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Misan University

College of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department

POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION OVER SUSPENSION


INSULATORS STRING

BY
AHMED SHAKER ABDUL LATEEF
ALI ABDUL SATTAR MAHDI
BILAL ALI ABDUL RIDHA
FIRDAUS KAREEM

A project report submitted to the


Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering /Misan University
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Electrical Engineering

2017
‫مهداة إىل شهداء احلشد الشعبي واجليش العراقي‬
APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION

I certify that this project report entitle " POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION OVER
SUSPENSION INSULATORS STRING " was prepared by (AHMED SHAKER
ABDUL LATEEF, ALI ABDUL SATTAR MAHDI, BILAL ALI ABDUL
RIDHA, FIRDAUS KAREEM) has met the required standard for submission in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Electrical
Engineering at University of Misan

Approved by:

Signature:

Supervisor:

Date:
Certificate of Examiners

We certify, as an examining committee, that we have read this project report


entitled " POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION OVER SUSPENSION INSULATORS
STRING " examined the students (AHMED SHAKER ABDUL LATEEF, ALI
ABDUL SATTAR MAHDI, BILAL ALI ABDUL RIDHA, FIRDAUS
KAREEM) in its contents and found the project meets the standard for degree of
B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering.

Signature: Signature:
Name: Name:
Date: Date:

Signature: Signature:
Name: Name:
Date: Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful, praise and thank Allah, and
peace and blessings are upon his Messenger.
I would like to express my gratitude to the department of electrical engineering
especially the head of the department Dr. Jabbar Raheem and to other teachers.
I would like to express my great gratitude to my respected supervisor Assist
Lect. Ameer Lateef Saleh for his invaluable advice and comments. constant
encouragement, guidance, support, and patience all the way through my study work.
Also special thanks to Dr. Ahmed R. Hussain, for his encouragement and helpful
advice and for provide me the necessary references.
To my parents whose support and understanding helped to make this possible.

I should not forget my brothers and sisters who have supported me to complete this
project.

Ahmed Shaker: I should not forget my dear wife who supported me by her wide
heart and her pretty patience.
Abstract

Insulators for overhead lines are considered to be of basic importance to the


transmission system, through their ability to insulate the power lines as well as their
function in carrying the weight of the line conductor. For higher voltages, a string of
suspension insulators is used. The number of insulator units used depends on the
voltages of the lines. The voltage is not equally shared between the units in a
suspension insulator string. The capacitances between each cap/pin junction and the
tower and between the cap and pin of each unit determine the voltage distribution.
In this project, calculate the voltage distribution along a string of 5 suspension
insulators, and determine the efficiency of string and we get efficiency equal to
53.76%.
Then improve the efficiency of the string by Using a Longer Cross Arm and we get
efficiency 68.56%.
In this project also improve the efficiency again by using a guard ring. And we get
efficiency equal to 98%.
Finally, improve the efficiency by choose the suitable arm length and suitable guard
ring and we get efficiency equal to 100%.

