectrum
resources.
MIMO system 36 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

Beamforming
• Beamforming (BF) provide Array Gain and Co-channel Interference
Reduction Gain
• By weighting the signal streams, the BS forms a narrow wave beams
which points to the direction of aim user while suppress the
interference signal from non-aim user.
• Traditional BF technology is based on estimating the Direction of
Arrival (DOA) of beamforming phased-array and calculating the
beamforming weights based on channel coefficient matrix
• The BF technology is also called “MIMO-BF” or “MIMO BF”.
• Different with MIMO+BF, MIMO-BF or MIMO BF is solely BF without
being combined with MIMO Matrix A or MIMO Matrix B.
BF systems
Beamforming
MIMO+BF Scheme 1 - based on the antenna sub-array & data transmission
MIMO+BF Scheme 2- based on the entire antenna array & data transmission
Beamforming
The evolutionary path where Generation II moves the radio units from the indoor enclosure at
the base of a tower, up to the tower top below the antenna. RRU replaces coaxial feeder
cables with fiber-optic cable interconnects. Generation III integrates the radio unit, typically
2T4R, and antenna within the radome where the radio interfaces with a cross-polarized
antenna array. Generation IV integrates multiple radio transceivers inside the antenna where
each radio interfaces with a dedicated antenna element to form an array.
BTS – Base Transceiver Station

RRU – Remote Radio Unit
IAR – Integrated Antenna Radio 39 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
AAS – Active Antenna System
Beamforming
Baseband Beamforming architectures
• Provide large antenna gain and this enables multi stream, multi user
connections with a variety of transmission modes.
• When the design requires hundreds of antennas, which all need hundreds
of power-hungry converters (both ADC and DAC) - increase hardware
complexity and power consumption of the system and makes this
architecture impractical for these types of designs.
• Weighting factor Wi is a function of amplitude and phase with i {1..n} as
number of antenna paths, precoding and combining are performed in BB.
Baseband Beamforming architectures 40 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

Beamforming
RF Beamforming architectures
• The precoding and combining is done in the RF side with lower power
consumption and lower hardware complexity.
• Since high performance phase shifters in CMOS introduce phase and
amplitude error verses frequency as well as phase variation verses the
control voltage, the design of high performance phase shifters in CMOS
turns out to be quite challenging.
• Weighting factor Wi is a function of amplitude and phase with i {1..n} as
number of antenna paths, precoding and combining are performed in RF.
RF Beamforming
architectures
Beamforming
Hybrid Beamforming architectures
• The precoding and combining is done in both baseband (BB) and RF
sections. Baseband precoder(FBB) / combiner(WBB) using digital signal
processing and RF precoder (FRF) / combiner(WRF) using phase shifter.
• By reducing the total number of the RF chains and ADC/DAC, hybrid
beamforming still gets similar performance to that of digital beamforming,
but saves power and complexity.
• With this structure even though we used a large enough number of
antennas, the lossy mmWave channel naturally suppresses multi path
interference and reflections.
Hybrid Beamforming architectures 42 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

Beamforming
Hybrid Precoding in mmWave and massive MIMO Systems
 Designing hybrid analog/digital precoders/combiners is challenging mainly

because of the coupling between the analog and digital precoders.
 Investigation on the hybrid precoding/combining design problem for single-
user/multi-user mmWave and low-frequency massive MIMO systems. Also hybrid
precoders design for wideband frequency selective mmWave systems.
Beamforming
Beamforming
 3D beamforming
 Both vertical and horizontal directions
 Vertical cell splitting (sectorization)
Beamforming
BF Challenges
FD-MIMO 3D
Beamforming
BF Challenges
Rohde & Schwarz 2016

BF Challenges
mmWave Beamforming
• To provide high throughput in small geographic areas
• Directional BF for signal power and reduced interference
• Sensitivity to blockages, indoor coverage more challenging
BF Challenges
BF Challenges
BF Challenges
BF Challenges
BF Challenges
• Feedback for channel state information for hybrid
beamforming in 802.11ay
BF Challenges
• Efficient beam selection for hybrid beamforming
Related Research
 5G Initiative in Malaysia
 Was established on 3rd Sep 2014 – initiated by Wireless
Communication Centre (WCC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
(UTM)
 Members from universities, research institutions, industries and
Malaysian Technical Standards Forum Bhd. (MTSB)
 MTSB is designated by Malaysian Communications and
Multimedia Commission (MCMC) and was established to
embrace self regulatory by initiating and facilitating the
development of technical codes, standards and guidelines
 The objectives of 5G committee
 To foster collaboration and partnership
between academia and industry in
5G R&D activities in Malaysia.
 To contribute to the standardization
of IMT-2020
 To become evaluation group for Source: Rahman, T.A. 2015
IMT-2020 standardization
Related Research
 5G Initiative in Malaysia
Source: Rahman, T.A. 2015 57 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

