SEC Standard - TES-P-122.05PII-R1

January 21, 2013
January 21, 2013

TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING STANDARD TES-P-122.05(PII), Rev.01
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 SCOPE
2.0 MATERIALS
2.1 Structural Steel

2.2 Bolts and Nuts
2.3 Galvanizing
2.4 Other Materials
3.0 CLASSIFICATION OF LOADS
3.1 Climatic Loads

3.2 Longitudinal and Torsional Loads
3.3 Construction and Maintenance Loads
4.0 APPLICATION OF WIND LOADS ON POLES
5.0 OVERLOAD CAPACITY FACTORS
6.0 TYPES OF STEEL POLES
7.0 BROKEN WIRE CONDITIONS
7.1 Single Circuit Pole

7.2 Double Circuit Pole
8.0 COMPUTATION OF LOADS
8.1 Types of Loads

8.2 Sag and Tension
8.3 Tabulation of Loads and Loading Trees
8.4 Transverse Loads
8.5 Vertical Loads
8.6 Longitudinal Loads
9.0 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
9.1 Tension
9.2 Compression
9.3 Shear
9.4 Bending
9.5 Combined Stresses
TESP12205(PII)R01/MAR Date of Approval: January 21, 2013 PAGE 2 OF 28

10.0 STRESSES IN BOLTS/NUTS
10.1 Tension
10.2 Shear
10.3 Bearing
10.4 Combined Stress
11.0 ANCHOR BOLTS
11.1 Diameter
11.2 Length of Embedment
11.3 Nuts for Anchor Bolts
12.0 WELDMENTS
12.1 Material Properties

12.2 Allowable Stresses in Weldments
13.0 CONNECTION PLATES
13.1 Pin Connections

13.2 Other Bolted Connections
14.0 SPLICES
14.1 Slip Splices

14.2 Circumferential Welded Splices
14.3 Welded T Joint Connections
15.0 HOLE SIZES
16.0 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
17.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX 1

1.0 SCOPE
This standard covers various design considerations to be adopted in the design of self
supporting galvanized steel pole structures for use in the overhead transmission line
system of National Grid Saudi Arabia.
This standard covers classification of loads, loading conditions, combination of loads,

overload factors and permissible stresses.
2.0 MATERIALS
2.1 Structural Steel
The pole body, brackets, cross arms and accessories/fittings shall be fabricated
from structural steel made by either open hearth, basic oxygen or electric
furnace process and shall conform to the provisions of latest
revision/amendments of any combination of the following standards or
equivalent:
ASTM A36/A36M 250 MPa minimum yield stress

Base plates shall be fabricated from structural steel conforming either to

ASTM A36/A36M, ASTM A572/A572M, ASTM A588/A588M and ASTM
A633/A633M or equivalent.
Anchor bolts and nuts shall conform to steel per ASTM A615/A615M (Grade
420 MPa or 520 MPa) and ASTM A563M Grade C minimum or equivalent
respectively. Alternatively ASTM F1554 Grade 380 MPa or ASTM
A572/A572M Grade 350 MPa may be used for anchor bolts provided.
- The interspacing between anchor bolts and reinforcement steel bars

shall be sufficient allowing free passage/pouring of concrete.
- It shall be possible to use the vibration equipment for proper mixing of
concrete and there shall be no hindrance because of interspacing.
Steel tubes used as components of tubular pole shall conform to ASTM

A595/A595M or equivalent.
2.2 Bolts and Nuts
Bolts, nuts and locknuts shall conform to latest revision of ASTM A307, ASTM
A325M, ASTM A354, ASTM A490 and ASTM A563M or equivalent.

2.3 Galvanizing
The poles shall be hot-dip-galvanized after fabrication in accordance with the

requirements of 01-TMSS-01 to a galvanizing thickness as specified in National Grid
Saudi Arabia Material Standard 20-TMSS-02. The poles, which are too large or
difficult to galvanize, may be metalized in accordance with the acceptable industry
practice/ standard.
Bolts and other fasteners shall be galvanized in accordance with ASTM

A153/A153M or ISO 1461 to a galvanizing thickness specified in 01-TMSS-01.
2.4 Other Materials
Other materials used in the construction of steel poles shall conform to

20-TMSS-02.
3.0 CLASSIFICATION OF LOADS
Transmission lines are subjected to various types of loads during their lifetime. These loads
are broadly classified into three distinct categories:
- Climatic loads - Loads imposed on line supports and line components by the action
of wind and coincident temperature
- Longitudinal and Torsion Loads - Loads imposed on line supports due to breakage
of line components, sabotage, etc
- Construction and maintenance loads - Loads imposed on line supports during

construction and maintenance activities. Checking the strength of poles for these
loads ensures safety of workmen during construction and maintenance activities.
Poles shall be designed to withstand factored loads arising out of above loading conditions,
per details given below for each category:
3.1 Climatic Loads
These are random loads imposed on poles, insulator strings, hardware, conductors
and ground wires due to action of wind and do not act continuously. Loads due to
climatic effects shall be considered for the following wind and coincident
temperature conditions and applied on poles and line components (conductors,
ground wires, hardware, insulators, etc.):
- Standard wind - A wind pressure of 430 N/mm² at minus 1°C (-1°C)
- High wind - A wind pressure of 1064 N/mm² at 27°C

