Automatic Room Lighting and Fan Controlling System

AUTOMATIC LIGHTING AND FAN CONTROLLING SYSTEM

Design Project Report
submitted by

ANJITAA PM
CEM17EE007

ARJUN BABY US
CEM17EE009

MUHAMED DANIS
CEM17EE016
to
the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of B. Tech Degree
in Electrical Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering

College of Engineering Muttathara

Thiruvananthapuram
November-2019

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

College of Engineering Muttathara
 Automatic Room Lighting and Fan Controlling System

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MUTTATHARA,

THIRUVANTHAPURAM

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this report entitled Automatic Lighting and Fan Controlling
System is the report of project presented by Anjitaa PM , Arjun Baby US &
Muhamed Danis during 2019-2020 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering of the
APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University is a bono fide record of the project
work carried out by them under our supervision. This report in any form has not
been submitted to any other university or institute for any purpose.

Internal Supervisor(s) HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Mr Thasreef HR Mr Jijo Balakrishnan

Mr Bharath GR

College of Engineering Muttathara

 Automatic Room Lighting and Fan Controlling System

DECLARATION

We undersigned hereby declare that the project report Automatic Lighting and
Fan Controlling System , submitted for partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology of the APJ Abdul Kalam
University, Kerala is a bona fide work done by us under supervision of Mr
Thasreef HR and Mr Bharath GR . This submission represents our ideas in your
own words and where ideas or words of others have been included, we have
adequately and accurately cited and referenced the original sources, we also
declare that we have adhered to ethics of academic honesty and integrity and have
not misrepresented fabricated any data or idea or fact or source in our submission.
We understandthat any violation of the above will be a cause for disciplinary
action by the institute and the University can also evoke penal action from the
sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission
has not been obtained. This report has not been previously formed the basis for the
award of any degree, diploma or similar title of any other University,

Thiruvananthapuram
26-November-2019
Anjitaa PM

Arjun Baby US

Muhamed Danis
College of Engineering Muttathara
 Automatic Room Lighting and Fan Controlling System

ABSTRACT

In this paper we are going to discuss various methods for automatic switching of
home lighting systems, controlling the intensity of lights depending on the
intensity of sunlight and controlling the fan depending on the temperature of the
room. Our design basically is divided into three blocks human detection circuit,
LDR based light detection circuit and temperature sensor based fan of off
controller circuit. The first circuit will control the main switch which will be turned
on only if a person is detected; it is D6T thermal sensor on IR sensor and
microcontroller. The second circuit is based on LDR, it is used to detect the
intensity of the sunlight and depending on the intensity of sunlight number of led
glowing will be controlled. The third circuit uses DHT11 as a temperature sensor
to control the switching of the fan. The human detection circuit can also be used to
count the number of person present in the room. The basic idea behind this paper is
to save the amount power wasted when the home lighting system is on even in the
absence of human being. The system will restrict the turning on the lights with
enough amount of sunlight entering the room and turning on the fan with the room
temperature below the par temperature. The design also gives the user flexibility to
switch on the devices neglecting the control system.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to thank god almighty for blessing us with his grace and
taking us endeavour to a successful culmination throughout our life. We express
our sincere and heartfelt thanks to our esteemed guide Mr Thasreef HR & Mr
Bharath GR sir for providing us with the right guidance andadvice at the crucial
junctures and for showing me the right way. We extend our sincere gratitude to our
respected HOD Mr Jijo Balakrishnan sir for allowing us to use the facilities
available and supporting us. We would like to thank other faculty members also, at
this occasion. Last but not the least, we would like to thank our friends and family
for the support and encouragement and they have given us throughout the course of
our work

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 Automatic Room Lighting and Fan Controlling System

