Cavity magnetron

The cavity magnetron is a high-powered vacuum tube that

generates microwaves using the interaction of a stream of
electrons with a magnetic field while moving past a series of
open metal cavities (cavity resonators). Electrons pass by the
openings to these cavities and cause microwaves to oscillate
within, similar to the way a whistle produces a tone when excited
by an air stream blown past its opening. The frequency of the
microwaves produced, the resonant frequency, is determined by
the cavities' physical dimensions. Unlike other vacuum tubes Magnetron with section removed to
exhibit the cavities. The cathode in
such as a klystron or a traveling-wave tube (TWT), the
the center is not visible. The
magnetron cannot function as an amplifier in order to increase the waveguide emitting microwaves is at
intensity of an applied microwave signal; the magnetron serves the left. The magnet producing a field
solely as an oscillator, generating a microwave signal from direct parallel to the long axis of the device
current electricity supplied to the vacuum tube. is not shown.

An early form of magnetron was invented by H. Gerdien in

1910.[1] Another form of magnetron tube, the split-anode
magnetron, was invented by Albert Hull of General Electric
Research Laboratory in 1920, but it achieved only a frequency of
30 kHz.[2] Similar devices were experimented with by many
teams through the 1920s and 1930s. Hans Erich Hollmann filed a
patent on a design similar to the modern tube in 1935,[3] but the
more stable klystron was preferred for most German radars
during World War II. An important advance was the multi-cavity A similar magnetron with a different
magnetron, first proposed in 1934 by A. L. Samuel of Bell section removed. Central cathode is
Telephone Laboratories. However, the first truly successful visible; antenna conducting
example was developed by Aleksereff and Malearoff in USSR in microwaves at the top; magnet is not
shown.
1936, which achieved 300 watts at 3 GHz (10 cm wavelength).[2]

The cavity magnetron was radically improved by John Randall

and Harry Boot at the University of Birmingham, England in 1940.[4] They invented a valve that could
produce multi-kilowatt pulses at 10 cm wavelength, an unprecedented achievement.[5] The high power of
pulses from the device made centimeter-band radar practical for the Allies of World War II, with shorter
wavelength radars allowing detection of smaller objects from smaller antennas. The compact cavity
magnetron tube drastically reduced the size of radar sets[6] so that they could be more easily installed in
night-fighter aircraft, anti-submarine aircraft[7] and escort ships.[6]

At the same time, Yoji Ito was experimenting with magnetrons in Japan, and proposed a system of
collision avoidance using frequency modulation. Only low power output was achieved. Visiting
Germany, where he had earlier received his doctorate, Ito learned that the Germans were using pulse
modulation at VHF with great success. Back in Japan, he produced a prototype pulse magnetron with
2 kW output in October 1941, which was then widely deployed.[8]
In the post-war era the magnetron was less widely used for radar
applications, because the output changes from pulse to pulse,
both in frequency and phase. This renders the method unsuitable
for pulse-to-pulse comparisons for detecting and removing
"clutter" from the radar display.[9] The magnetron remains in use
in some radar systems, but has become much more common as a
low-cost source for microwave ovens. In this form, over one
billion magnetrons are in use today.[9][10]
Obsolete 9 GHz magnetron tube and
magnets from a Soviet aircraft radar.
The tube is embraced between the

Contents poles of two horseshoe-shaped

alnico magnets (top, bottom), which
Construction and operation create a magnetic field along the axis
of the tube. The microwaves are
Conventional tube design
emitted from the waveguide aperture
Hull or single-anode magnetron (top) which in use is attached to a
Split-anode magnetron waveguide conducting the
Cavity magnetron microwaves to the radar antenna.
Modern tubes use rare earth
Common features magnets which are much less bulky.
Applications
Radar
Heating
Lighting
History
Health hazards
See also
References
External links

Construction and operation

Conventional tube design

In a conventional electron tube (vacuum tube), electrons are emitted from a negatively charged, heated
component called the cathode and are attracted to a positively charged component called the anode. The
components are normally arranged concentrically, placed within a tubular-shaped container from which
all air has been evacuated, so that the electrons can move freely (hence the name "vacuum" tubes, called
"valves" by the British).

