Grade 12 - Test 12 (Key)

Ex. 1
1 B stopped
hate loathe, detest, dislike greatly
2 A century
Ex. 2
3 B canoe
offer proposal, suggestion, proposition
canoe a light narrow boat which you move along in the water with a paddle
We crossed the lake by canoe.
4 C currency
currency [countable, uncountable] the system of money that a country uses
trading in foreign currencies
a single European currency
allowance an amount of money that is given to somebody regularly or for a
particular purpose
an allowance of $20 a day a clothing/living/travel allowance
Do you get an allowance for clothing?
Ex. 3
5B
measles U an infectious disease, especially of children, that causes fever and small
red spots that cover the whole body / bệnh sởi
All our children have had the measles.
infectious adj an infectious disease can be passed easily from one person to
another, especially through the air they breathe
Flu is highly infectious.
(figurative) infectious laughter
infect to make a disease or an illness spread to a person, an animal or a plant
infect somebody/something It is not possible to infect another person
through kissing.
infect somebody/something with something people infected with HIV
fever high temperature
6C 7D
demanding adj (of a piece of work) needing a lot of skill, patience, effort, etc.
Opposite easy, effortless
The work is physically demanding.
the most demanding challenge I have ever faced
+ demanding difficult, challenging, testing, taxing, exacting, tough, hard
soft skills (plural) personal qualities that enable you to communicate well with
other people
Candidates should demonstrate soft skills, such as team work, enthusiasm
and emotional intelligence.
 commitment (to somebody/something) U the willingness to work hard and give
your energy and time to a job or an activity
A career as an actor requires one hundred per cent commitment.
+ commitment dedication, devotion
commitment [countable, uncountable] a promise to do something or to behave in a
particular way; a promise to support somebody/something; the fact of committing
yourself
commitment (to somebody/something) She doesn't want to make a big
emotional commitmentto Steve at the moment.
commitment to do/doing something The company's commitment to
providing quality at a reasonable price has been vital to its success.
Ex. 4
8 C left 9 B an
survey
carry out, conduct, do, make, undertake The charity did a survey of
people's attitudes to the disabled.
willing ready, prepared, disposed
Opposite unwilling, reluctant
10 C the more
demanding adj (of a piece of work) needing a lot of skill, patience, effort, etc.
The work is physically demanding.
the most demanding challenge I have ever face
+ demanding difficult, challenging, testing, taxing, exacting, tough, hard
Opposite easy, effortless
11 D 12 D
fight [intransitive, transitive] to take part in a war or battle against an enemy
soldiers trained to fight He fought in Vietnam.
fight against somebody My grandfather fought against the Fascists in
Spain.
fight somebody/something to fight a war/battle
13 A
procedure method
14 A
keen adj (especially British English) wanting to do something or wanting
something to happen very much
SYNONYM EAGER
keen (to do something) John was very keen to help.
keen (that…) We are keen that our school should get involved too.
keen (on doing something) I wasn't too keen on going to the party.
+ keen eager, anxious, determined
research
piece a startling piece of historical research
carry out, conduct, do, undertake She's doing research on Czech music
between the wars.
 ~ in Most research in the field has concentrated on the effects on children. |
~ into/on They are carrying out research into the natural flow patterns of
water.
15 A endangered
endangered adj (used about groups of animals, plants, etc.) at risk of no longer
existing
14% of primate species are highly endangered.
These orang-utans are critically endangered due to habitat loss.
endanger somebody/something to put somebody/something in a situation
in which they could be harmed or damaged
The health of our children is being endangered by exhaust fumes.
That one mistake seriously endangered the future of the company.
+ endanger imperil, jeopardize, risk, put at risk, put in danger, expose to danger,
put in jeopardy
dangerous hazardous, perilous, risky
Opposite safe
fearful adj (formal) nervous and afraid
fearful (for somebody) Parents are ever fearful for their children.
fearful (of something/of doing something) fearful of an attack
fearful (that…) She was fearful that she would fail.
fearful afraid, frightened, scared, scared stiff, scared to death, terrified, petrified
threatening menacing, intimidating
16 D devote
devote yourself to sb/sth to give most of your time, energy, attention, etc. to
somebody/something
She devoted herself to her career.
disadvantaged adj not having the things, such as education, or enough money, that
people need in order to succeed in life
SYNONYM deprived , underprivileged
disadvantaged groups/children a severely disadvantaged area
Opposite advantaged
the disadvantaged noun [plural] people who are disadvantaged
17 D impolite
clap one's hands clap, applaud, give someone a round of applause
impolite rude, bad-mannered, ill-mannered, discourteous, uncivil
in/under no circumstances used to emphasize that something should never happen
or be allowed
Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money.