CONTENTS

Title Page Number

Abstract i
Acknowledgement ii
Table of content iii
List of Figure iv
Chapter1: Introduction 1
Chapter2: Literature Review 2
Chapter3: Working 3
3.1 D6T thermal sensor
3.1.1 Working of d6t sensor
3.1.2 Components of d6t sensor
3.1.3 Features
3.2 Light Dependent Resistor
3.2.1 Working Principle of LDR
3.2.2 Circuit Diagram of a Light Dependent Resistor

3.3 DHT11Temperature and Humidity Sensor

3.3.1 Working Principle

3.3.2 Circuit Schematics

Chapter4: Advantage &Disadvantage

Chapter5: Future Scope

Chapter 6: Conclusion
Reference

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 Automatic Room Lighting and Fan Controlling System

LIST OF FIGURES

No: Title Page No:

1 Figure of D6T thermal sensor 5
2 Components of D6T thermal sensor 6
3 Figure of LDR 9
4 Circuit diagram of LDR 10
5 Figure of DHT11 11
6 Components of DHT11 12
7 Circuit Schematics of DHT11 13

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INTRODUCTION

In recent years the people are looking forward for the automation in there day to
day life. Energy saving has attracted great attention as a global issue because of
recent environmental problems. Most of the people are trying to produce energy
using renewable source of energy and actually investing large amount of money in
such products. Instead the people should use the energy in an efficient way. People
are becoming lazy to switch off the lights while leaving the room. So the large
amount of energy is wasted if the light is ON in the absence of human being.
Generally in public and private sector companies, offices most of the people are
not interested to switch OFF the consumer electronic appliances like fan, light etc,
if they are not present. As more and more consumer electronic and home
appliances are used, the size of them is becoming large; power consumption in
home area tends to grow. Moreover, useless power consumption occurs in the
absence of human being in public and private sectors. Using the automation in
switching the home lighting system large energy will be saved which will in turn
save the money of the owner of the house. The amount of energy saved will be
unnoticeable for single house but if it is used in all private and public sector and
large number of homes it can certainly contribute in large amount of savings of
energy and money. By the use of automatic switching the person will not have give
attention towards turning OFF the lights while leaving the room, this system also
helps to reduce the power wasted when the lights, fans and other electric appliance
are ON in the absence of any person. All the system is built using low power
microcontroller which is efficient in turning the main switch and displays the
count. The components used are D6T sensor for detection of human being, LDR
for detection of amount of light intensity and DHT11 to control the switching off
fan. In our project the light is replaced by clusters of LED as lamp. The lamp is
divided into three groups of led. According to the intensity of sunlight the group of
LED glowing is controlled, in the absence of sunlight all the LED glowing
illuminating the room

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 Automatic Room Lighting and Fan Controlling System

LITERATURE REVIEW

 Jaeseok Yun

Human Movement Detection and Identification Using Pyroelectric Infrared

Sensors

 Jinsung Byun

Design and implementation of an intelligent energy saving system based on

standby power reduction for a future zero-energy home environment

 Ying-Wen Bai

Automatic room light intensity detection and control using a microprocessor

and light sensors

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 Automatic Room Lighting and Fan Controlling System

CHAPTER 3-WORKING

3.1 D6T thermal sensor

The D6T thermal sensor is able to detect the presence of stationary humans by
detecting body heat, and can therefore be used to automatically switch off
unnecessary lighting, air conditioning, etc. when people are not present (regardless
of whether they move or not). As the D6T sensor is also able to monitor the
temperature of a room, they can also be used to continually maintain optimal room
temperature levels, instantly sense unusual changes in temperature thereby
detecting factory line stoppages, or discover areas of overheating for early
prevention of fire outbreaks, etc.

While standard thermal sensors are only able to measure temperature at one certain
contact point, the D6T can measure the temperature of an entire area contactlessly.
Signals generated by infrared rays are usually extremely weak, and high-sensitivity
detection is therefore very difficult to achieve. However, OMRON has developed
and manufactured in-house every part of the new thermal sensor, from the MEMS
sensors to ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits) and other application-
specific parts, specifically with the aim of ensuring that the D6T is capable of
highly sensitive detection.