If a third electrode is inserted between the cathode and the anode (called a control grid), the flow of
electrons between the cathode and anode can be regulated by varying the voltage on this third electrode.
This allows the resulting electron tube (called a "triode" because it now has three electrodes) to function
as an amplifier because small variations in the electric charge applied to the control grid will result in
identical variations in the much larger current of electrons flowing between the cathode and anode.[11]
Hull or single-anode magnetron
The idea of using a grid for control was patented by Lee de Forest, resulting in considerable research into
alternate tube designs that would avoid his patents. One concept used a magnetic field instead of an
electrical charge to control current flow, leading to the development of the magnetron tube. In this
design, the tube was made with two electrodes, typically with the cathode in the form of a metal rod in
the center, and the anode as a cylinder around it. The tube was placed between the poles of a horseshoe
magnet[12] arranged such that the magnetic field was aligned parallel to the axis of the electrodes.

With no magnetic field present, the tube operates as a diode, with electrons flowing directly from the
cathode to the anode. In the presence of the magnetic field, the electrons will experience a force at right
angles to their direction of motion, according to the left-hand rule. In this case, the electrons follow a
curved path between the cathode and anode. The curvature of the path can be controlled by varying either
the magnetic field, using an electromagnet, or by changing the electrical potential between the electrodes.

At very high magnetic field settings the electrons are forced back onto the cathode, preventing current
flow. At the opposite extreme, with no field, the electrons are free to flow straight from the cathode to the
anode. There is a point between the two extremes, the critical value or Hull cut-off magnetic field (and
cut-off voltage), where the electrons just reach the anode. At fields around this point, the device operates
similar to a triode. However, magnetic control, due to hysteresis and other effects, results in a slower and
less faithful response to control current than electrostatic control using a control grid in a conventional
triode (not to mention greater weight and complexity), so magnetrons saw limited use in conventional
electronic designs.

It was noticed that when the magnetron was operating at the critical value, it would emit energy in the
radio frequency spectrum. This occurs because a few of the electrons, instead of reaching the anode,
continue to circle in the space between the cathode and the anode. Due to an effect now known as
cyclotron radiation, these electrons radiate radio frequency energy. The effect is not very efficient.
Eventually the electrons hit one of the electrodes, so the number in the circulating state at any given time
is a small percentage of the overall current. It was also noticed that the frequency of the radiation
depends on the size of the tube, and even early examples were built that produced signals in the
microwave region.

Early conventional tube systems were limited to the high frequency bands, and although very high
frequency systems became widely available in the late 1930s, the ultra high frequency and microwave
regions were well beyond the ability of conventional circuits. The magnetron was one of the few devices
able to generate signals in the microwave band and it was the only one that was able to produce high
power at centimeter wavelengths.

Split-anode magnetron
The original magnetron was very difficult to keep operating at the critical value, and even then the
number of electrons in the circling state at any time was fairly low. This meant that it produced very low-
power signals. Nevertheless, as one of the few devices known to create microwaves, interest in the device
and potential improvements was widespread.

The first major improvement was the split-anode magnetron, also known as a negative-resistance
magnetron. As the name implies, this design used an anode that was split in two—one at each end of the
tube—creating two half-cylinders. When both were charged to the same voltage the system worked like
the original model. But by slightly altering the voltage
of the two plates, the electron's trajectory could be
modified so that they would naturally travel towards
the lower voltage side. The plates were connected to
an oscillator that reversed the relative voltage of the
two plates at a given frequency.[12]

At any given instant, the electron will naturally be

pushed towards the lower-voltage side of the tube. The
electron will then oscillate back and forth as the
voltage changes. At the same time, a strong magnetic
field is applied, stronger than the critical value in the Split-anode magnetron (c. 1935). (left) The bare
original design. This would normally cause the tube, about 11 cm high. (right) Installed for use
electron to circle back to the cathode, but due to the between the poles of a strong permanent magnet
oscillating electrical field, the electron instead follows
a looping path that continues toward the anodes.[12]