Don't open the door, in any circumstances.
18 B held up
hold sb/sth up (often passive) to delay or block the movement or progress of
somebody/something
My application was held up by the postal strike.
+ hold up delay, detain, set back
 Opposite speed up
take after sb (no passive) (not used in the progressive tenses) to look or behave
like an older member of your family, especially your mother or father
Your daughter doesn't take after you at all.
+ take after resemble, look like, be like, be similar to, bear a resemblance to, have
the look of
take after sb (no passive) (North American English, informal) to follow somebody
quickly
I was afraid that if I started running the man would take after me.
19 A
keep up (with sb/sth) to move, make progress or increase at the same rate as
somebody/something
Slow down—I can't keep up!
I can't keep up with all the changes.
Wages are not keeping up with inflation.
+ keep up with keep pace with
Opposite lag behind
Ex. 5
20 C
suit somebody (especially of clothes, colours, etc.) to make you look attractive
Blue suits you. You should wear it more often.
I don't think this coat really suits me.
perfectly adv in a perfect way
The TV works perfectly now.
It fits perfectly.
never mind (especially British English) used to tell somebody not to worry or be
upset
Have you broken it? Never mind, we can buy another one.
Don’t mention it! (informal) used as a polite answer when somebody has thanked
you for somethingS
SYNONYM you’re welcome
‘Thanks for all your help.’ ‘Don't mention it.’
21 B
porter (British English) a person whose job is to be in charge of the entrance
to a hotel, large building, college, etc.
the night porter
The hotel porter will get you a taxi.
lobby [countable] a large area inside the entrance of a public building where
people can meet and wai
SYNONYM FOYER a hotel lobby
not a chance there is no possibility
"Do you think I could pass for a 21-year-old?" "Not a chance!"
could’t agree more to strongly agree
Bob says it’s the government’s fault, and I couldn’t agree more.
 pity [singular] used to show that you are disappointed about something
SYNONYM SHAME
a pity (that…) It's a pity that you can't stay longer.
‘I've lost it!’ ‘Oh, what a pity.’
What a pity that she didn't tell me earlier.
a pity (to do something) It seems a pity to waste this food.
Ex. 6
22 D follow
adhere to sth (formal) to behave according to a particular law, rule, set of
instructions, etc.; to follow a particular set of beliefs or a fixed way of doing
something
For ten months he adhered to a strict no-fat low-salt diet.
She adheres to teaching methods she learned over 30 years ago.
+ adhere to abide by, comply with, conform to, follow, obey, observe
Opposite flout
violate something (formal) to go against or refuse to obey a law, an agreement, etc.
SYNONYM flout
to violate international law
+ violate contravene, breach, commit a breach of, infringe, break, disobey, defy
disregard something (formal) to not consider something; to treat something as
unimportant
SYNONYM IGNORE
The board completely disregarded my recommendations.
Safety rules were disregarded.
follow something to accept advice, instructions, etc. and do what you have been
told or shown to do
to follow a diet/recipe
He has trouble following simple instructions.
Why didn't you follow my advice?
23 C
initiate something (formal) to make something begin / bắt đầu, khởi đầu, đề xướng
SYNONYM SET IN MOTION
to initiate legal proceedings against somebody
The government has initiated a programme of economic reform.
+ initiate begin, commence, take action on
shelter [uncountable] the fact of having a place to live or stay, considered as a basic
human need
Human beings need food, clothing and shelter.
underprivileged adj [usually before noun] having less money and fewer
opportunities than most people in society
SYNONYM DISADVANTAGED
underprivileged sections of the community
educationally/socially underprivileged groups
the underprivileged noun [plural] people who are underprivileged
 inhabitant resident, occupant, dweller
enthusiastic adj feeling or showing a lot of excitement and interest about
somebody/something
Opposite inactive
an enthusiastic supporter an enthusiastic welcome
enthusiastic about somebody/something You don't sound very
enthusiastic about the idea.
enthusiastic about doing something She was even less enthusiastic about
going to Spain.