1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Table of contents-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
List of Symbols---------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
List of Abbreviations--------------------------------------------------------------------------4
List of Figures----------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
List of Tables-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
Chapter One: General Introduction-------------------------------------------------------6
1.1 Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.2 Aim of project----------------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.3 Insulator materials-----------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.3.1 Porcelain--------------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.3.2 Glass-------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
1.4 Types of insulators----------------------------------------------------------------------9
1.4.1 Pin type insulators--------------------------------------------------------------9
1.4.2 Post insulators-----------------------------------------------------------------10
1.4.3 Suspension type insulators---------------------------------------------------11
1.4.4 Strain insulators---------------------------------------------------------------12
1.4.5 Shackle insulators-------------------------------------------------------------12
1.5 Literature review-----------------------------------------------------------------------13
1.6 Scope of report-------------------------------------------------------------------------14
1.7 Outline of report--------------------------------------------------------------14
Chapter Two: Methodology----------------------------------------------------------------15
2.1 Potential distribution over suspension insulator string----------------------------16
2.2 String efficiency-----------------------------------------------------------------------18
2.3 Mathematical expression -------------------------------------------------------------18
2.4 Methods of Improving String Efficiency--------------------------------------------19
Chapter Three: Implementation----------------------------------------------------------21
3.1 Components of project----------------------------------------------------------------22
3.2 Implementation of potential distribution along suspension insulators string---22
3.2.1 Part -1- Determination of Voltage Distribution---------------------------23
2
3.2.2 Part -2- Improve the efficiency by using longer cross-arm--------------23
3.2.3 Part -3- Improve the efficiency by using guard ring ---------------------24
3.2.4 Part -4- Improve the efficiency by choose the suitable cross-arm
length and suitable guard ring-------------------------------------------------------25
Chapter Four: Results and Discussions -------------------------------------------------26
4.1 Result of part -1- -----------------------------------------------------------------------27
4.2 Result of part -2- -----------------------------------------------------------------------28
4.3 Result of part -3- -----------------------------------------------------------------------29
4.4 Result of part -4- -----------------------------------------------------------------------30
4.5 Results of project by simulation in multisim---------------------------------------31
4.6 Compare between practically, theoretically and simulation Results -----------35
4.7 Discussions-----------------------------------------------------------------------------37
Chapter Five: Conclusion and Future Work-------------------------------------------38
5.1 Conclusion-------------------------------------------------------------------------------39
5.2 Future Work-----------------------------------------------------------------------------39
REFERENCES

3
I Current
𝐱𝐜 Capacitance reactance
𝛚 Angular frequency
ɳ Efficiency
Ic Capacitance current

AC Alternating current
V Voltage
K Capacitance ratio
F Frequency
Ma Mille ampere
µF Micro farad

Fig. 1.1. Toughened glass insulator and Porcelain insulator 8


Fig. 1.2. Pin type insulator 9
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟏. 𝟑. Post Insulators 10
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟏. 𝟒. Two post insulators linked together 10
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟏. 𝟓. Suspension type insulators 11
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟏. 𝟔. The strain insulator 12
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟏. 𝟕. The shackle insulator 13
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟐. 𝟏. Potential distribution over suspension insulator string 16
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟐. 𝟐. Flow Chart of Methodology 17

4
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟐. 𝟑. Grading ring 20
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟑. 𝟏. Implementation of potential distribution along 22
suspension insulators string
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟑. 𝟐. Implementation of part-1- & part-2- 24
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟑. 𝟑. Implementation of part-3- & part-4- 25
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟒. 𝟏. Simulation of part-1- 31
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟒. 𝟐. Simulation of part-2- 32
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟒. 𝟑. Simulation of part-3- 33
𝐅𝐢𝐠. 𝟒. 𝟒. Simulation of part-4- 34

Table 4.1. Practically results of part -1- 27


Table 4.2. Theoretically results of part -1- 27
𝐓𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟑. Practically results of part -2- 28
𝐓𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟒. Theoretically results of part -2- 28
𝐓𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟓. Practically results of part -3- 29
𝐓𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟔. Theoretically results of part -3- 29
𝐓𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟕. Practically results of part -4- 30
𝐓𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟖. Theoretically results of part -4- 30
𝐓𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟗. Simulation results of part -1- 31
𝐓𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟏𝟎. Simulation results of part -2- 32
𝐓𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟏𝟏. Simulation results of part -3- 33
𝐓𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟏𝟐. Simulation results of part -4- 34

5
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Aims of project
1.3 Insulator materials
1.3.1 Porcelain
1.3.2 Glass
1.4 Types of insulators
1.4.1 Pin type insulators
1.4.2 Post insulators
1.4.3 Suspension type insulators
1.4.4 Strain insulators
1.4.5 Shackle insulators
1.5 Literature review
1.6 Scope of report
1.7 Outline of report

6
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
The overhead line conductors should be supported on the poles or towers in such a
way that currents from conductors do not flow to earth through supports, line
conductors must be properly insulated from supports. This is achieved by securing line
conductors to supports with the help of insulators. The insulators provide necessary
insulation between line conductors and supports and thus prevent any leakage current
[6]
from conductors to earth . In general, the insulators should have the following
desirable properties:
1. High mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor load, wind load etc.
2. High electrical resistance of insulator material in order to avoid leakage currents
to the earth [6].
3. High relative permittivity of insulator material in order that dielectric strength
is high [6].
4. The insulator material should be non-porous, free from impurities and cracks
otherwise the permittivity will be lowered [6].
5. High ratio of puncture strength to flash over [6].
6. They should not be porous [8]..

