Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Tobacco and alcohol can be highly addictive and have long-ranging health consequences.

The effect of tobacco and alcohol can include a shorted life span, interpersonal problem, and

respiratory problem. This is because both substances can be dangerous in their own and because

tobacco is a mild stimulant, while alcohol is a depressant. Also both tobacco and alcohol are

legal widely available, making them easier to abuse. Alcohol and tobacco use may lead to major

health risks when used alone and together. In addition to contributing to traumatic death and

injury (e.g., through car crashes), alcohol is associated with chronic liver disease, cancers,

cardiovascular disease, acute alcohol poisoning ( i.e., alcohol toxicity), and fetal alcohol

syndrome. Smoking associated with lung disease, cancers and cardiovascular disease.

Additionally, a growing body of evidence suggest that these substances might be especially

dangerous when they are used.

The link between alcohol and tobacco has important implications for those in the alcohol

treatment field. Many alcoholics smoke, putting them at high risk for tobacco-related

complications including multiple cancers, lung disease, and heart disease (i.e., cardiovascular

disease). In fact, statistics suggests that more alcoholics die of tobacco-related illness than die of

alcoholic-related problems. Also, questions remain as to the best way to treat these co-occuring

addictions; some programs target alcoholism first and the address tobacco addiction, whereas

1
others emphasize abstinence from drinking and smoking simultaneously. Effective treatment

hinges on a better understanding of how these substances-and their addictions- interact.

Almost 6 million people die from tobacco use and 2.5 million from harmful use of

alcohol each year worldwide, the World Health Organization (WHO) reports. According to

Reuters, the report explains that tobacco is expected to kill 7.6 million people worldwide by

2020, accounting for 10% of all deaths. Smoking causes an estimated 71% of lung cancer, 42%

of chronic respiratory disease and almost 10% of cardiovascular disease, the report states.

Alcohol relates deaths account for 3.8 of all deaths worldwide, according to the report. More

than half of these deaths occur from non-communicable diseases including cancer, heart disease

and liver cirrhosis. To reduce tobacco use, WHO recommends strategies including tax increases,

distributing information about the health risk of smoking restrictions in smoking public places

and work places, and comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship.

To reduce harmful alcohol use, WHO recommends a number of measures including increasing

excise taxes on alcoholic beverage, regulating availability of alcoholic beverage (including

minimum legal purchase age), restricting exposure to marketing of alcoholic beverage through

marketing regulations or comprehensive advertising bans, and treatment alcohol use disorders

and brief interventions for hazardous and harmful drinking.

Health Justice Philippines, a public health think tank with legal expertise in tobacco

control and health promotion, express alarm over the inclusion of tobacco consumption in the

hypothetical monthly budget of typical Filipino family used by the National Economic

Development Authority (NEDA) in assessing the effects of an inflation rate of 4.6% on Filipino

families. “Although it has been clarified by NEDA that it is not recommending the consumption

of alcohol and tobacco products, what is at once apparent in the fact that such hypothetical figure

2
has been arrived at is that some families may still be inclined to devote a considerable amount of

money for cigarette and alcoholic drinks instead of allocating it for food, education, shelter, and

other basic necessities 240 Filipinos die every day due to smoking-related diseases. According to

a July 2014 report by Euro monitor, Filipinos are the third heaviest drinkers in the world. Health

Justice Philippines Bloomberg Awardee for Global Tobacco Control. It is a member of the NCD

Alliance, an international network of experts, advocates and organizations working to decrease

the burden of non-communicable diseases worldwide.

San Fernando City, La Union- this city has started implementing a firmer policy against

tobacco smoking and alcoholism to a growing number of local governments of La Union. The

City Governments the White Orchid Award in 2012 and 2014 and Pink Orchid Award in 2013

following the implementation of original anti-smoking law. “The smoke- free legislation seeks to

protect none-smokers of the harmful effects of tobacco products, to keep minors from being

initiated to tobacco use and to instill health consciousness among smokers”. Other La Union

local government’s anti-smoking campaign includes San Fernando and San Gabriel towns. We

sampled user in two barangays in City of San Fernando province of La Union which is Santiago

Norte and Pagdaraoan.

