definitions, properties, testing

CEMENT

Dr. Nathaniel B. Diola

CE 121 – Construction Materials
CEMENT

Cement = material that exhibit characteristic

properties of setting and hardening when
mixed to a paste with water.

Two Classes of Cement

1. Hydraulic = has the ability to set and harden
under water.
2. Non-hydraulic = does not have the ability to
set and harden under water but requires air to
harden
Examples: Hydraulic Cements
Portland Cements
Hydraulic Lime
Pozzolan Cements
Slag Cements
Natural Cements
Portland-Pozzolan Cements
Portland Blast-Furnace-Slag Cement
Alumina Cements
Expansive Cements
Examples – Hydraulic Cements

Special Portland Cements (for very specific purposes)

 White Portland Cement
 Colored Cements
 Oil-well Cements
 Regulated Cements
 Waterproofed Cements
 Hydrophobic Cements
 Antibacterial Cements
 Barium and Strontium Cements
Example: Non-Hydraulic Cement

 Lime = produced by burning limestone at 980ºC

in a vertical or rotary kiln

CaCO3  CaO + CO2

quicklime

CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2 + heat (slaking)

slaked or hydrated lime

Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O

(setting due to loss of water)
Portland Cement

 one of the most widely used construction

material and most important hydraulic
cement

 Definition: (ASTM C150) = a hydraulic cement

produced by pulverizing clinker consisting
essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates,
usually containing one or more of the forms
of calcium sulfate as an interground addition.
Manufacture of Portland Cement

 PC is made by burning an intimate mixture

composed mainly of calcareous,
argillocalcareous, argillaceous materials at a
clinker temperature of 1550 ºC

CaCO3 Examples
Calcareous > 75% limestone, chalk, shale

Argillocalcareous 40~75% clayey limestone, clayey

chalk, clayey marl
Argillaceous <40% slate, shale, clay
Cement Manufacturing Process

 Quarrying
 Crushing
 Grinding
 Mixing
 Calcining (Clinkering)
 Grinding
 Addition of Retarder (usually 2~4% gypsum)
 Packing
Manufacture of Hydraulic Cement
 The basic raw materials in the manufacture of Portland Cement are
limestone, silica, shale and iron pyrite. These raw materials are properly
proportioned, pulverized and homogenized before being fed in a
cement rotary kiln up to a temperature of about 1,550 degrees
centigrade to produce Portland cement clinker.

 Clinker is a semi-finished cement product. It is fed into a pulverizing mill

mixed with about 3 – 5% gypsum to produce the final product, Portland
cement. The Portland cement is then stored at cement silos until they
are either bagged or released in bulk through bulk lorries.

 In the manufacture of blended cements, clinker is fed to the finish

pulverizing mill and blended or mixed with gypsum and either pozzolan
or blast furnace slag materials to produce blended cement either
Portland-Pozzolan Cement or Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement.
Cement Composition

Approximate proportions in PC:

 Lime (CaO) = 60-65%
 Silica (SiO2) = 20-25%
 Iron Oxide and Alumina (Fe2O3 and Al2O3) =
7-12%

4 Major Oxides (and Water)

C = CaO A = Al2O3 H = H2O
S = SiO2 F = Fe2O3
4 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF CLINKER
1. Tricalcium Silicate, C3S (Alite) – responsible for the early
strength development and early setting time.
 70% have reacted by 28 days
 100% by one year.
 Higher C3S - higher early strengths.

C3S = (4.071 x % CaO) – (7.600 x % SiO2) – (6.718 x % Al2O3) –

(1.430 x % Fe2O3) – (2.852 x % SO3) – (5.188 x % CO2)

2. Dicalcium Silicate, C2S (Belite) – responsible for later age

strength
 Slow hydration
 30% hydrated at 28 days
 90% completed by 1 year

C2S = (2.867 x % SiO2) – (0.7544 x % C3S)

4 Major Components of Clinker
3. Tricalcium Aluminate, C3A (Celite)
 Influences setting and early strengths.

C3A = (2.650 x % Al2O3) – (1.692 x Fe2O3)

4. Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite, C4AF (Felite)

 Infuences color of cement. May function similarly as Celite.

C4AF = 3.043 x % Fe2O3

Note: The cement or clinker components can be calculated by first

determining the different cement or clinker oxides compositions by
way of the chemical analysis either by the traditional wet chemical
method or by instrumental method using X-ray machines.

The formulas used are known as the Bogue Calculations.