+ energetic active, lively, dynamic
Ex. 7
24 D
petrol (North American English gas, gasoline)[uncountable]
filling station gas station. petrol station
few and far between not frequent; not happening often
highway (especially North American English) a main road for travelling long
distances, especially one connecting and going through cities and towns
an interstate highway
Highway patrol officers closed the road.
25 B
the moment (that ...) as soon as…
I want to see him the moment he arrives.
The moment she walked through the door I thought she looked
different.
Ex. 8
26 B
dissappointed saddened, upset, let down, disheartened, downhearted
Opposite pleased, satisfied
27 D
clear up (of an illness, infection, etc.) to disappear
Has your rash cleared up yet?
insist [intransitive, transitive] to demand that something happens or that somebody
agrees to do something
I didn't really want to go but he insisted.
Stay and have lunch. I insist!
‘Please come with us.’ ‘Very well then, if you insist.’
insist on something/somebody doing something (formal) She insisted on
his/him wearing a suit.
insist that… He insists that she come.(British English also) He insists that
she should come.
28 C
essay (on something) a short piece of writing by a student as part of a course
of study
an essay on the causes of the First World War
 If it weren’t for / if it hadn’t been for, but for+ noun phrase
These expressions mean “without”. They are used in second and third
conditionals are usually followed by a noun phrase.
If it weren’t for Miguel, we wouldn’t know what to do now. (Without
Miguel …)
If it hadn’t been for your foolishness, we wouldn’t have got lost. (If you
hadn’t been such a fool …)
But for your help, I would have been in big trouble. (Without your help
… / If you hadn’t helped me …)
Ex. 9
29 C
satisfactorily adv in a way that is good enough for a particular purpose
SYNONYM acceptably
Her disappearance has never been satisfactorily explained.
Our complaint was dealt with satisfactorily.
Opposite unsatisfactorily
30 A
Cloze test
improve make better, better, ameliorate, refine, enhance, boost
31 A there
bore be tedious to, weary, tire, fatigue, exhaust, wear out
no doubt used when you are saying that something is certainly true
He's made some great movies. There's no doubt about it.
account for sth to give an explanation of something
SYNONYM EXPLAIN
How do you account for the show's success?
He was unable to account for the error.
The increase can be fully accounted for.
32 A why
effortlessly adv in a way that needs little or no effort, and that seems easy
Your presentation must move effortlessly from one point to the next.
struggle [intransitive] to try very hard to do something when it is difficult or when
there are a lot of problems
struggle (for something) a country struggling for independence
Shona struggled for breath.
life as a struggling artist (= one who is very poor)
struggle to do something They struggled just to pay their bills.
+ struggle strive, try hard, endeavour, make every effort, exert oneself, do one's
best
33 C conciously
consciously adv in a way that shows that you are aware of something or noticing
something
Sound has more profound effects on us than we consciously realize.
Opposite unconcciously
34 C rate
reduce lessen, lower, bring down, decrease, turn down, diminish, minimize
saying a well-known phrase or statement that expresses something about life that
most people believe is wise and true
‘Accidents will happen’, as the saying goes.
brainy adj (formal) very intelligent
He’s a brainy kid.
+ brainy clever, intelligent, bright, brilliant
after all used when you are explaining something, or giving a reason
He should have paid. He suggested it, after all.
35 D found
sardine a small young sea fish (for example, a young pilchard ) that is either eaten
fresh or preserved in tins/cans
salmon C U (plural salmon) a large fish with silver skin and pink flesh that is used
for food. Salmon live in the sea but swim up rivers to lay their eggs.
a whole salmon smoked salmon
wild and farmed salmon
rich (in something) (often in compounds) containing or providing a large supply of
something
Oranges are rich in vitamin C.