Related Research
• Pilot Contamination and its
Effect Towards Massive-MIMO
Capacity in Fifth Generation
(5G) Wireless Transmissions
• Problem statements:
• Pilot contamination is caused by the interference from all
users in the other cells during training phase
• The effect of pilot contamination becomes worst when
all the nearby cells are time-synchronized cells
• Pilot contamination caused asymptotic Signal to
Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR)
• Objectives
• To analyze the effect of pilot contamination that limit the
implementation of large number of Massive-MIMO
antenna
• To investigate the relationship between spatial sub-
channel coefficients and channel estimation error under
5G downlink transmission requirements
• To validate the performance of temporal-based pilot
contamination avoidance technique in higher order
Massive-MIMO
Related Research
 EstimatingDoA From Radio Frequency RSSI Measurements
Using Multi-Element Femtocell Configuration
Related Research
Interference Mitigation Strategies for Co-Existence
Among 5G Heterogeneous Networks
Sub-group Work Package Contributions
Improved beam steering based on

DoA machine-learning algorithm
Estimation
for 5G
femtocell Localization issues related to 5G
femtocell deployment
Interference Interference characterization in 5G

& 5G Radio HetNet
Coexistence Environment
in 5G al Map Interference coordination
technique
Cross & co-layer interference in

D2D D2D transmissions
interference
mitigation Network offloading capabilities in
dense scenario
Related Research
Problem Statement
 Provision of directional beam
forming in femtocell
mandated by coverage
optimization and cell
mitigation
 Future 5G wireless networks will
have to contend with severely
limited range at the high
frequencies at which they will
operate
 Expect to see a proliferation of
5G base stations, including
multiple ones within a single
building.
Related Research
Problem Statement
 A handset usually communicates
though the nearest tower but
can be made to use a more
distant one if the nearest tower
cannot handle its traffic.
 No evidence investigating Radio
Environment Map (REM) in
mitigating the intercell
interference.
 What is not yet known is the role
of REM in facilitating small and
dense cells deployment in future
5G.
Related Research
Problem Statement
 Device-to-Device (D2D) architecture improve
throughput, coverage, end-to-end latency.
 However, introduces several challenges, such as
interference management between cellular and
D2D users becomes one of the most critical issues
for in-band D2D communication.
 If the generated interference is not well
controlled, it will deteriorate the potential benefits
of D2D communication since the overall cellular
capacity and efficiency is degraded
Related Research
Objectives
 To introduce a novel DoA estimation
technique of the users in 5G femtocell
network by using machine learning process
 To quantify the benefits of REM-data
measurements experimentally in the intercell
interference coordination within 5G small cells
 To design an innovative interference
cancellation technique to mitigate cross-layer
and co-layer interference in D2D enabled
cellular network.
Related Research
Methodology
 WP1: DoA Estimation for 5G Femtocell Multi-element Antenna
 PHASE 1: Problem background and DoA characterization
 PHASE 2: Development of beam steering technique based on
machine learning DoA algorithm
 PHASE 3: Validation of beam steering in potential 5G
environment
 WP2: Interference Mitigation for 5G Small Cells with Radio
Environment Map (REM) PHASE 1: Development of Spectrum
Sensing and Localisation Tracking
 PHASE 2: Development of REM database
 PHASE 3: Development of Intercell Interference Coordination
technique
Related Research
WP 2: Overview of REM Prototype Architecture
REM Manager
Spatial interpolation toolbox REM Storage and
Propagation models toolbox Acquisition unit
Statistical toolbox (REM SA)
...
Spectrum measurement data

