Introduction

often claimed/suggested
widely argued/maintained/
It is generally felt/believe/held/ that …
some/many/ alleged
claim/suggest/argue/feel /think/ that …
most people/experts/ maintain/believe/point out/agree/hold that …
scientists/sceptics/ advocate (+ing/noun)/support the view that …
critics oppose the view that …
in favour of/against …
are of the opinion that/convinced that …
opposed to …

One (very convincing) point/argument in favour of … / against …,

A further common criticism of … / It could be argued that …,
Over the past few decades, + present P.P. (지난 몇세기 동안 ~)
It doesn’t take a rocket scientists to work out that ~ (~을 밝히는데 로켓
과학자까지 필요없다)
Some have begun to argue that ~
In contemporary society, ~ (생활관련)
~ depends on private tastes.
-> Whether to prefer working by hand or with machines depends on private tastes.
It has long been a controversy whether ~
There seems little doubt that ~
-> There seems little doubt that science is important because science gives us
necessities. However, history is also important that on the ground that history helps
us understand ourselves.
~ could be a controversial issue.
-> Whether a university should spend the same amount of money in students’ sports
activities as on their libraries could be a controversial issue.
속담을 서론에서 쓰는 방법
There is a saying that ~
There is a saying that years know better than books, which means that knowledge
from experience is more important than that from books.
An old saying goes that ~
It has been said that when in Rome, do as the Romans do. The popular proverb
means that people should follow its customs in a new nation.
As the saying goes, ~
As the saying goes, “clothes make the man”, clothes can have great influences on
people’s action.
반대의견
- Some people might say that it is better to 반대의견 because ~ 이유,
-> Some of the people contend that children should start to study in a school from a
very early age because of having the habit of study.
{whereas others might argue(select, choose) that 다른의견 since~}

I (dis)agree with the statement (idea) that ~ because A and B. (AD)

- In my opinion, / From my point of view, S+V because A and B.
- Nevertheless, I think that ~ since it ~ that ~.
 - I think(prefer, have), however, S+V in that(because, since) ~.
I have two ways of ~ing: A and B because ~.
I prefer to choose two traits : A and B because ~.
Since ~ , I would rather ~ because A and B.

Example

Conclusion
Useful expression for giving opinions

In my opinion/(point of) view … My opinion is that,

I (firmly) believe … I (definitely) feel/think that …
I am (not) convinced that … I am inclined to believe that …
I (do not) agree that/with It seems/appears to me …
It strikes me that As far as I am concerned, …
To my mind/To my way of thinking, It is my (firm)
… believe/opinion/view/conviction
It is evident that ~ (that)
There can be no denying the fact
that ~
 Finally, Lastly, Above all, All in all, For these reasons, In
brief, Indeed, In other words, In short, In the end, Taking
everything into account, On the whole, All things considered,
In conclusion, To summarize, Consequently, As I have said,
Linking word As was previously stated, To sum up, it is unlikely that
mankind will ever bring an end to all wars.
In short/Briefly/To put it briefly, the film was the best I’ve
ever seen

Example
I just hope that in the future Subject will exercise wisdom in ~ing
No one can deny these benefits from ~ (finding verdict without past record)

To add more points

What is more, /Futhermore,/ Apart from this(that),/In

addition(to this), /hence(따라서),/ Moreover,/In other words,/
as well as, also, not only but also / as well/ both … and,
there is another side to the issue/ question / argument of,…
Linking word
Besides (this),/… not mention the fact that cars are
extremely expensive to maintain./ As mentioned
before./again,/ and then,/equally
important,/finally,/further,/nor,/ too,/ next,/ lastly,/

Example
 Because,/ for,/ since,/ for the same reason,/ obviously,/
Linking word evidently,/ furthermore, moreover, beside,/ indeed,/ in fact,/
in addition,/ in any case,/ that is

To compare
To make contrast point
it may be
on the other
said/argued/claimed that, …
hand, however,
still, yet, but, oppose this viewpoint
nonetheless, others/ (strongly) disagree …,
nevertheless, many people claim/feel/believe this argument
even so, is incorrect/misguided