1.2 Aim of project


1. To study the potential distribution over a string of suspension insulators.
2. To determine the string efficiency.
3. To acquaint student methods of the string efficiency improvement.

1.3 Insulator materials


The materials most commonly used for insulators of an overhead transmission line
are porcelain and glass as shown in Fig. 1.1.

1.3.1 Porcelain
Porcelain is a ceramic material. A good electrical porcelain is free from internal
laminations, holes and cracks. produced by firing a mixture of 20% silica, 30%
7
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION

feldspar and 50% china clay at high temperature. It is mechanically stronger (but
costlier than glass) and is used as a material to manufacture different types of
insulators. Dust deposits and temperature changes normally do not affect much on its
surface. The dielectric strength of porcelain is 60 KV per cm of thickness. A single
porcelain unit can be used up to 33 kV. When used at low temperatures, the mechanical
properties of the porcelain insulator are better but, at the same time, the material
remains porous and may subsequently lead to dielectric failure [5].

1.3.2 Glass
Glass insulators are extensively used due to their lower costs, high dielectric
strength (140 kV per cm of thickness) and simple design. It is very easy to detect any
fault within them because of their optical transparency. When compared to porcelain,
glass withstands higher mechanical stresses, has low thermal expansion and it may
develop high resistivity after proper annealing. The major disadvantage of glass is that
moisture condenses more readily on its surface and facilitate the accumulation of dirt
deposit, thus giving a high chance of surface leakage. Hence, its use is limited to a
voltage of about 33 kv [5].

Fig. 1.1. Toughened glass insulator and Porcelain insulator [9].

8
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.4 Types of insulator


The successful operation of an overhead line depends to a considerable extent upon
the proper selection of insulator. There are several types of insulators but the most
commonly used are pin type, post type, suspension type, strain insulator and shackle
insulator [6].
1.4.1 Pin type Insulators
A pin type insulator is small, simple in construction and cheap [3]. The part section
of pin type insulator is shown in Fig. 1.2(i). The pin insulator gets its name from the
fact that it is supported on a pin. The pin holds the insulator, and the insulator has the
conductor tied to it. There is a groove on the upper end of the insulator for housing the
[6]
conductor that means the conductor is supported on the top of the insulator. The
conductor passes through this groove and is bound by the annealed wire of the same
material as the conductor as shown in Fig. 1.2(ii). Pin type insulators are used for
transmission and distribution of electric power at voltages up to 33 KV [3].

(i) (ii)
Fig. 1.2. Pin type insulator [6].
Advantages
1. is small, simple in construction and cheap [3].
2. In many cases one pin insulator can do the work of two suspension insulators.
3. Since pin insulator rises the conductor above the cross arm, so the required
height of tower is less.

9
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Disadvantages
1. For operating voltage greater than 33KV, it uneconomical and size is also
bulky [6].
2. Once a pin insulator is failed short circuit can occur.
1.4.2 Post Insulators
Post type insulators are usually used in substations for supporting the bus bars, and
disconnecting switches in sub-stations. The Post Insulators are shown in Fig. 1.3. It
uses for voltages up to 33KV and it can be single stag as well as multiple stags. A post
insulator is similar to a pin type insulator but has a metal base and frequently a metal
cap so that more than one unit can be mounted in series and we can link more one
insulator together as shown in Fig. 1.4. Conductor is fixed on the top of the insulator
with help of connector clamp [3].

Fig. 1.3. Post Insulators [10].

Fig. 1.4. Two post insulators linked together.


10
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.4.3 Suspension Type Insulators


The cost of a pin insulators increases very rapidly with increase in line voltage.
Therefore, this type of insulator is not economical beyond 33 KV. For high voltages
(<33 KV), it is a usual practice to use suspension type insulators shown in Fig. 1.5.
They consist of a number of porcelain discs connected in series by metal links in the
form of a string. The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the
other end of the string is secured to the cross-arm of the tower. Each unit or disc is
designed for low voltage, Say 11 KV. The number of discs in series would obviously
depend upon the working voltage. For instance, if the working voltage is 66 KV, then
six discs in series will be provided on the string [6].

