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Withdrawal syndrome refers to the negative psychological and physical reactions that occur when use of a substance ceases or dramatically decreases. Symptoms include: altered LOC, coarse hand tremors, sweating, elevated pulse, temp., insomnia, anxiety, and nausea or vomiting, profuse sweating, blackouts. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) to prevent or to treat Wernicke's syndrome and Korsakoff's psychosis.
Withdrawal syndrome refers to the negative psychological and physical reactions that occur when use of a substance ceases or dramatically decreases. Symptoms include: altered LOC, coarse hand tremors, sweating, elevated pulse, temp., insomnia, anxiety, and nausea or vomiting, profuse sweating, blackouts. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) to prevent or to treat Wernicke's syndrome and Korsakoff's psychosis.
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Withdrawal syndrome refers to the negative psychological and physical reactions that occur when use of a substance ceases or dramatically decreases. Symptoms include: altered LOC, coarse hand tremors, sweating, elevated pulse, temp., insomnia, anxiety, and nausea or vomiting, profuse sweating, blackouts. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) to prevent or to treat Wernicke's syndrome and Korsakoff's psychosis.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Verfügbare Formate
Als DOC, PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
Substance Abuse Phencyclidine (PCP) or similarly acting drugs
using a drug in a way that is inconsistent with Sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics
medical or social norms and despite negative ALCOHOL consequences Central nervous system depressant Overdose can result in vomiting, unconsciousness, Substance Dependence and respiratory depression includes problems associated with addiction such Symptoms of withdrawal usually begin 4 to 12 as tolerance, withdrawal, and unsuccessful hours after cessation or marked reduction of attempts to stop using the substance alcohol intake Usually peaks 24 – 48 hours, is over in about 5 Withdrawal syndrome refers to the negative days psychological and physical reactions that occur when use Withdrawal symptoms include: of a substance ceases or dramatically decreases Altered LOC, coarse hand tremors, sweating, elevated pulse, BP, temp., insomnia, Detoxification is the process of safely anxiety, and nausea or vomiting, irritability, withdrawing from a substance profuse sweating, blackouts Severe or untreated withdrawal may Tolerance person needs more of the substance to progress to transient hallucinations, produce the same effect nervousness, or delirium—called delirium tremens (DTs) = 2 - 4 days up to 7 days Tolerance break which means that very small amounts of after last drink the substance will intoxicate the person Withdrawal symptoms are monitored using an assessment tool such as the Clinical Institute Intoxication is use of a substance that results in Withdrawal Assessment of Alcohol Scale, Revised maladaptive behaviour (CIWA-AR) Classes of substances abused: Treatment: Alcohol Amphetamines or similarly acting Most effective treatment = ABSTINENCE sympathomimetics Vitamin B1 (thiamine) to prevent or to treat Wernicke’s syndrome and Korsakoff’s syndrome Caffeine Korsakoff’s Psyhosis Cannabis Deficiency in Thiamine and Niacin Cocaine Memory Disturbances, confabulation, Hallucinogens amnesia (retro/anterograde), loss of Inhalants coordination Nicotine Irreversible Opioids Wernicke’s Psychosis Thiamine deficiency SEDATIVES, HYPNOTICS, AND ANXIOLYTICS Confusion, ataxia,opthalmophlegia Central nervous system depressants Reversible Physical Symptoms: Slurred speech Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) and folic acid for Apnea nutritional deficiencies Decreases RR, PR, BP Detoxification Drugs: benzodiazepines - Lorazepam Withdrawal symptoms in 6 to 8 hours or up to 1 (Ativan), chlordiazepoxide (Librium), or week diazepam (Valium) suppress the withdrawal Withdrawal syndrome is characterized by symptoms symptoms opposite of the acute effects of the NX RESPONSIBILITY: drug: Free from alcohol prior to giving the drug Autonomic hyperactivity (increased pulse, NO! blood pressure, respirations, and Mouthwash temperature), hand tremor, insomnia, OTC cold remedies anxiety, nausea, and psychomotor agitation; Food sauces made up of wine seizures and hallucinations occur rarely in Fruit flavored extracts severe benzodiazepine withdrawal Aftershave lotions Detoxification from sedatives, hypnotics, and Vinegar anxiolytics is managed by tapering the amount of Skin products the drug Support Groups – Alcoholic Anonymous Relatives – Alanon 1. BENZODIAZEIPNES Teenagers - Alateen are a class of psychoactive drugs with varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle Nursing Intervention: relaxant and amnesic properties, which are mediated by slowing down the central nervous system. The Maintain client safety drugs are useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, Monitor vital signs and neurologic status, and agitation, seizures, and muscle spasms, as well as notify physician if any abnormal value. alcohol withdrawal. Using of benzodiazepines in long Quiet environment with a light on term can cause physical dependence. Orient patient to place, person, and time Record intake and output Types of Benzodiazepines are Diazepam (Valium) and Encourage patient to express fears and anxiety Lorazepam (Ativan) Therapy: Support groups – AA Psychotherapy Effect of Substance: Behavior therapy Sleepiness and deep sleep, poor coordination, slurred speech, falling, poor thought processes, memory Treatment: difficulty, weak comprehension, poor judgment, mood Detoxification swings, constricted pupils, nystagmus, and Drugs: slowly taper the abused