With the cutting edge OMRON MEMS technology that is utilized in the D6T, we
are aiming to contribute to the creation of new advanced energy-saving household
appliances as well home and building energy management systems plus a wide
variety of factory automation applications.

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 Automatic Room Lighting and Fan Controlling System

3.1.1Working of d6t sensor:

The silicon lens focuses radiant heat (far-infrared rays) emitted from objects onto
the thermopile sensor in the module.
The thermopile sensor generates electromotiveforce in accordance with the
radiant energy (far-infrared rays) focused on it.
The values of this electromotive force and the internal thermal sensor are
measured. Then, the device calculates the measured value (temperature of the
object) via an interpolation calculation that compares the measured values with
an internally stored lookup table.

The measured value is output via the I2C bus, and read using a host system.

The D6T-1A-01/02 models use a silicon filter.

D6T-1A-01/D6T-1A-02/D6T-8L-09 use a temperature conversion

circuit in the ASIC to calculate measured values (temperatures of
objects)

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 Automatic Room Lighting and Fan Controlling System

(Back side) I2C connector

(Interior side)

Thermopile sensor

Silicon lens
fig3.1.1(a)

3.1.2Components of d6t sensor:

1) Silicon lens:

Gather radited infrared on the thermopile.

Fig3.1.2(a): silicon lens

2) MEMS Thermopile Array (1*8 array):

Transduce infrared light into electrical signal.

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 Automatic Room Lighting and Fan Controlling System

Fig3.1.2(b)

Fig: thermopile array

3) Temperature conversion algorithm:

Convert sensor signal to digital temperature output.

Fig3.1.2(c): temperature conversion chip

The new Omron D6T is a super-sensitive infrared temperature sensor that makes
full use of proprietary Omron MEMS sensing technology. Most human presence
sensors rely on movement, but the D6T is able to detect occupation by sensing
body heat and provides a more reliable basis for switching off lighting, air
conditioning and other services when the space is empty. Conventional sensors
often fail to distinguish between an unoccupied space and a stationary person. This
feature is a particular issue in healthcare system design, when detecting the
presence of bed-bound patients in a room.
As D6T sensors are able to monitor the temperature of a room, they can also be
used to control the level of heating and air conditioning systems and maintain
optimal room temperature levels without wasting energy. Unusual changes in
temperature can also be used in other ways, for example to detect line stoppages,
identify hot spots before a fire breaks out or in clinical applications to check
whether a patient has left the bed.
While standard thermal sensors are only able to measure temperature at one
contact point, the D6T can measure the temperature of an entire area contactlessly.
Signals generated by infrared rays are extremely weak. To achieve reliable
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 Automatic Room Lighting and Fan Controlling System

detection, Omron has developed and manufactured every part of the new high
sensitivity thermal sensor in-house, from the MEMS sensors to ASICs
(application-specific integrated circuits) and other application-specific parts.
The technology behind Omron’s D6T thermal sensors combines a MEMS micro-
mirror structure for efficient IR radiation detection with a high-performance silicon
lens to focus the infrared rays onto its thermopiles. Proprietary application-specific
integrated circuits then make the necessary computations and convert sensor
signals into digital I2C outputs. All components were developed in-house and are
fabricated in Omron’s own MEMS facilities. The result is high ±1.5degC accuracy
with excellent noise immunity (measured as noise equivalent temperature
difference) of 140mK.
With the cutting edge MEMS technology that is utilized in the D6T, Omron aims
to contribute to creating new advanced energy-saving household appliances as well
as home and building energy management systems and a wide variety of factory
automation applications.

3.1.3 Features

The non-contact temperature sensor measures the surface temperature of an object.

