ALGEBRIC EQUATIONS

1. The roots of quadraric equation can be solved by using the formula:

𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

 b  b2  4ac
x
2a

Cubic equation and quadratic equation can also be solved analytically but for higher order 5th or higher
numerical or graphgical method must be used.

2.Cubic equation:- The roots of quadraric equation can be solved by using the formula:

𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

 b  b2  4ac
x
2a

Cubic equation and quadratic equation can also be solved analytically but for higher order 5th or higher
numerical or graphgical method must be used.

2.Cubic equation:- ax 3 3bx 2 3cx  d  0 ,it has three roots

 3b
Sum of the roots=
a

b
Changing the variable by putting ; Z  x 
a

Z 2 term can be removed

We get z 3  3HZ  G  0 equation no. (2)

(Sum of the roots=0)

ac  b2 a 2 d  3abc  3b 3
Where H  , and G 
a2 a3

To solve equation (2) a further substitution is made ; Z  u  v

From (2) hence , u 3  v 3  3(uv  H )(u  v)  G  0

Now choosing

H
uv  H  0, u 
v
or

u 3  v3  G  0

Or u 6  u 3 v 3  Gu 3  0

Or u 6  H 3  Gu 3  0

or (u 3 ) 2  Gu 3  H 3  0

 G  G 2  4H 3
u3 
2

Knowing the value of u

V can be calculated from uv  H

H
Or v
u

b
Z uv, Z,known and Z  x
a

b
Or xZ  p (say ) , x; known
a

this is one root of the original equation dividing the original equation by (x-p) algebraically we get a
quadratic equation Ax 2  Bx  C  0

 B  B 2  4 AC
the other two roots can be obtained from x
2A

example : solve the equation x 3  4x 2  7 x  5  0

x 3  4 x 2  7 x  5  0 equation no. ( 1)

Here a=1, 3b=-4, 3c=7, d=-5

4 b 4
b and 
3 a 3
 b 4 4
Z  x  x or xZ
a 3 3

Substituting x3, x2, x in equation 1

27 Z 3  45 z  11  0 equation no.(2)

Put Z  u  v

27u 3  27v 3  (81uv  45)(u  v)  11  0

5
Assuming 81uv  45  0, v  
9u

729u 6  729  125  0

729  88209  364500
u3 
1458
 0.6652
u  0.8729

5
v  0.6364
9u

Z  0.8729  0.6364  0.2365

b 4
x  Z  0.2365  ( )
a 3
or , x  0.2365  1.3333
or , x  1.5698

One root of cubic equation

Dividing equation (1) by x-1.5698, we get , x 2  2.4302 x  3.1851  0

This has the roots x  1.215  2.6143i

If the original equation has three real roots, G 2  4 H 3  0