METAMATERIALS:-

A metamaterial (from the Greek word μετά meta, meaning "beyond") is a material engineered to
have a property that is not found in naturally occurring materials.[3] They are made from
assemblies of multiple elements fashioned from composite materials such as metals or plastics.
The materials are usually arranged in repeating patterns, at scales that are smaller than the
wavelengths of the phenomena they influence. Metamaterials derive their properties not from the
properties of the base materials, but from their newly designed structures. Their precise shape,
geometry, size, orientation and arrangement gives them their smart properties capable of
manipulating electromagnetic waves: by blocking, absorbing, enhancing, or bending waves, to
achieve benefits that go beyond what is possible with conventional materials.
Examples:-

Negative refractive index:-

Negative-index metamaterial or negative-index material (NIM) is a metamaterial whose
refractive index for an electromagnetic wave has a negative value over some frequency range.
Almost all materials encountered in optics, such as glass or water, have positive values for both
permittivity ε and permeability µ. However, metals such as silver and gold have negative
permittivity at shorter wavelengths. A material such as a surface plasmon that has either (but not
both) ε or µ negative is often opaque to electromagnetic radiation. However, anisotropic
materials with only negative permittivity can produce negative refraction due to chirality.

Applications:-

Antennas
Absorber
Superlens
Cloaking Devices
Sound Filtering
Auxetic Material:- Auxetics are structures or materials that have a negative Poisson's ratio.
When stretched, they become thicker perpendicular to the applied force. This occurs due to their
particular internal structure and the way this deforms when the sample is uniaxially loaded.

Applications:-
Sports Equipments
Crack Mitigation for highway joint
Car Bumper

Biomedical
Defence
Etc.
Our major concern is on Auxetic material,so first we will discuss Poisson ratio

POISSON RATIO:-

Poisson's ratio, denoted by the Greek letter 'nu', , and named after Siméon Poisson, is the
negative of the ratio of (signed) transverse strain to (signed) axial strain. For small values of

these changes, is the amount of transversal expansion divided by the amount of axial
compression. Poisson's ratio is a measure of the Poisson effect, the phenomenon in which a
material tends to expand in directions perpendicular to the direction of compression. Conversely,
if the material is stretched rather than compressed, it usually tends to contract in the directions
transverse to the direction of stretching. It is a common observation when a rubber band is
stretched, it becomes noticeably thinner. Again, the Poisson ratio will be the ratio of relative
contraction to relative expansion and will have the same value as above.
Assuming that the material is stretched or compressed along the axial direction (the x axis in the
diagram below):

where
is the resulting Poisson's ratio,
is transverse strain (negative for axial tension (stretching), positive for axial
compression)
is axial strain (positive for axial tension, negative for axial compression).

Auxetic Material:- The term auxetic derives from the Greek word αὐξητικός (auxetikos) which
means "that which tends to increase" and has its root in the word αὔξησις, or auxesis, meaning
"increase" (noun). Auxetics are structures or materials that have a negative Poisson's ratio.
When stretched, they become thicker perpendicular to the applied force. This occurs due to their
particular internal structure and the way this deforms when the sample is uniaxially loaded.
Auxetics can be single molecules, crystals, or a particular structure of macroscopic matter. Such
materials and structures are expected to have mechanical properties such as high energy
absorption and fracture resistance.
History of Auxetic Material:- This terminology was coined by Professor Ken Evans of
the University of Exeter.[2][3] One of the first artificially produced auxetic materials, the RFS
structure (diamond-fold structure) , was invented in 1978 by the Berlin researcher K. Pietsch.
Although he did not use the term auxetics, he describes for the first time the underlying lever
mechanism and its non-linear mechanical reaction is therefore considered the inventor of the
auxetic net. The earliest published example of a material with negative Poisson's constant is due
to A. G. Kolpakov in 1985, "Determination of the average characteristics of elastic frameworks";
the next synthetic auxetic material was described in Science in 1987, entitled "Foam structures
with a Negative Poisson's Ratio" [4] by R.S. Lakes from the University of Wisconsin Madison. The
use of the word auxetic to refer to this property probably began in 1991.[5]
Designs of composites with inverted hexagonal periodicity cell (auxetic hexagon), possessing
negative Poisson ratios, were published in 1985

How They are Created:-

Macro Scale:-

1 Cutting expendable material into certain shapes such as bow-tie.

2.Attaching materials that can hinge to expand.

Micro Scale:-

Introduction of vacancy defects in certain material such as graphenes.

Negative Poissons ratio materials can be created by cutting material into certain shapes there
are variety of shapes that can create this effect such as bowtie or odd triangular patternson the
microscale one can create negative poisson ratio by introducing vacany defects in certain
material such as as grapheme note these materials donot show the drastic expansion in the
latter direction but they still do expand,here we use 50 watt CO2 Coherent laser it is being ran at
60% power and 50% speed we are cutting 1/16 inchnatural rubber into the bowtie structure as
you can see as the laser cuts the materials start blowing away because there is a fan if the laser
is touched by the material then the laser will stop running the final product shown here was being
stretched in the closer for the laser cut the hexagon pattern aswell with extremely high resolution.

TYPE OF STRUCTURE:-

Basically Auxetic material is not depend on chemical compostion but on sub unit structure of
material, such as :-

Bowtie

Honeycomb
Odd Triangular Pattern

Chiral Truss

Truss type Pattern

Some of the above describe pattern shown in given figure:-

Characterstics of Auxetic Material:-

High Energy Absorption :-As we know they have cut in bowtie or honeycomb shape subunit as
shown in above pictures, when another body strike with this material the impact decreases with
increase in length because that impact force distrubted by all the subunit attached in Auxetic
material.hence