“Data from epidemiological studies have shown that people who drink alcohol are more

likely to smoke and the heavier the drinking pattern the heavier the smoking”. (King 2005)

Findings from king’s study (2005) indicate that smoking urge is higher after consuming

four alcohol drinks in comparisons to the lower urges after consuming two alcohol drinks and

increases were not observed after consuming a placebo beverage”. In other words,“The greater

the alcohol consumption, the greater the urge to smoke”.

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 The study’s findings indicate that an individual’s brain with low beta-endorphin levels

becomes accustomed to the presence of an external surplus, diminishing its own supply and

triggering dependence on the external source in this case, alcohol.

Beta-endorphin is a kind of “morphin” released by the brain in response to several

situations, such as pain. In this way beta-endorphins can be considered an “endogenous pain

reliever”.

According to alcohol action Ireland (2010) over one in four accident and emergency case

have alcoholic related injuries. Alcohol is also a fact on in one in four traumatic brain injuries.

Research carried out by Alcohol Action Ireland found that alcohol related deaths increased

between 1995 and 2004.

The Word Health Organization (2010) states that tobacco is one of the greatest causes of

the preventable and premature deaths in human history and that it kills up to half of it users. The

annual death to all of more than five million could rise to more than eight million by 2030 unless

urgent action is taken to control the tobacco epidemic. According to the who, smoking is

estimated to be the cause of approximately 7,000 deaths in Ireland each year, chiefly by illness

such as lung cancer, heart disease, stroke and emphysema. Smoking can also cause gum disease,

bad breath, poor skin, and yellow teeth. (WHO 2010)

McKee, Hinson, Rounsaville, Petrelli (2004) state that although research has shown that

many young people dabble with substances such as alcohol and tobacco from as young as 13,

substance use in relation to tobacco and alcohol has been reported to peak in early adulthood.

The college years appear to be a time of increased risk for something initiation and movement

into regular patterns of use.

4
 Alcohol and tobacco are known to be strongly related behaviors and the association

between both substances seems to get stronger with the heavier use of either substances. Recent

studies have found that smoking urges increases rapidly following heavy drinking, even among

light smokers (King & Epstein, 2005)

Research has shown that despite the amount of ”social smoking” party smokers might be

involve in most party smokers did not want to become “regular” or “real” smokers. In fact, they

believe that they were a little risk of dependency upon alcohol and tobacco. As one woman in a

focus group commented “people like me and my friend don’t get addicted to either substance”.

(Nitcher et al. 2010) given this naïve belief among teenagers and adults that they were not at risk

for transmitting from social smoking to more regular patterns of use, it seems critical to educate

students about the possibility of addiction even if smoking of low levels

Statement of the Problem

This research paper aims to determine the ‘Effects of Smoking Tobacco and Drinking Alcohol to

the Teenagers and Adults.

The following specific questions were raised and discussed;

1. What is the profile of the respondents of Pagdaraoan and Santiago Norte, City of San

Fernando La Union according to:

a. Age c. Gender

b. Stick /pack per day d. Bottle of alcoholic drinks per day

2. What are the possible effects of smoking and drinking alcoholic drinks to their health?

3. Is there any significant difference between tobacco and cigarette?

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Significance of the Study

Teenagers- It would help them to gain more knowledge and influence them to limit their vices in

their very young age.

Adults- It help them to clear wider their minds that too much smoking tobacco and drinking

alcohol might gave them a lot of disadvantages on their physical and mental health.

Students- It makes them to be awake in talking good care on their physical and mental health.

Teachers- The study may suggest some treatment that might be effective way to address

concurrent addictions that the teachers might teach or share to others.

Researchers- They are already helping to improve the lives of people with co-occuring

addictions to alcohol and nicotine.

Future Researchers- It would help them gather some vital information’s with regards to some

topic that they would able to use on the future.

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Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

-What is the profile of -Analyzing the profile of -Providing brief

the respondents of
Pagdaraoan and
Santiago Norte City of
San Fernando La Union.
-What are the possible
effects of smoking and
drinking alcoholic drinks
to their health.
-Is there any significant
difference between
tobacco and cigarette.
the respondents. explanation on how does
the effect of alcohol and
-Constructing
nicotine effect their daily
questionnaires.
lives.
-Analyzing the answers of
-Prevention of addiction.
the respondents.
-Individual knowledge
-Validation of
and awareness about
questionnaires.
smoking and drinking.
-Improving a better life to
the users.