3.1.1 Standard Wind Loading
Under this condition of loading, the following shall be assumed:
a. All wires intact
b. Direction of wind normal to the conductors (for zero deviation) or

perpendicular to the bisector of the angle of deviation at angle locations
c. A wind pressure of 430 N/mm² acting on the projected area of poles

multiplied by the shape factor as given in Clause 4.0
d. A wind pressure of 430 N/mm² acting on the projected area of ground

wire(s) and conductors and on effective projected area of insulator
strings
e. Wire (conductor, ground wire) tensions corresponding to 430 N/mm²

wind at minus 1°C (-1°C), final condition
3.1.2 High Wind Loading
a. All wires intact
b. Direction of wind as in Clause 3.1.1.b above
c. A wind pressure of 1064 N/mm² acting on the projected area of poles

multiplied by the shape factor as given in Clause 4.0 for heights up to
10m above ground level. For steel pole heights above 10m, the wind
pressure values shall be increased as per the procedure given in Clause
4.0 multiplied by the shape factor.
Basic wind pressure values and wind pressure values inclusive of shape
factors for heights above 10m are given in Table 05-1 for guidance.
d. A wind pressure of 1064 N/mm² acting on full projected area of ground

wires and conductors and on effective projected area of insulator
strings
e. Wire tensions corresponding to 1064 N/mm² wind at 27°C, final

condition
Notes: i. The word “wire” shall mean conductor and ground wire when
used as “intact wire”, “wire tension”, “wire loading”, etc.
ii. The word “ground wire” shall mean OHGW and OPGW.

iii. For the purpose of calculating wind load on bundled

conductors, wind pressure shall be considered acting on full
projected area of each conductor in the bundle.
iv. For the purpose of computing the wind load on insulator

strings, the effective projected area of each insulator string shall
be assumed as fifty percent (50%) of the projected area of the
cylinder with diameter equal to that of the insulator skirt. For
multi-strings, wind shall be considered acting on each limb of
multi-strings.
v. No reduction in wind span shall be considered for spans on

angle locations, i.e., full span shall be considered instead of
projected span.
3.2 Longitudinal and Torsional Loads
Designing a pole for longitudinal and torsional loads ensures adequate strength of
steel pole in longitudinal direction and provides margin for containment of failure
due to cascading effect. Longitudinal loads may be imposed on steel poles due to
failure of line components like hardware, conductors, ground wires or
reduction/removal of tension on one side.
3.2.1 Broken Wire Loading
The number of conductors and/or ground wires to be considered broken shall

be as defined in Clause 7.0 “Broken Wire Conditions”.
a. Direction of wind as in 3.1.1.b
b. A wind pressure of 430 N/mm² acting on the projected area of poles

multiplied by shape factor as given in Clause 4.0
c. A wind pressure of 430 N/mm² acting on full projected area of ground

wires and conductors and on effective projected area of insulator
strings
d. Wire tension corresponding to 430 N/mm² wind at minus 1°C

(-1°C), initial condition
3.3 Construction and Maintenance Loads
3.3.1 Stringing Loads
Stringing loads are imposed on poles during stringing and pulling operations.
These loads shall be assumed to act at wire (conductors/ground wires)
attachment points.

a. Pulling loads due to stringing equal to tension of conductors/ground

wires at minus 1°C (-1°C), no wind, initial condition
b. Transverse loads on account of wind on poles and line components

shall be taken as nil.
c. Transverse loads due to line deviation shall be based on wire tensions

at minus 1°C (-1°C), no wind, initial condition.
Application of stringing loads on Tangent/Suspension, Angle (Tension)

and Dead-End pole structures shall be as follows:
i. Tangent/Suspension Pole Structures
Stringing load at any one phase conductor attachment point with

remaining phase conductors and ground wires intact.
Stringing load at any one ground wire attachment point with

other ground wire, if provided, intact Stringing of any one phase
conductor and/or ground wire when temporarily dead-ended
(anchored) at a distance such that the angle between the traveler
on the pole and anchor on the ground is 15º to the horizontal.
ii. Angle (Tension) and Dead End pole structures
Stringing loads at all phase conductors and ground wires

attachment points simultaneously. All stringing loads shall be
considered acting in one direction only and all wires considered
intact.
3.3.2 Heavy Vertical Loads
This loading condition represents the pick up load during stringing. The
cross-arms are subjected to heavy stresses due to heavy vertical loads during
construction activities and are required to be adequately sized for the safety
of workmen.
Under this loading condition, loads shall be considered acting at any one
conductor or ground wire attachment point at a time and the following shall
be assumed:
a. A vertical load equal to twice the vertical load resulting from intact
maximum design weight span plus weight of insulator string and 1500
Newtons to account for the weight of linemen and tools
b. Transverse loads on account of wind on pole and line components shall

be taken as nil.

c. Transverse loads due to line deviation shall be based on wire tensions

at minus 1°C (-1°C), no wind, initial condition.
4.0 APPLICATION OF WIND LOADS ON POLES
The design wind pressure, qf, in N/m² is given by:

q = Kz·q ·Sf (Eq. 05-1)
f 10
Where:
Kz = Exposure coefficient, which increases with height above ground level

