7 Adverbs

7.1 Adverbs of manner

71A Adverbs with and without “-ly': “carefully', 'fast' (» LEG 7.7, 7.13, Apps 14, 15.11
Study: 11
Write:
2
3
O OWONOUBRONH
-A
An adverb adds to the meaning of a verb. Adverbs of manner telis us how something
happens: How did John behave? — (He behaved) badiy.
We form adverbs of manner by adding -/y to an adjective: slow/slowly. After a
consonant, -y changes to -i: heavy/heavily. Itwas a slow train./The train went slowly.
It was heavy rain./It rained heavily.
We can use some words as adjectives or adverbs without adding -/y or -ily: Itwas a
fast train. — The train went fast. Other examples are: better, best, early, hard, high,
last, late, monthly, near, wide, worse.
Supply the right adverb. Some adverbs end in -!/y and some do not.
He's a bad driver. He drives ....... Lady. inna 11 Hesa guick thinker. He thinks ....................
She's.a hard worker. She Works... 12 She's an eagerhelper. She helps...................... He's a
fast runner. He runS ..........oooooo 13 My name is last. 1 COME .....ooooooo Woo I'm a
betterplayerthan you. Iplay.................. 14 The plane is very high. Its flying ............ This is
an airmail letter. Send it...................... 15. Be careful AG nose He made a sudden move.
He moved.............. 16 The bus was /ate. It CAME |... She gave a rude reply. She
replied ................ 17 She was brave. She acted .............coooo The train is early. It has
arrived ............... 18 The house was near. We Went.............ooooo. Make your best effort.
Do yOUF ......oooooooo.. 19 What a wide window! Open it... She's gladto help. She
helps ...........i.c... 20 | get a monthly bill. 1 pay ......ooooooWo Wo.
71AB Two forms and different meanings: “hard/hardly' 1» LEG 7.14, App 15.21
Study: Write:
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90
Some adverbs have two forms, one without -/y and one with -ly. These forms have
different meanings and uses: e.g. hard/hardly, last/lastly, late/lately.
He played hard. He hardiy played at all.
Choose the right adverb in each sentence.
Farm workers have to work very ............ hara.......... during the harvest. (hard/hardly)
Farm workerS EA .....oooooooooo enough money to pay their bills. (hard/hardly)
I got off first in the race but managed to COME... (last/lastly)
— AANG aa... oa. mna nenannnannaaaaan , Pd like to thank ali those who made my
success possible. (last/lastly) We've been receiving a lot of junk Mail ...........ooooo
(late/lately)
The postman bringsS My Mail SO... | rarely see it before I go to work. (late/lately) Pm
sure the boss thinks Very ...........oooooooo of you. (high/highly)
If you want to succeed, you Should AiM ...........ooo (high/highly)
don't think you were treated Very ..........ooo.ooooo (just/justly)
(VE knnsananenen enakan been offered ajob in Mexico! (just/justly)
Please don't gO t00 ........oooooooooo the edge of the platform. (near/nearly)
P aranenanananannnnannnnnnaaaan fell off the edge of the platform! (near/nearly)
7. Adverbs of manner
71C Adjectives which end in '-Iy': “friendly' - LEG 7.12)
Study: Some adjectives end in -ly: cowardly, friendly, lively, lovely, motherly, sickly,
silly: Meg's a friendly girl. John gave me a friendly handshake. If we want to use these
words as adverbs we say in a friendly way/manner/fashion: Meg always greets me
in a friendly way. (Not “greets me friendly/friendlily”)
Write: Change the adjectives into adverbs or adverbial phrases in the following
sentences.
That was a cowardiy thing to do. You acted .....A1.&. OWArAY.. WR. nrrcrernomn enek
That was a guick response. She responded..................ooco.oo oo W.o.Woo momoka The
music was very loud. The band played far to ............ooo.cooo.Wo”W oo
WoWoWomooWoWomomoWoW. ! That was a silly thing to do. You acted ..................
hnereeneteranesannetenaanana nenen aan The orchestra gave a lively performance.
They performed .............ooooooooooooon She's a slow runner. She TUNS
........oooocoooWo oo oWooo.W Woman The singers gave a bad performance. They
performed ................ooWoooWo.o.ooo oo She can't control her motherly feelings. Even
though he's 40, she looks after him ....................... She's a /ovely teacher. She handles
young Children ...............oocoo.Wooo.oWoomook 10 She delivered a careful speech.
She SpOKe ............ooo.ooooooonnenekn kkn 11 He looks pale and sickly. He always
greets Me.............cooooooooooWoWoo”WoWo momo WWW makna 12 You don't have
to be so unfriendly! You needn't look at Me ..........ooooooooooWooW oom
CONDOUBRUN-—
7.1D Context
Write: Put in the missing adjectives and adverbs. Add -!y or make other changes
where you need to.
beautiful, best (twice), careful, cheap, early, far, fast, full, hurried, important, last,
new, past, guick, rapid, silly
A SPLASH OF COLOUR
1 esa AM ewe Thursday | had AN 2.........oWoWoWo. interview for a job. | GOL UP
Ienaaa and dressed #.............ooo. . Iput on my
1 nona jacket and trousers, to Io0K My S....ooooooooo. .Ihad to travel by train, so |
walked to the station which isn't L........................ from my house. I was walking guite
8.............oo when I saw aman just ahead painting his fence with red paint. He didn't
notice me as I Walked Been . Then he turned suddeniy and splashed my
1 ee trousers! He had acted ".............oo. and he apologized, but the damage was done.