Opponents of… argue / believe / claim that …

The fact that … contradicts the belief / idea that …
While it is true to say that …, in fact…
While / Although … , it cannot be denied that ...
Reason & result
To prove
Due to / on account of /owing to / because of
He failed his exam [due to/on account of/ owing
to/because of] his lack of revision.
reason for
The police asked him his reason for speeding through the
town.
Prompt Sb to
A persistent cough prompted him to seek professional
medical help.
with the aim of
Linking word
She started haranguing the crowd with the aim of starting a
riot.
in order to
He spend the whole weekend revising in order to pass his
exams.
so as not to
They came in quietly so as not to wake anyone.
as a consequence
He failed to send off his application form and as a
consequence was unable to enroll for the course.
To show exception
Yet,/ still,/ however,/ nevertheless,/ in spite of,/ despite,/ of
Linking word course,/ once in a while,/ sometimes

To show time
Immediately, / thereafter, soon,/ after a few hours,/ finally,/
Linking word then,/ later,/ previously,/ formerly,/ next,/ and then

To repeat
In brief,/ as I have said,/ as I have noted,/ as has been
Linking word noted,

To emphasize
Definitely,/ extremely,/ obviously,/ in fact,/ indeed,/ in any
case,/ absolutely,/ positively,/ naturally,/ surprisingly,/
Linking word always,/ forever,/ perennially,/ eternally,/ never,/
emphatically, unquestionably,/ without a doubt,/ certainly,/
undeniably,/ without reservation

To give an example
For example,/ for instance,/ in this case,/ in another case,/
Linking word on this occasion,/ in this situration,/ the case of,/ to
demonstrate,/ to illustrate,/ as an illustration,/ to illustrate

To summarize or conclude
In brief,/ on the whole, summing up,/ to conclude,/ in
Linking word conclusion,/ as I have shown,/ as I have hence,/ therefore,/
accordingly,/ thus,/ as a result,/ consequently,/ on the whole

Personal opinion
In my opinion,/ In my view,/To my mind,/ To my way of
thinking,/ Personally I believe that/ It strikes me that/ I feel
very strongly that/ I am inclined to believe that/ It seems to
Linking word
me that/
As far as I am concerned,/ I think that the world would be
much better place without nuclear power.

To list advantages
 One advantage of/ Another advantage of/ One other
advantage of/ A further advantage of/ The main advantage
Linking word of/ The greatest advantage of/ The first advantage of
traveling to work by bicycle is that it is ceap; you don’t have
to pay for fuel.

To list disadvantages
One disadvantage of/ Another disadvantage of/ One other
disadvantage of/ A further disadvantage of/ The main
Linking word disadvantage of/ The greatest disadvantage of/ The first
disadvantage of traveling to work by bicycle is that you
have no protection from the wind or rain.

To express effect
He passed his exams; thus,/therefore,/ so/ consequently,/ as
Linking word a result,/ as a consequence,/ for this reason,/ he was able to
go to university.

To express reality

It is a fact that/ In effect,/ In fact,/ as a matter of fact,/ The

fact of the matter is (that)/ Actually,/ In practice, / Indeed,/
Linking word To tell you the truth, a crash helmet would be quite useless
in the event of a serious motorcycle accident.

Writing Task 2 에 유용한 표현

The cost of transport is a major expense for an industry. Hence

Hence factory location is an important consideration.
= For this
reason ten days hence/five months hence etc
= ten days from now, five months from now etc
It doesn’t take a rocket scientist to workout that ~
Imagine yourself questioning (a stranger on the dark street at midnight without
wearing the role signs of a policeman!) ( 괄호안에 문장 )를 상상해 보라!
In social circumstances, 사회적 환경에서
On the one hand (on the one side) + On the other hand
Ex1) On the one hand he teaches English, and on the other hand he learns
French.
Ex2) On the one hand modern imported goods may be used in an everyday
setting, While on the other hand other traditional objects may still be required
for ritually significant events.
At a (similarly) breakneck pace
Ex) Airport will be built at a (similarly) breakneck pace.
This led to significant improvement in communication between managers and
staff.
Not with standing ~ 그럼에도 불구하고
Ex) Not with standing the disappointing results, it is our contention that the
strategies were not in vain.
Without question, ~

TASK1 (Graph 설명)

Introduction

The graph show(s) that

table describe(s) how
diagram illustrate(s)
chart demonstrate(s)
figures represent(s)
statistics explain(s)

① 서론은 항상 현재형으로 쓴다 (Task description)