2/7
⎡H⎤
= ⎢⎣10 ⎥⎦
H = Height above ground level, in meters
q = Basic wind pressure at 10 meters above ground, in N/m²

10
= (0.613 * V ) 2
10
V10 = Wind velocity at 10 meters above ground. For high wind loading
V10 = 150 km/hr = 41.67 m/sec.
q = 0.613*41.67² = 1064 N/m2

10
Sf = Shape Factor (Pressure Coefficient)
= 0.9 Applied to circular shaped poles
= 0.9 Applied to 16-sided polygonal shaped poles
= 1.0 Applied to 12 sided polygonal shaped poles
= 1.4 Applied to 8-sided and 6-sided polygonal poles
= 2.0 Applied to square and rectangular shaped poles
The above shape factors are based on Table 2.6.3 of Guidelines for Electrical Transmission
Line Structural Loading, ASCE Manual No. 74.
Wind pressure values for high wind conditions for heights above 10 meters are given in
Table 05-1 for guidance.

Table 05-1: Wind Pressures for Heights above 10 meters
Height Above Ground Exposure Wind Pressure (N/m2)

Coefficient
(m) Kz SF=0.9 SF=1.0 SF=1.4
10 1.000 958 1064 1490

20 1.219 1168 1297 1816
30 1.369 1311 1457 2040
40 1.486 1424 1582 2214
50 1.584 1517 1685 2360
5.0 OVERLOAD CAPACITY FACTORS
The overload capacity factors to be applied to various loads under different loading
conditions shall be as given in Table 05-2.
Table 05-2: Overload Capacity Factors
Standard High Broken Stringing Heavy

Types of Loads Wind Wind Wire Loading Vertical
Loading Loading Loading Loading
Wind Load 2.50
Transverse
1.10 1.50 2.0 2.0
Loads Wire Tension
1.65
Load at angle
Vertical Loads 1.50 1.10 1.50 2.0 2.0
In general 1.10
Longitudinal
1.10 1.50 2.0 2.0
Loads
At dead-ends 1.65
6.0 TYPES OF STEEL POLES
The types of steel poles generally used in National Grid Saudi Arabia system are listed in
20-TMSS-02. The limitations on base dimensions have also been shown therein.
Unless crucially needed for a sensitive location, the designer shall select the design spans
and wire tensions in such a way that the loading arrived at shall not cause excessive bending
moment requiring wider base width or increase in wall thickness, which cannot be

fabricated. As a guide, the plate thickness shall not exceed 25 mm from fabrication
consideration.
7.0 BROKEN WIRE CONDITIONS
The following broken wire conditions shall be assumed for the design of poles:
7.1 Single Circuit Poles - Any one phase or ground wire broken, whichever is more
stringent for a particular section
7.2 Double Circuit Tangent Poles
a. Tangent/Suspension Poles - Any one phase or ground wire broken, whichever

is more stringent for a particular section
b. Angle (Tension) and Dead End Poles - Any two phases broken on the same
side and same span or any one phase and one ground wire broken on the same
side and same span, whichever combination is more stringent for a particular
section
Notes:
i. Phase shall mean all the sub-conductors in the case of bundled conductors.
ii. Broken conductor shall mean all sub-conductors of bundle broken.
8.0 COMPUTATION OF LOADS
8.1 Types of Loads
Three types of loads act on transmission poles, namely transverse, vertical and
longitudinal. Poles shall be designed to withstand simultaneous action of these
loads multiplied by overload factors specified in Clause 5.0, depending on design
condition.
8.2 Sag and Tension
Sag and tension values for conductors and ground wires shall be determined for
various loading conditions keeping in mind the tension limiting conditions specified
in TES-P-122 for computing steel pole loads.
8.3 Tabulation of Loads and Loading Trees
Transverse, vertical and longitudinal loads for various loading conditions specified
in this standard shall be determined in accordance with the procedure given in
Clause 8.4, 8.5 and 8.6 and tabulated, or loading trees prepared before proceeding
with stress calculations and design.

Parameters of Loading Calculations are presented in tabulated form in Appendix -1
8.4 Transverse Loads
8.4.1 Wind on Conductors and Ground Wires
Loads due to wind on wires (conductors/ground wires), FWC, in Newtons,

applied at wire attachment points, shall be determined by the following
expression:
Fwc = Pd L·D·N (Eq. 05-2)
Where:
P = Design wind pressure in N/m²

d
L = Wind Span, being sum of half the spans on both side of

attachment point, in meters. Values of wind spans as specified in
the Scope of Work and Technical Specifications (SOW/TS) shall
be adopted.
D = Diameter of conductor/ground wire, in meters
N = Number of sub-conductors in a bundle
Note: Wind Span for broken conductor is generally in the range of sixty
percent (60%) of intact wind span.
8.4.2 Wind on Insulator Strings
Wind loads on insulator strings, Fwi, in Newtons, applied at attachment

points shall be determined from the following expression:
Fwi = Pd·Ai (Eq. 05-3)

Where:
P = Design wind pressure in N/m²

d
Ai = Effective projected area of insulator string in sq. m. Effective

projected area of the insulator string shall be assumed as fifty
percent (50%) of the projected area of the cylinder with a
diameter equal to that of the insulator skirt.
Note: In case of multi-strings including V-strings, wind pressure on all

strings of multi-strings shall be considered without any masking
effect.