There was a big store on the corner, so I decided to buy anew pair '2...........iocoo .T
could change on the train. I'S......iooWoWoWoW. found a nice pair, which I bought
guite 1 ema . The shop was #S.....ooooooWoWo , S0 I paid
1 ewean , grabbed my shopping-bag and left. On the train, I
went to the toilet to change. I took off my stained trousers and threw them out of the
window. Then I opened the bag to get my Mena ones, but all I found was a pink
woollen sweater!
.. threw them out of the window
» 7 Adverbs
1.2 7.2A
Study:
Write 1:
Adverbs of time
Points of time: “"Monday', "this morning' (- LEG 7.21-22, App 48|
SN Oo &
Adverbs of time tell us when something happens. “Points of time' tell us “exactly
when': e.g. today, yesterday, this/nexi/last week, on Monday, at 5 o'clock.
We can refer to days of the week without this, last, next or on: I'm seeing him
Monday. (- this/next'on Monday). (Not "I'm seeing him the Monday.) I saw him
Monday. (- last/on Monday). (Not “/ saw him the Monday.”
This morning, etc. (Not “today morning” “today afternoon" etc.) can refer to: —
now: ! feel terrible this morning.
— earlier: | spoke to him this morning.
— laterontoday: TI!/I speak to him this morning.
Note: tonight, tomorrow night and last night (Not "yesterday night). Note: the day
before yesterday, the day after tomorrow (in the evening), etc. We do not use the in
phrases like next Monday, last Monday: III see him next Monday.
We normally put time references at the end of a sentence or clause, but we can also
put them at the beginning: (This morning) I! went to the dentist (this morning). Ib
11AI
Fill in the missing points of time.
today Tomorrow
thiS MOTNING —wee.ooonrannnnnnnnannnnnnannnannnanllnnkanananalaa At
MOON ————nanannanannnnnnannnanananaanaannnNananaNNNanankaan this
AFETNOON .......ooooooo# oo” Wmnnnnnaannnlnnnannlaanaakanaa this eVENING
—.e...oooor#c##WomnnnnnnnnnnnnnNnnanannannlannaaaaaa tonight eno
ononnnnanenannnanannnannnnnnnanannnnnalananaanaa this Monday ne...
nnannnnnnnannllnnnlllnlakaaa this January
.ee.oooWocomannnnnnnnnannnnnnannnanalannnnananna this week ——
annnnnnnnnnenannnannnnnnnnnnnnnannnnanlalanalananNaa this year
ac.ooooooronenannnannnnnnnnnnnnnanNanananaannnNnanaaan
Write 2: Today is Tuesday. Write sentences using the right points of time (today, etc.)
92
Monday Tuesday Wednesday 1 When is she arriving? (Tuesday morning) ..... 3.44.
aartutang Atas. morna Megi enno 2 Whenscan:-you See him? (IUESOAy): me ea 3
Wheni:did she artive? (Monday MIGRD exo aan aa 4 When are you expecting her?
(Wednesday NIGPI) ......oooooooooooWo Wanna 5. When. will you be home?
(Tuesday Nidhi) o.o.oco.oococoocoooomooomoooooocoooesemaman 6 When can I
make an appointment? (Tuesday AErNOON) L...o.oo.ooooocoWorom oo Wanna 7
Whenican | see you? (ThUISOAY) anoman 8 When did she leave? (Monday in the
@VENING)
menax..oooooor#W..mmmnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnanannnnnnannnnnnannnnna
naa 9 Whern:can I see you? (Thursday MOMING) soon 10 When can I come to your
office? (Tuesday Midday) .......o.ooooomnnnannnnnnnnnnannan 11 Wherndid he
leave? (Monday MOTNIng) see em aan 12 When will she phone? (Wednesday in the
AENOON) .............ooomnnnannnana 7.2 Adverbs of time
7.2B “StilP and “yet' - LEG 7.25, 7.277
Study: |1 Stilland yet mean 'until now' and we often use them with the present
perfect (- 9.5AJ. ba
2 We use stillto emphasize continuity, mainly in affirmatives and sometimes in
guestions: I'm still waiting for my new passport. Is Martha still in hospital? We can
also use Still in the negative for special emphasis: John still hasn't written to me.
Still has the same position in a sentence as adverbs of freguency (» 7.4BJ.
3 We use yef mainly in guestions and negatives and often put it at the end of a
sentence: Has your new passport arrived yet? — No, not yet. It hasn't arrived yet.
Write: Rewrite these sentences supplying still or yet. Sometimes both are possible. 1
The children are at the cinema. .....Ihe. chulairen ane atukl ak the Cimema..
2 | haven't met your brother.
............oo.ooooo.Wooomomnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnanananannnannnaaan 3 Jim works
for the same company. ..........oo.ooorXWo.WoWomoooW manakala 4 Has she phoned
you? .........ooooocoooWooooooomennnnnnanaan 5 NOp Ot Lane nasa 5 The new law
hasn't come into force. ..........oooooo.Woo Woo
oWomomnnennnnnnanannlalanlnanannananaaan
7.2C “Already' and other adverbs of time (- LEG 7.23-24, 7.26, 7.28-29|
Study: 1 Already means 'before now' or 'so soon'. We use it in guestions and
affirmatives, but not in bal negatives. We can put it in the middle (- 7.4B) of a
sentence or at the end: Have you already finished lunch? Have you finished lunch
already? This machine is already out of date. IF's out of date already.
2 Other common adverbs of time are: afterwards, at last, just, lately, now, once,
recenily, soon, Suddenly, then, these days. We often use these adverbs in story-
telling.
