TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................... 2

B. HISTORY OF HEVS ..................................................................................................................................... 2

C. AREA OF INTEREST..................................................................................................................................... 2

D. HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE TREND .......................................................................................................... 3

E. PURPOSE FOR REVIEWING THE LITERATURE............................................................................................... 3

F. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................................. 4

G. HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE ...................................................................................................................... 4

H. THE FUTURE SCOPE FOR HEVS .................................................................................................................. 4

I. THE HYBRID PROPULSION TECHNOLOGY ................................................................................................... 5

J. THE FOUR MAIN COMPONENT OF A HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE ............................................................. 5

i. THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE ........................................................................................... 5

ii. ELECTRIC MOTORS ........................................................................................................................ 5

iii. ELECTRIC ENERGY STORAGE ........................................................................................................ 5

iv. THE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM ......................................................................................................... 5

K. TYPES BY DRIVE TRAIN .............................................................................................................................. 6

i. PARALLEL HYBRID SYSTEMS ........................................................................................................ 6

ii. SERIES-HYBRID VEHICLE ............................................................................................................... 6

iii. POWER-SPLIT HYBRID OR SERIES-PARALLEL HYBRID .................................................................. 6

L. DIESEL HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES ........................................................................................................ 7

M. HYDRAULIC HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES ................................................................................................ 7

N. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................. 8

i. STRENGTHS ................................................................................................................................... 8

ii. OPPORTUNITIES ............................................................................................................................. 8

iii. WEAKNESSES ................................................................................................................................ 8

iv. THREATS ....................................................................................................................................... 8

O. ABOUT THE REVIEW................................................................................................................................... 8

P. FURTHER STUDY IS REQUIRED ................................................................................................................... 9

Q. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DETAILS ......................................................................................................................... 10

 INTRODUCTION
SUBJECT MATTER: Redesign of Petrol Hybrid Electric Vehicle.
(Case study; Hybrid Electric Vehicles - HEVs)
According to the Wikipedia(12 November 2010) the petrol hybrid electric vehicle is an object of the
invention to provide an improved hybrid electric vehicle realizing substantially increase fuel economy and
reduced pollutant emissions as compared to present day vehicles while suffering no significant penalty in
performance, operating convenience, cost complexity, or weight. The project I am going to work on is
“Research and Optimization of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle” Which uses more than one type of
propulsion. Today’s hybrid vehicle incorporates the use of both petroleum based engine and an electric
motor. These are commonly referred to as (HEV’s) Hybrid Electric Vehicles. With the soaring cost of
gasoline, auto manufacturers are ramping up production of more hybrid models for consumers to choose from.
The most famous ones are Toyota and Honda who are the first to market these vehicles.
HISTORY OF HEVS

In a research article under the title "The First Hybrid Automobile (Episode 2560)" by John H.
Lienhard. (Retrieved 2010-03-03), In 1900 the Mixte included a pair of generators driven by 2.5-hp Daimler
IC engines to extend operating range and it could travel nearly 40 miles on battery alone and it was presented
in the Showing. The Mixte used a gasoline engine powering a generator, which in turn powered electric hub
motors, with a small battery pack for reliability. It had a top speed of 50 km/h and a power of 5.22 kW during
20 minutes. The 1915 Dual Power, made by the Woods Motor Vehicle electric car maker, had a four-
cylinder ICE and an electric motor. Below 15 mph (24 km/h) the electric motor alone drove the vehicle,
drawing power from a battery pack, and above this speed the "main" engine cut in to take the car up to its
35 mph (56 km/h) top speed. A Canadian company produced a hybrid car for sale in 1915. The first gasoline-
electric hybrid car was released by the Woods Motor Vehicle Company of Chicago in 1917. The hybrid was a
commercial failure, proving to be too slow for its price, and too difficult to service. In 1931 Erich Gaichen
invented and drove from Altenburg to Berlin a 1/2 horsepower electric car containing features later
incorporated into hybrid cars. Its maximum speed was 25 miles per hour (40 km/h), but it was licensed by the
Motor Transport Office, taxed by the German Revenue Department and patented by the German Reichs-
Patent Amt.. An account of the car and his characterization as a "crank inventor" can be found in Arthur
Koestler's autobiography, Arrow in the blue, pages 269-271, which summarize a contemporaneous newspaper
account written by Koestler. No production beyond the prototype was reported.
AREA OF INTEREST