 Types of Portland Cements
(ASTM C150)
Type Description Usage
I For use when the special properties specified for
any other type are not required
Normal
IA Air-entraining cement for the same use as Type I,
where air entrainment is desired
II For general use, more especially when moderate
Moderate sulfate resistance or moderate heat of hydration is
(sulfate desired
IIA resistance, heat) Air-entraining cement for the same use as Type II,
where air entrainment is desired
III For use when high early strength is desired
High early
IIIA strength Air-entraining cement for the same use as Type III,
where air entrainment is desired
IV Low heat For use when low heat of hydration is desired

V Sulfate resisting For use when high sulfate resistance is desired

Types of Portland Cements
(ASTM C150)
Type Description Typical Amount of Compounds
C 3S C 2S C3A C4AF
I/IA Normal 50 24 11 8
II/IIA Moderate (sulfate 42 33 5 13
resistance, heat)
III/IIIA High early strength 60 13 9 8
IV Low heat 26 50 5 12
V Sulfate resisting 40 40 4 9

Properties of Main Compounds

Concreting value good good poor poor
Rate of reaction medium slow fast slow
Amount of heat medium small large small
liberated
Properties: Portland Cement

 Fineness = affects the rate of hydration

 Soundness = (of hardened cement paste) = a
measure of the potential expansion of the
several constituent parts and the ability to
retain its volume after setting
 Time of setting = rate at which the cement
hardens; depends on the chemical
composition, fineness, water content, and
temperature
Properties: Portland Cement

 Compressive strength = tested with uniform

silica sand at standard testing age and curing
conditions
 Heat of hydration = depends of the chemical
composition, fineness, temperature of curing
 Loss on ignition (LOI) = heating to 900C until
constant weight; indication of pre-hydration
and carbonation caused by improper and
prolonged storage
 specific gravity = around 3.15
Testing of Cement
 Hydraulic cements are manufactured products that find their
principal uses in concrete and related construction materials.

 When cement and water are mixed, they undergo various

chemical reactions that gradually change the mixture from a
plastic (or fluid), which can be molded or cast into a rigid solid,
capable of bearing substantial compressive loads.

 Thus cement and its reactions with water are largely responsible
for most of the key aspects of concrete.

 The difficulty of understanding it can only be lessened by

ascertaining fully the chemical compositions and all its physical
properties.
Testing of Cement
 The quality of testing has a direct bearing on the reliability of
such determinations, specifically on quality control, and is
therefore a key element in the construction process.

 Cements are classified as a product under mandatory

certification, under the Philippine National Standard,
ascertaining or characterizing them becomes mandatory.

 Cement is a binder and not an adhesive. Testing or characterizing

cement is important because we want to ensure that the cement
we bought will serve its purpose or will do its work for which it
was produced.

 If not properly characterized, the health and safety of the

consumers and the general public is jeopardized.
 SIGNIFICANCE
OF
TEST METHODS

 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 SILICA (SiO2)  LOSS ON IGNITION (LOI)

 ALUMINA (Al2O3)  INSOLUBLE RESIDUE (IR)

 FERRIC OXIDE (Fe2O3)  SULFUR TRIOXIDE (SO3)

 CALCIUM OXIDE (CaO)  FREE LIME (F-CaO)

 MAGNESIA (MgO)  ALKALIS (Na2O and K2O)

TEST METHOD: ASTM C114 – CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF

HYDRAULIC CEMENT
 SILICA (SiO2)
 Silica is one of the four major oxides found in clinker and
cement.
 This oxide is important in the formation of calcium
silicates, C3S and C2S, the actual compounds
responsible for the strength development of cement.

 ALUMINA (Al2O3)
 Aluminum Oxide lowers the sintering point during
clinker burning.
 It reacts with calcium oxide during burning to form
calcium aluminate (C3A) compound which also
contributes to early strength of cement.
 FERRIC OXIDE (Fe2O3)
 Iron (III) Oxide also lowers the sintering point during
clinker burning. It reacts with lime and alumina to form
tetra calcium aluminoferrite, (C4AF).
 The cement color is influenced by the composition and
amount of the iron-containing phase. The more iron
concentration, the darker the color of cement.