Fig. 1.5. Suspension type insulators [6].

Advantages [6]
1. Suspension type insulators are cheaper than pin type insulators for voltages
beyond 33 kV.
2. Each unit or disc of suspension type insulator is designed for low voltage
usually 11 KV Depending upon the working voltage, the desired number of
discs can be connected in series.
3. If any disc is damaged, the whole string does not become useless because the
damaged disc can be replaced by the sound one.

11
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION

4. The suspension arrangement provides greater flexibility to the line. The


connection at the cross arm is such that insulator string is free to swing in any
direction and can take up the position where mechanical stresses are minimum.
5. In case of increased demand on the transmission line, it is found more
satisfactory to supply the greater demand by raising the line voltage than to
provide another set of conductors. The additional insulation required for the
raised voltage can be easily obtained in the suspension arrangement by adding
the desired number of disc.
6. The suspension type insulators are generally used with steel towers. As the
conductors run below the earthed cross-arm of the tower, therefore, arrangement
provides partial protection from lightning.
1.4.4 Strain Insulators
These are special mechanically strong suspension insulators and are used to take
the tension of the conductors at the line terminations and at positions where there is a
change in the direction of line. The discs of a strain insulator are in a vertical plane as
compared to the discs of suspension insulator which are in a horizontal plane. One
extra-long spans, viz., at river crossings, two or three strings of strain insulators,
arranged in parallel, are often used [3]. The strain insulator is shown in Fig. 1.6.

Fig. 1.6. The strain insulator [10].

1.4.5 Shackle Insulators


In early days, the shackle insulators were used as strain insulators. But now days,
frequently used for low voltage distribution lines. Such insulators can be used either
in vertical position or horizontal position. They can be directly fixed to the pole with

12
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION

a bolt or to the cross-arm. Fig. 1.7. shows the shackle insulator. The conductor in the
groove is fixed with a soft binding wire [6].

Fig. 1.7. The shackle insulator [8].

1.5 Literature review


This project is a made as a laboratory experiment for students by represent the
suspension insulator string as a string of series capacitance due to the similarity
between the insulator and the capacitance in the behavior. But there are many previous
studies in this topic.
Bo Zhang..,[1]: was numerical method to analyze the potential distribution along
long ceramic insulator strings on the head of transmission tower is presented. The
method uses charge simulation method and boundary element method to obtain the
capacitances among insulators, transmission lines, and tower, and then uses circuit
theory to analyze the potential exerted on each insulator. The potential distribution
along insulator strings on the head of 750 kV transmission tower is analyzed.
Vassiliki T. Kontargyri…,[2]: The paper presents a study into the potential and
electric field distribution along an insulator string, which is used for the suspension of
150 kV overhead transmission lines. In order to calculate the voltage distribution, a
model of the insulator string was set up using OPERA, an electromagnetic analysis
program based on the Finite Elements method. Simulation results have been compared
with experiments which were successfully conducted in the High Voltage Laboratory
of the National Technical University of Athens. The experimental procedure is also

13
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION

presented in the paper and discrepancies between simulated results and experiment
and discussed.
1.6 Scope of report
This project report entitle (Potential distribution over suspension insulators string)
studies the most commonly types of the overhead insulators and how the potential
distribution over a string of suspension insulators. Also study how to determine the
efficiency of the string and how to improve it by using longer cross arms, by grading
the insulators and by using a grading ring.
1.7 Outline of report
This report is divided into four different chapters. First chapter is for introduction
and the type of insulators. As for the second chapter is explains the methodology and
the mathematical expression and Methods of Improving String Efficiency. All the aim
of the project and components of project and experiment results and simulation
including the discussion is done on third chapter. The study will be discussed at the
end of this report which is in fourth chapter of the report.

