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College of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department
BY
AHMED SHAKER ABDUL LATEEF
ALI ABDUL SATTAR MAHDI
BILAL ALI ABDUL RIDHA
FIRDAUS KAREEM
2017
مهداة إىل شهداء احلشد الشعبي واجليش العراقي
APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION
I certify that this project report entitle " POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION OVER
SUSPENSION INSULATORS STRING " was prepared by (AHMED SHAKER
ABDUL LATEEF, ALI ABDUL SATTAR MAHDI, BILAL ALI ABDUL
RIDHA, FIRDAUS KAREEM) has met the required standard for submission in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Electrical
Engineering at University of Misan
Approved by:
Signature:
Supervisor:
Date:
Certificate of Examiners
Signature: Signature:
Name: Name:
Date: Date:
Signature: Signature:
Name: Name:
Date: Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful, praise and thank Allah, and
peace and blessings are upon his Messenger.
I would like to express my gratitude to the department of electrical engineering
especially the head of the department Dr. Jabbar Raheem and to other teachers.
I would like to express my great gratitude to my respected supervisor Assist
Lect. Ameer Lateef Saleh for his invaluable advice and comments. constant
encouragement, guidance, support, and patience all the way through my study work.
Also special thanks to Dr. Ahmed R. Hussain, for his encouragement and helpful
advice and for provide me the necessary references.
To my parents whose support and understanding helped to make this possible.
I should not forget my brothers and sisters who have supported me to complete this
project.
Ahmed Shaker: I should not forget my dear wife who supported me by her wide
heart and her pretty patience.
Abstract
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Table of contents-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
List of Symbols---------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
List of Abbreviations--------------------------------------------------------------------------4
List of Figures----------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
List of Tables-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
Chapter One: General Introduction-------------------------------------------------------6
1.1 Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.2 Aim of project----------------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.3 Insulator materials-----------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.3.1 Porcelain--------------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.3.2 Glass-------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
1.4 Types of insulators----------------------------------------------------------------------9
1.4.1 Pin type insulators--------------------------------------------------------------9
1.4.2 Post insulators-----------------------------------------------------------------10
1.4.3 Suspension type insulators---------------------------------------------------11
1.4.4 Strain insulators---------------------------------------------------------------12
1.4.5 Shackle insulators-------------------------------------------------------------12
1.5 Literature review-----------------------------------------------------------------------13
1.6 Scope of report-------------------------------------------------------------------------14
1.7 Outline of report--------------------------------------------------------------14
Chapter Two: Methodology----------------------------------------------------------------15
2.1 Potential distribution over suspension insulator string----------------------------16
2.2 String efficiency-----------------------------------------------------------------------18
2.3 Mathematical expression -------------------------------------------------------------18
2.4 Methods of Improving String Efficiency--------------------------------------------19
Chapter Three: Implementation----------------------------------------------------------21
3.1 Components of project----------------------------------------------------------------22
3.2 Implementation of potential distribution along suspension insulators string---22
3.2.1 Part -1- Determination of Voltage Distribution---------------------------23
2
3.2.2 Part -2- Improve the efficiency by using longer cross-arm--------------23
3.2.3 Part -3- Improve the efficiency by using guard ring ---------------------24
3.2.4 Part -4- Improve the efficiency by choose the suitable cross-arm
length and suitable guard ring-------------------------------------------------------25
Chapter Four: Results and Discussions -------------------------------------------------26
4.1 Result of part -1- -----------------------------------------------------------------------27
4.2 Result of part -2- -----------------------------------------------------------------------28
4.3 Result of part -3- -----------------------------------------------------------------------29
4.4 Result of part -4- -----------------------------------------------------------------------30
4.5 Results of project by simulation in multisim---------------------------------------31
4.6 Compare between practically, theoretically and simulation Results -----------35
4.7 Discussions-----------------------------------------------------------------------------37
Chapter Five: Conclusion and Future Work-------------------------------------------38
5.1 Conclusion-------------------------------------------------------------------------------39
5.2 Future Work-----------------------------------------------------------------------------39
REFERENCES
3
I Current
𝐱𝐜 Capacitance reactance
𝛚 Angular frequency
ɳ Efficiency
Ic Capacitance current
AC Alternating current
V Voltage
K Capacitance ratio
F Frequency
Ma Mille ampere
µF Micro farad
4
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟐. 𝟑. Grading ring 20
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟑. 𝟏. Implementation of potential distribution along 22
suspension insulators string
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟑. 𝟐. Implementation of part-1- & part-2- 24
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟑. 𝟑. Implementation of part-3- & part-4- 25
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟒. 𝟏. Simulation of part-1- 31
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟒. 𝟐. Simulation of part-2- 32
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟒. 𝟑. Simulation of part-3- 33
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟒. 𝟒. Simulation of part-4- 34
5
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Aims of project
1.3 Insulator materials
1.3.1 Porcelain
1.3.2 Glass
1.4 Types of insulators
1.4.1 Pin type insulators
1.4.2 Post insulators
1.4.3 Suspension type insulators
1.4.4 Strain insulators
1.4.5 Shackle insulators
1.5 Literature review
1.6 Scope of report
1.7 Outline of report
6
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The overhead line conductors should be supported on the poles or towers in such a
way that currents from conductors do not flow to earth through supports, line
conductors must be properly insulated from supports. This is achieved by securing line
conductors to supports with the help of insulators. The insulators provide necessary
insulation between line conductors and supports and thus prevent any leakage current
[6]
from conductors to earth . In general, the insulators should have the following
desirable properties:
1. High mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor load, wind load etc.
2. High electrical resistance of insulator material in order to avoid leakage currents
to the earth [6].
3. High relative permittivity of insulator material in order that dielectric strength
is high [6].
4. The insulator material should be non-porous, free from impurities and cracks
otherwise the permittivity will be lowered [6].
5. High ratio of puncture strength to flash over [6].
6. They should not be porous [8]..
1.3.1 Porcelain
Porcelain is a ceramic material. A good electrical porcelain is free from internal
laminations, holes and cracks. produced by firing a mixture of 20% silica, 30%
7
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION
feldspar and 50% china clay at high temperature. It is mechanically stronger (but
costlier than glass) and is used as a material to manufacture different types of
insulators. Dust deposits and temperature changes normally do not affect much on its
surface. The dielectric strength of porcelain is 60 KV per cm of thickness. A single
porcelain unit can be used up to 33 kV. When used at low temperatures, the mechanical
properties of the porcelain insulator are better but, at the same time, the material
remains porous and may subsequently lead to dielectric failure [5].
1.3.2 Glass
Glass insulators are extensively used due to their lower costs, high dielectric
strength (140 kV per cm of thickness) and simple design. It is very easy to detect any
fault within them because of their optical transparency. When compared to porcelain,
glass withstands higher mechanical stresses, has low thermal expansion and it may
develop high resistivity after proper annealing. The major disadvantage of glass is that
moisture condenses more readily on its surface and facilitate the accumulation of dirt
deposit, thus giving a high chance of surface leakage. Hence, its use is limited to a
voltage of about 33 kv [5].
8
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION
(i) (ii)
Fig. 1.2. Pin type insulator [6].
Advantages
1. is small, simple in construction and cheap [3].
2. In many cases one pin insulator can do the work of two suspension insulators.
3. Since pin insulator rises the conductor above the cross arm, so the required
height of tower is less.
9
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Disadvantages
1. For operating voltage greater than 33KV, it uneconomical and size is also
bulky [6].
2. Once a pin insulator is failed short circuit can occur.
1.4.2 Post Insulators
Post type insulators are usually used in substations for supporting the bus bars, and
disconnecting switches in sub-stations. The Post Insulators are shown in Fig. 1.3. It
uses for voltages up to 33KV and it can be single stag as well as multiple stags. A post
insulator is similar to a pin type insulator but has a metal base and frequently a metal
cap so that more than one unit can be mounted in series and we can link more one
insulator together as shown in Fig. 1.4. Conductor is fixed on the top of the insulator
with help of connector clamp [3].
Advantages [6]
1. Suspension type insulators are cheaper than pin type insulators for voltages
beyond 33 kV.
2. Each unit or disc of suspension type insulator is designed for low voltage
usually 11 KV Depending upon the working voltage, the desired number of
discs can be connected in series.
3. If any disc is damaged, the whole string does not become useless because the
damaged disc can be replaced by the sound one.
11
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION
12
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION
a bolt or to the cross-arm. Fig. 1.7. shows the shackle insulator. The conductor in the
groove is fixed with a soft binding wire [6].
13
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION
presented in the paper and discrepancies between simulated results and experiment
and discussed.
1.6 Scope of report
This project report entitle (Potential distribution over suspension insulators string)
studies the most commonly types of the overhead insulators and how the potential
distribution over a string of suspension insulators. Also study how to determine the
efficiency of the string and how to improve it by using longer cross arms, by grading
the insulators and by using a grading ring.