 CALCIUM OXIDE (CaO)

 Lime is quantitatively one of the most important
components of cement and is normally introduced during
cement making from limestone, principally calcite, CaCO3,
which decarbonates from about 680 OC.
 It reacts with SiO2 during burning to form calcium silicate,
the compound responsible for the strength of hardened
cement.
 MAGNESIA (MgO)
 Magnesia is a minor component of cement found as an impurity in the
limestone source or in clay or shale raw feed.
 MgO is being limited because of concern about expansion that can occur if
free MgO as periclase hydrates to form Mg(OH)2 at room temperature.
 Periclase is undesirable due to its slower hydration kinetics and subsequent
deleterious expansion in hardened paste inducing unsoundness, volume
instability and cracking.

 SULFUR TRIOXIDE (SO3)

 Sulfur trioxide is the amount of sulfate in the cement in the form of calcium
sulfate, hemihydrate, anhydrite, and many other forms.
 SO3 from clinker is included in the measured SO3 level and will reduce the
amount of gypsum added.
 SO3 regulates the initial setting and hardening reactions that take place
during hydration.
 The amount of SO3 allowed is directly related to the fineness and
composition of the cement, particularly the C3A content.
 SO3 above a certain optimum % causes a decrease in strength and an
increase in expansion.
 LOSS ON IGNITION (LOI)
 Loss on ignition is the weight percentage lost when Portland cement
is heated at 950 OC.
 LOI was added in cement specification to prevent the addition of
carbonate minerals such as limestone and dolomite.
 The main source of LOI is combined water of CaSO4.2H2O (Gypsum).
Additional source of LOI is moisture absorbed during storage. Another
source of LOI is from the CO2 gas liberated from CaCO3 if adulterated
with carbonate materials.

 INSOLUBLE RESIDUE (IR)

 IR is usually a silicate or alumino-silicate material.
 IR comes from raw materials that did not combine completely in the
burning process and from contamination during retrieval of clinker.
 All cements contain IR from silicate impurities of gypsum
(CaSO4.2H2O) added during the final grinding process.
 The test was added in order to prevent adulteration or contamination
of cement with siliceous and argillaceous components.
1/17/2012
 FREE LIME, uncombined lime, (F-CaO)
 In fresh clinker, Free Lime, F-CaO, is entirely present as calcium oxide, but in
ground cement a considerable proportion of the total free lime is usually found
to be present as calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2.
 Free Lime in itself does not contribute to strength formation.
 Free Lime causes unsoundness in cement.
 Free Lime reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
 Ca(OH)2 reacts with CO2 to form CaCO3 lowering the ph from 12.5 to 7
 Ca(OH)2 is slightly soluble in water and can be leached out of concrete
structures causing increase porosity and reduces strength – avoid contact with
flowing water
 Ca(OH)2 is a strong base, ph is 12.5, prevents corrosion of steel bars
 Ca(OH)2 can react with finely dispersed siliceous and aluminous materials
forming insoluble compounds which contribute to strength formation
ALKALIS (Na2O and K2O)
 Alkali content in cement may react with certain aggregates with
reactive (amorphous) silica to form an alkali-silica gel which have
a great affinity with water (hydroscopic). The gel will absorb
more water and swell. The swelling will generate osmotic
pressures in the concrete that can cause cracking.
 Alkalis accelerates the hydration of cement, increase early
strength but reduces 28 day strength.
 To minimize alkali-silica reaction:
 Limit the total alkali as Na2O equivalent to 0.6 % maximum;
 Use aggregate with less reactive silica content
 To prevent alkali-silica reaction:
 Add Pozzolanas or Blast-furnace Slag to your concrete, they
combined rapidly with alkalis.
 Use Blended cements as an alternative
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

 SETTING TIME

 CONSISTENCY TEST

 AUTOCLAVE EXPANSION

 FINENESS, [ 45 um (325 mesh), 75 um (200 mesh)

and (Blaine test)]

 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

 HEAT OF HYDRATION
 SETTING TIME
 The time elapsed when the cement paste gradually stiffens and loss its
plasticity
 Setting times of concrete may be measured using cement paste or mortar
because it is controlled by the reactions of cement and water.
 The tests are used to ensure that the cement does not produce abnormal
setting times or to test the response of a particular combination of cement
and chemical admixture.
 The test is particularly important to detect premature stiffening:
 False set – conversion of gypsum to monohydrate during grinding and
reconverted to gypsum when remixed during testing.
 Quick set (flash set) – insufficient amount of gypsum or calcium sulfate di-
hydrate to retard hydration of C3A. Fluidity can not be regained on
remixing.
 The tests for setting time rely on measuring penetration resistance of cement
paste or mortar. It is not only affected by the percentage and temperature of
the mixing water used, and the amount of kneading the paste received, but
also by the temperature and humidity of the air.