14
CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER TWO

METHODOLOGY

2.1 Potential distribution over suspension insulator string


2.2 String efficiency
2.3 Mathematical expression
2.4 Methods of Improving String Efficiency

15
CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY

2.1 Potential distribution over suspension insulator string


A string of suspension insulators consists of a number of porcelain discs connected
in series through metallic links. Fig. 2.1 (i) shows 3-disc string of suspension
insulators. The porcelain portion of each disc is in between two metal links. Therefore,
each disc forms a capacitor C as shown in Fig. 2.1 (ii) This is known as mutual
capacitance or self-capacitance. If there were mutual capacitance alone, then charging
current would have been the same through all the discs and consequently voltage
across each unit would have been the same V/3 as shown in Fig. 2.1 (ii). However, in
actual practice, capacitance also exists between metal fitting of each disc and tower or
earth. This is known as shunt capacitance C1 . Due to shunt capacitance, charging
current is not the same through all the discs of the string. Therefore, voltage across
each disc will be different. Obviously, the disc nearest to the line conductor will have
the maximum voltage. Thus, referring to Fig. 2.1 (iii), V3 will be much more than V2 or
V1 . (where C is self-capacitance and C1 is air-capacitance) [6].

(i) (ii) (iii)


Fig. 2.1. Potential distribution over suspension insulator string [6].

16
CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY

The following points may be noted regarding the potential distribution over a string
of suspension insulators [6]:
1. The voltage impressed on a string of suspension insulators does not distribute
itself uniformly across the individual discs due to the presence of shunt
capacitance.
2. The disc nearest to the conductor has maximum voltage across it. As we move
towards the cross-arm, the voltage across each disc goes on decreasing.
3. The unit nearest to the conductor is under maximum electrical stress and is
likely to be punctured. Therefore, means must be provided to equalize the
potential across each unit.
4. If the voltage impressed across the string were d.c, then voltage across each unit
would be the same. It is because insulator capacitances are ineffective for d.c.
The overall methodology is simplified by Fig. 2.2.

Arrange 5 capacitors in
suspension form

Determine efficiency and


the voltage distribution
over capacitors string

Methods of Improving
String Efficiency

By grading the
Using longer cross arms By using a grading ring
insulators

Fig. 2.2. Flow Chart of Methodology

17
CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY

2.2 String efficiency


As explained above, voltage is not uniformly distributed over a suspension
insulator string. The disc nearest to the conductor has maximum voltage across it and,
hence, it will be under maximum electrical stress. Due to this, the disc nearest to the
conductor is likely to be punctured and subsequently, other discs may puncture
successively. Therefore, this unequal voltage distribution is undesirable and usually
expressed in terms of string efficiency.
The ratio of voltage across the whole string to the product of number of discs and the
voltage across the disc nearest to the conductor is called as string efficiency
𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠
String efficiency = =
𝐧 𝐗 𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭 𝐧 𝐗 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐜

String efficiency is an important consideration since it decides the potential


distribution along the string. The grater the string efficiency, the more uniform is the
voltage distribution. Thus 100% string efficiency is an ideal case for which the voltage
across each disc will be exactly the same. Although it is impossible to achieve 100%
string efficiency, yet efforts should be made to improve it as closed to this value as
possible [6].
2.3 Mathematical expression
In the Fig. 2.2 shows the equivalent circuit for a 3-disc string. Let us suppose that
self-capacitance of each disc is C. Let us further assume that shunt capacitance C1 is
some fraction K of self-capacitance, C1 = KC. Starting from the cross-arm or tower,
the voltage across each unit is V2 , V2 and V3 respectively as shown [6].
I2 = I1 + i1
V2 ωC = V1 ωC + V1 ωC1 (C1 = KC)
V2 ωC = V1 ωC + V1 ωKC
V2 = V1 (1 + K) ………………. (1)
I3 = I2 + i 2
V3 ωC = V2 ωC + (V1 + V2 )ωC1
V3 ωC = V2 ωC + (V1 + V2 )ωKC
V3 = V2 + (V1 + V2 )K

18
CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY

V3 = KV1 + V2 (1 + K)
V3 = V1 (1 + 3K + K 2 ) ………………. (2)
Voltage between conductor and earth (tower) is:
V = V1 + V2 + V3
Note:
V4 = V1 (1 + 6K + 5K 2 + K 3 )
V5 = V1 (1 + 10K + 15K 2 + 7K 3 + K 4 )
V = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + V5
Vn+1 = (V1 + V2 + V3 + ⋯ + Vn−1 )K + Vn (1 + K) (where n is number of disc).
V = V1 + V2 + ⋯ + Vn
V
ƞ=
nxVn