In Wikipedia (8 November 2010) it is mentioned that the internal combustion engine is an engine in
which the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion
chamber. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high-temperature and -pressure gases
produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine, such as pistons, turbine blades,
or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, generating useful mechanical energy. Since we
know the HEV’s use both petrol and electric motor to drive the car which in order to reduce the pollution and
to improve the fuel efficiency. But they invented this in order produce pollution less vehicle. But area of
concern is that why they haven’t produced a hybrid with Natural Gas (NG) which would dramatically reduce
the pollution and also NG is cheaper which makes it economical and also fuel efficient. So I decided to work
on the Vehicles that use Natural Gas and Electric motor as the source of power. I made a research on Natural
Gas Vehicle which I find really effective and would create a good source of energy for the vehicles. This is
the place which actually motivated me to work as a project for my final year.
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE TREND

The difficulty is that there is going to be so many vehicles needing electricity in addition to the
industrial and domestic requirement of electricity. We will have nothing electricity for the vehicles. Now I
think there will be a mix: so we have your plug-in hybrid, which will be doing short journeys, and which is
excellent, a very good way of using electricity and using electricity vehicles, and we then need to move those
vehicles longer distances, and I think when they move the longer distances, they will use second or third
generation of bio-fuel or petrol or diesel, which is called synthetic fuel means purity, quality, a very nice fuel
to burn, and therefore, we can improve the efficiency of the primary engine while sort of improve the
efficiency of the hybrid electric vehicles. So it is important as those two together: electricity and synthetic fuel
engine. (Wikipedia, 5 November 2010 - Page name: Synthetic fuel)
PURPOSE FOR REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

These are the facts that motivated me to take this modern technology as my base and try to fuse
Natural Gas technology with the Electric motor to propel the engine of a car. And this is the reason where I
have to make a literature about this topic which will make things easier for my final year project. This
literature would give a clear review about the modern hybrid cars such as Hydraulic and diesel powered
electric cars which where already under production
 LITERATURE REVIEW
The aim and purpose of all this literature review is to see that as a body of text that aims to review the
critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological
contributions to my particular topic. The literature review will give me a good knowledge on my topic on how
I will improve and go along with the execution of the project topic.

HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

First of all I have a friend who works in a popular car company known as “Hyundai-Berjaya Sdn Bhd”
as a product Engineer. So I spoke with him about the project which I am going to work on and he gave me
some advice and the methodology about the Hybrid Electric Cars such as
Hybrid automobiles are combined with two or more technologies, and here as in the case of HEVs, it's
the merging of gasoline power with electric power. Today's hybrid cars pair an internal combustion (IC)
engines or gas-powered with an electric motor powered which is usually powered by a nickel hydride battery.
Uniting the cleaner energy of the electric motor with the long-range power of the gasoline engine gives a
hybrid automobile with lower toxic emissions with better fuel economy-sometimes up to 30 miles a gallon or
more than conventional cars. HEVs (Hybrid Electric Vehicles) perform as well if not better than non-hybrids
and are as safe, reliable and comfortable as any traditional car. Biogas, NGVs become carbon neutral vehicles
that run on animal waste. CNG vehicles have been available for several years, and there is sufficient
infrastructure to provide both commercial and home refueling stations