REM Users
MCDs information
Transmitters/receivers
regulator
Policy
information
authorities Managers
Propagation models
network Radio Interference Fields Measurement Capable
RRMs admins
Statistical data Devices (MCDs)
...
Related Research
Methodology
 WP3: Cross & Co-Layer Interference Mitigation
Strategy for Device-to-Device (D2D)
 PHASE 1: Investigation of interference cancellation
techniques in D2D enabled cellular networks and
5G transmission
 PHASE 2: Exploring the feasibility of integrating
interference cancellation and Beamforming
precoding to D2D enabled cellular network
 PHASE 3: Evaluate the interference cancellation
based on 5G specifications and network
offloading scenario
Related Research
WP 3: Cellular Offloading in D2D Communications
in Multi-tier cells in Heterogeneous Networks
Related Research
• Capacity Evaluation for UWB/mmWave Deployment in
5G System
28 GHz
SINR A=??????
38 GHz
SINR B=??????
73 GHz
SINR C=??????
MAX_SINR
CAPACITY(M)=N * B.W * log1(1+MAX_SINR)
CAPACITY_AVG=N * (B.W/NO_USER ) * log1(1+MAX_SINR)
Related Research
• Capacity Evaluation for UWB/mmWave Deployment in
5G System
Empirical CDF
3000 1
SINR A
21
0.9 SINR B
22 20
2000 9 813 SINR C
57 23 8210 3 717 19 0.8
Max SINR
35 50 27
66
36 34 29 49 115
28 26
43 11 12 36
9 8 87 24 63 84 265 3 652 0.7
1000 47 48 12
37 10 4 647 5933 25 29 421 27219 1 25
P(SINR>absisca)
20 10
95 9431 769 0.6
11 12 281172 7 33 86 4690552 6 75
38 80 623
40 514596 2
3 356070 30 32
0 39 9356 12 41155 34
140
99
22 1 74 8 31 23 0.5
4429 9798 32
6 929168
54 37 18
30 1781 69
28 16
4 38 77
5 30 6 58 3867 36
21 20 13 78
42 15 14 15 14 0.4
39 100 41
31 22 5 19 27 1489 39 16 53 7 13 35
-1000 8 43
88 79 44 37
42 2617 18
23 24 0.3
32 34 1583 14 25 40 42
33 61 73 41
45 16 6 13 41 0.2
85
9 2
-2000 171018 24
46 48
47 0.1
-3000 0
-3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
SINR (dB)
Related Research
• A Hybrid Gravitational
Search Algorithm (GSA)
for Enhancement of
Minimum Variance
Distortion-less Response
(MVDR) Beamforming
 To develop and investigate the
MVDR beamforming algorithm
assisted by GSA so as to obtain a
deeper null at interference R 1a( )
sources and more accurate WMVDR  H
steering of main lobe toward
a ( ) R 1a( )
desired signal.  W1 
W 
 To analyses the performance of W MVDR  2 
the GSA so as to enable Hybrid   
 
GSA (HGSA) based beamforming W M 
algorithm to obtain its optimized
weight vectors with better
throughput.
Related Research
• Minimization result of benchmark functions with tmax=1000
Function Method Mean Median Best Std
F1 MBGSA 1.66×10-1 1.59×10-1 1.28×10-1 0.0322
ECGSA 1.55×10-3 1.35×10-3 1.22×10-4 0.0011
SLGSA 16.04 10.80 7.09 10.12
HGSA 3.6×10-4 3.12×10-4 3.65×10-5 0.0003

F2 MBGSA 3.07×10-9 3.05×10-9 2.36×10-9 5.16×10-10
ECGSA 2.93×10-9 2.97×10-9 1.03×10-9 1.12×10-9
SLGSA 1.11×10-9 1.12×10-9 8.52×10-10 1.09×10-10
HGSA 8.81×10-10 7.84×10-10 1.23×10-10 5.63×10-10

F3 MBGSA 23.82 23.84 23.47 0.31
ECGSA 22.6 22.6 22.1 0.169
SLGSA 25.05 25.12 23.86 0.260
HGSA 21.94 22.19 20.13 0.79

F4 MBGSA 1.28 1.38 0.07 0.34
ECGSA 2.48×10-2 1.48×10-2 0.00×100 0.027
SLGSA 0.03 2.19×10-2 0.00×100 0.030

HGSA 2.08×10-12 2.94×10-14 2.55×10-15 7.96×10-12
F5 MBGSA 6.1×10-3 8.4×10-20 4.52×10-20 0.025
ECGSA 1.02×10-22 8.68×10-23 2.82×10-23 7.14×10-23
SLGSA 5.69×10-19 5.72×10-19 2.72×10-19 1.65×10-19
HGSA 2.65×10-23 2.22×10-23 1.08×10-23 1.4×10-23 72 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