8.4.3 Line Deviation
Loads due to line deviation, Fd, in Newtons, applied at attachment points

shall be determined by the following expressions:
Fd = 2·N·T·Sin (θ/2) Intact Spans (Eq. 05-4)
Fd = N·T·Sin (θ/2) Broken Spans (Eq. 05-5)
Where:
T = Tension of conductor/ground wire under a given loading

condition, in Newtons
θ = Angle of line deviation, in degrees
8.4.4 Wind on Pole
Wind loads shall be distributed throughout the height of poles.
Wind loads, F , in Newtons, on a section of height “H” assumed to be

wt
acting at center of gravity of the projected area of the pole is given by the
expression:
Fwt = Pd·Ae (Eq. 05-6)
Where:
Pd = Design wind pressure in N/m²
Ae = Projected surface area of pole section under consideration
Total transverse load at each conductor/ground wire attachment point is the

sum of Fwc, Fwi and Fd. Transverse loads due to wind of each section, Fwt, are
distributed as explained above.
8.5 Vertical Loads
8.5.1 Weight of Conductors and Ground Wires
Loads due to weight of wires, Vc, in Newtons, shall be determined as shown

below and applied at wire attachment points:
Vc = W·Wt·N (Eq. 05-7)
Where:

W = Unit weight of conductor/ground wire, in N/m
Wt = Weight Span, being the distance between the lowest points of

conductor/ground wire on the two spans adjacent to the support
under consideration, in meters
The lowest point is defined as the point at which the tangent to

the sag curve or to the extended sag curve is horizontal. Values
of weight spans as specified in SOW/TS shall be adopted.
In a transmission line, three types of weight spans may be encountered.

They are:
a. Minimum Weight Span
b. Maximum downward Weight Span and
c. Maximum upward Weight Span
Tangent/Suspension poles shall be designed for both minimum and

maximum downward weight spans. Minimum weight span may govern the
design of foundations under uplift. Minimum weight span also governs the
swing of suspension strings.
Tangent/Suspension type poles shall never be used at locations, which are

subjected to uplift.
8.5.2 Weight of Hardware and Insulator Strings
Loads due to weight of hardware and insulator strings, Vi, in Newtons, shall
be applied at wire attachment points. Weight of insulator strings shall be
taken as the sum of weight of all the insulators and hardware in a
string/multi-strings.
8.5.3 Weight of Linemen and Tools
Weight of Lineman and tools, VL, in Newtons, shall be applied at ground

wire and conductor attachment supports for the loading conditions specified
in Clause 3.
8.5.4 Self-Weight of Pole
Self-weight of pole is the weight of all the structural members, plates, nuts,
bolts, washers, step bolts, ladders and all other accessories mounted on it.

Self-weight of pole is calculated on the basis of unit weight of each

component comprising the pole.
Total vertical load at each wire attachment point is the algebraic sum of Vc,
Vi and VL.
8.6 Longitudinal Loads
Longitudinal loads are caused by any of the following loading conditions:
8.6.1 Broken Wire Condition
Unbalanced pulls shall be based on wire tensions determined according to

the loading criteria specified in Clause 3.2.1.d and applied at wire attachment
points in the longitudinal direction.
Number of conductors and ground wires to be considered broken shall be as

specified in Clause 7.0.
a. Tangent/Suspension Poles
i. Longitudinal loads for broken conductors get reduced due to

swing of suspension strings. The longitudinal load shall be
calculated using tension in the broken conductor as sixty percent
(60%) of the tension in the intact conductor.
ii. Longitudinal loads for broken ground wires shall be without any
reduction in tension.
b. Angle (Tension) and Dead End Poles
i. Longitudinal loads for broken conductors/ground wires shall be

the component of tension in longitudinal direction corresponding
to minimum design angle of deviation.
ii. Longitudinal loads for broken conductors/ground wires shall be

taken as nil for Dead End pole structures.
8.6.2 Stringing Condition
Stringing loads shall be assumed equal to tension of conductors/ground wires

at minus 1°C (-1°C), no wind, initial condition and applied in the
longitudinal direction:
- at any one conductor or ground wire attachment point at a time in case

of Tangent/Suspension pole structures
- at all conductor and ground wire attachment points simultaneously in

case of Angle (Tension) and Dead End pole structures

8.6.3 Intact Span Condition for Dead End Pole Structures
Longitudinal loads due to one sided tensions for Dead End pole structures
shall be equal to full tension of conductors and ground wires under worst
loading condition. These loads shall be applied simultaneously at all wire
attachment points in one direction only.
9.0 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
Transmission structures are designed based on factored loads. The design approach
outlined in this standard is based on strength methods where the loads are inclusive of
desired overload capacity factors.
The equations given hereunder are applicable for determining allowable stresses in tubular
members with cross sectional shapes as described in ASCE/SEI 48-11, and for elliptical and
rectangular members with cross sections that have maximum major and minor dimension
ratios of 2 to 1.
The increase in allowable design stresses due to cold working resulting from bending of
steel plates shall not be considered.
9.1 Tension
9.1.1 Planar Stress
The following conditions shall be satisfied:
P
≤ Ft = Fy (Eq. 05-8)
Ag
P
≤ Ft = 0.83Fu (Eq. 05-9)
An
Fu ≥ 1.2 Fy (Eq. 05-10)
Where
P = Factored Axial Load, Newtons
Ag = Gross Area of Cross Section, mm²
An = Net Area of Cross Section, mm²
Ft = Allowable Tensile Stress, MPa
Fy = Specified Minimum Yield Strength, MPa
Fu = Specified Minimum Tensile Strength, MPa