FEEDBACK

Figure 1.
Paradigm of the Study

Hypothesis

There is no significant different between tobacco and cigarette.

Scope and Delimitations

The scope of the study was focused on the effects of smoking tobacco and drinking

alcohol to the mental and physical health of the teenagers and adults. It contains the effects of

smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol. We will be having a survey and interview to know the

opinions of the people on the said place, Santiago Norte San Fernando La Union and Pagdaraoan

7
San Fernando La Union. It is limited only to the teenagers and adults who were smoking tobacco

and drinking alcohol. Through this study we will get to know if there is a benefit or bad effects

of smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol. We conducted and choose this study because in

today’s world, smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol was the vices that is difficult to avoid and

many teenagers and adults was really doing this things.

Definition of Terms

Accustomed- Make (someone or something) accept something normal or usual.

Alcohol- Colorless volatile flammable liquid that is produced by the natural fermentation of

sugar and is the intoxicating consistent of wine, beer, spirit and other drinks.

Beta-endorphin- An endorphin produced in the pituitary gland that is a powerful pain

suppressor.

Dabble- Take part in an activity in a casual or superficial way.

Dissemination- The act or process of disseminating or spreading something especially

information, widely.

Epidemiological- Relating to the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence,

distribution, and control of diseases

Peak- Reach a highest point, either of a specified value or at a specified time.

Rampant- Getting worse quickly and in an uncontrolled way flourishing or spreading unchecked

(especially of something unwelcomed or unpleasant)

Tobacco- A preparation of the nicotine- rich leaves of an American plant, which are cured by a

process of drying and fermentation for smoking or chewing

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Urge- try earnestly or persistently to persuade (someone) to do something.

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 Chapter II
METHODOLOGY

This chapter will discuss and presents the research design, population and locale of the

study, research instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical tool.

Research Design

The researcher use quantitative descriptive research design to gather data that will needed

to the research study. Descriptive method refers to research question, design of the research and

data analysis that would be conducted on that topic. It is called an observational research method

because none of the variables that are part of the research study are influenced in any capacity.

The researchers also used quantitative research as a method of research. According to

Matthews & Ross (2010) quantitative research methods are basically applied to the collection of

data that is structured and which could be represented numerically. Generally quantitative data is

collected when researcher has adapted the positivist epistemological approach and data is

collected that can be scientifically analyze.

The researchers will use this method to discover the effects of smoking tobacco and drinking

alcohol to the teenagers and adults.

Population and Locale of the Study

The study will use 50 respondents and will conducted at “Pagdaraoan and Santiago Norte

City of San Fernando La Union”. It was randomly selected among the residents, students,

barangay officials, and some workers.

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Data Gathering Tool

This study will use questionnaires, survey, and interview to gather information. The

researchers will float questionnaires to the respondents and this will help to the study to answer

the hypothesis as well as the statement of the problem.

Data Gathering Procedure

In conducting the survey and interview, the researcher went to Barangay Pagdaraoan and

Barangay Santiago Norte, City of San Fernando La Union. To find teenagers and adults who are

smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol. The researchers will look for a certain area to be used in

the conduction of the survey and interview. The researchers will give the survey questionnaires

to the respondents for them to answer. The researchers will also conduct a face to face interview

to the respondents after they answer the questionnaires in order to get further informations. After

the survey and interview, the researchers will compile all the data gathered.

Statistical Tool

After gathering all the data, the researchers will use descriptive statistics. The researchers

will use this tool to describe the basic features of the data in the study. The researchers will

provide simple summaries about the effects of smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol to the

teenagers and adults. Together with simple graphics analysis, they form the basis of virtually

every quantitative analysis.

The gathered data will serve as the source for the interpretation of the study and the researchers

will collect some information and ideas in the internet.