THE FUTURE SCOPE FOR HEVS

In article about HEVs in Wikipedia (12 November 2010) I found that under the energy crisis and
global warming challenge, there is urgent need to develop green vehicles with zero emissions to replace a
large fraction of gasoline cars. Electric cars or hydrogen cars will only be practical until they offer
performance comparable with that of conventional combustion engine cars. The promising new technologies
(electric car or hydrogen car) haven’t transited from the labs to the large commercial scale in reality yet. The
potential need of new green vehicles under uncertain oil price and a big financial recession is essential. It
seems that the hydrogen vehicle is still a “dream” for a long time and it has to give way to the hybrid electric
vehicle as realistic solution.
In a research article Mr. Fangzu Zhang, and Mr. Philip Cooke (2009) talks about the importance of
the hybrid car to the society and the need of the different alternative fuel. According to the article the Major
large auto-markers are also have been seeking to develop new and more fuel-efficient green vehicles. These
hybrid electric vehicles are the future of transportation for the fore coming years since it provides good fuel
efficiency and considerable torque and also no compromise in performance.
The significance of this paper is that it talks more about the need and the purpose and its future of the
hybrid electric vehicles. This article got my attention because I of the need for the alternative fuel and also the
importance of hybrid cars. This paper inspired me to work with hybrid electric vehicles as my project and
made me think why can’t I work with different alternative fuel such as Natural Gas which is pure animal
waste and free of and fewer emissions.
 But in another research paper written by Sjoerd Bakker, Harro van Lente, Floris Prager, and
Marius Meeus (11-Sep-2008) they says that the four most active manufacturers are diverged in their
hydrogen beliefs. While BMW and Honda have both set their own courses, Ford has no clear path towards a
hydrogen future and Toyota openly shares its pessimism. Nonetheless, the signs given by BMW and Honda
can be interpreted in a positive manner. This goes for BMW in the sense that it states that it does not believe
in an electric future. And Hondas activities are also promising even though it endorses a battery-electric
transition phase. But the very fact that most prototypes in our database are indeed hinting at this, BEV/FC
hybrid, gives us an idea of a likely future in which the battery vehicle (with hydrogen range extender) acts at
least as a transitional technology.

THE HYBRID PROPULSION TECHNOLOGY

In the research article by Mr. Claus Doll (August 20th 2008) talks about hybrid vehicles how they are
powered by both, an internal combustion engine plus a battery powered electric motor. Other forms of hybrid
solutions are possible, such as the combination of fuel cell and electric motors or the combination of different
fuels, but here they concentrate on hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and particularly on hybrid electric
passenger cars. Well currently, hybrid cars lead the eco rankings of independent consumer organizations due
to their commonly high fuel efficiency. The Hybrid cars have the potential to be more fuel efficient than
common cars as the electric motor serves the drive train under conditions where combustion engines work
inefficiently. This is particularly the case at low speeds or when accelerating. Further, the battery of the
electric motor can make use of brake energy (recuperation).They researchers are actually looking for the way
to produce a car that emits almost no emission especially free from . That made me to think about the
Natural Gas and its significance which emits almost no .
THE FOUR MAIN COMPONENT OF A HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

In the same research article by Mr. Claus Doll (August 20th 2008) it mentioned that the HEV has 4
major parts such as mentioned below.
THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE. This may be diesel or gasoline powered. But commonly gasoline
engines are used as they are more complementary to electric motors across all engine speeds than diesel
engines. In most cases combustion engines are downsized in hybrid drive trains.
ELECTRIC MOTORS are constantly energy efficient across a wide range of engine speeds while
combustion engines are less efficient at low speeds. Electric motors thus can either support the internal
combustion engine while starting or accelerating the vehicle or may fully take over vehicle propulsion in
certain situations.
ELECTRIC ENERGY STORAGE on board is one of the key issues for designing hybrid vehicles. Due to
safety reasons contemporary models use nickel-metal hybrid (NMH) batteries. But advances in the safety and
durability of lithium-ion batteries promise an extended range of the electric power train and thus more
efficient hybrid or pure battery powered vehicles. The plug-in hybrid concept uses the electric motor
THE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM and the on-board electronics to regulate and combine the two power sources
of a hybrid vehicle are critical. Using epicyclic or planetary gears the power of both engines can be run in
parallel. In contrast, serial concepts simply use the combustion engine to fuel the battery through an on-board
power generator. More advanced concepts use hub motors directly at the wheels to further increase the
efficiency energy efficiency
 TYPES BY DRIVE TRAIN