9.1.2 Through Thickness Stress
P
≤ Ft , Ft shall be limited to maximum of 248 MPa for all types of steels.
A
This is applicable to plates welded perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of

members (e.g., base plate, cross-arm end plates, etc.) and takes into
consideration the possible deficiencies in the tensile strength through the
thickness of the plates.
9.2 Compression
Members subjected to compressive forces shall be checked for general stability and
local buckling tendencies. The actual compressive stresses shall not exceed those
allowed by the following criteria:
9.2.1 General Stability
a. Beam Elements (members with moments determined)
The elastic stability of tubular poles is numerically checked by

nonlinear-finite-element based analysis. The analysis takes into
account secondary moments and stress developed due to eccentric
effect of vertical loads arising out of deflections due to horizontal
loads. The computer program makes many iterations till the difference
between nth and (n-1)th iteration deflection is less than 10−3 , i.e.,
y n − y ( n −1)
< 0.001
yn
Since the beam members are not permitted to yield, inelastic buckling
is not required to be checked.
b. Truss Elements (members carrying axial force only)
This is not applicable for National Grid Saudi Arabia System and
hence the compression formulae for the same are not covered in this
document.
9.2.2 Local Buckling
a. Polygonal Members
Formed regular polygonal tubular members for which the combined

P MC
compressive and bending stress, ( + ), on the extreme fiber
A I
equals the yield stress, Fy, shall be proportioned so that

w 683
≤ (Octagonal Section, Bend Angle > 45°) (Eq. 05-11)
t Fy
w 630
≤ (Dodecagonal Section, Bend Angle = 30°) (Eq. 05-12)
t Fy
w 565
≤ (Hexdecagonal Section,BendAngle = 22.5°) (Eq. 05-13)
t Fy
If a cross section with different number of sides than specified in equations

05-11 to 05-16 is considered, the bend angle shall be used to determine
which of the above equations will apply. If the bend angle is greater than
or falls between the values associated with above equations, the equation for
a bend angle immediately less than the required bend angle shall be used.
If the bend angle is less than 22.5°, the equations as applicable to round
members shall be used.
b. Round Members
i. Axial Compression:
Do 26180
Fa = Fy, When ≤ (Eq. 05-14)
t Fy
6600 26180 Do 82670

Fa = 0.75Fy + , When < ≤ (Eq. 05-15)
Do t Fy t Fy
ii. Bending:
Do 41340
Fb = Fy, When ≤ (Eq. 05-16)
t Fy
12450 41340 Do 82670
Fb = 0.7 Fy + , When < ≤ (Eq. 05-17)
Do t Fy t Fy
iii Axial Compression plus Bending:
fa f b
+ ≤ 1.0 (Eq. 05-18)
Fa Fb
Where:
Do = Outside diameter of tubular sections, across flats for

polygons, mm

Fa = Allowable compressive stress, MPa, determined from

equations 05-14 or 05-15
Fb = Allowable bending stress MPa, determined from

equations 05-16 or 05-17
fa = Actual compressive stress, MPa
fb = Actual bending stress, MPa
82670
For any kind of round tube, the Do/t ratio shall not exceed
Fy
c. Rectangular Members
Equations 05-11 and 05-14 shall be used for rectangular members. The
flat width associated with each side shall be treated separately. If the
axial stress, fa, is greater than 6.9 MPa, then equations 05-12 and 05-15
shall be used.
d. Elliptical Members
The bend angle and flat width of elliptical cross sections are not
constant. The smallest bend angle associated with a particular flat
should be used to determine which of the equations 05-11, 05-12, 05-
13 or 05-14, 05-15, 05-16 should be used. If the bend angle is greater
than or between the values associated with equations 05-11, 05-12, 05-
13 and 05-14, 05-15, 05-16, the equation for a bend angle immediately
less than the required bend angle shall be used. If the bend angle is less
than that for equations 05-13 or 05-16, equations applicable to round
sections shall be used.
9.3 Shear
The yield stress in shear, torsional shear or the combination of the two based on
Fy
distortion-energy yield criterion is ≈ 0.578Fy .
3
The direct and torsional shear shall satisfy the condition:
VQ TC
+ ≤ F v = 0.58Fy (Eq. 05-19)
It J
Where:
V = Shear force, Newtons
Q = Moment of section about neutral axis, mm3
T = Torsional moment, N·mm

C = Distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber, mm
I = Moment of Inertia, mm4
t = Wall thickness, mm
J = Polar Moment of Inertia, mm4
Fv = Allowable Shear Stress, MPa
9.4 Bending
MC
≤ Ft , Where Ft = allowable tensile stress (Eq. 05-20)
I
MC
≤ Fa , Where Fa = allowable compressive stress (Eq. 05-21)
I
Fa is based on local buckling only
9.5 Combined Stresses
Combination of shear stresses and normal stresses may be evaluated by the

distortion-energy yield criterion. Normally the highest stress results from
combining the maximum normal stress with the maximum torsional shear, since
both occur at the same point.
2
⎛ P M xC y M yCx ⎞ 2
⎜ + + ⎟ + 3⎛⎜ VQ + TC ⎞⎟ ≤ Ft 2 or Fa2
⎜A Ix Iy ⎟ ⎝ It J ⎠
⎝ ⎠
(Polygonal members) (Eq. 05-22)
2
⎛ P M xC y M yCx ⎞ 2
⎜ + + ⎟ + 3⎛⎜ VQ + TC ⎞⎟ ≤ Ft 2 or Fb2
⎜A Ix Iy ⎟ ⎝ It J ⎠
⎝ ⎠
(Round members) (Eq. 05-23)
Refer to Clause 5.2.6 (Combined Stresses) given in ASCE/SEI 48-11 for

nomenclature used in the above equations.
10.0 STRESSES IN BOLTS/NUTS
10.1 Tension
P Proof Load
≤ Ft = , (If a proof load is known) (Eq. 05-24)
At At
OR

P
≤ Ft = Fy , (If yield stress is known) (Eq. 05-25)
At
OR
P
≤ Ft = 0.6Fu , (If neither proof load nor yield stress is known) (Eq. 05-26)
At
Where:
P = Factored Axial Load, Newtons
Proof Load = ASTM Specified force found by the Length Measurement Method,
Newtons
At = Tensile stress area, mm².
Fy = Specified Minimum Yield Strength, MPa
Fu = Specified Minimum Tensile Strength, MPa
The proof load, tensile strength (Fu) and yield strength (Fy) shall be the minimum
specified values as per ASTM specifications of the material involved. Any of the
above equations can be used depending upon the information available for the bolts.
10.2 Shear
Average shear stress at failure for ASTM A325M and A490 bolts is taken as 65% of
the ultimate tensile stress of the bolt. Of this value, 70 % has been used for
approximating a level at which deformation rate begins to increase significantly.
The shear stress, Fv, is given by:
V
≤ Fv =0.45Fu (Eq. 05-27)
A
Where:
V = Shear force, Newtons
A = Ag (gross area at shank of bolt) or Ar (area at root of threads), mm²
Fu = Specified Minimum Tensile Strength of the bolts, MPa
When plane of shear does not enter the threaded portion, Ag shall be used and when
threaded portion enters into plane of shear, Ar shall be used.
10.3 Bearing
Bearing stress shall be limited to the weaker of the bearing stress of bolt or member
connected by it.

10.4 Combined stress
Fv = 0.65 Ft2 − f t2 (Eq. 05-28)
Where:
Fv = Allowable shear stress, MPa
Ft = Allowable tensile stress, MPa
ft = Actual tensile stress, MPa
11.0 ANCHOR BOLTS
Anchor bolts shall be designed for tension, shear and combined tension and shear loads in
accordance with Standard ASCE/SEI 48-11.
11.1 Diameter
The diameter of Anchor Bolts shall be such that the tension stress in the bolts under
combined bending and direct load does not exceed allowable tension stress given
by:
4M P
+ ≤ Ft (Eq. 05-29)
A r DcN A r N
Where:
P = Axial load, Newtons
M = Bending moment (resultant) at base plate level, N·mm
Dc = Pitch circle diameter of anchor bolts, mm
Ar = Area of cross section of bolt at root of threads, mm²
N = Number of anchor bolts
Ft = Allowable tensile stress in anchor bolts, MPa
11.2 Length of Embedment
The length of embedment shall be determined in accordance with ACI-318.
P
Ld ≥ (Eq. 05-30)
πdσ

Where:
P = Ft x Ar
Ft = Actual tensile stress
Ar = Area of cross section of the bolt
Ld = length of embedment, mm
P = Axial load in the Anchor Bolt, Newton
d = Diameter of anchor bolt, mm
σ = Allowable bond stress between concrete and anchor bolt, MPa
11.3 Nuts for Anchor bolts
Nuts for anchor bolts shall conform to the ASTM requirements for the bolts on
which they are to be used. All nuts shall have an ASTM specified proof load
capable of developing the tensile strength of the bolt.
12.0 WELDMENTS
12.1 Material Properties
The nominal strength of weld metals shall be based on minimum values as listed in
AWS D1.1, Structural Welding Code.
12.2 Allowable Stresses in Weldments
Design stresses for welds shall conform to Tables 6-3 to 6-6 of

ASCE/SEI 48-11. In the case of welding elements where the base metals are of
different strengths, the lowest grade of base metal shall be used as a reference for
the design of weld.
13.0 CONNECTION PLATES
Flanges, vangs and other connection plates shall be designed such that maximum allowable
stresses are not exceeded. Further, the maximum allowable stresses shall not be increased
by 33% due to “wind only” loading conditions, as transmission line structure’s loading are
primarily due to wind effect on line components and structures.
13.1 Pin Connections
All the three conditions given below shall be met for the joint/connection