D6T-44L-06 and D6T-8L-06 and D6T-1A-01/02 have sensor chip arrays of 16
channels (4x4) and 8 channels (1x8) and 1 channel (1x1) respectively. By
mounting the signal processing circuit close to the sensor chip, a low noise
temperature measurement is realized. The module can also be used for detecting
the presence of human beings. Omron’s non-contact temperature sensor can solve
the shortcomings of a conventional pyroelectric sensor, which cannot catch the
signal of a stationary person because the sensor detects the change of signal [in
principle]. Moreover, Omron’s non-contact temperature sensor continually detects
the far-infrared ray of an object, while the pyroelectric models do not.

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 Automatic Room Lighting and Fan Controlling System

Fig.3.1.3(a)

In cases where a D6T sensor is used for detecting human beings, the application
will be limited to close range when the detection programming scheme only judges
by temperature value. To extend the detection distance, improvements to the
judgment accuracy can be made via software programming, considering time
change, heat source location and human being movement.

3.2 Light Dependent Resistor

An LDR or light dependent resistor is also known as photo resistor, photocell,
photoconductor. It is a one type of resistor whose resistance varies depending on
the amount of light falling on its surface. When the light falls on the resistor, then
the resistance changes. These resistors are often used in many circuits where it is
required to sense the presence of light. These resistors have a variety of functions
and resistance. For instance, when the LDR is in darkness, then it can be used to
turn ON a light or to turn OFF a light when it is in the light. A typical light
dependent resistor has a resistance in the darkness of 1MOhm, and in the
brightness a resistance of a couple of KOhm.

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 Automatic Room Lighting and Fan Controlling System

Fig 3.2(a)
3.2.1 Working Principle of LDR

This resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. It is nothing but, when
the light falls on its surface, then the material conductivity reduces and also the
electrons in the valence band of the device are excited to the conduction band.
These photons in the incident light must have energy greater than the band gap of
the semiconductor material.This makes the electrons to jump from the valence
band to conduction. These devices depend on the light, when light falls on the LDR
then the resistance decreases, and increases in the dark.When a LDR is kept in the
dark place, its resistance is high and, when the LDR is kept in the light its
resistance will decrease. If a constant “V’ is applied to the LDR, the intensity of the
light increased and current increases.

Fig 3.2.1(a)
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3.2.2 Circuit Diagram of a Light Dependent Resistor

The circuit diagram of a LDR is shown below. When the light intensity is low, then
the resistance of the LDR is high. This stops the current flow to the base terminal
of the transistor. So, the LED does not light. However, when the light intensity
onto the LDR is high, then the resistance of the LDR is low.So current flows onto
the base of the first transistor and then the second transistor.Consequently the LED
lights.Here, a preset resistor is used to turn up or down to increase or decrease the
resistance.

Fig3.2.2(a)

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3.3 DHT11Temperature and Humidity Sensor

The DHT22 is the more expensive version which obviously has better
specifications. Its temperature measuring range is from -40 to +125 degrees
Celsius with +-0.5 degrees accuracy, while the DHT11 temperature range is from 0
to 50 degrees Celsius with +-2 degrees accuracy. Also the DHT22 sensor has better
humidity measuring range, from 0 to 100% with 2-5% accuracy, while the DHT11
humidity range is from 20 to 80% with 5% accuracy.

Fig3.3(a)

Table 3.3(a)

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3.3.1 Working Principle

For measuring humidity they use the humidity sensing component which has two
electrodes with moisture holding substrate between them. So as the humidity
changes, the conductivity of the substrate changes or the resistance between these
electrodes changes. This change in resistance is measured and processed by the IC
which makes it ready to be read by a microcontroller. On the other hand, for
measuring temperature these sensors use a NTC temperature sensor or a
thermistor.A thermistor is actually a variable resistor that changes its resistance
with change of the temperature. These sensors are made by sintering of
semiconductive materials such as ceramics or polymers in order to provide larger
changes in the resistance with just small changes in temperature. The term “NTC”
means “Negative Temperature Coefficient”, which means that the resistance
decreases with increase of the temperature.