In a research article found in Wikipedia there are 3 types drive train such as explained below
PARALLEL HYBRID SYSTEMS, which are most commonly produced at present, have both an internal combustion
engine (ICE) and an electric motor connected to a mechanical transmission. Most designs combine a large
electrical generator and a motor into one unit, often located between the combustion engine and the
transmission, replacing both the conventional starter motor and the alternator. To store power, a hybrid uses a
large battery pack with a higher voltage than the normal automotive 12 volts. Accessories such as power
steering and air conditioning are powered by electric motors instead of being attached to the combustion
engine. This allows efficiency gains as the accessories can run at a constant speed, regardless of how fast the
combustion engine is running. Parallel hybrids can be categorized by the way the two sources of power are
mechanically coupled. If they are joined at some axis truly in parallel, the speeds at this axis must be identical
and the supplied torques adds together. Most electric bicycles are in effect of this type. When only one of the
two sources is being used, the other must either also rotate in an idling manner or be connected by a one-way
clutch or freewheel. With cars it is more usual to join the two sources through a differential gear. Thus the
torques supplied must be the same and the speeds add up, the exact ratio depending on the differential
characteristics. When only one of the two sources is being used, the other must still supply a large part of the
torque or be fitted with a reverse one-way clutch or automatic clamp.

SERIES-HYBRID VEHICLE. The grey square represents a differential gear. An alternative arrangement is to have
electric motors at two or four wheels. Series hybrids have also been referred to as range-extended electric
vehicles (REEV) in order to emphasize that they are electric vehicles with a combustion engine assist.
However, range extension can be accomplished with either series or parallel hybrid layouts. Series-hybrid
vehicles are driven only by electric traction. Unlike piston internal combustion engines, electric motors are
efficient with exceptionally high power to weight ratios providing adequate torque over a wide speed range.
Unlike combustion engines electric motors matched to the vehicle do not require a transmission between the
engine and wheels shifting torque ratios. Transmissions add weight, bulk and sap power from the engine.
Mechanical automatic shifting transmissions can be very complex. In a series-hybrid system, the combustion
engine drives an electric generator instead of directly driving the wheels. The generator provides power for
the driving electric motors. In short, a series-hybrid is simple; the vehicle is driven by electric motors with a
generator set providing the electric power.
POWER-SPLIT HYBRID OR SERIES-PARALLEL HYBRID is parallel hybrids. They incorporate power-split devices
allowing for power paths from the engine to the wheels that can be either mechanical or electrical. The main
principle behind this system is the decoupling of the power supplied by the engine (or other primary source)
from the power demanded by the driver. A combustion engine's torque is minimal at lower RPMs and, in a
conventional vehicle, a larger engine is necessary for acceleration from standstill. The larger engine, however,
has more power than needed for steady speed cruising. An electric motor, on the other hand, exhibits
maximum torque at standstill and is well-suited to complement the engine's torque deficiency at low RPMs. In
a power-split hybrid, a smaller, less flexible, and highly efficient engine can be used. The conventional Otto
cycle (higher power density, more low-rpm torque, and lower fuel efficiency) is often also modified to
a Miller cycle or Atkinson cycle (lower power density, less low-rpm torque, higher fuel efficiency). The
smaller engine using a more efficient cycle contributes significantly to the higher overall efficiency of the
vehicle
 DIESEL HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

