1.

INTRODUCTION

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique has the advantage of

high spectral efficiency and resistance to Multipath Fading.

Existing Method:

The conventional discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is a specific kind of discrete

transform, used in Fourier analysis. It transforms one function into another, which is called the
frequency domain representation, or simply the DFT, of the original function (which is often a
function in the time domain). But the DFT requires an input function that is discrete and whose
non-zero values have a limited (finite) duration. Such inputs are often created by sampling a
continuous function, like a person's voice. Unlike the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT), it
only evaluates enough frequency components to reconstruct the finite segment that was
analyzed. Using the DFT implies that the finite segment that is analyzed is one period of an
infinitely extended periodic signal; if this is not actually true, a window function has to be used
to reduce the artifacts in the spectrum. For the same reason, the inverse DFT cannot reproduce
the entire time domain, unless the input happens to be periodic (forever). Therefore it is often
said that the DFT is a transform for Fourier analysis of finite-domain discrete-time functions.
The sinusoidal basis functions of the decomposition have the same properties. The conventional
discrete Fourier transforms (DFT)-based approach will cause energy leakage in multipath
channel with non-sample-spaced time delays.

Proposed Method:

DFT contains periodicity. If the original data sequence is not continuous, it will generate
additional high-order component. In order to reduce this high-order component, we can use
symmetry principle before IFFT. With this understanding, we will select paths effectively in
order to reduce leakage power by calculating the changing rate of the leakage energy. The main
advantage of this proposed method is that this improved method uses symmetric property to
extend the LS estimate in frequency domain, and calculates the changing rate of the leakage
energy, and selects useful paths by the changing rate. MIMO-OFDM technology has become one
of the most promising solutions in the high data rate wireless channel transmission. This
technology can not only effectively enhance the transmission rate and capacity of the wireless
communication system but also effectively combat multipath fading and intersymbol interference
(ISI)[1]. In the OFDM system with transmit diversity, when the receiver knows the channel
information better, the space-time codes can be decoded effectively. In order to enhance
frequency efficiency, the receiver also needs to know the channel information for coherent
demodulation[2]. So channel estimation is directly related to the system performance. By now,

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many channel estimation algorithms have been presented. Least squares (LS) approach is
introduced in [3]. The LS estimation is the simplest channel estimation. This algorithm has lower
complexity. However, it has larger mean square error (MSE) and easily influenced by noise and
inter- carrier interference. Linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) algorithm is introduced
in [4]. LMMSE algorithm is a simplified algorithm of Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE).
Although they can achieve better performance than LS, they have higher computational-
complexity and need to know the channel statistics which are usually unknown in real system. In
[5] and [6], the algorithms of reducing the complexity of the LMMSE are proposed. But these
two modified methods still require exact channel covariance matrices. In this paper, we focus on
DFT-based channel estimation method. This algorithm can make good compromise between
performance and computational complexity[7]. Most of the published work on DFT based
channel estimation assumes each path delay is an integer multiple of the sampling interval in
multipath channel. However, it is difficult to ensure this condition in real system because of the
complexity and incomprehensibility of the transmission channel. In non- sample-spaced
multipath channels, the channel impulse response will leak to all taps in the time domain.
Reference[8] propose a method to reduce leakage power by calculating energy increasing rate.
Another approach is also proposed by extending the LS estimate with a symmetric signal of its
own in [9]. Based on these two methods, we propose a new method to solve the problem of
energy leakage.

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 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

1) Channel Estimation Algorithm Using an Improved DFT for OFDM Systems by

Deepthi Harika J and Ramana Reddy M in IOSRJECE, ISSN: 2278-2834, vol. 2, Issue 2,
Jul-Aug 2012.

2) MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications by Yong Soo Cho, Jaekwon Kim, Won

Young Yang and Chung-Gu Kang.

3) DFT based Channel Estimation Method for OFDM Systems over Multipath
Channels by Jing Wang and Yuehong Qiu

4) J.G. Proakis, Digital Communications, McGraw-Hill, 3rd edition, 1995.Google

Scholar

5) S. B. Weinstein, "The history of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

[History of Communications]," in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 26-
35, November 2009.

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 3. OBJECTIVES

Our project “DFT based channel estimation for OFDM systems” deals with the
estimation the channel characteristics of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) OFDM system

Here we generate OFDM signal using random signal and transmit it through a channel
.We add noise to the transmitted OFDM signal because in real time, whenever the signal is
transmit through air, at receiver end we detect that the received signal is effected by noise. The
received signal is decoded and data signal is retrieved.

The channel estimation method we are following is based on DFT (Discrete Fourier
Transform).

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 4. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig.4.1. Block Diagram

We consider an OFDM system that has N subcarriers and each subcarrier consists of data
symbol X [k], where k represents the sub carrier index. The OFDM transmitter uses an inverse
discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) of size N for modulation. Then the transmitted OFDM signal
in discrete time domain can he expressed as

where n is the time domain sample index of an OFDM signal.