The area is rich in wildlife. iron-rich rocks
Opposite poor
+ rich abounding in, abundant in
Passage 1
1
pick sb up to make somebody feel better
Try this—it will pick you up.
hit the market be available for purchase
caffeine U a drug found in coffee and tea that makes you feel more active
Try to avoid too much caffeine.
drinks that are high in caffein
beverage U (formal) any type of drink except water
laws governing the sale of alcoholic beverages
Studies on the consumption of various alcoholic beverages have been
conducted.
pick-me-up (informal) something that makes you feel better, happier, healthier,
etc., especially medicine or an alcoholic drink
Use the facial scrub when your skin needs an extra pick-me-up.
(figurative) This deal would offer the best possible pick-me-up to the town's
ailing economy.
put sth out to produce something, especially for sale
The factory puts out 500 new cars a week.
energy drink a drink that contains a lot of sugar, caffeine or other substance that
makes you feel less tired
 Red Bull is the world's best-selling energy drink.
It’s unlikely that this drug could give a player a competitive advantage
any more than say, an energy drink.
2
bull [countable] the male of any animal in the cow family
a bull neck (= a short thick neck like a bull’s)
put sth out to produce something, especially for sale
The factory puts out 500 new cars a week.
state to formally write or say something, especially in a careful and clear way
state something He has already stated his intention to run for election.
state how, what, etc… State clearly how many tickets you require.
state that… He stated categorically that he knew nothing about the deal.
it is stated that… It was stated that standards at the hospital were
dropping.
something is stated to be/have something The contract was stated to be
invalid.
quench your thirst to drink so that you no longer feel thirsty
Synonym slake your thirst
fluid [countable, uncountable] (formal or specialist) a liquid; a substance that can
flow
body fluids (= for example, blood)
The doctor told him to drink plenty of fluids.
revitalize something to make something stronger, more active or more healthy
measures to revitalize the inner cities
The local economy has been revitalized.
+ revitalize reinvigorate, re-energize
energy drink a drink that contains a lot of sugar, caffeine or other substance that
makes you feel less tired
Red Bull is the world's best-selling energy drink.
It’s unlikely that this drug could give a player a competitive advantage
any more than say, an energy drink.
typically adv used to say that something usually happens in the way that you are
stating
The factory typically produces 500 chairs a week.
A typically priced meal will be around $10.
beverage U (formal) any type of drink except water
laws governing the sale of alcoholic beverages
Studies on the consumption of various alcoholic beverages have been
conducted.
caffeine U a drug found in coffee and tea that makes you feel more active
Try to avoid too much caffeine.
drinks that are high in caffein
sure bet something that is certain to occur.
 Based on his grades, it's a pretty sure bet that Harry won't be able to gradu
ate on
time.
3
professional expert
energy drink a drink that contains a lot of sugar, caffeine or other substance that
makes you feel less tired
Red Bull is the world's best-selling energy drink.
It’s unlikely that this drug could give a player a competitive advantage
any more than say, an energy drink.
ingredient (of/in/for something) one of the things from which something is made,
especially one of the foods that are used together to make a particular dish
Coconut is a basic ingredient for many curries.
Mix all the ingredients in a bowl.
+ ingredient constituent, component
work [intransitive] to have the result or effect that you want
The pills the doctor gave me aren't working.
work on somebody/something His charm doesn't work on me (= does not
affect or impress me).
4
caution [intransitive, transitive] to warn somebody about the possible dangers or
problems of something
caution against something I would caution against getting too involved.
caution somebody against/about something Sam cautioned him against
making a hasty decision.
caution (somebody) that… The government cautioned that pay increases
could lead to job losses.
caution somebody to do something Employees were cautioned to be
careful about what they said to people outside the company.
caution (somebody) + speech ‘I’d take care if I were you,’ she cautioned
(him).
cautious adj being careful about what you say or do, especially to avoid danger or
mistakes; not taking any risks
The government has been cautious in its response to the report.
cautious about somebody/something | cautious about doing
something He was very cautious about committing himself to anything.
Opposite incautious, reckless
claim (that…) C a statement that something is true although it has not been proved
and other people may not agree with or believe it
The singer has denied the magazine's claim that she is leaving the band.
a report examining claims of corrupt links between politicians
mix [countable, usually singular] a combination of different people or things
SYNONYM BLEND a school with a good social mix of children
The town offers a fascinating mix of old and new.
a pair of wool mix socks (= made of wool and other materials)
 ingredient (of/in/for something) one of the things from which something is made,
especially one of the foods that are used together to make a particular dish
Coconut is a basic ingredient for many curries.