Fig3.3.1(a)

Fig3.3.1(b)

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 Automatic Room Lighting and Fan Controlling System

3.3.2 Circuit Schematics

The DHT11 sensors have four pins, VCC, GND, data pin and a not connected pin
which has no usage. A pull-up resistor from 5K to 10K Ohms is required to keep
the data line high and in order to enable the communication between the sensor and
the Arduino Board. There are some versions of these sensors that come with a
breakout boards with built-in pull-up resistor and they have just 3 pins. The
DHTXX sensors have their own single wire protocol used for transferring the data.
This protocol requires precise timing and the timing diagrams for getting the data
from the sensors can be found from the datasheets of the sensors. However, we
don’t have to worry much about these timing diagrams because we will use
the DHT library which takes care of everything.

Fig3.3.2(a)

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ADVANTAGES

 Main advantage of this project is that it helps in energy conservation.

Because when there is nobody inside the room then lights are automatically
turned off.
 The automatic switching of home lighting system actually reduces the
human efforts. By the use of automatic switching the person will not have
give attention towards turning OFF the lights while leaving the room
 The total cost of all the circuit is much low as compared to the amount of
energy saved
 The counting system is very reliable in public or private sector as it gives the
number of person present in the area

DISADVANTAGES

 This also detects animals since the body heat of human being and an animal
is almost same.
 Installation cost is high

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FUTURE SCOPE

 By modifying this circuit and using two relays we can achieve a task of
opening and closing the door
 If this system is adopted at every home and offices, it can contribute to large
amount of energy savings.

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CONCLUSION

So, as we see large amount of power is wasted in day to day life just because of
human tendency of being lazy. As we know 1 unit of power saved is equal to the 1
unit of power produced. So this wasted energy can be conserved and can be
contribute to large amount of saving of energy. For detection of person entering the
room or exiting Ultrasonic sensor can also be used, but its cost as compared to the
D6T sensor is more. The total cost of all the circuit is much low as compared to the
amount of energy saved. If this system is adopted at every home and offices, it can
contribute to large amount of energy savings.

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REFERANCES

[1] A.Dasthagiraiah, M.Manohar, P.Bhasker Naik, D.Srinivasulu, A.Lokesh

Reddy, G.Kishore Kumar “Human Detection Method for Automatic Control of
Power Consumption by Using Zigbee RSSI Changes”, International Journal Of
Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 3 Issue. 2
[2]Rahul Mishra, ShahidRaza, Zulquarnain, RachnaArya Prashant Kumar
,“DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC PERSON DETECTION SYSTEM TO
CONTROL AC FAN & ROOM LIGHTS”, International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 2, Issue 3, March 2013
[3] Ying-Wen Bai and Yi-Te Ku. “AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT INTENSITY
DETECTION AND CONTROL USING A MICROPROCESSOR AND LIGHT
SENSORS”
[4] Chinnam Sujana, Addanki Purna Ramesh, P.Gopala Reddy, “Automatic
detection of human and Energy saving based on Zigbee Communication”,
Chinnam Sujana et al. / International Journal on Computer Science and
Engineering (IJCSE).
[5] MUSTAFA SAAD , ABDALHALIM FARIJ, AHAMED SALAH and
ABDALROOF ABDALJALIL, “Automatic Street Light Control System Using
Microcontroller”, Mathematical Methods and Optimization Techniques in
Engineering.
[6] Erin-Ee-Lin Lau, Boon-Giin Lee, Seung-Chul Lee, Wan-Young Chung, “
ENHANCED RSSI-BASED HIGH ACCURACY REAL-TIME USER
LOCATION TRACKING SYSTEM FOR INDOOR AND OUTDOOR
ENVIRONMENTS” , INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON SMART SENSING
AND INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, VOL. 1, NO. 2, JUNE 2008.
[7] Kimio Oguchia, Shou Maruta, Dai Hanawa , “Human positioning estimation
method using received signal strength indicator (RSSI) in a wireless sensor
network” , The 9th International Conference on Future Networks and
Communications (FNC-2014).

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