Write: Rewrite these sentences using yet or already. Sometimes both are possible.
1 Have you had breakfast? — I've had it, thanks........ Lyealrcady. had.
dhamka.............i..... 2 Ihaven't received an invitation to the party.
...............oooooooooooWmmnannnnnananakaaaa 3 I have received an invitation to
the party. .............ooooWorWoooooWWo.WoWoWoomellnananananalanaananaaa 4
Have you finished eating? ..................oooWo”W Woman 5 Haven't you finished
eating? .....................oooo.oWomsnnnnnannnnnnnannnaannnenanalanananaaa
7.2D Context Write: Putin already, immediately, this week, still, then, yesterday, yet
Use each word once only.
FIT FOR HUMANS, BUT NOT FOR PIGS!
1...Ihng wet... there's going to be a festival of British Food and Farming in Hyde Park
in London. The festival hasn't begun 2............................. and farmers are 1 ee bringing
their animals. But apig farmer has 4....................o. run into a serious problem.
S...........ooo he arrived with his pigs from the Welsh Hills — hundreds of miles away.
The pigs were very thirsty when they arrived in Hyde Park and the farmer
8............oooooo gave them some London water.
7 eeneamnan he got a big surprise because the pigs refused to drink the water.
London water is fit for humans but not for pigs!
Not fit for pigs!
93 7 Adverbs
7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration
7.3A “Since', for' and “ago' (- LEG 7.31, 7.32, 9.18)
Study: 1 “Since' 4« a point of time (- 7.2A) answers Since when? We use since with
the present perfect
to mark a period lasting till now: / haven't seen him since January. (» 9.5A, 10.2Dj 2
“For' 4 period of time answers How long? We use forto refer to periods of time: — in
the past: My wife and I worked in America for five months. — in the future: John will
be staying in New York for two weeks.
—inthe present perfect: I've known Susan for five years. Is 9.5A, 10.2D)
3 Period of time « 'ago' answers How long ago? and marks the start of a period going
back from now. We use ago with the simple past (- 9.3CJ: / arrived here two months
ago.
Write 1: Show where Since or ago will fit into these sentences. when
Simce 0.
1 When have you been interested in jazz? 4 1 saw her last week and haven't seen her.
2 | saw your mother a week. 5 I haven't been home 1987.
3 I started work here seven months. 6 How long did you become a director? Write 2:
Show where since or for will fit into these sentences.
1 They lived here five vote before moving. 4 Yve been expecting a letter weeks.
2 They have lived here 1984. 5 Ive been expecting a letter last week.
3 Ive known him six years. 6 I've enjoyed jazz | was a boy.
71.3B “Till (or “untiP) and “by' - LEG 7.34
Study: 1 Some verbs naturally refer to 'periods of time' or “continuity' (- 9.5BJ: e.g.
learn, lie, live, rain, sit, sleep, stand, stay, waitand work.
2 Till (or until and by mean "any time before and not later than'. We cannot use byat
all with these “continuity' verbs. (Not “7// wait here by 5 o'clock.”) We can only use
fill (or until) with these verbs: PII wait here till (or until) 5 o'clock. I won't wait here
till (or until) 5 o'clock.
3 We use bywith verbs which do not refer to periods of time. We can think of these
as 'point of time verbs': e.g. arrive, come, finish, go, leave: She will arrive by 5. (- any
time before and not later than 5.) She won't arrive by 5. She'll arrive at 6.
4 We use till or until with “point of time verbs' only in the negative. She won't arrive
till (or until) 5. (But not “She will arrive till 5.7)
Write: Supply by or till.
1 PUWAit Lan. Lu... Monday before answering his letter.
2 lintend to stay in bed... 10 o'clock tomorrow morning.
3 Your suit will be ready .............. Friday.
4 Your suit won't be ready ........oooooo Friday. You can collect it then.
5 Your suit won't be ready... Friday. You can collect it next Monday.
6 Im sure | will have left ............oo Monday.
7 Your aunt says she won't leave ..............ooooo. Monday. Monday's the day she's going
to leave.
94 7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration
7.3C
Study:
Write:
7.3D Write:
“During', “in and 'for' - LEG 7.35)
1 During means: — either: “from the beginning to the end”: We had a lot of fun
during the holidays. — Or: “at some point during a period of time': /// mend the
gate during the weekend. We watched a very nice film during the flight to New York.
2 We use in like during to refer to time: We had a lot of fun in the holidays. (Or: ...
during the holidays) But we cannot use into referto an activity or event: We watched
a film during the flight. (Not “in the flight”)
3 Fortelis us how long' (» 7.3AJ: We stayed in Recife for a week/for three weeks. (Not
"during three weeks")
ee NA
Supply in, during and for. Show which sentences take both in and during.
1 Itwas very hot ..........Maring.......... August. 7 Many people gave up............. the course.
2 Iwas sent abroad............. my military service. 8 1 suddeniy fett ill ............ my speech.
3 Itrained ............ the night. 9 Therewas an accident. ............ the race.
4 VI see you... the lunch hour. 10 Isleep........... the daytime.
5 Iwokeuptwice ............ the night. 11 Im going abroad ............. June.
6 Itriedtogetataxi............ a whole hour. 12 Can you hold your breath ............ two
minutes?
Context Put in during, in, by, till, since, foror ago.
PEACE AND OUIET | moved to this area seven years !.........4@0......... 2
eetasaenoanaonnanga years I have had noisy neighbours. Ever
Bannctnnnntnkenankan | moved into this flat, I've had to put up with noise
#........i.ooo the night. I decided I'd had enough and I've been looking for a new flat
$........................ the beginning of the year. | haven't found anything S.......oocooo now.