Test Methods used: ASTM C191 : Vicat Needle Test

ASTM C266 : Gillmore Needle Test
ASTM C451 : Early Stiffening Test (Paste Method)
SETTING TIME APPARATUS

VICAT AND GILLMORE

VICAT APPARATUS

VICAT MOLDS
8/23/2007
SETTING TIME DETERMINATION
(ASTM C191)

MOIST ROOM
MORTAR AND PASTE MIXER
WITH GLASS GRADUATES AND RACK

8/23/2007
 CONSISTENCY TEST
 Refers to the flow behavior of a fresh mixture
 The amount of water present in the mix that will give you the specified
consistency required for normal setting and hardening.
 There are two methods of test for consistency:
 Penetration resistance test – using Vicat Apparatus
 Flow test – using Flow Table,
 Consistency is affected by fineness and the rate of hydration of cement.
 Cement consistency is generally assumed to affect concrete workability.
Concrete workability (slump) is assumed to correlate with paste consistency
at the same water-cement ratio and including the same mineral and chemical
admixtures.
 Strength (for some cements), autoclave expansion, setting time, and
premature stiffening tests are measured using stipulated consistency.

Test Method Used: ASTM C187 - Standard Test for Normal Consistency
ASTM C1437 – Standard Test for Flow of Cement
NORMAL CONSISTENCY DETERMINATION
(ASTM C 187)
DETERMINATION OF FLOW
(ASTM C1437)
FLOW TABLE WITH PEDESTAL
AND CALIBRATING STANDARD

FLOW TABLE AND PEDESTAL

 AUTOCLAVE EXPANSION
 Determines potential delayed expansion caused by the hydration of Free
CaO, or MgO, or both, when present in Portland cement
 Expansion may occur in Portland cement or in blended cement due to
certain hydration reactions after the cement has set
 Several reactions that cause expansion:
 hydration of free lime (CaO) to form calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2],
 the hydration of periclase (MgO) to form magnesium hydroxide
[Mg(OH)2],
 formation of excess ettringite (C3A-3CS-H32) through reaction of C3A or
of calcium aluminate hydrate (CA-CS-H12)with CSH2
 These reactions are slow, so they are accelerated in the laboratory by
testing at an elevated pressure and temperature.

 Test Method Used: ASTM C151 - Standard Test Method for

Autoclave Expansion of Portland Cement.
MOLDING OF AUTOCLAVE EXPANSION SPECIMEN
(ASTM C151)

EXPANSION MOLDS
EXPANSION DETERMINATION WITH
LENGTH COMPARATOR (ASTM C151)

LENGTH COMPARATOR
8/23/2007
BOILING AND COOLING OF AUTOCLAVE EXPANSION
TEST SPECIMENS (ASTM C151)

AUTOCLAVE EXPANSION
APPARATUS
BOILING AND COOLING OF AUTOCLAVE EXPANSION
TEST SPECIMENS (ASTM C151)
 FINENESS, [ 45 um (325 mesh), 75 um (200 mesh) and Specific
Surface Area (Blaine test)]

 A very important physical property for cement because hydration rate of

cement is a function of fineness;
 Both strength and permeability are influenced by fineness. Increasing
the fineness substantially increases the rate of hydration.
 Cement with particles larger than 45 mm are difficult to hydrate and
those with particles larger than 75 mm may never hydrate completely.
 It is a common practice in the industry to obtain a relative measure of the
particle size distribution from specific surface area analysis of the
cement.

Test Method Used:

 ASTM C204 - Standard Test Method for Fineness of

Hydraulic Cement by Air- Permeability
 ASTM C430 – Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by 45(No.325) sieve
 ASTM C786 – Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by 75(No.200)
sieve by Wet Methods
BLAINE APPARATUS WITH ANALYTICAL BALANCE
(ASTM C204)

BLAINE APPARATUS WITH ANALYTICAL BALANCE

FINENESS TEST (Particle Size)
No. 45 um (325 mesh), No. 75 um (200 mesh)

CYLINDRICAL TEST SIEVES

WET WASHING SPRAY SET

FINENESS TEST (Particle Size)
No. 45 um (325 mesh), No. 75 um (200 mesh)

No. 45 um (325 mesh sieve)

No. 75 um (200 mesh sieve)

 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
 Strength is the property of cement that is probably the most important to engineers,
both as general indicator of concrete quality and to assure that the concrete will
perform as intended during design of the structure.
 It also provides an excellent indication of the overall quality of hydrated cement.
 The strength of cement developed either when tested as a mortar or a concrete is
dependent on the following:
 grading of the sand and aggregate
 the proportion of water used
 the degree of mixing
 the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere in which it is conducted
 the method by which the material is placed in the molds and the specimen made
 the curing condition
 the method of testing
 the age at which the tests are carried out
For testing purposes it is necessary to define all these conditions, and in all standards
specifications this is done as closely as possible.

