 Early theories of motivation

 Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

 Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in

his 1943 paper.
 "A Theory of Human Motivation" in Psychological Review. Maslow subsequently
extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. His theories
parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology, some of which focus
on describing the stages of growth in humans.
 He then decided to create a classification system which reflected the universal needs of
society as its base and then proceeding to more acquired emotions. Maslow's hierarchy
of needs is used to study how humans intrinsically partake in behavioral motivation.
Maslow used the terms "physiological", "safety", "belonging and love", "social needs" or
"esteem", and "self actualization" to describe the pattern through which human
motivations generally move.
.
 Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier
model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. ... From
the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological, safety, love and
belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

Five needs

 Physiological needs.
 Safety needs.
 Social needs.
 Esteem needs.

 Self-actualization

 Physiological needs
A person needs for food, drink shelter, sex other physical requirement.

 Safety needs
A person needs for security and protection from physical and emotional harm as well as
assurance that physical needs will continue to be met.

 Social needs

Social needs refer to the need to have relationships with others once the physiological
and safety needs have been fulfilled. Maslow considered the social stage an important
part of psychological development because our relationships with others help reduce
emotional concerns such as depression or anxiety.

 Esteem needs

Esteem needs refer to the need for respect, self-esteem, and self-confidence. Esteem
needs are the basis for the human desire we all have to be accepted and valued by
others. According to Abraham Maslow, there are lower-level and higher-level esteem
needs.
 Self-actualization needs

Self-actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal

growth and peak experiences.

 McGregor’s Theory X and Y

 McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y and Maslow's hierarchy of needs are both rooted
in motivation theory.[3] Maslow's hierarchy of needs consists of physiological needs (lowest
level), safety needs, love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization (highest level).
 According to Maslow, a human is motivated by the level they have not yet reached, and self-
actualization cannot be met until each of the lower levels has been fulfilled. Assumptions of
Theory Y, in relation to Maslow's hierarchy put an emphasis on employee higher level needs,
such as esteem needs and self-actualization.

 The concept of Theory X and Theory Y was developed by social psychologist

Douglas McGregor. It describes two contrasting sets of assumptions that managers
make about their people: Theory X – people dislike work, have little ambition, and are
unwilling to take responsibility.
  Theory X”
The Assumption that employees dislike work and lazy ,avoid responsibility and must be
coerced to perform.
 Theory Y’
The assumption of employees are creative enjoy work seek responsibility and can
exercise self direction.

 Herzberg’s two factor theory

 The two-factor theory (also known as Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory and dual) states
that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job theory-factor satisfaction while
a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction, all of which act independently of each other.
 Motivators

(e.g. challenging work, recognition for one's achievement, responsibility, opportunity to do

something meaningful, involvement in decision making, sense of importance to an organization)
that give positive satisfaction, arising from intrinsic conditions of the job itself, such as
recognition, achievement, or personal growth.

 Hygiene factors

(e.g. status, job security, salary, fits, work conditions, good pay, paid insurance, vacations) that
do not give positive satisfaction or lead to higher motivation, though dissatisfaction results from
their absence. The term "hygiene" is used in the sense that these are maintenance factors.
These are extrinsic to the work itself, and include aspects such as company policies, supervisory
practices, or wages/salary. Herzberg often referred to hygiene factors as "KITA" factors, which is
an acronym for "kick in the ass", the process of providing incentives or threat of punishment to
make someone do something.
  Three needs theory

Three Needs Theory, proposed by psychologist David McClelland, is a motivational

model that attempts to explain how the needs for achievement, power, and affiliation
affect the actions of people from a managerial context. This model was developed in
the 1960. two decades after Maslow's hierarchy of needs was first proposed in the
early 1940s. McClelland stated that we all have these three types of motivation
regardless of age, sex, race, or culture. The type of motivation by which each
individual is driven derives from their life experiences and the opinions of their
culture. This need theory is often taught in classes concerning management or
organizational behaviour.

 Need for achievement

 The drive succeed and excel in relation to a set of standard.

 Need for power

The need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise.
  Need for affiliation

The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships.

 Types of motivation
Main Types of Motivation
 Intrinsic Motivation.
Intrinsic motivation represents all the things that motivate you based on internal
rewards.
 Extrinsic Motivation.
Extrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame,
grades, and praise. This type of motivation arises from outside the individual, as opposed to
intrinsic motivation, which originates inside of the individual.

 Attitude Motivation
.
Attitude → motivation is about setting up an approach that promotes personal growth
and purpose by changing the ways how people think and feel. → Inspiring Culture: 5
Elements. "It is their self-confidence, their belief in themselves, their attitude to life – be
it positive or negative

 Achievement Motivation.
 Achievement motivation can be defined as the need for success or the attainment of
excellence. Individuals will satisfy their needs through different means, and are driven to
succeed for varying reasons both internal and external. Motivation is the basic drive for all of our
actions..
 Physiological Motivation.
Physiological Perspective. Motivation, in an organism, is an inferred condition (that is, a
construct—something inferred to exist and “constructed” from simpler, known elements) that
arouses and directs it toward a specific goal.
 Incentive Motivation.
According to one theory of human motivation, our actions are often inspired by a desire to gain
outside reinforcement. The incentive heory is one of the major theories of motivation and
suggests that behavior is motivated by a desire for reinforcement or incentives