Every week I go to the local estate agent's office, but it's the same story. 'I might have
something ?............ooo the end of the week,' he says, or, "Wait
B nnemuarenenenaan next week. I think I might have a few flats 8........................ then.'
I've seen a few flats 19 kangen my search, but I don't like any of them. One flat I saw
has been empty
1 ernengennanenan two years. 'It's got a busy road on one side and a railway on the
other!" | exclaimed. 4 want peace and guiet.' Last week I visited the agent again. 'I
won't leave #2... you show me something, I said. He smiled and said, "I've got just the
flat for you.' | went to see it and I was horrified. 'But it's next to a cemetery! I cried.
“But you won't have noisy neighbours,' my agent said. “Its ideal for peace and guiet!'
You won't have noisy neighbours!
95 7 Adverbs
7.4 Adverbs of freguency
7.4A Position of adverbs of freguency ('often') in affirmatives and guestions (b LEG
7.37-40|
Study: 1 Adverbs of freguency generally answer the guestion How often?. The most
common are: always, almost always, generally, usually, normally, freguently, often,
sometimes, hardly ever, seidom, ever, not ... ever, never.
2 Adverbs of freguency have three basic positions in affirmative sentences: — after
be when it is the only verb in a sentence: / am always late. — after the first auxiliary
when there is more than one: / would always have been late. — before the main verb
when there is only one verb: You never tried hard enough.
Write: Rewrite these sentences using any suitable adverb of freguency in each one.
| waSdate TO Work: ma uan maa mann nnann | can tell the difference between the
two. .............coooo.ooooooooommo.Wooo mm. | would have been able to find a job
like yOUTrS. .............oco.XoWo.WoooWo#W Woo nana You tried hard Enough.
s.o.ooooooooooooommuma aan You got good Marks at SChOOI: “oo
ooocoooooooooomoocoooooooomenesaan Are You late? sea am aan Have you lived
InithiS T0OWn2 sean Did you:get good markS-at SCMOOI? sae ama
OOWNO MB WON—
74B The position of adverbs of freguency in negative statements (- LEG 7.40.21
Study: | 1 These usually come after not always, generally, normally, often, regularly,
usually: Public transport isn't always (etc.) very reliable.
2 Generally, normally, often and usually can come after the subject for special
emphasis: We normally don't worry if the children are late.
3 We use sometimes and freguently before not or before isn't, doesn't, don't, didn't,
etc.: Debbie is sometimes not responsible for what she does. He is freguently not at
home. She sometimes isn't reliable. He freguently doesn't get home till 10.
4 We can't use nofto form negatives with hardly ever, etc. Ip 13.2AJ: He hardiy ever
writes. (Not “He almost always doesn't write.“or “He doesn't hardiy ever write.”
Write: Write these sentences again using the adverbs in brackets. Make changes
where necessary.
1 Public transport isn't reliable. (always) ....... Pudlue tramaport.. AN, Aha
2 He wasn't late when he worked here. (often) ...........o.oooooooro oom
mmenaanaaan 3 She doesn't arrive on time. (USUally) ...................ooocroo#W nana 4
She doesn't arrive on time. (SometimeS) ...............ooooW Wo o#WoW#Wm mens 5 We
don't worry if the children are late. (NorMally) .........oooocoooo oo
omnaannnaananaan 6 You don't phone. (hardly ever) ..........ooooo##o”Wo oom
nnnnnnnannnannanannananannnnnnnannannnananlnannnaaan 7 We don't
complain. (generally) ...........oo.ooco.Wo”W#Wo oom
nnnnnnnannananannnnnnnananannnnnanannnnnnannnananan 8 You're not at
home when I phone. (sometimes)
................oooooWo”Wo.WooWooommnannnnnnnnnnnnnannaann
96 7.4 Adverbs of freguency
7.4C Adverbs of freguency at the beginning of a sentence (- LEG 7.40.4j
For special emphasis, we can begin a sentence with freguently, generally, normally,
(very) often, sometimes and usually. We can say: We normally don't worry if the
children are late home from school.
No
1 De you ever bring work home from the office? (often) , often, bring woTk. home
Irom the. ofhice........ Oftem, IL Arung work home..........
2 Does John leave home before his wife does? (normally)
7 Do you ever have power cuts? (sometimes) WE seen ema 8 Are there complaints
about the service? (often)
7.4D Context
Write: Show where the adverbs in brackets can go in the sentences that follow them.
WHERE DID I PUT MY TEETH?
('ever) Have you forgotten something on a train or bus? ever Torgotten (2never)
Don't say you have!
(Salways) (“occasionally) We can't be careful with our things and most of us must
have left something behind when getting off a bus or train. (Snever) There can't be
anyone who forgets anything.
(Sregularly) Over 150,000 items a year are dealt with by London Transport's Lost
Property Office.
('normally) People don't carry stuffed gorillas, but someone recentiy left one on a
train.
("most often) The things people lose are umbrellas and keys. ('sometimes) But there
are items that are not very common.
('Sever) Can you imagine losing a bed and not claiming it?
("'often) Prams and pushchairs are lost.
('2freguently) But it is unbelievable that people forget false teeth and even glass eyes
when they get off a train!
('Soften) Yet they do!
People don't carry stuffed gorillas!
97 7 Adverbs
71.5 Adverbs of degree
7.5A The two meanings of 'guite' » LEG 6.5, 7.41-42)
Study: | 1 Ouite, fairly and rather are common adverbs of degree. They can make the
word they modify weaker or stronger and their effect depends on stress and
intonation. If we say:
The film is guite/good! and our voice 'goes up', this means ' enjoyed it on the whole'.
