QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

 First paragraph – overview

* Basic information about what your title/study all about
* Connect Independent Variable to Dependent Variable (issues, importance)
 Second paragraph – relationship of IV and DV in GLOBAL setting, citing sources.
 Third paragraph – relationship of IV and DV in NATIONAL setting, citing sources.
 Fourth paragraph - relationship of IV and DV in LOCAL setting, where the study will be conducted.
 Last paragraph-presentation of aims and urgency of the study.

Research Objectives

 The opening statement should introduce the main objective of the study by stating the last specific
objective .Then enumerate the specific numbered objective.
The first numbered objective is to describe the level of the IV in terms of its indicators;
the second objective is to describe/ determine the level of the DV in terms of its indicator;
the third objective is to determine the significant relationship between IV and DV

Example:
Research Objectives
The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between second language anxiety and second
language performance of HUMSS students in University of Mindanao Tagum College. Specifically this
study will be conducted to seek answer to the following objectives:

1. To assess the level of second language anxiety among HUMSS students in UM Tagum College in
terms of:
1.1 expressing feelings;
1.2 self-esteem; and
1.3 self-confidence.
2. To assess the level of second language performance among HUMMSS students in UM Tagum
College in terms of:
2.1. complexity;
2.2. accuracy; and
2.3. fluency.
3. To determine the significant relationship between second language anxiety and second language
performance among HUMMS students in UM Tagum College.

Research Hypothesis

 The research hypothesis should start with …. The following hypotheses will be tested at 0.05 level of
significance :
1. There is no significant relationship between IV and DV.
2. There is no domain in the IV that significantly influences/ determines the DV.
 Example: Hypothesis

The following hypotheses will be tested at 0.05 level of significance, stating that there is no
significant relationship between second language anxiety and second language performance.

RRL

 There are 2 parts of RRL, namely: the Independent Variable (IV) and Dependent Variable (DV)
 First paragraph should start with the opening statement the parts of the RRL. The indicators of the
Independent and Dependent Variables should be introduced here with sources.
 All authors cited should be found at the end of the paragraph. (APA Format)
 All references should be within the last 5 years of publication when Resonation RRL is used.
 Minimum of 10 pages.

Theoretical Framework

 Present a theory or proposition that connects the IV and DV. References have no restrictions on the
year of publication.
 There should be at least 2 support theories or propositions that further connect the 2 variables.

Conceptual Framework

 First paragraph should introduce the indicators of the IV source and define briefly the indicators with
references to figure 1. The defined indicators should be in italics.
 Second paragraph should introduce the indicators of the DV with source and define briefly the
indicators. The defined indicators should be in italics.
 Figure 1.which is the Conceptual Framework of the study should be in one page that follows
immediately after it is mentioned. The indicators are presented with bullets and the one-headed arrow
should point to the right if regression is used and the boxes are labelled as IV and DV. Two – headed
arrow for correlation and the boxes designated as first variable and the second variable.

Significance of the Study

 First paragraph presents the importance of your study with reference/source.

 This will be followed by mentioning the beneficiaries of the study. In other words it identifies, in
paragraph form, the people or offices that can utilize the findings of the study from macro to micro level
(i.e.,DepEd officials , school heads, teachers, students, parents, community residents if applicable, and
finally, future researchers).

Definition of Terms

 Define only the key terms in your title usually the variables starting with the IV then DV.
 In defining the variables, use their indicators. The definition should start this way : “ As used in this
study, it refer to……”
 Chapter 2

METHOD

(All parts should be presented in paragraph form)

Research Design:

 Quantitative non-experimental research design using correlational techniques

 Little discussion with reference.

Research Locale

 What is the location of the study?

 Describe briefly the location of your study with reference to Figure 2. Figure 2 is the map of Philippines
highlighting the research setting in the province of research setting where the study is conducted. Give
brief description of the municipality by stating its boundaries, how many barangays, school districts, and
other information that relate to your study. Finally, state when will the study be conducted (months and
school year).

Population and Sample

 Describe the respondents of the study. Are the respondents also the subjects of the study?
 Distribution of Respondents ( No horizontal and Vertical lines )

Name of School Population Percentage Distribution Sample

Respondents
School A Population of % = no. of population in %n of School A
the
School A School divide by total
number of population
multiply by 100
School B

Total population Total number of

samples, n

 n=N divide by 1+N(e2) where : n is the total number of samples ; N is the total population ; e = 0.05 and
e2 = 0.052 = 0.0025
 Delete column 4 if no sampling is used (This means that the respondents of the study are all members
of the population).