Test Method Used: ASTM C109/109M - Standard Test Method for

Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST MOLDS AND TAMPER
(ASTM C109)

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 3 MOLD WITH TAMPER

GANG MOLDS (2 X 2 INCH)
MOLDING OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
SPECIMENS (ASTM C109)
MOIST ROOM (ASTM C511)

MOIST ROOM
CURING TANK WITH SATURATED LIME CURING
WATER (ASTM C511)
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTING MACHINE (ASTM
C109)
 HEAT OF HYDRATION
 The quantity of heat that are liberated (exothermic) from the reaction of cement
with water.
 Concrete acts as an insulator due to low conductivity. When cement reacts with
water, heat is liberated producing large rise in temperature up to about 50OC.
Because this temperature rise is contained in the concrete, this may cause cracking
and deterioration.
 Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) has a heat of hydration at about 90 cal/g at 28
days, T-II & IV at 60 – 70 cal/g and T-III has about 100 cal/g also after 28 days.
 The rate at which the cement hydrates is the most important factor. The rate can be
changed by:
 Adding Chemical Accelerators (increase Ca++ ion and increase solubility of Aluminate ion) –
accelerates hydration, setting & hardening
 Adding Chemical Retarder (suppress Ca++ ion by precipitating as insoluble compound) –
retards hydration, setting and hardening
 Changing the fineness of cement
 Changing the composition of the cement

Test Method Used: ASTM C186 – Standard Test Method for the Heat of
Hydration of Hydraulic Cement
HEAT OF HYDRATION
Current cement standards

BPS /TC-3: Cement and Lime

 HOW TO
KIND OF CEMENT TYPE
IDENTIFY
INTENDED USE OR APPLICATION

ONE (1)
For general concrete construction use when the special properties
T–I RED COLORED
specified for any other type are not required
BAND
For general concrete construction when moderate sulfate resistance
T - II n/a
or moderate heat of hydration is desired
PORTLAND
CEMENT T - III n/a For general concrete construction when High early strength is desired

For general concrete construction when Low heat of hydration is

T - IV n/a
desired
For general concrete construction when High sulfate resistance is
T-V n/a
desired
For general construction use when the special properties specified for
White Portland Cement T-I n/a
any other type are not required

BLENDED CEMENT
TW0 (2) For general concrete construction use when special characteristics
T–I(PM) BRIGHT YELLOW attributable to the larger quantities of pozzolan in the portland-
COLORED BANDS pozzolan cement are not required.

PORTLAND- THREE (3)

For general concrete construction use when moderate sulfate
T – IP BRIGHT YELLOW
resistant or moderate heat of hydration is desired
POZZOLAN COLORED BANDS

ONE (1) For general concrete construction use not requiring high early
T–P BRIGHT YELLOW strength and when High sulfate resistant and Low Heat of
COLORED BAND hydration are desired

PORTLAND BLAST- TWO (2)

For general concrete construction when moderate sulfate
T - IS BLUE COLORED
resistant or moderate heat of hydration is desired
FURNACE SLAG BANDS

T-N ONE (1)

MASONRY T-S
TWO (2) Specifically used for NON-STRUCTURAL applications such as
BROWN COLORED masonry preparations and plastering. 58
CEMENT BAND(S)
1/17/2012
 CEMENT COMPOSITION
CLINKER BLENDERS
CEMENT
DESIGNATION +
TYPE POZZOLAN SLAG
GYPSUM

Portland Cement Type I –V 100 0 0

White Portland Cement Type I 100 0 0

Blended Cement
Pozzolan-Modified Less than
Type I(PM) 85 min. 0
Portland Cement 15
Portland-Pozzolan Type IP 60 – 85 40 - 15 0

Portland-Pozzolan Type P 60 – 85 40 - 15 0

Portland Blast-
Type IS 30 – 99 0 70 – 1
Furnace Slag
 CEMENT STANDARDS OF THE PHILIPPINES
OLD CURRENT DRAFT ASTM
DESCRIPTION
STANDARD STANDARD STANDARD EQUIVALENT