The film is guitegood. and our voice 'goes down, this means “ didn't really enjoy it.
We can put guite in front of ordinary adjectives (guite good), adverbs (guite slowly),
and a few verbs (/ guite enjoy). Regardless of stress, the meaning is "less than'.
2 We can also use guite with “absolute' adjectives (dead, empty and full, and with
“strong adjectives like amazing and wonderful. Then it means “completely'. The
voice “goes up'.
Write: Answer these guestions in full with guite, and say whether guite means “less
than' or 'completely'.
1 What was the film like? (good)....... The. Tidm was guite good... ( lea than)
krnnkennannamaaa 2 How was the exhibition? (AMAZING) .............ooooWooooroooo
nana 3 What's Pam like? (wonderful) ................oooWo#Wo.WoWom oo #W Wanna 4.
How was the play? (aWwful) ..............coocoooooooooomcoomsmssanusata sasa BS
enamaocanan 5 Howwas your holiday? (Guite @Njoy) aa ana natan 6 Do you eat
siiails? (guite like) aa Mananta
7.5B “Fairly' - LEG7.43)
Study: Fairly often goes with “good' adjectives and adverbs (good, nice, well, etc.).
Itis generally 'less complimentary' than guite. We do not use 'enough' (- 16.4BJ to
mean guite or fairly.
What's Yoko's English like? — Ifs guite good. (“complimentary') Not “enough good”
What's Yoko's English like? — It's fairly good. (“less complimentary') Not “enough
good”
2 The diMNEF IS L...ooooooooWoWoW WWW manakala SPOII.
......oooooooWo#WWoWmnannnnnnnnannanlanaaaaaa 3 | feb...» XX mona nenana
nana SICK. anna nnnnr nan annnnnnnnnnanannannnn aman
4 SKES ..ooocoo##”#W0menetenenan nana aman CIEVET. 2... nnnnnnn nana anna
an nnnn anna nana aaaaaa aan
5 I think KE'S ....oooooooooonnnnnnnennnnnn anakan MAd, aan.
coKononnntnnnnan enam
6 YOU .annannnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn anna incredible!
............oooooooo####Wmennnannnnnnnnna
7.5C “Rather -LEG7.44)
Study: Rather is stronger than guite and fairly and suggests 'inclined to be'. Itoften
goes with “bad' adjectives (bad, poor, awful, unpleasant, etc.).
When it goes with “good' adjertives (good, nice, tasty, etc.) it often means
'surprisingly': to be)
7.5 Adverbs of degree
Write:
7.5D
Study:
Write:
7.5E Write:
|
Add guite and ratherto each sentence, where possible. Say if they mean 'inclined to
(bey', less than' or 'completely'.
r
1 I'm afraid Jane's health is ..... ZW2/7adher”...... poor. Ccompletedny IU
2 Don't worry! Your SON IS ........ooooooooo”W oo all right!
......ooooooooWo#WoWomomenennnnnnannnnnllannaa 3 Your work has
been ............coocooo oo unsatisfaCtory. ............ooooooomo om Woo 4 Im afraid an
appointment tOMOTTOW IS ............oo.ooooo impossible. ...............ooooooo 5 Last
night's documentary WAS... interesting. ...........o.oooooo aan
“Much, “any”, far and 'a lot' as adverbs of degree (- LEG 5.123, 7.45j
1 Wecan use much and far with comparatives and superlatives to say 'to what
degree': Jane is much better today. London is far bigger than Edinburgh. This Indian
cookery book is by far the best. London is much the biggest city in Britain.
2 We can use a lot and any with comparatives: If's a lot bigger. Is it any better? 3 Not
much and not any go with a few adjectives: This battery isn't much good/any good.
4 Wecan use nof much and (not) a lot with verbs such as like and enjoy: I don't much
like fish. I don't like fish (very) much. I (don't) like fish a lot.
5 We often use much and farwith prefer and would rather (» 16.88, 11.81: I much
prefer tea to coffee. Id far rather have tea than coffee.
Add much, any, faror a lot and give alternatives where possible.
1 Tm not 14, @Uf good at maths. 6 Those two recordings arent .......... different.
2 Youre... guicker than me. 7 Idont.......... like people who show off.
3 Thisis.......... more expensive. 8. Iecorasueess prefer swimming to cycling.
4 Thisis.......... the best way to enjoy yourself. 9 This machine isn't........... use.
5 Icantgo.......... faster. 10 Youre .......... thinner than when I last saw you.
Context Putin any suitable adverbs of degree (any, many, much, rather, fairly, guite,
etc.).
CAN WE GO HOME PLEASE?
Itwas L..... Yee... late. The restaurant clock showed 1.30 a.m. The waiters were feeling
&........................ tired and were beginning to yawn. There was Ong 8... middle-aged
couple left. They had cieariy
Hg ran, — had Senar a good meal. Now they were looking at each other
2 aka across the table and wereS........................ unaware of the world around
: 3 them. The waiters wanted to go home. One of them asked the couple if a IA they
wanted S.........iii...... more to eat or drink. He didn't get an answer.

9 & | It clearly WASNE 7....oooooo use asking guestions! One of the waiters - had
Sleeeea a good idea. He began stacking chairs upside-down
onto the tables. The others joined in. Another waiter turned off the lights. In Ea the
end, the restaurant WaS S........i..ooo dim. The chairs were stacked on the tables round
the couple who just sat and sat and sat!
