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Performance
Data should be retrieved as quickly as possible from the
database.
Concurrency
Many uses may wish to use the database, maybe, even the same
data, at the same time and this need to be controlled.
WHY DATABASE
We need to organize our data because of the following reasons:-
(i) To allow speedy retrieval and updating as it is paramount
in environmental management
(ii) To give very high accuracy and precision
(iii) To be able to query the database i.e. allow selection of
items and analyses of many important spatial problems
(iv) To allow sharing of data
(v) To remove redundancy
(vi) To serve as catalyst or stimulus for many advancements
ELEMENTS OF A DBMS
The components of a DBMS that allow it to perform complex
functions is examined in this section.
The architecture of a database system is divided into three broad
levels:-
(i) The internal level
(ii) The conceptual level
(iii) The external level
There levels are shown below:-
EXTERNAL LEVEL:
This is the level that is closest to the users.
It is concerned with the way in which data is viewed by individual
users.
The user views the database by means of an external model.
The external model is the information content of a database as it
is seen by a particular user.
The external model is defined by means of an external scheme.
The external scheme consists of the description of each of the
external records in the external model.
The external level is divided into 2 levels namely:
(a) Database expert user view
(b) End user view
CONCEPTUAL LEVEL
This is referred to as a data model. It is the representation of
data as it really is.
It is a union of views of a community of users with some
authorization and validation procedures.
It consists of multiple occurrences of multiple types of conceptual
records.
INTERNAL LEVEL
This level is concerned with the way in which data are actually
stored on the computer. It is concerned with the way in which
the computer views the database.
The internal model is defined by means of an internal scheme
which defines the various types of stored record.
MAPPING INTERFACES
There are two levels of mapping in the database system
architecture namely:-