Related Research
 Comparison of SINR calculation for various cases
Method 1 Interference at 2 Interference at 3 Interference at 4 Interference at
30˚ 30˚,50˚ 30˚,50˚,25˚ 30˚,50˚,25˚,60˚
MVDR 40.65 33.88 27.02 12.17
GSA-MVDR 67.10 63.65 32.25 12.52
MBGSA-MVDR 69.99 69.99 36.13 12.79
ECGSA-MVDR 69.99 69.99 36.61 12.79
SLGSA-MVDR 69.99 69.74 35.69 12.76
HGSA-MVDR 69.99 69.99 37.72 12.81
Related Research
• MVDR assisted by GSA perform better in terms of SINR in all
simulated scenarios as compared to conventional MVDR.
• Three new modifications of GSA have been proposed as HGSA:
 Memory Based Gravitational Search Algorithm (MBGSA)
 Experience oriented-Convergence improved Gravitational Search
Algorithm (ECGSA)
 Stochastic Leader Gravitational Search Algorithm (SL-GSA)
• The HGSA-MVDR performs the best as compared to
conventional MVDR beamforming technique, GSA-MVDR,
MBGSA-MVDR, ECGSA-MVDR, SLGSA-MVDR beamforming
technique. HGSA-MVDR with high convergence rate is able to
determine the best weight vectors to produce better SINR in all
scenarios.
• The HGSA performs the best as compared to conventional GSA
and its variants. HGSA with high convergence rate is able to
produce the best value in the benchmark functions.
Related Research
• Efficient Adaptive Handover
2
2
r
βCC1 = 450
Techniques Over Coordinated
be
be
βCC1 = 450 βCC2 = 450
um
um
βCC2 = 450
rN
rN
cto
cto
βCC1 = 1800
Contiguous Carrier Aggregation

βCC1 = 1800 Sector Number 1 Sector Number 1
Se
βCC2 = 1800
Se
βCC2 = 1800
βCC1 = 3000 βCC1 = 3000
Deployment Scenario In LTE- βCC2 = 3000 βCC2 = 3000
Sector Number 3 Sector Number 3
Advanced System (a) (b)
• CC-CADS deployment scheme is using βCC2 = 900
2
βCC1 is the Beam Angle of CC 1
r
be
βCC1 = 300
um
two contiguous CCs with different beam βCC2 is the Beam Angle of CC 2
rN
βCC1 = 1500
cto
Sector Number 1
Coverage and Beam Pattern
orientation for each carrier to enhance
Se
of CC1
βCC2 = 3300
βCC2 = 220 0
the coverage of the eNB

Coverage and Beam Pattern
βCC1 = 2700 of CC1
Sector Number 3
(c)
(a) CADS-1, (b) CADS-2, and (c) CADS-3

eNB2
eNB1
eNB3
eNB4
CC1 (F1) CC2 (F2)
Sector - 1 Sector - 2 Sector - 3 75 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

Related Research
• The average RSRP, SINR, spectral efficiency and outage probability in CC-
CADS scenario are significantly better compared to the typical CADSs.
Empirical CDF 8
1
7
0.9 CADS-1
]
rxlevmin
CADS-2 6
0.8 CADS-3
CDF Probability of User’s RSRP [P > Q
CC-CADS 5
0.7
Average SINR [dB]

r
4
0.6
3
0.5
2
0.4
1
0.3 CADS-1
0 CADS-2
0.2 CADS-3
-1 CC-CADS
0.1
-2
-54.5 -54 -53.5 -53 -52.5 -52 -51.5 -51
0 Average Serving RSRP [dBm]
-57 -56 -55 -54 -53 -52 -51 -50 -49 0.35
Average Serving RSRP [Pr (dBm)]
Empirical CDF 40km
1 60km
0.3
80km
Average Outage Probability [  <  ]