Since all of the electrons in the flow experienced this looping motion, the amount of RF energy being
radiated was greatly improved. And as the motion occurred at any field level beyond the critical value, it
was no longer necessary to carefully tune the fields and voltages, and the overall stability of the device
was greatly improved. Unfortunately, the higher field also meant that electrons often circled back to the
cathode, depositing their energy on it and causing it to heat up. As this normally causes more electrons to
be released, it could sometimes lead to a runaway effect, damaging the device.[12]

Cavity magnetron
The great advance in magnetron design was the resonant cavity magnetron or electron-resonance
magnetron, which works on entirely different principles. In this design the oscillation is created by the
physical shaping of the anode, rather than external circuits or fields.

Mechanically, the cavity magnetron consists of a large, solid

cylinder of metal with a hole drilled through the center of the
circular face. A wire acting as the cathode is run down the center
of this hole, and the metal block itself forms the anode. Around
this hole, known as the "interaction space", are a number of
similar holes ("resonators") drilled parallel to the interaction
space, separated only a very short distance away. A small slot is
cut between the interaction space and each of these resonators.
The resulting block looks something like the cylinder on a
revolver, with a somewhat larger central hole. (Early models A cross-sectional diagram of a
were actually cut using Colt pistol jigs)[13] Remembering that in resonant cavity magnetron. Magnetic
an ac circuit the electrons travel along the surface, not the core, of lines of force are parallel to the
the conductor, the parallel sides of the slot acts as a capacitor geometric axis of this structure.

while the round holes form an inductor: an LC circuit made of

solid copper, with the resonant frequency defined entirely by its
dimensions.
The magnetic field is set to a value well below the critical, so the electrons follow arcing paths towards
the anode. When they strike the anode, they cause it to become negatively charged in that region. As this
process is random, some areas will become more or less charged than the areas around them. The anode
is constructed of a highly conductive material, almost always copper, so these differences in voltage
cause currents to appear to even them out. Since the current has to flow around the outside of the cavity,
this process takes time. During that time additional electrons will avoid the hot spots and be deposited
further along the anode, as the additional current flowing around it arrives too. This causes an oscillating
current to form as the current tries to equalize one spot, then another.[14]

The oscillating currents flowing around the cavities, and their effect on the electron flow within the tube,
causes large amounts of microwave radiofrequency energy to be generated in the cavities. The cavities
are open on one end, so the entire mechanism forms a single, larger, microwave oscillator. A "tap",
normally a wire formed into a loop, extracts microwave energy from one of the cavities. In some systems
the tap wire is replaced by an open hole, which allows the microwaves to flow into a waveguide.

As the oscillation takes some time to set up, and is inherently random at the start, subsequent startups
will have different output parameters. Phase is almost never preserved, which makes the magnetron
difficult to use in phased array systems. Frequency also drifts from pulse to pulse, a more difficult
problem for a wider array of radar systems. Neither of these present a problem for continuous-wave
radars, nor for microwave ovens.

Common features
All cavity magnetrons consist of a heated
cathode placed at a high (continuous or
pulsed) negative potential created by a high-
voltage, direct-current power supply. The
cathode is placed in the center of an
evacuated, lobed, circular chamber. A
magnetic field parallel to the filament is
imposed by a permanent magnet. The
magnetic field causes the electrons, attracted
to the (relatively) positive outer part of the
chamber, to spiral outward in a circular path,
a consequence of the Lorentz force. Spaced
around the rim of the chamber are cylindrical
cavities. Slots are cut along the length of the
cavities that open into the central, common Cutaway drawing of a cavity magnetron of 1984. Part of the
cavity space. As electrons sweep past these righthand magnet and copper anode block is cut away to
slots, they induce a high-frequency radio show the cathode and cavities. This older magnetron uses
field in each resonant cavity, which in turn two horseshoe shaped alnico magnets, modern tubes use
rare earth magnets.
causes the electrons to bunch into groups.
(This principle of cavity resonator is very
similar to blowing a stream of air across the
open top of a glass pop bottle.) A portion of the radio frequency energy is extracted by a short antenna
that is connected to a waveguide (a metal tube, usually of rectangular cross section). The waveguide
directs the extracted RF energy to the load, which may be a cooking chamber in a microwave oven or a
high-gain antenna in the case of radar.
The sizes of the cavities determine the resonant frequency, and thereby the frequency of the emitted
microwaves. However, the frequency is not precisely controllable. The operating frequency varies with
changes in load impedance, with changes in the supply current, and with the temperature of the tube.[15]
This is not a problem in uses such as heating, or in some forms of radar where the receiver can be
synchronized with an imprecise magnetron frequency. Where precise frequencies are needed, other
devices, such as the klystron are used.