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 Chapter III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter covered the presentation, analysis & interpretation of data fathered through

the conduction of research regarding the Effect of Smoking Tobacco & Drinking Alcohol to the

teenagers and adults. All of these will serve as basis for determining the significance between

tobacco and graphical format for better understanding.

Table 1. Percentage disease caused by alcohol

Based on the table above, exercise alcohol use can lead to the development of chronic

diseases and other serious problems including Lung Cancer, Lung Disease, Coronary Heart

Disease, other diagnoses, stroke and other cancer. And most of the time, exercise alcohol use has

immediate effects that increase the risk of many harmful health conditions. These are most often

the results of binge drinking and includes injuries, violence, alcohol poisoning and risky sexual

behaviors.

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Table 2. Percentage of reasons caused by Tobacco

Addiction

Peer pressure

Anxiety

Leisure time

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

The tables above are the data gathered during the conduction of interview and questionnaires.

The results of the studies implies that the teenagers and adults interviewed has their different

reasons why they drink alcohol and smoke tobacco. It includes addiction that proves that it is

really their vices, peer pressure wherein their families and friends influenced them, anxiety in

which they have serious problems and they also make it as their leisure time whenever they have

nothing to do atleast they smoke or drink alcohol.

Table 3. Current Tobacco and alcohol users

Barangay Teenagers( Smoking Adults (Smoking

tobacco) Tobacco)
Santiago 0% 45%
Pagdaraoan 0% 65%

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Barangay Teenagers( Drinking Adults (Drinking
alcohol) alcohol)
Santiago 50% 50%
Pagdaraoan 40% 60%

The table above simply shows the current users of tobacco and alcohol in where are conducted

the research in two barangays of San Fernando which is Santiago Norte & Pagdaraoan. There are

more total of adults who smoke tobacco and more on teenagers when it comes to drinking

alcohol.

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 Chapter IV
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION

This chapter will provide a summary, conclusion and the researcher’s recommendation

for future researcher with the same concern.

Summary

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of using Tobacco and Drinking

alcohol to the teenagers and adults. The study focuses of disadvantages of using tobacco and

drinking alcohol to the teenagers and adults. Studies have found that people who smoke are

much more likely to drink, and people who drink are much more likely to smoke. Dependence on

alcohol and tobacco also is correlated: People who are dependent on alcohol are three times more

likely then those in the general population to be smokers, and people who are, dependent on

tobacco are four times more likely than the general population to be dependent on alcohol.

Understanding just how alcohol and tobacco interact is challenging. Because co-use is so

common, and because both substances work on similar mechanisms in the brain, its proving

difficult to tease apart individual and combined effects of these drugs. Effective treatment hinges

on a better understanding of how these substances- and their addictions- interact.

Conclusion

Because of the morality and morbidity associated with both tobacco and alcohol abuse, it

is important to address both addictions. Research is beginning to explain some of the reasons

behind the frequent co-occurrence of these orders. Treating co-occurring disorders remains a

challenge; however, evidence suggests that combining treatments might be the most effective

way to address concurrent addictions. Special populations, such as depressed patients and

15
adolescents, present additional challenges, but research is exploring new strategies targeting

these groups. Although more work needs to be done, it is clear the research already is helping to

improve the lives of people with co-occurring addictions to alcohol and nicotine.

Recommendation

In general, the study was done successfully however there are still aspects that are

missing and needed to improve, yield more accurate and strong data and conclusions.

1. Those who choose to drink alcoholic beverages should do so sensibly and in moderation

defined as the consumption of up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks

two per day for men.

2. Alcoholic beverages should not be consumed by some individuals, including those who

cannot restrict their alcohol intake, women of childbearing age who may become

pregnant, pregnant and lactating women, children and adolescents, individuals taking

medications that can interact with alcohol, and those with specific medical conditions.

3. Alcoholic beverages should be avoided by individuals engaging in activities that require

attention, skills, or coordination, such as driving or operating machinery.

4. To get off the best possible start, talk to your doctor about your plan to stop smoking.

Your doctor can be a valuable source of information and support and can also

recommend the most effective way to quit, as well as how to deal with the negative

effects of nicotine withdrawal.