The couple sat and sat and sat! 7 Adverbs
7.6 Intensifiers
7.6A
Study: bt)
Write 1:
“Very', 'too' and "very much' (- LEG 6.8.2, 6.9, 6.28.2, 7.45, 7.48, 7.50-51)
12
Intensifiers are words like very and foo which strengthen adjectives and adverbs.
We use very to strengthen:
— the positive form of adjectives (not comparative/superlative): Martha has been
very Ill. — adjective # noun: John is a very nice man.
— adverbs: The wheels of bureaucracy turn very slowiy.
— many past participle adjectival forms: I'm very interested. You're very mistaken.
The very goes with best/worst: It's the very best/the very worst meal I've ever had.
and some nouns (beginning/end): I waited till the very end of the film.
Too goes before adjectives and adverbs and means 'more than is desirable' (- 7.7B,
16.4BJ: Compare: It's very hot, but I can drink it. It's too hot and I can't drink it.
Its often more polite to say not very good or not too good rather than 'bad':
His work's not very good/not too good. (There is no difference in meaning here.)
Very much goes with:
— comparatives: She is very much better.
— verbs: | like your painting very much. This idea has very much interested me. —
adjectives like afraid, awake, alive and alone: Old Mrs Page is very much alone.
Supply very, too, or very much in these sentences. Two answers may be possible.
PDWNTNDUBUNA
10
hear Jack has been ..4£7g.. ill. 11 Shes........... intelligent to believe that!
Icant go... faster than I'm going. 12 The Antarctic would be............. cold for me. Go
slower. You're driving ............ fastforme. 13 |............ like your idea.
She didn't think my work was............. good. 14 Thenew XJ6 is............ faster than the old
one. Ican't afford that. It's............. expensive. 15 Wewere ............ late, but we just got the
train. If you think that, you are ............ mistaken. 16 Wewere ............ late, so we missed
our train. This project has............. interested ourfirm. 17 Wehave............. missed you.
| didn't enjoy the meal ............ 18 Your children get............. much pocket money. Susan's
paintings have been ............. admired.19 He hasn't got............. much money.
laiways try and buy the............. best. 20 Ivebeen............. alone lately.
Write 2: Complete these responses using very, too, very much and too much.
100
OTO UBUN—
10 11 12
How did you enjoy last night's film? — I enjoyed it KY. MUA.
So you didn't buy the picture in the end! — No, it cost ..............co
| think you should take a coat with you. — Yes, I Will. It's ........................ cold outside. Is
that lobster alive? — Yes, it's .............. alive!
Was that car expensive? — Yes, ..........oooo.o !
Are you thirsty? — Yes, Lo... !
Did you spend a lot of time on it? — Yes, .......o..oooo !
| don't like sitting in the smoking compartment. — | agree. There's...........................
smoke. Why aren't you buying those shoes? — They're ........W...o..oiii... large for me.
Those shoes are very large! — Yes, but not ..................i... large!
Are the children still awake? — Yes, they're ..............c..o.. awake!
How are you feeling? — Not .....oo.oooooooo. well, I'm afraid. 7.6 Intensifiers
7.6B Adverbs in place of “very': “extremely happy', fast asleep” Iz LEG 7.52-53, 6.8.2,
App 16)
Study: 1 We often use extremely and really for special emphasis instead of very: Im
very sleepy. & I'm extremely sleepy. (more emphatic)
2 In everyday speech we often use terribly and awfully in place of very. That hi fi is
very expensive. — It's awfully/terribly expensive.
3 Note that we say fast asleep and wide awake (Not "very asleep/very awake?: Don't
disturb the children — they're fast asleep.
4 We use some -/y adverbs in fixed phrases: deeply hurt, painfully embarrassed,
highly respected, IK richly deserved, I greatly appreciate, badly needed, bitterly cold:
Mr Wilson is highly respected in our community.
A new playground for our children is badly needed.
Write: Use suitable adverbs in place of very.
1 The traffic is AWT 44t4 slow today. 13 IWAS pesanan bored by the play. 2 TM aa
confused by the new regulations. 14 | didn't think the film was ............... funny. 3 Ken
appreciate all you've done for me. 15 PM sn. sorry about this. 4
Wearennannnnannnnann interested in your proposal. 16 What you did was................
stupid. 5 That radio talk wasn't............... interesting. 17 Your staff have been................
helpful. 6 IWaSanasanaeana awake all night. 18 You didn't wake me. Iwas................
asleep. 7 IWAS maan hurt by her answer. 19 It WaS Lnnnncknkkn cold last night. 8
OldMr Fordis ............... boring! 20 You think you're ............... clever. 9 PM annoyed about
this. 21 AWwellis.....o.i... needed in that village. 10 Your success has been................
deserved. 22 This computer is................ fast. 11 Wewere all............... embarrassed! 23
She's still ............... young. 12 Your friend works ............... siowly. 24 Wee
nannnnannanan grateful to you.
7.6C Context Write: Use suitable words to complete this story. Don't use the same
word more than twice.
JUSTLY PUNISHED
There were !........ KD... many people on the bus for comfort and passengers were
standing in the aisle. A young woman carrying a baby WAS Lema grateful when an
old man offered her his seat. The baby WAS Be...oooooocooo asleep and she could
now rest him on her lap. She thanked the old Man 4.........o. Woo and was just going to
sit down when a rude young man sat in the empty seat. Everyone was Pesan
embarrassed, and the young mother was $..................... surprised to say anything. All
the passengers '........................ disapproved of the man's action. They were8........................
angry with him, but he paid no attention. S....................... later, the rude man wanted to
get off the bus and tried to push past the passengers. They all stood closely together
and wouldn't let him move. He was made to stay on the bus till it reached its
terminus, apunishment he........................ deserved.