The magnetron is a self-oscillating device requiring no external elements other than a power supply. A
well-defined threshold anode voltage must be applied before oscillation will build up; this voltage is a
function of the dimensions of the resonant cavity, and the applied magnetic field. In pulsed applications
there is a delay of several cycles before the oscillator achieves full peak power, and the build-up of anode
voltage must be coordinated with the build-up of oscillator output.[15]

Where there are an even number of cavities, two concentric rings can connect alternate cavity walls to
prevent inefficient modes of oscillation. This is called pi-strapping because the two straps lock the phase
difference between adjacent cavities at pi radians (180°).

The modern magnetron is a fairly efficient device. In a microwave oven, for instance, a 1.1-kilowatt input
will generally create about 700 watts of microwave power, an efficiency of around 65%. (The high-
voltage and the properties of the cathode determine the power of a magnetron.) Large S band magnetrons
can produce up to 2.5 megawatts peak power with an average power of 3.75 kW.[15] Some large
magnetrons are water cooled. The magnetron remains in widespread use in roles which require high
power, but where precise control over frequency and phase is unimportant.

Applications

Radar
In a radar set, the magnetron's waveguide is
connected to an antenna. The magnetron is
operated with very short pulses of applied voltage,
resulting in a short pulse of high-power microwave
energy being radiated. As in all primary radar
systems, the radiation reflected from a target is
analyzed to produce a radar map on a screen.

Several characteristics of the magnetron's output

make radar use of the device somewhat
problematic. The first of these factors is the
9.375 GHz 20 kW (peak) magnetron assembly for an
magnetron's inherent instability in its transmitter
early commercial airport radar in 1947. In addition to
frequency. This instability results not only in the magnetron (right), it contains a TR
frequency shifts from one pulse to the next, but also (transmit/receive) switch tube and the
a frequency shift within an individual transmitted superheterodyne receiver front end, a 2K25 reflex
pulse. The second factor is that the energy of the klystron tube local oscillator and a 1N21 germanium
diode mixer. The waveguide aperture (left) is
transmitted pulse is spread over a relatively wide
connected to the waveguide going to the antenna.
frequency spectrum, which requires the receiver to
have a correspondingly wide bandwidth. This wide
bandwidth allows ambient electrical noise to be accepted into the receiver, thus obscuring somewhat the
weak radar echoes, thereby reducing overall receiver signal-to-noise ratio and thus performance. The
third factor, depending on application, is the radiation hazard caused by the use of high-power
electromagnetic radiation. In some applications, for example, a marine radar mounted on a recreational
vessel, a radar with a magnetron output of 2 to 4 kilowatts is often found mounted very near an area
occupied by crew or passengers. In practical use these factors have been overcome, or merely accepted,
and there are today thousands of magnetron aviation and marine radar units in service. Recent advances
in aviation weather-avoidance radar and in marine radar have successfully replaced the magnetron with
semiconductor microwave oscillators, which have a narrower output frequency range. These allow a
narrower receiver bandwidth to be used, and the higher signal-to-noise ratio in turn allows a lower
transmitter power, reducing exposure to EMR.