In an article Dan Strong (22nd March 2007) explains about the hybrid HDi features an efficient 1.6-
litre turbo diesel, as well as a high-voltage battery pack and powerful electric motor. The model will also get
stop/start idle technology - which cuts the engine when stationary in traffic - and a semi-auto gearbox. On top
of this, the stop/start set-up will work even if the electric motor battery pack is completely flat, while an all-
electric zero-emission setting is also offered, which will propel the car up to around 30mph.
A diesel-electric transmission system in a Hybrid Electric Vehicles which includes a diesel
engine connected to an electrical generator, creating electricity that powers electric traction motors. Here
no clutch is required. Before diesel engines came into widespread use, a similar system, using petrol
(gasoline) engine and called petrol-electric or gas-electric, was sometimes used.
In another research article George, Patrick E (25 August 2008) explains the diesel-electric type and
also says it is the modification the petrol Hybrid Electric Vehicles which gave me an idea of modifying petrol
Hybrid Electric Vehicles Natural Gas Hybrid Electric Vehicles. The kind of power transmission is used on
railways by diesel electric locomotives and diesel electric multiple units as only electric motors are able to
supply full torque at 0 RPM. Diesel-electric systems are also used in submarines and surface ships and some
land vehicles. Structure of a series-hybrid vehicle arrangement is common in diesel-electric locomotives and
ships. Ferdinand Porsche used this setup in the early 20th century in racing cars, effectively inventing the
series-hybrid arrangement. Porsche named the system, System Mixt. A wheel hub motor arrangement, with a
motor in each of the two front wheels was used, setting speed records. This arrangement was sometimes
referred to as an electric transmission, as the electric generator and driving motor replaced a mechanical
transmission. The vehicle could not move unless the internal combustion engine was running.

HYDRAULIC HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Mr. Deaton, Jamie Page ( 11 April 2008) in his article he said hydraulic hybrids also use many of
the same principles as electric hybrids, but instead of using potentially pollutive (and heavy) batteries, they
use lightweight components and clean fluid to power the vehicle while it's at slow speeds. Hydraulic hybrids
use three main components to power a vehicle at slow speeds and to augment the gasoline engine.
Hydraulic hybrid vehicles use fluid (hydraulic technology) as an additional source of power, along
with diesel or gas. Hydraulic hybrid technology seems to be the replacement for battery technology which is
relatively expensive, bulky and hazardous for the environment.
The article by Abhijit Naikis (2010) it Indicates hydraulic hybrid vehicles are the engine of the car,
run by diesel or gas, powers the hydraulic pump, which eventually charges the high pressure accumulator.
This accumulator drives one or more pump motors which are connected to the wheels. Based on the design,
there can be a single pump motor to drive a pair of wheels or one pump motor for each wheel (mostly seen in
all wheel drive version). The hydraulic circuit is completed by the second accumulator, which has relatively
low pressure. The pump motors on the wheels reverse themselves while braking, and thus recharge the
accumulator and capture the energy.
 CONCLUSION

From the research I made about Hybrid Electric Vehicles I found lot information about the modern technologies
and also the need for an alternative fuel due to reasons such as
 Increased price of Gasoline
 Gasoline are harmful and pollutes the air
 The ICE vehicles produce more heat due to heavy loads and increases Global Warming.
 Hybrid Electric Vehicles help to reduce the Vehicles load considerably
And also I found out the list of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that the world faces as it comes
to the development and successful market introduction of hybrid electric vehicles.
STRENGTHS
 Powerful car manufactures.
 Well skilled engineers
 Excellent staring position in some components. E.g. combustion engines and car electronics.
Leading positions in hybrid systems for special and heavy goods vehicles
OPPORTUNITIES
 Ambiguous environment policy of the unions around the world.
 Growing cities worldwide plus growing concerns of the citizens for environmental problems and well-off
consumers.
Rapidly growing energy prices
WEAKNESSES
 General back-log in developing hybrid vehicles propulsion system.
 No competence in the field of rechargeable batteries.
 Different environmental and transport policies in the world union member states.
THREATS
 Strong competition by catching-up countries.
 Shortages of specialized employee
 Declining demand due to demographic change.
 Further preference of consumers towards diesel technologies in cars.