A rude man sat in the empty seat
101 7 Adverbs
11 7.7A
Study:
Write:
7.7B
Study:
Write:
7.1C
Study:
Write:
102
Focus adverbs
“Even”, 'only', 'just' and “simply' for “focusing' (» LEG 7.54-55)
1 Wecan change the position in a sentence of adverbs like even, only, just and simply
depending on where we want to 'focus our attention”. Compare: Even I understood
Professor Boffin's lecture. (i.e. even though Ym stupid) | even understood Professor
Boffin's lecture. (i.e. out of various things I understood)
2 In everyday speech, we often put these adverbs before the verb and other people
can understand what we mean from stress and intonation: / only asked a guestion
means 'that's all | did' rather than "Il was the only person who asked a guestion'.
Write sentences to show how you interpret these statemenis.
Only | understood his lecture. .....L..moderuiatan..daa. kerang dadi.) Ona Ohh. Akik... |
only listened to his lecture. ......ooooooWooooooW. WWW oom.
mnakananannnlanannnnnnanalnanananaaan | understood his lecture ONIY.
......ooocoooooo#WoWooo.”#W nana Set the table SIMPIY. “......oooocoo WWW. Wo
Wnannnnnn ena anna NaaanN anna | just understood his lecture. ............oooooocoo.
Woo #W#monnnnnnnnnnnnnanannmannnnnnaaaanamnnn | understood just his
lecture. ...........oooWo.WoooomWoWoWoWmnnnannnenknnnnaannnanannann aman
l understood his lecture — US$! ...........oooWoWooWoWo Wo mom oma
TO OB ONA
Two meanings of 'too' LEG 7.48, 7.56)
Too changes its meaning according to position: This coffee is too hot to drink at the
moment. (- more than is desirable (» 7.6A, 16.4B)) The croissant is freshly-made and
the coffee is hot, too. (- also)
1 Ican't drink the coffee. (hot)... AO Mn nnrnnenninnoon oom encer menanam 2 The
coffee is freshly-made and it is also hot. ........».».. A1. LA. AG Mena in»—5—m.. 3 I
went to the bank and I also went to the supermarket. ..............ooooooWo”Wooooo oo”
Woo 4 1 didn't walk to the supermarket. (far) ...............oooooooWoWoWoWomoW
manakala 5 Ididn't buy that jacket. (eXxpENSIVE) ......ooooocoWoWWoooWooWWoW
Woman nenen 6 I didn't buy that jacket. It was badiy-made and also
eXpeNSIVEe. .........o.oooocoooWoooox
“Too' and 'not either' » LEG 7.5e|
We use foo at the end of an affirmative sentence to mean also: Billy can already read
and he can write, too.
In the negative, we must use either in place of too: Billy can't write yet and he can't
read, either. (Not “He can't read, too.“1»13.4)
Add too or either.
1 Hike walking and | like cycling, ....K90........... 5 Ican't knit and I can't SEW,
......oooooooooo 2 Imet John and I met his wife, ..............o.oooo 6 Don't drink tea and
don't drink coffee, ............... 3 | don't swim and | JO E TUM, .....ooo oom mem akn 7
Idon't know and | don't care, .............oo 4 Heruns arestaurant and a hotel, ................... 8 I
know John well and | like him, ........................ 7.7 Focus adverbs
7.7D “Also' and 'as well' » LEG 7.5ej
Study: 1 We use a/soand as well like foo, that is in affirmative sentences. We replace
them by either in negative sentences. We use as we// only at the end of aa clause or
sentence:
! bought this handbag and I bought these shoes to gowith it, as well.
2 Alsois more common in writing than in speech. It normally comes: — after be,
have, can, etc.: Susan is an engineer. She is also a mother. — after the first auxiliary
verb when there is one or more than one:
/ should have collected the letters from your office and I should also have posted
them. — before the main verb: / play volley-ball and | also play tennis. (compare »
7.4AJ
Write: Show where also goes in these sentences.
She can act and she can sing. ...SA4. Kant. AG. HIU. ML. CAM BLLO MN rr rere... | have
had a rest and I have had a SIOWET.....oooo.ooooo oom He. writes:novels.and he
writes TV SCTiptS: wo... oooooomooocmeemena He has been arrested and he will be
tried. ..................ooooo.o.Wooomoooo You should have phoned and you should have
written. .............ooooooooooooooomak | have to write a report and I have to file some
letters. .................ooWooooo Pd like a cup of coffee and I'd like some sandwiches,
please................o...ooo.o.oooooo Mr Mason owns the corner shop and he owns the flat
over it. ..............oooooooooo We sell our products in the home market but we export
alot. .............oooooWo oom Ym not going to buy it because it's not what I want and it's
to0 EXpeNSIVe. ............ooooooooo
—h OCONO UB UN
7.7E Context Write: Show where the adverbs in brackets will go in the sentences that
follow them.
A SAFE PLACE
(“'either) My aunt, Millie, always said she had some jewels which she would leave to
me, but when shg died she didn't leave any money and she didn't leave any jewels:
even) My mother was surprised.
(?too) "know she had some rings and some lovely necklaces.
(“only) | saw them once, but perhaps she sold them."
(&as well) My mother and I looked everywhere: we looked in the bedrooms, in the
bathroom, and in the attic, but we found nothing. (Salso) “Millie was very careful and
was afraid of burglars,” mother said, “but I don't think she hid her jewels anywhere.