barbiturate, tachypnea. sodium bicarbonate (promotes excreation of barbiturates, and activated charcoal for overdose. Effect of Withdrawal: STIMULANTS (AMPHETAMINES, COCAINE, OTHERS) Anxiety, rage, insomnia, panic attacks, depression, Central nervous system stimulants night-mares, nausea, constipation, diarrhea, shaking, Overdoses can result in seizures and coma muscle pain, sweating, tachycardia, paresthesia, Withdrawal occurs within hours to several days seizure, and death if combine with alcohol. Withdrawal syndrome: Treatment: Dysphoria accompanied by fatigue, vivid and unpleasant dreams, insomnia or Detoxification hypersomnia, increased appetite, and Drugs: antagonist fumezenil (Romazicon), slowly psychomotor retardation or agitation; taper the abused benzodiazepine. withdrawal symptoms are referred to as “crashing”--the person may experience 2. BARBITURATE depressive symptoms, including suicidal are a group of drugs known as sedative-hypnotics, ideation, for several days which generally describes their sleep-inducing and Stimulant withdrawal is not treated anxiety-decreasing effects. pharmacologically There are many different kind of barbiturate: 1. METHAMPHETAMINES Amobarbital (Amytal), pentobarbital (Nembutal), acts as a dopaminergic and adrenergic reuptake Secobarbital (Seconal), Phenobarbital, and Tuinal inhibitor and in high concentrations as a monamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). Since it stimulates the Effect of Subtance: mesolimbic reward pathway, causing euphoria and Sluggish coordination, emotional lability, faulty excitement, it is prone to abuse and addiction. judgment, aggressiveness, nystagmus, strabismus, diplopia, decreased reflexes, ataxic gait, bradycardia, respiratory depression, stupor, decreased tendon Methamphetamines: amphetamine (Benzedrine), reflexes. dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), MDMA (Ecstasy), methylphenidate (Ritalin) Effect of Withdrawal: Also known as crank or speed Irritability, anxiety, tachycardia, tachypnea, nausea, tremors, muscle pain, confusion, hallucination, Effect of Substance: seizures, insomnia, vivid dreaming, coma, death. Increased attention, increased activity, decreased fatigue, decreased appetite, euphoria, that are smoked), cocaine that may be injected hyperthermia, tachycardia intravenously Overdose: “Crack” Sympathetic stimulation: Incerased BP, RR, PR, Physical Symptoms vasoconstriction, pupil dilation Stuffy or runny nose Perforated nasal septum Weight loss Increase HR,RR,BP Hyperactivity Increase vital signs Note for paranoia Loss of apetite Extreme restlessness Euphoria Withdrawal Effect of Withdrawal: Psychomotor agitation Seizure Insomnia, restlessness, irritability, panic, paranoia, confusion, homicidal behavior, depression with Treatment: suicidal ideation, hallucination, vomiting, nausea, Detoxification chills Drugs: antidepressant, antipsychotic Charcoal to treat ingested cocaine Depression Irritability OPIOIDS Psychosis Central nervous system depressants A chemical substance that has a morphine-like Treatment: action in the body. It is use mostly for pain relief. Detoxification Withdrawal: Drugs: small doses of diazepam IV or haloperidol Short-acting drugs: begins in 6 to 24 hours; to combat CNS hyperactivity peaks in 2 to 3 days and gradually subside Treat seizure with benzodiazepines in 5 to 7 days Activated charcoal for overdose Longer-acting drugs: begins in 2 to 4 days, subsiding in 2 weeks 2. COCAINE Physical symptoms: is a potent central nervous system stimulant, Pinpoint pupils vasoconstrictor, and topical anesthetic, widely abused as a euphoriant and associated with the risk of severe Drowsiness adverse physical and mental effects. Incoordination Withdrawal Cocaine: cocaine hydrochlororide (sniffed) free- Nausea and vomiting base cocaine (smoked), crack cocaine (small rocks Abdominal cramping Isolation from external stimuli; physical Restlessness restraints; (for PCP) medications to control Coryza seizures and blood pressure; cooling devices; mechanical ventilation On 2nd-3rd day violent, hysterical, noisy and threatening INHALANTS Tremors Inhaled for their effects Irritability Overdose: Cold and hot flushes with PILOERECTION Anoxia, respiratory depression, vagal Sweating stimulation, and dysrhythmias Death may occur from bronchospasm, Treatment: cardiac arrest, suffocation, or aspiration of Detoxification the compound or vomitus Drugs: Opiate antagonis naloxone (Narcan) IV in People who abuse inhalants may suffer from emergency situation. persistent dementia or inhalant-induced In morphine and heroin addicts can use disorders such as psychosis, anxiety, or methadone daily to stabilize patient. mood disorders even if the inhalant abuse In other opioid addicts, slowly taper the abused ceases opioid. Physical Symptoms: Bad breath HALLUCINOGENS Ringing of ears Distort reality and produce symptoms similar to Expect respiratory depression psychosis, including hallucinations (usually visual) Appears intoxicated and depersonalization Teary eyes Withdrawal symptoms: none Toxic reactions to hallucinogens (except PCP) are primarily psychological; overdoses as such do not Treatment: occur. Supporting respiratory and cardiac PCP toxicity can include seizures, hypertension, functioning until the substance is removed hyperthermia, and respiratory depression from the body MANAGEMENT: Benzodiazepines/neuroleptics CANNABIS (MARIJUANA) Acidifying urine to accelerate Used for its psychoactive effects excretion – cranberry juice Excessive use of cannabis may produce delirium or Hallucinogens can produce flashbacks that may cannabis-induced psychotic disorder; overdoses of persist for a few months up to 5 years cannabis do not occur Treatment is supportive: Effects: Drowsiness Red eyes/blood shot eyes Impulsive Euphoria Dryness of mouth Withdrawal symptoms: Tremors Anxiety Muscle aches Insomnia Sweating