Also, there is another method (general method) to solve problems, where


sinh(x√k)−sinh((x−1)√k)
Vx = V
sinh(n√k)

sinh(n√k)
ƞ=
n(sinh(n√k)−sinh((n−1)√k)

Where x is the number of insulator that you need to get the voltage across it.
2.4 Methods of Improving String Efficiency
The voltage distribution across an insulator string is not uniform. The units nearest
to the line end are stressed to their maximum allowable value while those near the
tower end are considerably under stressed resulting in a waste of insulating material.
The string efficiency indicates the extent of this wastage.
Though string efficiency can never be made 100 per cent, an improvement in its value
[3]
is necessary to minimize the wastage . Some methods to improve string efficiency
are:
1. Using longer cross arms
It is clear from the above mathematical expression of string efficiency that the value
of string efficiency depends upon the value of k. lesser the value of k, the greater is
the string efficiency. As the value of k approaches to zero, the string efficiency
approaches to 100%. The value of k can be decreased by reducing the shunt

19
CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY

capacitance. In order to decrease the shunt capacitance, the distance between the
insulator string and the tower should be increased, longer cross-arms should be used.
However, there is a limit in increasing the length of cross-arms due to economic
considerations.
2. By grading the insulators
In this method, voltage across each disc can be equalize by using discs with
different capacitances. For equalizing the voltage distribution, the top unit of the string
must have minimum capacitance, while the disc nearest to the conductor must have
maximum capacitance. The insulator discs of different dimensions are so chosen that
each disc has a different capacitance. They are arranged in such a way that the
capacitance
increases progressively towards the bottom. As voltage is inversely proportional to
capacitance, this method tends to equalize the voltage distribution across each disc [6].
3. By using a grading ring
The potential across each unit in a string can be equalized by using a guard ring
which is a metal ring electrically connected to the conductor and surrounding the
bottom insulator as shown in Fig. 2.3. The guard ring introduces capacitance between
metal fittings and the line conductor. The guard ring is connected in such a way that
shunt capacitance currents i1, i2 etc. are equal to metal fitting line capacitance currents
i‵1, i‵2 etc. The result is that the same charging current I flow throw each unit of string.
Consequently, there will be uniform potential distribution across the units [6].

Fig. 2.3 Grading ring [6]


20
CHAPTER THREE IMPLEMENTATION

CHAPTER THREE

Implementation of Potential Distribution Along


Suspension Insulators String

3.1 Components of project


3.2 Implementation of potential distribution along suspension insulators
string
3.2.1 Part -1- Determination of Voltage Distribution
3.2.2 Part -2- Improve the efficiency by using longer cross
arm
3.2.3 Part -3- Improve the efficiency by using guard ring
3.2.4 Part -4- Improve the efficiency by choose the suitable
cross-arm length and suitable guard ring

21
CHAPTER THREE IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 Components of project


1. Breadboard.
2. Transformer 220/25 V AC.
3. Five capacitors 1 µF.
4. Four capacitors 0.22 µF.
5. Four capacitors 0.1 µF.
6. Capacitor 0.055 µF.
7. Capacitor 0.146 µF.
8. Capacitor 0.33 µF.
9. Capacitor 0.88 µF.
10. Capacitor 0.025 µF.
11. Capacitor 0.067 µF.
12. Capacitor 0.15 µF.
13. Capacitor 0.4 µF.
14. Junction wires.
3.2 Implementation of potential distribution along suspension
insulators string

In this section we represent the suspension insulators string in the form of


capacitances in addition to the air capacitances as shown in fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.1. Implementation of potential distribution along suspension insulators string

22
CHAPTER THREE IMPLEMENTATION

3.2.1 Part -1- Determination of Voltage Distribution


1. Connect the circuit of insulator string model in Fig. 3.2.
Take C= 1 µF
Take Co= 0.22 C (K= 0.22)
2. Connect 25 volt to the insulator string.
3. Measure using a multi-meter the voltage distribution along string model and
the current through it, and calculate the efficiency.
4. Calculate theoretically the voltage distribution for 5-unit string of insulators
and the current through it, and the efficiency.
5. Compare the measurement results with the calculations results.
3.2.2 Part -2- Improve the efficiency by using longer cross arm
1. Connect the circuit of insulator string model in Fig. 3.2
Take C= 1 µF
Take Co= 0.1 C (K=0.1)
2. Connect 25 volt to the insulator string.
3. Measure using a multi-meter the voltage distribution along string model and
the current through it, and calculate the efficiency.
4. Calculate theoretically the voltage distribution for 5-unit string of insulators
and the current through it, and the efficiency.
5. Compare the measurement results with the calculations results.