5. When you decide to stop smoking, make sure to add plenty of fresh fruit to your diet.

Your body will likely undergo some chemical changes when you stop smoking, often

including a lowered glucose level. Healthy fruits can help to raise your blood glucose

level to a normal levels keeping you healthy while you’re working toward quitting.

16
6. The federals government should substantially raise federal tobacco excise taxes, currently

set at 39 cents a pack. Federal excise taxes should be indexed to inflation.

17
 APPENDICES

Questionnaires

Answer the following questions. Encircle the letter of your answers.

1. Does smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol gives benefits to yourself?

A. Yes C.Maybe
B. No D. I don’t know
2. Do you need to refrain smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol here in the Philippines?
A.Yes C. Maybe
B. No D.I don’t know
3. Does drinking alcohol and smoking tobacco become a rampant nowadays?
A Yes C. Maybe
B. No D.I don’t know
4. Does smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol gives medical benefits in your body?
A.Yes C. Maybe
B. No D. I don’t know
5.Does smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol helps you to relieve stress?
A.Yes C. Maybe
B. No D.I don’t know
6. Does smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol makes you happy?
A.Yes C. Often
B. No D. Sometimes
7. Does smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol cause you sicklness?
A.Yes C. Often
B .No D. Sometimes
8.Are you brave enough to suffer the consequences that will cause you?
A. Yes C. No
B. Maybe D.I don’t think so
9.Does smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol leads you to addiction>

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A. Yes C. Sometimes
B. No D. Often
10. When did you start smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol?
A. 15 below C. 18-25
B. 16-18 D.25 above
11. Who influenced you in smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol?
A. Family C. Cousins
B. Friends D. Myself
12. For you, what does tobacco and drinking alcohol do to your life?
A. Serve as my stress reliever C. Past time
B. My hobby D. My vices
13. Do you plan to quit smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol?
A. Im not planning to quit C. Next year
B. Next month D. I have no idea
14. Why do use and tobacco and drink alcohol?
A. To forget my problem C. To be relax
B. To have a past time D. To get some advantages
15. Is alcohol and tobacco a good source of health and wealth?
A. Yes C. No
B. Maybe D. I don’t think so
16. Do you think that smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol greatly affects to environment?
A. Maybe C. Yes
B. No D. I don’t know
17. Does alcohol and tobacco a desire or a need?
A. Desire C.Want
B. Need D. I don’t know
18. Do your parents or guardians smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol at home?
A. Yes C. Often
B. No D. Sometimes

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19. Do you believe that smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol is not a bad habit?
A. Yes C. No
B. Maybe D. I don’t know
20. Are you willing to quit it now?
A. Yes C. No
B. Maybe D. I don’t know

20
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 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Jochel Mae Hufana

Age:18
Address: Santiago Norte,SFC La Union
Birthdate: September 15,2000
Gender: Female
Height: 5’6
Weight:48 kilos
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Citizenship: Filipino
Father’s name: Hermy Hufana
Occupation: Tricycle Driver
Mother’s name: Jocelyn Hufana
Occupation: Housewife

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
2017-PRESENT La Finn’s Scholastica Colleges
Senior Highschool-Grade 12(GAS)
Biday , San Fernando La Union

2013-2017 SFCNVHS
Junior Highschool
Tanqui, San Fernando La Union

2007-2013 North Central School

Elementary
Tanqui, San Fernando La Union

26
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Divina Mae Villanueva

Age:19
Address: Manna Residences City of San Fernando La Union
Birthdate: December 08, 1999
Gender: Female
Height: 5’0
Weight:51 kilos
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Citizenship: Filipino
Father’s name: David Villanueva +
Mother’s name: Mary Ann Villanueva
Occupation: OFW

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
2017-PRESENT
Senior High School- Grade 12(GAS) La Finn’s Scholastica Colleges
Biday San Fernando La Union
2013-2017 La Finn’s Scholastica Colleges
Junior High School
San Fernando
2007-2011 Cabugbugan Elementary School
Elementary- Grade 1-5
Tagudin, I,S
2012 Lingsat Elementary School
Elementary- Grade 6
San Fernando, La Union

27