Heating
In microwave ovens, the waveguide leads to a radio-frequency-
transparent port into the cooking chamber. As the fixed
dimensions of the chamber and its physical closeness to the
magnetron would normally create standing wave patterns in the
chamber, the pattern is randomized by a motorized fan-like stirrer
in the waveguide (more often in commercial ovens), or by a
turntable that rotates the food (most common in consumer ovens).

Lighting
In microwave-excited lighting systems, such as a sulfur lamp, a
magnetron provides the microwave field that is passed through a
waveguide to the lighting cavity containing the light-emitting
substance (e.g., sulfur, metal halides, etc.). Although efficient,
Magnetron from a microwave oven
these lamps are much more complex than other methods of with magnet in its mounting box. The
lighting and therefore not commonly used. More modern variants horizontal plates form a heat sink,
use HEMTs or GaN-on-SiC power semiconductors to generate cooled by airflow from a fan. The
the microwaves, which are substantially less complex and can be magnetic field is produced by two
adjusted to maximize light output using a PID system. powerful ring magnets, the lower of
which is just visible. Almost all
modern oven magnetrons are of
History similar layout and appearance.

In 1910 Hans Gerdien of the Siemens corporation invented a

magnetron.[16][17] In 1912, Swiss physicist Heinrich Greinacher was looking for new ways to calculate
the electron mass. He settled on a system consisting of a diode with a cylindrical anode surrounding a
rod-shaped cathode, placed in the middle of a magnet. The attempt to measure the electron mass failed
because he was unable to achieve a good vacuum in the tube. However, as part of this work, Greinacher
developed mathematical models of the motion of the electrons in the crossed magnetic and electric
fields.[18][19]

In the US, Albert Hull put this work to use in an attempt to bypass Western Electric's patents on the
triode. Western Electric had gained control of this design by buying Lee De Forest's patents on the
control of current flow using electric fields via the "grid". Hull intended to use a variable magnetic field,
instead of an electrostatic one, to control the flow of the electrons from the cathode to the anode.
Working at General Electric's Research Laboratories in Schenectady, New York, Hull built tubes that
provided switching through the control of the ratio of the magnetic and electric field strengths. He
released several papers and patents on the concept in 1921.[20]

Hull's magnetron was not originally intended to generate VHF (very-high-frequency) electromagnetic
waves. However, in 1924, Czech physicist August Žáček[21] (1886–1961) and German physicist Erich
Habann[22] (1892–1968) independently discovered that the magnetron could generate waves of 100
megahertz to 1 gigahertz. Žáček, a professor at Prague's Charles University, published first; however, he
published in a journal with a small circulation and thus attracted little attention.[23] Habann, a student at
the University of Jena, investigated the magnetron for his doctoral dissertation of 1924.[24] Throughout
the 1920s, Hull and other researchers around the world worked to develop the magnetron.[25][26][27] Most
of these early magnetrons were glass vacuum tubes with multiple anodes. However, the two-pole
magnetron, also known as a split-anode magnetron, had relatively low efficiency.

While radar was being developed during World War II, there arose an urgent need for a high-power
microwave generator that worked at shorter wavelengths, around 10 cm (3 GHz), rather than the 50 to
150 cm (200 MHz) that was available from tube-based generators of the time. It was known that a multi-
cavity resonant magnetron had been developed and patented in 1935 by Hans Hollmann in Berlin.[3]
However, the German military considered the frequency drift of Hollman's device to be undesirable, and
based their radar systems on the klystron instead. But klystrons could not at that time achieve the high
power output that magnetrons eventually reached. This was one reason that German night fighter radars,
which never strayed beyond the low-UHF band to start with for front-line aircraft, were not a match for
their British counterparts.[25]:229 Likewise, in the UK, Albert Beaumont Wood detailed a system with
"six or eight small holes" drilled in a metal block, identical to later production designs. However, his idea
was rejected by the Navy, who said their valve department was far too busy to consider it.[28]