Research Instrument

First paragraph is the description of the instrument to be used to measure the level of the IV. This includes how
many parts the questionnaire has and from whom it is adapted. Mention also that the original questionnaire
will be modified to contextualize the school setting and question items will be simplified or translated to the
vernacular for the understanding of the respondents. This will be followed by the Range of Means to be used
for the IV.
Second paragraph is the description of the instrument to be used for the DV – follow the flow of discussion
same as the IV. This will also be followed by the Range of Means to be used for the DV.

In the last paragraph, mention that the instruments will be subjected for the dry run in order to determine the
Cronbach Alpha values before content validation by experts with an external validator. State also the overall
validation rating.

Range of Means should follow this interval :

4.20 – 5.00
3.40 – 4.19
2.60 – 3.39
1.80 – 2.59
1.00 – 1.79

Data Collection

This part presents how the study was done from asking permission to conduct the study to the tabulation of the
data in paragraph form. All problems / experiences encountered during the conduct of the study and how they
were addressed should be narrated here. ( Min. 1 page)
 Chapter 3

RESULTS

After the chapter introduction, discuss the significance of the SD.

Sample:

It be noted that the standard deviation ranged from 0.454 to 0.684 which is less than the typical
standard deviation for a 5-point Likert scale. This means that the ratings obtained in this study are close from
mean, indicating smaller variation of the respondents’ responses (Wittink and Bayer, 1994) as cited by Catamco,
2014.

(Presentation of results should start with the overall findings ! This is followed by the enumeration of indicators
‘ mean scores from highest to lowest then followed by presentation of the results of all indicators starting with
the indicator with the highest down to the lowest mean with reference to their respective appended Tables,
e.g, Tables 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc.! Same procedure should also be followed in the Dependent Variable ( DV )!)

(When mentioning the indicator or variable, they should be written in italics and the first letters should be
capitalized).

(Be reminded that when you state any indicator from the independent and dependent variable, they should be
written in italics and the first letters should be in capital letters !)

(Again, presentation of Table 3 results should start with the overall r value with p value, then followed by the
presentation of the results when each indicator of the Independent Variable (IV) is correlated with the overall
Dependent Variable (DV) and finally, the presentation of results when each indicator of the Independent
Variable id individually correlated with each indicator of the Dependent Variable. Always be reminded that
when p value is less than 0.05 then, there is a significant relationship between IV and DV , therefore , reject the
Null Hypothesis )

Sample:

P value of 0.000 in Tables 3 and 4 should be written in the presentation of results as p<0.01, however, if p values
are not equal to 0.000, their actual values from Tables 3 and 4 should be reflected in the presentation.

Table 4 results should be presented this way : First, present the value of F with p value and decide whether
there is an overall significant influence of the IV and DV and why? Then explain the R2 value. Finally, present the
T values of each of the indicator of the IV with their corresponding p values then decide which of the indicator
best influenced the DV. Always be reminded that when p value is less than 0.05, then, there is a significant
influence on the DV therefore, reject the Null Hypothesis
 Chapter 4

DISCUSSION

Note : The difference between the presentation of RRL and Discussion ( Chapter 4 ) is that in the RRL, sources /
references should be placed after the sentence or paragraph while in the discussion, sources should be placed
at the beginning of the sentence or paragraph, ie. “ …. The study is in consonance/ parallel/ congruence/ similar
to the study of (reference )… “

Discussion for Table 1 and 2 :

First paragraph should discuss the results from Table 1 using the indicators as the point of discussion with
references

( Discussion of Table 1 and 2 should start with the overall findings with reference ! This is followed by the
discussions of all indicators starting with the indicator with the highest down to lowest mean ! Same procedure
should also be followed in the dependent variable ! Discussion of each indicator should revolve around the
corresponding Appended Table without mentioning the table. )

( All indicators with very high descriptive equivalents should also be included in the discussion! This is also true
to the dependent variable! )

( references / Sources cited here should be the references cited in the corresponding RRL! )

Correlation Discussion ( Table 3 ) :

(Discussion on Table 3 should start by going back to you Anchor Theory/ Proposition and determine whether
the findings of your study confirmed or contradicted the Anchor Theory you presented in Chapter 1. This is
followed by the presentation of your references mentioned in your Correlations between Measures in the RRL
of Chapter 1 whether your study confirms or contradics the individual studies you presented un your RRL)

(Cite support!!)

Regression Discussion( Table 4) :

Cite sources/ references that connect individually the indicators of the independent variable (IV) which were
the considered as predictors and the Dependent Variable (DV).

CONCLUSION

(Conclusion should also follow the descriptive equivalents of the findings based on the research objectives!)

Follow the sequence of presentation based on the Objectives of the Study ( Chapter 1).

The final paragraph should state wither the anchored theory confirms the result.

RECOMMENDATIONS

( Recommendations should be based on the conclusion)

(Don’t be prescriptive. Avoid using the terms, “must “, “should”)