(“too) Let's go home, and we'd better take ail the food in the deep freeze.
On Sunday, mother said to me, “I'm going to cook this lovely goose which was in your
aunt Millie's deep freeze. I'll prepare some stuffing and you can stuff the goose.'
('too) Five minutes later I screamed with surprise: the goose was full of jewels and
there were some gold coins!
screamed with surprise!
103 7 Adverbs
1.8 71.8A
Study:
Write:
7.8B
Study:
Ke
Write:
104
Viewpoint adverbs, connecting adverbs and inversion
Viewpoint adverbs (» LEG 7.57, App 17)
We may express our Viewpoint in speech or in writing using adverbs like these: — (-
Pm sure): clearly, definitely, honesily, naturally, obviously, really, strictly speaking. —
(- Ym going to be brief): anyhow, briefly, in brief, in effect, in a few words, in short.
Im expressing my opinion): as far as I'm concerned, frankly, in my opinion, I think.
Mark the viewpoints' (a-i) that are expressed in this text.
| was agreeably ('.&.) surprised to learn that I had passed my history exam. Between
ourselves, (?......) I was expecting to fail. After all, (8......) hadn't done any work and,
naturally, (4...) 1 didn't I don't want you to repeat this think I deserved to pass. So
when the results came, | was expecting I was pleased
a lam making a generalization b c d the worst. Asa general rule, (5......) you get what
you deserve and — e as was to be expected f g h i
the reason for this was
this is certainly (5......) true of exams. Frankly, ('......) | deserved to lam sure
fail, but, I not only passed, | even got very good marks. This only the important thing
is this shows that luck can help: at any rate, (2......) it helped in my case. Im being
honest
In my view, (S.....) itjust shows that passing exams is not always a I'm expressing my
opinion matter of hard work.
Connecting adverbs (- LEG 7.58, App 18)
We can connect ideas in speech or writing using adverbs like these: — (- Im adding
something): in addition, again, apart from this, besides, moreover.
— (- Im comparing/contrasting): as compared to, egually, however, in reality. — (5
Im summarizing): all in all, and so on, essentially, in brief, in conclusion, in effect.
Mark the 'connecting ideas' (a-h) that are expressed in this text.
Accarding to Oa a lot of people I know, there are few things more terrifying than
having to speak in public. The only way to succeed is to follow strict rules. First of all,
(2......) you should be well-prepared. Second, (3......) you should have a few jokes
ready. As well as that,
lam introducing a list lam making an addition Lam pointing to a contrast
a mirror. In comparison with (5......) being hit by a bus, public speaking isn't too bad,
but it's bad enough. However, (£......) you can make things easier for yourself by being
ready. Alternatively, (....) you can do nothing and make a fool of yoursetf. To sum up,
(&......) success depends entirely on you.
lam summarizing
|am making a second point |am making a comparison As stated by
a b c (A....) you should have rehearsed your speech, preferably in front of d / am
stating an alternative e f g h
7.8 Viewpoint adverbs, connecting adverbs and inversion
7.8C
Study:
Write:
7.8D Write:
Inversion after "negative adverbs', etc. (- LEG 7.59, App 191
1 Some adverbs like never and little have a 'negative effect' and we sometimes refer
to them as 'negative adverbs'. We can use them in the ordinary way I» 7.41: | have
never seen so much protest against a government. Michael little realizes how
important this meeting is.
2 If we begin a sentence with a “negative adverb' we must follow with the word
order we use in a Yes/No guestion jp» 13.1). Beginning with a negative is very
formal: Never have I seen so much protest against a government. Little does Michael
realize how important this meeting is.
3 We use this kind of inversion, in formal style, after: — “negative adverbs': e.g.
hardiy, hardiy ever, never, rarely, seldom. — phrases with only: e.g. only after, only
then, only when (Only then did I learn ...). — 850 4 adjective: So difficult was this
problem, Einstein couldn't solve it.
Rewrite these sentences so that they begin with the words in italics.
1 There has never been such a display of strength by the workers.
.Newerr: Ina. ntnge deteru Mdeha. Me. AAA Rp. OT BELA Ap, Alih MINTANN. an ana...
2 | realized what had happened only later. 3 You shouldn't sign the document on any
account.
ON NO BCCOUNt anna nir an nnn nana ena alan lannaalanellaaaanan 4 You shouldn't
answer the door when I'm out in any circumstances.
In nO CIrTcCcUMSIANCES Look anna anna ana 5 The papyrus was so old, we didn't
dare to touch it.
Context
Put in the right verb form and these adverbs: according to, agreeably, however, in
brief, moreover or ultimately.
DON'T ASK FOR A ROOM WITH A VIEW!
So high ' (be)... Me... the price of land in Tokyo, that its land area probably costs as
much as the whole of California. Never, in any place in the world, (there be)
2......oooooooo.o. such a demand for Space! Bis.cc..ooooo Woo a newspaper report,
this lack of space has led to 'capsule hotels'. The rooms are just capsules, measuring
1 metre high, 76 cms wide and 2 metres deep. #......oooooooooo. , you will be
H ernnmnnnnanan enam nan sana surprised to hear that they are eguipped with
phones, radio and TV. S.............oooooom , they are less expensive than ordinary
hotels. ?.......o..ooooWooo , they provide you with all you need for a comfortable
night's sleep, even if they don't give you an automatic wash and dry as We!
B.......iicooooo”o”oWoo , some people would argue, a small hole in ihe wall is
preferable to a big hole in your pocket! But don't ask for a room with a view!
Don't ask for a room with a view!
105