In 1940, at the University of Birmingham in the UK, John

Randall and Harry Boot produced a working prototype of a cavity
magnetron that produced about 400 W.[5] Within a week this had
improved to 1 kW, and within the next few months, with the
addition of water cooling and many detail changes, this had
improved to 10 and then 25 kW.[5] To deal with its drifting
frequency, they sampled the output signal and synchronized their
receiver to whatever frequency was actually being generated. In
1941, the problem of frequency instability was solved by James
Sir John Randall and Harry Boot's
Sayers coupling ("strapping") alternate cavities within the original cavity magnetron developed
magnetron which reduced the instability by a factor of 5-6.[29] in 1940 at the University of
(For an overview of early magnetron designs, including that of Birmingham, England
Boot and Randall, see [30]) According to Andy Manning from the
RAF Air Defence Radar Museum, Randall and Boot's discovery
was "a massive, massive breakthrough" and "deemed by many, even now, to be the most important
invention that came out of the Second World War", while professor of military history at the University
of Victoria in British Columbia, David Zimmerman, states:

The magnetron remains the essential radio tube for

shortwave radio signals of all types. It not only
changed the course of the war by allowing us to
develop airborne radar systems, it remains the key
 piece of technology that lies at the heart of your
microwave oven today. The cavity magnetron's
invention changed the world.[5]

Because France had just fallen to the Nazis and Britain had no
money to develop the magnetron on a massive scale, Winston
Churchill agreed that Sir Henry Tizard should offer the
magnetron to the Americans in exchange for their financial and
industrial help.[5] An early 10 kW version, built in England by The electromagnet used in
the General Electric Company Research Laboratories, Wembley, conjunction with Randall and Boot's
original magnetron
London (not to be confused with the similarly named American
company General Electric), was taken on the Tizard Mission in
September 1940. As the discussion turned to radar, the US Navy
representatives began to detail the problems with their short-
wavelength systems, complaining that their klystrons could only
produce 10 W. With a flourish, "Taffy" Bowen pulled out a
magnetron and explained it produced 1000 times that.[5][31]

Bell Telephone Laboratories took the example and quickly began

making copies, and before the end of 1940, the Radiation
Laboratory had been set up on the campus of the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology to develop various types of radar using
the magnetron. By early 1941, portable centimetric airborne
radars were being tested in American and British aircraft.[5] In
late 1941, the Telecommunications Research Establishment in the
United Kingdom used the magnetron to develop a revolutionary
airborne, ground-mapping radar codenamed H2S. The H2S radar The anode block which is part of the
was in part developed by Alan Blumlein and Bernard Lovell. cavity magnetron developed by
Randall and Boot
The cavity magnetron was widely used during World War II in
microwave radar equipment and is often credited with giving
Allied radar a considerable performance advantage over German and Japanese radars, thus directly
influencing the outcome of the war. It was later described by American historian James Phinney Baxter
III as "[t]he most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores".[32]

Centimetric radar, made possible by the cavity magnetron, allowed for the detection of much smaller
objects and the use of much smaller antennas. The combination of small-cavity magnetrons, small
antennas, and high resolution allowed small, high quality radars to be installed in aircraft. They could be
used by maritime patrol aircraft to detect objects as small as a submarine periscope, which allowed
aircraft to attack and destroy submerged submarines which had previously been undetectable from the
air. Centimetric contour mapping radars like H2S improved the accuracy of Allied bombers used in the
strategic bombing campaign, despite the existence of the German FuG 350 Naxos device to specifically
detect it. Centimetric gun-laying radars were likewise far more accurate than the older technology. They
made the big-gunned Allied battleships more deadly and, along with the newly developed proximity
fuze, made anti-aircraft guns much more dangerous to attacking aircraft. The two coupled together and
used by anti-aircraft batteries, placed along the flight path of German V-1 flying bombs on their way to
London, are credited with destroying many of the flying bombs before they reached their target.
Since then, many millions of cavity magnetrons have been manufactured; while some have been for radar
the vast majority have been for microwave ovens. The use in radar itself has dwindled to some extent, as
more accurate signals have generally been needed and developers have moved to klystron and traveling-
wave tube systems for these needs.