23
CHAPTER THREE IMPLEMENTATION

Fig. 3.2. Implementation of part-1- & part-2-

3.2.3 Part -3- Improve the efficiency by using guard ring


1. Connect the circuit of insulator string model in Fig. 3.3
Take C= 1 µF
Take Co= 0.22 C (K= 0.22)
Take C1 = 0.055 C , C2 = 0.146 C , C3 = 0.33 C , C4 = 0.88 C
2. Connect 25 volt to the insulator string.
3. Measure using a multi-meter the voltage distribution along string model and
the current through it, and calculate the efficiency.
4. Calculate theoretically the voltage distribution for 5-unit string of insulators
and the current through it, and the efficiency.
5. Compare the measurement results with the calculations results.

24
CHAPTER THREE IMPLEMENTATION

3.2.4 Part -4- Improve the efficiency by choose the suitable cross-arm
length and suitable guard ring
1. Connect the circuit of insulator string model in Fig. 3.3
Take C= 1 µF
Take Co= 0.1 C (K= 0.1)
Take C1 = 0.025 C , C2 = 0.067 C , C3 = 0.15 C , C4 = 0.4 C
2. Connect 25 volt to the insulator string.
3. Measure using a multi-meter the voltage distribution along string model and
the current through it, and calculate the efficiency.
4. Calculate theoretically the voltage distribution for 5-unit string of insulators
and the current through it, and the efficiency.
5. Compare the measurement results with the calculations results.

Fig. 3.3. Implementation of part-3- & part-4-

25
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FOUR

Results and Discussions

4.1 Result of part -1-


4.2 Result of part -2-
4.3 Result of part -3-
4.4 Result of part -4-
4.5 Results of project by simulation in multisim
4.6 Compare between practically, theoretically and simulation Results of
project
4.7 Discussions

26
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Result of part -1-

When K=0.22

Table 4.1 Practically results of part -1-

Table 4.2 Theoretically results of part -1-

𝐕 𝟏 𝟏
Note: 𝐈𝐜 = , 𝐱𝐜 = = , f=50Hz
𝐱𝐜 𝛚𝐜 𝟐𝛑𝐟

27
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.2 Result of part -2-

When K=0.1

Table 4.3 Practically results of part -2-

Table 4.4 Theoretically results of part -2-

28
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.3 Result of part -3-

When K=0.22 C1 = 0.055 C , C2 = 0.146 C , C3 = 0.33 C , C4 = 0.88 C

Table 4.5 Practically results of part -3-

Table 4.6 Theoretically results of part -3-

29
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.4 Result of part -4-

When K=0.1 C1 = 0.025 C , C2 = 0.067 C , C3 = 0.15 C , C4 = 0.4 C

Table 4.7 Practically results of part -4-

Table 4.8 Theoretically results of part -4-

30
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.5 Results of project by simulation in multisim

Fig 4.1 Simulation of part-1-

Table 4.9 Simulation results of part -1-

31
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fig 4.2 Simulation of part-2-

Table 4.10 Simulation results of part -2-

32
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fig 4.3 Simulation of part-3-

Table 4.11 Simulation results of part -3-

33
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fig 4.4 Simulation of part-4-

Table 4.12 Simulation results of part -4-

34
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.6 Compare between practically, theoretically and simulation Results