0.9 CADS-1
thr
100km
CADS-2
CADS-3
0.25 120km
0.8
CDF of Spectral Efficiency Probability
CC-CADS 140km
0.7
0.2
0.6
0.15
0.5
0.4 0.1
0.3
0.05
0.2
0.1 0
CADS-1 CADS-2 CADS-3 CC-CADS
0 Carrier Aggregation Deployment Scenarios
2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6
Average UE’s Spectral Efficiency [bps/Hz]
3.8 4 4.2 76 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
• Steerable Beamforming
Techniques over Carrier
Cell Layout
1.5
Aggregation in LTE-Advanced 1
7
System 0.5
6 2
• Interference mitigation using antenna
km
0 1
beam steering coordinated with Carrier-
Aggregation for capacity enhancement -0.5
5 3
4
-1
-1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
km
Related Research
SINR for F1 (2.1GHz)
1
F1 for 10 UE
0.9 F1 for 50 UE
F1 for 100 UE
0.8
0.7
0.6 X: 6.484
Y: 0.5
F(x)
0.5
0.4
SINR for F2 (2.6GHz)
0.3
1
F2 for 10 UE
0.2 0.9 F2 for 50 UE
F2 for 100 UE
0.1 0.8
0 0.7
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
SINR (dB)
0.6 X: 20.53
Y: 0.5
F(x)
0.5
SINR performance 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
SINR (dB)
Related Research
 Current Grants
 A New DoA Estimation Technique based on Multi-element
Antenna configuration in Femtocell for 5G Cellular Mobile
Communication
 Autonomous Multi-objective Cross-layer Optimization for
Ultra-dense 5G Cellular Networks
 Pilot Contamination and its Effect Towards Massive-MIMO
Capacity in Fifth Generation (5G) Wireless Transmissions
Conclusion
 The promising 5G technology is totally a new

technology that utilizes multiple Radio Access
Technologies (RAT) to meet users demand.
 Among others, interference mitigation and capacity
enhancement are two important issues to be resolved
before 5G deployment.
 Massive MIMO and 3D beamforming is one of the
potential solution for spectral efficiency enhancement.
 However, there are many challenges to be resolve
before system deployment at mmWave frequencies
(30 GHz and 60 GHz)
References
 Wonil Roh. 2015. Advanced MIMO/Beamforming as Key Enabler for
5G. Johannesberg Summit. May 2016.
 Chin, Woon Hau, Zhong Fan, and Russell J. Haines. "Emerging
Technologies and Research Challenges for 5G Wireless Networks."
IEEE Wireless Communications April 2014.
 Akhil Gupta & Rakesh Kumar Jha. A Survey of 5G Network:
Architecture and Emerging Technologies. IEEE Access. 2015
 Miranda, J.P. 2014. Interference Mitigation & Massive MIMO for 5G:
Summary of CPqD’s Results.
 Shayea, I., M. Ismail, R. Nordin & H. Mohamad 2014. Handover
Performance over a Coordinated Contiguous Carrier Aggregation
Deployment Scenario in the LTE-Advanced System. International
Journal of Vehicular Technology 2014(15):1-15.
 Tharek Abd. Rahman. 2015. Malaysian Towards 5G: Standardization
and R&D Activities. 5G IMT Seminar
 Rahim Tafazolli. 2015. 5G: Special Generation. 5G IMT Seminar
References
 Konstantinos Dimou. 2013. Interference Management Within 3GPP
LTE-Advanced.
 Phil Roberts, 5G – is this the technology that will deliver the ultimate
mobile experience? 2015 (http://telecom.com)
 Qian Li,Huaning Niu, Apostolos Papathanassiou & Geng Wu. 5G
Network Capacity. IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine. March 2014
 Moray Rumney. Keysight Technologies - Finding Space for 5G. 2014
 Howard Benn, Vision and Key Features for 5th Generation (5G)
Cellular. 2014
 Afaz Uddin Ahmed, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, and Mahamod Ismail.
2015. Estimating DoA From Radio Frequency RSSI Measurements Using
Multi-Element Femtocell Configuration. IEEE Sensors Journal
15(4):2087-2092.
 http://www.telecomclouds.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/. 2015
 Zahir, T., Arshad, K., Nakata, A., and Moessner, K. Moessner, K.,
Interference Management in Femtocells, IEEE Communications
Surveys & Tutorials, 15(1):293-311. 2013. 82 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Thank you
http://www.ukm.my/mahamod
mahamod@ukm.edu.my
mahamod@gmail.com
019-2615404/019-3275425
03-89216326
UKM
Department
http://www.ukm.my/jkees/
 Academic Staff: Professor (13), Associate Professor (9),