1.7 Outline of report
This report is divided into four different chapters. First chapter is for introduction
and the type of insulators. As for the second chapter is explains the methodology and
the mathematical expression and Methods of Improving String Efficiency. All the aim
of the project and components of project and experiment results and simulation
including the discussion is done on third chapter. The study will be discussed at the
end of this report which is in fourth chapter of the report.
14
CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER TWO
METHODOLOGY
15
CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY
16
CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY
The following points may be noted regarding the potential distribution over a string
of suspension insulators [6]:
1. The voltage impressed on a string of suspension insulators does not distribute
itself uniformly across the individual discs due to the presence of shunt
capacitance.
2. The disc nearest to the conductor has maximum voltage across it. As we move
towards the cross-arm, the voltage across each disc goes on decreasing.
3. The unit nearest to the conductor is under maximum electrical stress and is
likely to be punctured. Therefore, means must be provided to equalize the
potential across each unit.
4. If the voltage impressed across the string were d.c, then voltage across each unit
would be the same. It is because insulator capacitances are ineffective for d.c.
The overall methodology is simplified by Fig. 2.2.
Arrange 5 capacitors in
suspension form
Methods of Improving
String Efficiency
By grading the
Using longer cross arms By using a grading ring
insulators
17
CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY
18
CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY
V3 = KV1 + V2 (1 + K)
V3 = V1 (1 + 3K + K 2 ) ………………. (2)
Voltage between conductor and earth (tower) is:
V = V1 + V2 + V3
Note:
V4 = V1 (1 + 6K + 5K 2 + K 3 )
V5 = V1 (1 + 10K + 15K 2 + 7K 3 + K 4 )
V = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + V5
Vn+1 = (V1 + V2 + V3 + ⋯ + Vn−1 )K + Vn (1 + K) (where n is number of disc).
V = V1 + V2 + ⋯ + Vn
V
ƞ=
nxVn
sinh(n√k)
ƞ=
n(sinh(n√k)−sinh((n−1)√k)
Where x is the number of insulator that you need to get the voltage across it.
2.4 Methods of Improving String Efficiency
The voltage distribution across an insulator string is not uniform. The units nearest
to the line end are stressed to their maximum allowable value while those near the
tower end are considerably under stressed resulting in a waste of insulating material.
The string efficiency indicates the extent of this wastage.
Though string efficiency can never be made 100 per cent, an improvement in its value
[3]
is necessary to minimize the wastage . Some methods to improve string efficiency
are:
1. Using longer cross arms
It is clear from the above mathematical expression of string efficiency that the value
of string efficiency depends upon the value of k. lesser the value of k, the greater is
the string efficiency. As the value of k approaches to zero, the string efficiency
approaches to 100%. The value of k can be decreased by reducing the shunt
19
CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY
capacitance. In order to decrease the shunt capacitance, the distance between the
insulator string and the tower should be increased, longer cross-arms should be used.
However, there is a limit in increasing the length of cross-arms due to economic
considerations.
2. By grading the insulators
In this method, voltage across each disc can be equalize by using discs with
different capacitances. For equalizing the voltage distribution, the top unit of the string
must have minimum capacitance, while the disc nearest to the conductor must have
maximum capacitance. The insulator discs of different dimensions are so chosen that
each disc has a different capacitance. They are arranged in such a way that the
capacitance
increases progressively towards the bottom. As voltage is inversely proportional to
capacitance, this method tends to equalize the voltage distribution across each disc [6].
3. By using a grading ring
The potential across each unit in a string can be equalized by using a guard ring
which is a metal ring electrically connected to the conductor and surrounding the
bottom insulator as shown in Fig. 2.3. The guard ring introduces capacitance between
metal fittings and the line conductor. The guard ring is connected in such a way that
shunt capacitance currents i1, i2 etc. are equal to metal fitting line capacitance currents
i‵1, i‵2 etc. The result is that the same charging current I flow throw each unit of string.
Consequently, there will be uniform potential distribution across the units [6].
CHAPTER THREE
21
CHAPTER THREE IMPLEMENTATION
22
CHAPTER THREE IMPLEMENTATION
23
CHAPTER THREE IMPLEMENTATION
24
CHAPTER THREE IMPLEMENTATION
3.2.4 Part -4- Improve the efficiency by choose the suitable cross-arm
length and suitable guard ring
1. Connect the circuit of insulator string model in Fig. 3.3
Take C= 1 µF
Take Co= 0.1 C (K= 0.1)
Take C1 = 0.025 C , C2 = 0.067 C , C3 = 0.15 C , C4 = 0.4 C
2. Connect 25 volt to the insulator string.
3. Measure using a multi-meter the voltage distribution along string model and
the current through it, and calculate the efficiency.