PORTLAND CEMENT
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
Moderate Heat of Hydration / PNS 07
Moderate Sulfate Resistance :2005 W/
Cement PNS 07 ASTM
Amend- AMEND-
High Early Strength Cement :2005 C150
ment 1 MENTS
Low Heat of Hydration Cement :2008
High Sulfate Resistance Cement
White Portland Cement PNS 53:1984 PNS 53:2005 NONE ASTM C150

BLENDED CEMENT
Portland-Pozzolan Cement W/
PNS 63 PNS 63
AMEND-
Portland-Pozzolan Cement :2006 :2006
MENTS ASTM C595
Portland Blast-furnace Slag PNS 69 PNS 69 W/ AMEND-
Cement :2005 :2005 MENTS
PNS ASTM
Masonry Cement PNS 75:1986 NONE ASTM C91
C91:2005
 CEMENT STANDARDS COMPARISON
Type IP and
Type I Type IS Type P STANDARD
T - I (PM)
CEMENT TYPE TEST
METHODS
ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM
PNS 07 C150 PNS 69 C595 PNS 63 C595 PNS 63 C595

STANDARD COMPOSITION REQUIREMENTS

Magnesium Oxide (MgO), % max 6.0 6.0 --- --- 5.0 6.0 5.0 6.0

Sulfur Trioxide (SO3), % max 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

PNS ASTM C114

when C3A is 8% or less 3.0 3.0 --- --- --- --- --- ---

when C3A is more than 8% 3.5 3.5 --- --- --- --- --- ---

Sulfide Sulfur --- --- 2.0 2.0 --- --- --- ---

Loss on Ignition (LOI), % max. 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 8.0 5.0 8.0 5.0

Insoluble Residue (IR), % max 0.75 0.75 1.0 1.0 --- --- --- ---
 CEMENT STANDARDS COMPARISON
T-IP and
Type I Type IS Type P STANDARD TEST
CEMENT TYPE T-I(PM)
METHODS
PNS 07 ASTM PNS 69 ASTM PNS 63 ASTM PNS 63 ASTM

STANDARD PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS

Air Content, Vol. %, max 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 PNS ASTM C185
Fineness, m2/kg, (cm2/g)
Air permeability test, min 260 260 280 --- 280 --- 280 --- PNS ASTM C 204
Turbidimeter test, min 160 160 --- --- --- --- --- --- PNS ASTM C115
Autoclave Expansion, % max. 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.8
PNS ASTM C151
Autoclave Contraction, % max. --- --- 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Time of Setting
Gillmore Test:
Initial set, minutes, min 60 * 60 * --- --- --- --- --- --- PNS ASTM C266
Final Set, Hrs, (minutes) max 600 * 600* --- --- --- --- --- ---
Vicat Test:
INITIAL SET:
PNS ASTM C191
Minimum : minutes 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45
Maximum: Hrs, (minutes) 375 375 7 7 420 7 420 7
FINAL SET: Hrs, max --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Compressive Strength, MPa min
3 days 12 12.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 --- ---
PNS ASTM C109
7 days 19 19.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 11.0 11.0
28 days 28 28.0 * 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 21.0 21.0
Heat of Hydration, (kJ/kg) max
7 days --- --- 290 * 290 * 290 * 290 * 250 * 250 * PNS ASTM C186
28 days --- --- 330 * 330 * 330 * 330 * 290 * 290 *
note: * optional
Other Standards

 Test methods (ex., slump test, compressive

strength test, etc.)
 Usually adopted from international standards
en toto but needs to be studied
References

 Derucher, Kenneth N., “Materials for Civil and Highway Engineers”,

Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
 Presentation prepared by Mr. Noel dela Cruz, Manager, Cement Testing
Center
Homework
 Visit a hardware store near your place and determine
the following
1. Types / brands of cements do you sell? (Anu-anong
klase ng semento meron kayo? Anu-anong brand ng
semento ang ibinebenta nyo?)
2. What are the differences between the types / brands?
(Anu-ano ang pagkakaiba ng mga sementong ito?)
3. In what applications are these cements appropriate?
(Anu-ano ang gamit ng mga sementong ito? – sa
palitada, hollow block, etc.)
4. Do you have mill certificates for the cements being
sold? (Meron ba kayong mill certificate galing sa planta
ng semento?)
Take pictures of the cement bags and determine the
following:

Type of Cement
Color and layout of the bag face – describe the bands
or lines at the upper right hand corner of the bag.
Blending material used, if applicable
Batch identification number

Submit your HW in A4-size papers next meeting