In order to avoid inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by multipath environments and

inter-carrier interference (ICI), a cyclic prefix (CP) is appended to the OFDM symbol. After
passing through a multipath channel and removing CP, one received discrete time domain
OFDM signal y[n] is represented by

where x denotes cyclic convolution operation, w [n] is independent and identically

distributed additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) sample in time domain with zero mean and
variance uwt2 = E [ w[n] 2] and h[n] is the discrete time channel impulse response given by L-1
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 where αi represents a different path complex gain, I is the index of the different path
delay that is based on sampling time interval, which means there is no channel power loss caused
by sampling time miss-match [3], and L is the length of the channel impulse response. For
simplicity, time dependence nature of the channel impulse response is suppressed in the notation.
At the receiver, we assume that the guard interval is longer than the maximum channel delay and
the frequency synchronization is perfect. Then, the k-th subcarrier output in frequency domain
can be represented by

where W[k] is AWGN sample in frequency domain with zero mean and variance α2ωf=N
α ωt [5], ϴ indicates normalized timing offset, and H[k] is the channel frequency response given
2

by:

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 5. Generator-Block Diagram

Fig.5.1. Generator Block Diagram

At the transmitter, the high rate input data are first mapped according to a modulation
scheme (we used quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)), then the serial to parallel
conversion are performed to convert the high rate data to low rate parallel data flows. After pilot
insertion, the data flows are modulated on the corresponding orthogonal subcarriers by IFFT.

The cyclic prefix (CP) which contains a copy of the last part of the OFDM symbol is
added to avoid the inter-symbol interference (ISI) and the inter-subcarrier interference (ICI).
After passing through the multipath channel with additive Gaussian noise, the signals are
recovered through a series of inverse processing at the receiver.

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 6. MATLAB CODE

clear
nFFTSize=64; % FFT SIZE
subcarrierIndex=[-26:-1 1:26];
plot(subcarrierIndex);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
nBit=2500;
ip=rand(1,nBit)>0.5;
figure;
plot(ip);
xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel('Amplitude');
nBitPerSymbol=52;
nSymbol=ceil(nBit/nBitPerSymbol); % Rounds towards positive infinity
ipMod=2*ip-1;
ipMod=[ipMod zeros(1,nBitPerSymbol*nSymbol-nBit)];
ipMod=reshape(ipMod,nSymbol,nBitPerSymbol);figure;
plot(ipMod);
xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel('Amplitude');
st=[];
for ii=1:nSymbol
inputiFFT=zeros(1,nFFTSize); % Creates a array of zeros (1XnFFTSize)
inputiFFT(subcarrierIndex+nFFTSize/2+1)=ipMod(ii,:);
inputiFFT=fftshift(inputiFFT); %Shifts zero freq comp to the center of the system
outputiFFT=ifft(inputiFFT,nFFTSize); % Returns nfftSize DFT of inputiFFT
outputiFFT_with_CP=[outputiFFT(49:64) outputiFFT];

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 st=[st outputiFFT_with_CP];
end
figure;plot(inputiFFT);
xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel('Amplitude');
figure;plot(outputiFFT);
xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel('Amplitude');
figure;plot(st);
xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel('Amplitude');
%close all;
fsMHz=20;
[Pxx,W]=pwelch(st,[],[],4096,20); % PSD using WELCH Method
figure;
plot([-2048:2047]*fsMHz/4096,10*log10(fftshift(Pxx)));
xlabel('frequency,MHz');
ylabel('power spectral density');
title('Transmit spectrum OFDM(based on 802.11a)');

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7. Matlab Simulation Result

Fig. 7.1. Plot of Sub Carrier Index

Fig.7.2. Plot of Random Signal

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Fig.7.3. Plot of Reshaped Signal

Fig.7.4. Plot of input IFFT Signal

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Fig.7.5. Plot of output IFFT Signal

Fig.7.6. Plot of st signal

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Fig.7.7. Plot of Transmit Spectrum of OFDM Signal

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 8. STATUS OF THE PROJECT
The project has been initiated. The following work has been successfully completed:

1. Code for Generation of OFDM Signal

Following components need to be completed.

1. Code for Reception of OFDM Signal

2. Code for Channel Estimation

9. Time Plan Scheduled for the Project

First phase of the project has been successfully completed in the first semester.
The Second phase of the project, is to be completed in the VIII Semester.

S.NO. ACTIVITY/MODULE/SUB-MODULE OF THE PROJECT DURATION/DATE STATUS

1 Literature Review & Abstract Preparation May – July’2019 Completed

2 Registration Seminar 22nd August’2019 Completed

3 Design of OFDM signal Generator August’2019 Completed

4 Design and Implementation of Generator September’2019 Completed

5 (i) Experimentation results of Generator Completed

(ii) Progress Seminar - I 5th October’2019

(iii) Submission of Phase-I Project Report

6 Major Project Work Phase – I – Viva-Voce 23rd November’2019 In-Progress

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