P ≤ 2( Ls − 0.5d h ) tFt (tension) (Eq. 05-31)
Ft = 0.75Fy
P ≤ 2( Le − 0.5d h ) tFv (shear) (Eq. 05-32)
Fv = 0.375Fu
P ≤ dtFp (bearing) (Eq. 05-33)
Fp = 1.35Fu
Where:
Ls = Minimum distance, perpendicular to the load, from the center of the hole
to the member edge, mm
Le = Minimum distance, parallel to the load, from the center of the hole to the
member edge, mm
dh = Hole diameter, mm
d = Nominal diameter of bolt, mm
t = Member thickness, mm
Fu = Specified minimum tensile strength of the material or member
For the above equations to be valid, the ratio dh/d shall be less than 2.0
Pin connections are those in which the attachment is free to rotate, at least about one
axis, while under load. Single bolt framing connections and insulator attachments
are considered to be pin connections and shall be sized to meet the above
requirements.
A lower allowable stress value in bearing (Fp = 1.35Fu) has been adopted to account
for movement, which is typical of pin connections. A higher bearing stress of 1.5Fu
is recommended for other bolted connections such as multi-bolt connections.
13.2 Other Bolted Connections
All the three following conditions shall be met:
P ≤ A n Ft (tension) (Eq. 05-34)
Ft = 0.83Fu

P ≤ 2( Le − 0.5d h ) tFv (shear) (Eq. 05-35)
Fv = 0.58Fy
P ≤ dtFp (bearing) (Eq. 05-36)
Fp = 1.5Fu
Minimum edge distance values have not been specified. However, the same are
taken care of by the above equations and will meet the requirements of structural
joints using ASTM A325M or A490 bolts.
14.0 SPLICES
14.1 Slip Splices
Telescoping (slip) splices for joining the sections shall be detailed for a nominal lap
of 1.5 times the largest inside diameter of the female section with a tolerance of
minus ten percent (-10%) on the final assembled lap length.
The use slip splices shall be so designed and detailed that the minimum clearance
between cross-arms and minimum height of the assembled pole is obtained. The
slip splice shall not interfere with climbing devices.
The use of slip splices is recommended only if the initial jacking force exceeds the
maximum design compressive force at the joint. Supplementary locking devices
shall be provided where relative movement of the joint is critical. Pole subjected to
uplift loads shall be provided with locking devices capable of resisting 100% of the
maximum uplift loads.
The female section longitudinal seam welds in the splice area shall be of complete-
penetration welds for at least a length equal to the maximum lap dimension.
14.2 Circumferential Welded Splices
Complete-penetration welds shall be used for sections joined by circumferential

welds. Longitudinal welds within 300 mm of circumferential welds shall also be
complete-penetration welds.
14.3 Welded T Joint Connections
The welded joints between pole shafts and base plates, flange plates and arms to arm
brackets fall under the category of T joint connections. Where the primary loads
carried by the pole or arm are flexural in nature, a groove weld with reinforcing fillet
is recommended to satisfy the requirements for through-thickness stresses in the
attachment plate.

15.0 HOLE SIZES
Hole diameters shall be typically 3.0 mm more than the nominal diameter of bolts, except
for anchor boltholes. Anchor boltholes in the base plate shall be 10 mm oversize.
16.0 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
For double circuit steel poles, the design shall be suitable both for single circuit and double
circuit strung conditions.
17.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
17.1 IEC 60826: "Design criteria of overhead transmission lines", Third Edition 2003.
17.2 Holland H. Farr, "Transmission Line Design Manual", United States Department of
the Interior.
17.3 ASCE/SEI 48-11 " Design of Steel Transmission Pole Structures ", American
Society of Civil Engineers.
17.4 ASCE Manual – 74 “Guidelines for Electrical Transmission Line Structural Loading,
American Society of Civil Engineers.
17.5 Rural Electrification Administration (U.S. Department of Agriculture), "Design

Manual for High Voltage Transmission Lines"
17.6 AWS D1.1/D1.1M Structural Welding Code - Steel
17.7 ASTM A325M Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated 830
MPa Minimum Tensile Strength (Metric)
17.8 ASTM A490M Standard Specification for High-Strength Steel Bolts, Classes
10.9 and 10.9.3, for Structural Steel Joints (Metric)
17.9 ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete

APPENDIX – 1
(Sheet 1 of 2)
Project Title: Contract No.: Date: Rev. No.:
________________________________ ________________ ___________ _________
Code No. Pole Type Drawing No. Page No.
________________________________ _________ __________ _______
Design Span (m) Wind Span (m) Max. Weight Span (m) Min/Uplift Weight Span (m)
Normal: Normal: Normal:
Line Angle (Deg): Broken: Broken: Broken:
LOADING CONDITION (Tick as Applicable)
Standard Wind High Wind Broken Wire Stringing HeavyVertical
TRANSVERSE LOADS OLF Newtons