Health hazards
At least one hazard in particular is well known and documented. As the lens
of the eye has no cooling blood flow, it is particularly prone to overheating
when exposed to microwave radiation. This heating can in turn lead to a
higher incidence of cataracts in later life.[33] A microwave oven with a
warped door or poor microwave sealing can be hazardous.

There is also a considerable electrical hazard around magnetrons, as they

require a high voltage power supply. Caution: radiowaves
hazard
Some magnetrons have beryllium oxide (beryllia) ceramic insulators, which
are dangerous if crushed and inhaled, or otherwise ingested. Single or
chronic exposure can lead to berylliosis, an incurable lung condition. In
addition, beryllia is listed as a confirmed human carcinogen by the IARC;
therefore, broken ceramic insulators or magnetrons should not be directly
handled.

All magnetrons contain a small amount of thorium mixed with tungsten in

their filament. While this is a radioactive metal, the risk of cancer is low as
it never gets airborne in normal usage. Only if the filament is taken out of Caution: Poisonous
particles for the lungs
the magnetron, finely crushed, and inhaled can it pose a health
hazard.[34][35][36]

See also
Crossed-field amplifier
Yoji Ito, a Japanese military electronics expert who helped create Japan's first cavity
magnetron devices as early as 1939.[37]
Klystron
Maser
Microwave EMP Rifle
Radiation Laboratory
Traveling-wave tube

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Žáček, A. (May 1924). "Nová metoda k vytvorení netlumenych oscilací" [New method of
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cz/121857/CasPestMatFys_053-1924-3_4.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
110718171331/http://dml.cz/bitstream/handle/10338.dmlcz/121857/CasPestMatFys_05
3-1924-3_4.pdf) 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine.
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elektromagnetischen Wellen" [On a method for generating very short electromagnetic
waves]. Zeitschrift für Hochfrequenztechnik (in German). 32: 172–180.
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waves], Czechoslovak patent no. 20,293 (filed: 31 May 1924; issued: 15 February
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Relationship of Science and Technology". In Blumtritt, O.; Petzold, H.; Aspray, W. (eds.).
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26. Brittain, James E. (1985). "The magnetron and the beginnings of the microwave age".
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abs/1985PhT....38g..60B). doi:10.1063/1.880982 (https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.880982).
27. See for example:
Soviet physicists:
Slutskin, Abram A.; Shteinberg, Dmitry S. (1926). "[Obtaining oscillations in
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External links
Information

Magnetrons (http://www.radartutorial.eu/08.transmitters/Magnetron.en.html)
Magnetron collection in the Virtual Valve Museum (http://www.tubecollector.org/list.php?L=-
M&M=Y&H=Magnetrons)
MicrowaveCam.com (https://web.archive.org/web/20151027171252/http://microwavecam.co
m/Videos/Grapes/index.htm) Videos of plasmoids created in a microwave oven
TMD Magnetrons (https://tmdus.com/products/microwavetubes/) Information and PDF Data
Sheets
(Title is somewhat cryptic) (http://www.thehutchisoneffect.com/ws/Philadephia%20Experime
nt/radar-10.htm) Concise, notably-excellent article about magnetrons; Fig. 13 is
representative of a modern radar magnetron.

Patents

US 2123728 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2123728)
Hans Erich Hollmann/Telefunken GmbH: „Magnetron“ filed November 27, 1935
US 2315313 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2315313)
Buchholz, H. (1943). Cavity resonator
US 2357313 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2357313)
Carter, P.S. (1944). High frequency resonator and circuit therefor
US 2357314 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2357314)
Carter, P.S. (1944). Cavity resonator circuit
US 2408236 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2408236)
Spencer, P.L. (1946). Magnetron casing
 US 2444152 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2444152)
Carter, P.S. (1948). Cavity resonator circuit
US 2611094 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2611094)
Rex, H.B. (1952). Inductance-capacitance resonance circuit
GB 879677 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=GB879677)
Dexter, S.A. (1959). Valve oscillator circuits; radio frequency output couplings

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