Senior Lecturer (25), Lecturer (8)
 Supporting Staff: Technical (21), Administration (3)
 Academic Program:
 Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical and Electronics Engineering) – 80
 Bachelor of Engineering (Electronic Engineering) – 60
 M.Eng. (Communication & Computer) – 40
 M.Sc. (Microelectronics) – 20 85 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Research
 Research Group:
1. Computer Technology, Signal Processing and
Instrumentation
2. Microelectronics, Optical fibers and Sensor Technology
3. Power and Expert Systems
4. Communications and Telematics
 Research Institute/Centre:
1. Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN)
2. Space Science Centre (ANGKASA)
Research
 Wireless & Network
 Antenna & Radio Frequency
 Photonics & Optical Communications
 Space Science & Communications
Research

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The 2nd International

Prof. Dr. Mahamod Ismail

Source: Rumney 2014 5 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

Source: Roberts 2015 6 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

MTC – Machine-Type Communications

Source: Nagata 2014 8 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

Source: Nagata 2014 9 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

Source: Nagata 2014 10 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

Source: Tafazolli 2015 11 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

Software Defined Cellular Networks

Massive MIMO and 3D MIMO

Machine to Machine Communications

Network slicing in software defined mobile networks

The features and

Massive MIMO 18 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

A single cell (eNB3) communicating

Switched Adaptive Analog Digital

Non Blind Adaptive Blind Adaptive Hybrid

Switched beamforming vs adaptive beamforming

Electrical downtilt Conventional 2D MIMO beamforming

3D dynamic beamforming in 3D dynamic beamforming in

Classification of Beamforming Techniques :

Several AAS beamforming and beam steering

Applications of full-dimension MIMO (FD-MIMO) with 3D BF

MIMO system 36 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

MIMO+BF Scheme 1 - based on the antenna sub-array & data transmission

BTS – Base Transceiver Station

Baseband Beamforming architectures 40 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

Hybrid Beamforming architectures 42 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

Hybrid Precoding in mmWave and massive MIMO Systems

 Designing hybrid analog/digital precoders/combiners is challenging mainly

Rohde & Schwarz 2016

Source: Rahman, T.A. 2015 57 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

Sub-group Work Package Contributions

Improved beam steering based on

Interference Interference characterization in 5G

Cross & co-layer interference in

Spectrum measurement data

CAPACITY(M)=N * B.W * log1(1+MAX_SINR)

CAPACITY_AVG=N * (B.W/NO_USER ) * log1(1+MAX_SINR)

ECGSA 1.55×10-3 1.35×10-3 1.22×10-4 0.0011

SLGSA 16.04 10.80 7.09 10.12

HGSA 3.6×10-4 3.12×10-4 3.65×10-5 0.0003

ECGSA 2.93×10-9 2.97×10-9 1.03×10-9 1.12×10-9

SLGSA 1.11×10-9 1.12×10-9 8.52×10-10 1.09×10-10

HGSA 8.81×10-10 7.84×10-10 1.23×10-10 5.63×10-10

ECGSA 22.6 22.6 22.1 0.169

SLGSA 25.05 25.12 23.86 0.260

HGSA 21.94 22.19 20.13 0.79

ECGSA 2.48×10-2 1.48×10-2 0.00×100 0.027

SLGSA 0.03 2.19×10-2 0.00×100 0.030

ECGSA 1.02×10-22 8.68×10-23 2.82×10-23 7.14×10-23

SLGSA 5.69×10-19 5.72×10-19 2.72×10-19 1.65×10-19

HGSA 2.65×10-23 2.22×10-23 1.08×10-23 1.4×10-23 72 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM

MVDR 40.65 33.88 27.02 12.17

GSA-MVDR 67.10 63.65 32.25 12.52

MBGSA-MVDR 69.99 69.99 36.13 12.79

ECGSA-MVDR 69.99 69.99 36.61 12.79

SLGSA-MVDR 69.99 69.74 35.69 12.76

HGSA-MVDR 69.99 69.99 37.72 12.81

Techniques Over Coordinated

Contiguous Carrier Aggregation

βCC1 = 3000 βCC1 = 3000