ABOUT THE REVIEW

The research I made about the hybrid electric vehicle I didn’t see almost any information about the
Natural Gas as the primary fuel in the modern Hybrid electric vehicles. The natural gas (CNG) is a cleaner alternative to
other automobile fuels such as gasoline (petrol) and diesel. The energy efficiency is generally equal to that of gasoline
engines, but lower compared with modern diesel engines. Also there is very less information’s are available about the
specification of the hybrid electric vehicles and also I didn’t see a clear idea about
 Weather hybrid electric vehicles are worth buying?
 Why haven’t they produced natural gas as a primary fuel for hybrid vehicles?
 Does the Natural Gas compromises the performance of the vehicles if used as primary fuel or secondary
fuel?
 FURTHER STUDY IS REQUIRED

Further study is required considerably about the questions mention above. if more research is made on
those questions which might bring Natural Gas hybrid electric vehicles to the road in the near future and which help in
green environment since natural gas is a form of animal waste and plants waste and also less in carbon content.
More articles or research must be made on weather to buy a hybrid electric vehicle should be made
which will make the people to go for an hybrid electric vehicle rather than a normal combustion engine cars even
though there is some compromise in performance.
Most of the articles didn’t mention about – is the hybrid electric vehicles are the future way of
transportation. If that was made clear most consumers will prefer a hybrid than other cars.
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC DETAILS

Abhijit Naikis, 2009, Hydraulic hybrid vehicles, viewed 12 Nov 2010, http://www.buzzle.com/articles/hydraulic-
hybrid-vehicles.html,

Claus Doll, 20 Aug 2008, Innovation in vehicle technology – the case of hybrid electric vehicles, Fraunhofer-Institute
for Systems and Innovation Research Breslauer Str. 48, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany, viewed 10 Nov 2010,
http://www.dime-eu.org/files/active/0/Doll.pdf

Dan Strong, 22nd March 2007, Auto express news article, viewed 11 Nov 2010,
http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/207600/peugeot_308.html

Fangzhu Zhang, Philip Cooke, 2009, Green vehicle trend: electric, plug-in hybrid or hydrogen fuel cell?, Centre for
Advanced Studies, Cardiff University, UK, viewed 10 Nov 2010,
http://www.dime-eu.org/files/active/0/Cooke-09-Fang-Green-vehicle-Review.pdf

George, Patrick E, 25 August 2008, How diesel-fueled hybrids work,HowStuffWorks.com. , viewed 12 Nov 2010,
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel-hybrid.htm, viewed 11 Nov 2010

John H. Lienhard, 2010-03-03, The first hybrid automobile (Episode 2560), University of Houston, viewed 10 Nov
2010, http://uh.edu/engines/epi2560.htm

Mr. Deaton, Jamie Page, 11 April 2008, How hydraulic hybrids works , HowStuffWorks.com
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/hydraulic-hybrid.htm, viewed 11 Nov 2010

Sjoerd Bakker, Harro van Lente, Floris Prager, Marius Meeus, 11-13 Sep 2008, Prototyping hydrogen futures,
University of Bordeaux, France, viewed 12 Nov 2010, http://www.dime-eu.org/files/active/0/BAKKER.pdf

Wikipedia contributors, 12 Nov 2010, Hybrid electric vehicle, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, viewed 09 Nov 2010,
link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&oldid=395984036
Wikipedia contributors, 13 Nov 2010,internal combustion engine, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, viewed 12 Nov
2010, link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_combustion_engine&oldid=396426787
Wikipedia contributors, 12 November 2010, Synthetic fuel, Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, viewed 11 Nov 2010,
link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_fuel&oldid=394942913

Wikipedia contributors, 11 November 2010, Hybrid vehicle drivetrain, Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, viewed 12
Nov 2010, link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain&oldid=396206428