Mix all the ingredients in a bowl.
+ ingredient constituent, component
Answers
36 C
caffeine U a drug found in coffee and tea that makes you feel more active
Try to avoid too much caffeine.
drinks that are high in caffein
choice option, alternative, possibility, possible course of
37 C
bull [countable] the male of any animal in the cow family
a bull neck (= a short thick neck like a bull’s)
quench your thirst to drink so that you no longer feel thirsty
Synonym slake your thirst
38 D
energy drink a drink that contains a lot of sugar, caffeine or other substance that
makes you feel less tired
Red Bull is the world's best-selling energy drink.
It’s unlikely that this drug could give a player a competitive advantage
any more than say, an energy drink.
mixture blend, mix, combination
various numerous, many, several
39 B
plausible adj (of an excuse or explanation) reasonable and likely to be true
+ plausible credible, reasonable, likely
Her story sounded perfectly plausible.
The only plausible explanation is that he forgot.
Opposite unlikely, improbable
typical adj having the usual qualities or features of a particular type of person,
thing or group
SYNONYM REPRESENTATIVE a typical Italian cafe
typical of somebody/something This meal is typical of local cookery.
typical for somebody/something The weather at the moment is not typical
for July.
40 D 41 C
claim (that…) C a statement that something is true although it has not been proved
and other people may not agree with or believe it
The singer has denied the magazine's claim that she is leaving the band.
a report examining claims of corrupt links between politicians
revitalize something to make something stronger, more active or more healthy
measures to revitalize the inner cities
The local economy has been revitalized.
+ revitalize reinvigorate, re-energize
42 B
caffeine U a drug found in coffee and tea that makes you feel more active
Try to avoid too much caffeine.
drinks that are high in caffein
energy drink a drink that contains a lot of sugar, caffeine or other substance that
makes you feel less tired
Red Bull is the world's best-selling energy drink.
It’s unlikely that this drug could give a player a competitive advantage
any more than say, an energy drink.
bull [countable] the male of any animal in the cow family
a bull neck (= a short thick neck like a bull’s)
Passage 2
1
extreme adj not ordinary or usual; serious or severe
Children will be removed from their parents only in extreme
circumstances.
Don't go doing anything extreme like leaving the country.
rainfall U singular the total amount of rain that falls in a particular area in a
particular amount of time; an occasion when rain falls
There has been below average rainfall this month.
an average annual rainfall of 10 cm
heatwave a period of unusually hot weather
in theory
Opposite in practice, in reality
constantly adv all the time; repeatedly
Fashion is constantly changing.
Heat the sauce, stirring constantly.
story a report in a newspaper, magazine or news broadcast
a front-page story
Now for a summary of tonight's main news stories.
2
dramatic adj (of a change, an event, etc.) sudden, very great and often surprising
a dramatic increase/fall/change/improvement
dramatic results/developments/news
landslide (also landfall) a mass of earth, rock, etc. that falls down the slope of a
mountain or a cliff
The house was buried beneath a landslide.
meanwhile adv (also informal meantime) while something else is happening
Bob spent fifteen months alone on his yacht. Ann, meanwhile, took care
of the children on her own.
suffer something to experience something unpleasant, such as injury, defeat or loss
He suffered a massive heart attack.
The party suffered a humiliating defeat in the general election.
The company suffered huge losses in the last financial year.
+ suffer undergo, experience, be subjected to
devastating adj causing a lot of damage and destruction
 SYNONYM disastrous, destructive, ruinous, catastrophic, calamitous
a devastating explosion/fire/cyclone
Oil spills are having a devastating effect on coral reefs in the ocean.
hit (somebody/something) to have a bad effect on somebody/something
The tax increases will certainly hit the poor.
His death didn't really hit me at first.
unexpected sudden, abrupt
heatwave a period of unusually hot weather
3
extreme adj not ordinary or usual; serious or severe
Children will be removed from their parents only in extreme
circumstances.