OHGW/OPGW
Wind Load on OHG Wire….................................................................. x …... =
Wind Load on VD, SM*…..…………………………………………… x ….... =
Angle Pull….......................................................................................... x…..... =
TOTAL =
Conductor
Wind Load on Conductor….................................................................. x …... =
Wind Load on Insulators….................................................................... x …... =
Wind Load on VD, WL*…............................................................. x ….... =
Angle Pull….......................................................................................... x…..... =
TOTAL =
VERTICAL LOADS MAXIMUM
OHGW/OPGW
Weight of OHG Wire…......................................................................... x…... =
Weight of SM, VD, HS*…...................................................................... x…... =
Weight of Lineman and tools…............................................................. x…... =
TOTAL =
Conductor
Weight of conductor….......................................................................... x …... =
Weight of SP, VD, WL*…................................................................. x …... =
Weight of Insulators…........................................................................... x …... =
Weight of Lineman & tools….............................................................. x….... =
TOTAL =
* SM = Spherical Markers VD = Vibration Dampers
HS = Hardware Sets SP = Spacer Dampers
WL = Warning Lights
NOTE: Loads due to wind on poles shall be calculated and applied in transverse direction.
Continued on sheet 2

APPENDIX – 1
(Sheet 2 of 2)
Project Title: Contract No.: Contract No.: Rev. No.:
________________________________ ________________ _____________ _________
Code No. Pole Type Drawing No. Page No.
________________________________ __________ __________ _______
Design Span (m) Wind Span (m) Max. Weight Span (m) Min./Uplift Weight Span (m)
Normal: Normal: Normal:
Line Angle (Deg): Broken: Broken: Broken:
LOADING CONDITION (Tick as Applicable)
Standard Wind High Wind Broken Wire Stringing HeavyVertical
VERTICAL LOADS MINIMUM OLF Newtons

OHWG/OPGW
Weight of OHG Wire…........................... x …... =
Weight of SM & VD*….......................... x …... =
Weight of Lineman and tools…............ x…..... =
TOTAL =
Conductor
Weight of conductor….............................................................. x …... =
Weight of SP, VD, WL*…........................................................ x …... =
Weight of Insulators….............................................................. x …... =
Weight of Lineman & tools….................................................. x…..... =
TOTAL =
* SM = Spherical Markers
VD = Vibration Dampers
HS = Hardware Sets
SP = Spacer Dampers
WL = Warning Lights
NOTE: Loads due to wind on poles shall be calculated and applied in transverse direction.

SEC Standard - TES-P-122.05PII-R1

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

SEC Standard - TES-P-122.05PII-R1

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

January 21, 2013

January 21, 2013

2.1 Structural Steel

3.0 CLASSIFICATION OF LOADS

3.1 Climatic Loads

4.0 APPLICATION OF WIND LOADS ON POLES

5.0 OVERLOAD CAPACITY FACTORS

6.0 TYPES OF STEEL POLES

7.0 BROKEN WIRE CONDITIONS

7.1 Single Circuit Pole

8.0 COMPUTATION OF LOADS

8.1 Types of Loads

9.0 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES

TESP12205(PII)R01/MAR Date of Approval: January 21, 2013 PAGE 2 OF 28

10.0 STRESSES IN BOLTS/NUTS

11.0 ANCHOR BOLTS

12.1 Material Properties

13.0 CONNECTION PLATES

13.1 Pin Connections

14.1 Slip Splices

15.0 HOLE SIZES

16.0 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

TESP12205(PII)R01/MAR Date of Approval: January 21, 2013 PAGE 3 OF 28

This standard covers classification of loads, loading conditions, combination of loads,

2.1 Structural Steel

ASTM A36/A36M 250 MPa minimum yield stress

Base plates shall be fabricated from structural steel conforming either to

- The interspacing between anchor bolts and reinforcement steel bars

Steel tubes used as components of tubular pole shall conform to ASTM

2.2 Bolts and Nuts

TESP12205(PII)R01/MAR Date of Approval: January 21, 2013 PAGE 4 OF 28

The poles shall be hot-dip-galvanized after fabrication in accordance with the

Bolts and other fasteners shall be galvanized in accordance with ASTM

2.4 Other Materials

Other materials used in the construction of steel poles shall conform to

3.0 CLASSIFICATION OF LOADS

- Construction and maintenance loads - Loads imposed on line supports during

3.1 Climatic Loads

- Standard wind - A wind pressure of 430 N/mm² at minus 1°C (-1°C)

- High wind - A wind pressure of 1064 N/mm² at 27°C

TESP12205(PII)R01/MAR Date of Approval: January 21, 2013 PAGE 5 OF 28

3.1.1 Standard Wind Loading

Under this condition of loading, the following shall be assumed:

a. All wires intact

b. Direction of wind normal to the conductors (for zero deviation) or

c. A wind pressure of 430 N/mm² acting on the projected area of poles

d. A wind pressure of 430 N/mm² acting on the projected area of ground

e. Wire (conductor, ground wire) tensions corresponding to 430 N/mm²

3.1.2 High Wind Loading

Under this condition of loading, the following shall be assumed:

a. All wires intact

b. Direction of wind as in Clause 3.1.1.b above

c. A wind pressure of 1064 N/mm² acting on the projected area of poles

d. A wind pressure of 1064 N/mm² acting on full projected area of ground

e. Wire tensions corresponding to 1064 N/mm² wind at 27°C, final

TESP12205(PII)R01/MAR Date of Approval: January 21, 2013 PAGE 6 OF 28

iii. For the purpose of calculating wind load on bundled

iv. For the purpose of computing the wind load on insulator

v. No reduction in wind span shall be considered for spans on

3.2 Longitudinal and Torsional Loads

3.2.1 Broken Wire Loading

The number of conductors and/or ground wires to be considered broken shall