of project

PART-1-

10

7
VOLTAGE(V)

6
Practically
5
Theoretically
4
Simulation
3

0
1 2 3 4 5
NO. OF INSULATOR

PART-2-

6
VOLTAGE(V)

5
Practically
4
Theoretically
3 Simulation

0
1 2 3 4 5
NO. OF INSULATOR

35
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

PART-3-

4
VOLTAGE(V)

Practically
3
Theoretically
Simulation
2

0
1 2 3 4 5
NO. OF INSULATOR

PART-4-
6

4
VOLTAGE(V)

Practically
3
Theoretically
Simulation
2

0
1 2 3 4 5
NO. OF INSULATOR

36
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

120

98 99.98 100 100 100 100


100

80
68.56 67.02 66.92
Efficiency %

60 53.76 52.63 52.48

40

20

0
Part-1- Part-2- Part-3- Part-4-
PARTS

Practically Theoretically Simulation

4.7 Discussions
We note from the result of part (1) that the voltage impressed on a string of
suspension insulators does not distribute itself uniformly across the individual discs
due to the presence of shunt capacitance and the efficiency is about 53 % as shown in
table 3.1, that indicates that we have a loss in power.
From part (2) we note that the voltage impressed on a string of suspension
insulators is distribute more uniformly from part (1) and the efficiency is about 68 %
as shown in table 3.3, that indicates that the loss in power is less than that in part (1)
and efficiency is improved.
From part (3) we note that the voltage impressed on a string of suspension
insulators is distribute more uniformly from previous parts and the efficiency is about
98 % as shown in table 3.5, that indicates that the loss in power is less than that in
previous parts and efficiency is improved.
From part (4) we note that the voltage impressed on a string of suspension
insulators is distribute uniformly by choose a suitable cross-arm length and suitable
guard ring and we get efficiency about 100% as shown in table 3.7 and that what are
we need to reduce the losses of power in transmission line to as little as possible.
Note: These measurements and results by neglecting the ambient weather conditions
and by assuming the circumstances of air ideal.

37
CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Future Work

38
CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

5.1 Conclusion
The voltage impressed on a string of suspension insulators does not distribute itself
uniformly across the individual discs due to the presence of shunt capacitance. The
disc nearest to the conductor has maximum voltage across it. As we move towards
the cross-arm, the voltage across each disc goes on decreasing hence the efficiency
being low. As we decrease the length of the cross-arm the air capacitance will increase
and the voltage will distribute more uniformly and the efficiency will be high. If we a
guard ring, then the voltage will distribute more uniformly and in ideal condition the
voltage will distribute uniformly (in this experiment each disc have five voltage)

5.2 Future Work


Future researcher need to develop the study of the potential distribution over
suspension insulators string. In order to simulate the transmission tower, proper stand
need to be built so that it will simulate the real distribute of voltage that is exist in the
real transmission tower.
For the study of the potential distribution, the future researcher also needs to
consider the study the effect of contamination to the performance of insulator time by
time.

39
REFERENCES

[1] Bo Zhang, Jinliang He, Rong Zeng, Shuiming Chen," Potential Distribution along Long
Ceramic Insulator Strings on the Head of high Voltage Transmission Tower", IEEE Conference
on Electromagnetic Field Computation, 2006 12th Biennial, 05 June 2006.

[2] Vassiliki T. Kontargyri1, Ioannis F. Gonos1, Ioannis A. Stathopoulos, " Measurement and
Verification of the Voltage Distribution on High Voltage Insulators", IEEE Conference on
Electromagnetic Field Computation, 2006 12th Biennial, 30 April-3 May 2006.

[3] B.R. GUPTA, "POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN", in RAM NAGAR, NEW
DELHI-110055, FIFTH EDITION, 2008, chapter Four.

[4] Abhijit Chakrabarti and Sunita Halder, "POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OPERATION AND
CONTROL", Third Edition, 2011, New Delhi-110001, chapter 5, page 166.

[5] S. Rao, M.E and MIE., “ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION ENGIREERING &PRACTICE", third
edition ,2008, chapter 9, page 170.

[6] V.K MEHTA ROHIT MEHTA, "PRINCIPLES OF POWER SYSTEM", FOURTH EDITION
2008, CHAPTER 8.

[7] Colin Bayliss and Brian Hardy, " Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering",
Fourth edition 2012, chapter 6, page 171.

[8] R. K. Rajput, "A TEXTBOOK OF POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING", in LAXMI


PUPLICATION (P) LTD 113, Golden house, daryaganj, New Delhi-110002, First edition 2006,
chapter 12.

[9] https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical-insulator-insulating-material-porcelain-glass-polymer-
insulator.

[10] https://www.electrical4u.com/strain-insulator.gif.

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