Don't go doing anything extreme like leaving the country.
mixture blend, mix, combination
influence effect, impact
(on the one hand…) on the other (hand)… used to introduce different points of
view, ideas, etc., especially when they are opposites
On the one hand they'd love to have kids, but on the other, they don't
want to give up their freedom
El Nino U a set of changes in the weather system near the coast of northern
Peru and Ecuador that happens every few years, causing the surface of the Pacific
Ocean there to become warmer and having severe effects on the weather in
many parts of the world
La Nina U the cooling of the water in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean that
happens every few years and that affects the weather in many parts of the world
originate [intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) to happen or appear for the first time in a
particular place or situation
The disease is thought to have originated in the tropics.
The word originated as a marketing term.
steadily adv gradually and in an even and regular way
The company's exports have been increasing steadily.
The situation got steadily worse.
greenhouse gas any of the gases that are thought to cause the greenhouse effect,
especially carbon dioxide
a government commitment to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases
trap something to catch or keep something in a place and prevent it from escaping,
especially so that you can use it
Solar panels trap energy from the sun.
warm [transitive, intransitive] to make something/somebody warm or warmer; to
become warm or warmer
warm something/somebody/yourself (up) I'll warm up some milk.
warm (up) As the climate warms (up) the ice caps will melt.
vapour U C a mass of very small drops of liquid in the air, for example steam
water vapour
The particles then form a vapour.
 heat (something) to make something hot or warm; to become hot or warm
Heat the oil and add the onions.
The system produced enough energy to heat several thousand homes.
pan a container, usually made of metal, with a handle or handles, used for cooking
food in
pots and pans a large stainless steel pan
pan the amount contained in a pan
a pan of boiling water
turn sth up to increase the sound, heat, etc. of a piece of equipment
Could you turn the TV up?
+ adj. The music was turned up loud.
steam U the hot gas that water changes into when it boils
Steam rose from the boiling kettle.
a Turkish steam bath
wet damp, soaked
Opposite dry
hurricane a violent storm with very strong winds, especially in the western
Atlantic Ocean
hurricane-force winds
Hurricane Betty is now approaching the coast of Florida.
typhoon a violent tropical storm with very strong winds
Answers
43 A
occurrence [countable] something that happens or exists
a common/everyday/frequent/regular occurrence
Vandalism used to be a rare occurrence here.
The program counts the number of occurrences of any word within the
text.
+ occurrence event, incident, happening, phenomenon
44 D
lethal fatal, deadly
Opposite harmless, safe
far-reaching adj likely to have a lot of influence or many effects / có ảnh hưởng
sâu rộng
far-reaching consequences/implications
far-reaching changes/reforms
long-lasting adj that can or does last for a long time
SYNONYM DURABLE
long-lasting effects
a long-lasting agreement
+ long-lasting enduring, lasting
45 A
heatwave a period of unusually hot weather
spell [countable] a short period of time during which something lasts
 a spell of warm weather
a cold/hot/wet/bright, etc.
large-scale adj (usu before n) involving many people or things, especially over a
wide area
large-scale development
the large-scale employment of women
Opposite small-scale, minor
landslide (also landfall) a mass of earth, rock, etc. that falls down the slope of a
mountain or a cliff
The house was buried beneath a landslide.
46 C
destructive adj causing destruction or damage
the destructive power of modern weapons
Opencast coal mining is among the most environmentally destructive
activities carried out in Wales.
+ destructive devastating, ruinous, disastrous, catastrophic, calamitous

47 C
greenhouse gas any of the gases that are thought to cause the greenhouse effect,
especially carbon dioxide
a government commitment to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases
48 B
vapour U C a mass of very small drops of liquid in the air, for example steam
water vapour
The particles then form a vapour.
pan a container, usually made of metal, with a handle or handles, used for cooking
food in
pots and pans a large stainless steel pan
pan the amount contained in a pan
a pan of boiling water
49 C
trap something to catch or keep something in a place and prevent it from escaping,
especially so that you can use it
Solar panels trap energy from the sun.
vapour U C a mass of very small drops of liquid in the air, for example steam
water vapour
The particles then form a vapour.
atmospheric adj [only before noun] related to the earth’s atmosphere
atmospheric pollution/conditions/pressure
50 D
extreme adj not ordinary or usual; serious or severe
Children will be removed from their parents only in extreme
circumstances.
Don't go doing anything extreme like leaving the country.
substantially adv very much; a lot
SYNONYM CONSIDERABLY
The costs have increased substantially.
The plane was substantially damaged in the crash.