4. Calculate theoretically the voltage distribution for 5-unit string of insulators
and the current through it, and the efficiency.
5. Compare the measurement results with the calculations results.
25
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FOUR
26
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
When K=0.22
𝐕 𝟏 𝟏
Note: 𝐈𝐜 = , 𝐱𝐜 = = , f=50Hz
𝐱𝐜 𝛚𝐜 𝟐𝛑𝐟
27
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
When K=0.1
28
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
29
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
30
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
31
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
32
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
33
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
34
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
PART-1-
10
7
VOLTAGE(V)
6
Practically
5
Theoretically
4
Simulation
3
0
1 2 3 4 5
NO. OF INSULATOR
PART-2-
6
VOLTAGE(V)
5
Practically
4
Theoretically
3 Simulation
0
1 2 3 4 5
NO. OF INSULATOR
35
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
PART-3-
4
VOLTAGE(V)
Practically
3
Theoretically
Simulation
2
0
1 2 3 4 5
NO. OF INSULATOR
PART-4-
6
4
VOLTAGE(V)
Practically
3
Theoretically
Simulation
2
0
1 2 3 4 5
NO. OF INSULATOR
36
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
120
80
68.56 67.02 66.92
Efficiency %
40
20
0
Part-1- Part-2- Part-3- Part-4-
PARTS
4.7 Discussions
We note from the result of part (1) that the voltage impressed on a string of
suspension insulators does not distribute itself uniformly across the individual discs
due to the presence of shunt capacitance and the efficiency is about 53 % as shown in
table 3.1, that indicates that we have a loss in power.
From part (2) we note that the voltage impressed on a string of suspension
insulators is distribute more uniformly from part (1) and the efficiency is about 68 %
as shown in table 3.3, that indicates that the loss in power is less than that in part (1)
and efficiency is improved.
From part (3) we note that the voltage impressed on a string of suspension
insulators is distribute more uniformly from previous parts and the efficiency is about
98 % as shown in table 3.5, that indicates that the loss in power is less than that in
previous parts and efficiency is improved.
From part (4) we note that the voltage impressed on a string of suspension
insulators is distribute uniformly by choose a suitable cross-arm length and suitable
guard ring and we get efficiency about 100% as shown in table 3.7 and that what are
we need to reduce the losses of power in transmission line to as little as possible.
Note: These measurements and results by neglecting the ambient weather conditions
and by assuming the circumstances of air ideal.
37
CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Future Work
38
CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
5.1 Conclusion
The voltage impressed on a string of suspension insulators does not distribute itself
uniformly across the individual discs due to the presence of shunt capacitance. The
disc nearest to the conductor has maximum voltage across it. As we move towards
the cross-arm, the voltage across each disc goes on decreasing hence the efficiency
being low. As we decrease the length of the cross-arm the air capacitance will increase
and the voltage will distribute more uniformly and the efficiency will be high. If we a
guard ring, then the voltage will distribute more uniformly and in ideal condition the
voltage will distribute uniformly (in this experiment each disc have five voltage)
39
REFERENCES
[1] Bo Zhang, Jinliang He, Rong Zeng, Shuiming Chen," Potential Distribution along Long
Ceramic Insulator Strings on the Head of high Voltage Transmission Tower", IEEE Conference
on Electromagnetic Field Computation, 2006 12th Biennial, 05 June 2006.
[2] Vassiliki T. Kontargyri1, Ioannis F. Gonos1, Ioannis A. Stathopoulos, " Measurement and
Verification of the Voltage Distribution on High Voltage Insulators", IEEE Conference on
Electromagnetic Field Computation, 2006 12th Biennial, 30 April-3 May 2006.
[3] B.R. GUPTA, "POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN", in RAM NAGAR, NEW
DELHI-110055, FIFTH EDITION, 2008, chapter Four.
[4] Abhijit Chakrabarti and Sunita Halder, "POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OPERATION AND
CONTROL", Third Edition, 2011, New Delhi-110001, chapter 5, page 166.
[5] S. Rao, M.E and MIE., “ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION ENGIREERING &PRACTICE", third
edition ,2008, chapter 9, page 170.
[6] V.K MEHTA ROHIT MEHTA, "PRINCIPLES OF POWER SYSTEM", FOURTH EDITION
2008, CHAPTER 8.
[7] Colin Bayliss and Brian Hardy, " Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering",
Fourth edition 2012, chapter 6, page 171.
[9] https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-insulator-insulating-material-porcelain-glass-polymer-
insulator.
[10] https://www.electrical4u.com/strain-insulator.gif.