② 주어가 단수이면 뒤의 동사에 3 인칭 단수 s 를 붙인다
③ 뒤에 따라오는 표현은 that 절, 명사구 둘 다 OK
④ 문제에 주어진 내용 그대로 copy 하면 감점
⑤ 서론 두 번째 문장은 거의 과거형을 씀
(주어진 그래프의 년도를 꼭 확인할 것)
변화의 정도의 차이를 나타낼 때
Adjective Adverb

Dramatic Dramatically
Sharp Sharply
Huge
Enormous Enormously
Steep Steeply
Substantial Substantially
Significant Significantly
Marked Markedly
considerable considerably

moderate moderately

Slight Slightly
Small
minimal minimally

변화의 속도를 설명할 때

Adjective Adverb
Rapid Rapidly
Quick Quickly
Swift Swiftly
sudden suddenly

Steady Steadly
Gradual Gradually
Gentle Gently
slow slowly

대략이라는 표현을 할때

Just under / just over

Well under / well over
Roughly, approximately, around, about
그래프설명 패턴

Increase Decrease
Rise Decline To 숫자(~까지 증가/감소)
주어 go up Fall By 숫자 (~만큼 증가/감소)
Soar go down -> increase 동사일 때는 by
Double(2 배가 되다) drop

예) The number of women engaged in manual job increased to 1,000 / by 100.

Increase Decrease
Rise Fall In ~
There was
Growth Drop Of 숫자(~만큼 증가/감소)
a(n)
Upward trend Downward trend -> increase 가 명사일 때는 of~

예) There was an increase in the number of women engaged in manual job.

문장을 길게 연결할 때.
콤마 which 동사 ~ : 앞 문장 전체를 콤마로 받음. 예) ,which rise to ~
콤마 ~ ing : 분사구문 (~하면서) 예), rising to ~

Useful phase describe changing the chart

 phase Example
Fell from 23% to Student spend 3% less on accommodation, which fell from 23%
20% to 20% of total expenditure.
Decrease in There was 2% decrease in spending on food.

Went down by 4% Course expenditure went down by 3% from 10% to 7%.

from 7% to 3%
5% growth in There was a 5% growth in spending on entertainment.

Rose to 31% The total expenditure rose to 31%.

Grew by 4% to Credit repayments grew by 4% to make up 16% of total

make up 16% expenditure.
Nearly twice as many

Useful vocabulary for chart

vocabulary Example
constitute Chinese students constitute more than half the total of student in
this class.
Under went

represented

shift

Made up
유용한 표현 (Graph 설명 Task1)
Over the period 1971 to 1997 as a whole, ...
The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that…
Butter was the most popular fat at the beginning of period...
According to the chart/figures…
The graph, presented in a pie chart, shows the general trend in…
This table shows the changing proportion of a & b from … to …
In the three years spanning from 1995 through 1998 …
The percentage off … is sightly larger/smaller than that of …
There is not a great deal of difference between … and …
… decreased year by year while … increased steadily.
There is an upward trend in the number of…
From … to … the rate of decrease slow down.
From this year on, there was a greadual declinel reduction in the…, reaching a
figure of...
There are a lot of similarities/differences between … and …
A has something in common with b
The difference between a and b lies in…
Life expectancy for men and women in India is almost…
An Australian woman can be expected to live almost … as long as an aAfghan
woman.
There is a … literacy rate for women in Asia than in Oceania.
In America, Europe and Oceania, there is … difference in literacy rates for men
and women.
In 1990, … of the population of the developing … lived in urban areas.
By 2025, … the population of the developing world will live in cities.
Since last summer…
During the period from June to December last year…
Over the next few years,…
For the time being, …
By the year 2000, …
Between 1958 and 1988 …
For nearly twenty years now …
In about 1900, …
By the year 2050, …
Between May and June each year, thousands students (receive) their exam
results.
This graph shows that there was a steady downward trend in the activity for
both X and Y, which lasted for over 20 years, then began to level out.
Activity X was at a peak from about 1975 until 1980, but there was a steep
decline over the next 16 years, and a corresponding increase in Activity Y.
Australia has the highest average life expectancy with 80 years for women and
74 years for men.
This is followed by the USA average life expectancy with 79 years for women
and 72years for men.
The figures for Burkina are slight before: 49 for women and 45 for men.
While China’s life expectancy is 71 for women and 68 for men, the figures for
India’s are much less: 56 for women and 55 for men.
ISLPR TASK1

I am writing to bring to your attention to …

A problem I have …
A notice I have received from the library…
A letter I have ...