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THE LIBRARY
 A

C0 M P LET E U R D U COURSE

CoNSISTING OF

The Essentials of Grammar, Progressive Exercises, Reading

Lessons and Vocabularies,

DESIGNED FOR THE USE OF

European Middle and High Schools, and of

Europeans Beginning to learn the language,

BY

R. C. BUSHER, M. A.,
Principal, Philander Smith College, Naini Tal.

LONG MANS, GREEN & Co.,

BOMBAY AND CALCUTTA

LONDON & NEw York

1910.

All Rights Reserved.

PRINTED BY RAM NATH BHARGAVA, AT THE
STANDARD PRESS, ALLAHABAD.
 -<‘¢O\\.¢,'=.>
'?>"‘l<b'f>

PREFACE.

THE author of this little book lays no claim to originality so far as the
matter in it is concerned, but in the method followed he believes that :1 kind
of help is here aflorded to the European student \vhich c.annot- he found
elsewhere. The exercises are in the main progressive, and reading lessons
are suggested at frequent intervals to give variety and interest to translation.
In these the lithographic process has been used, as it was ‘thought advisable
that the student should be acquainted with the type. in which Urdu news
papers and hooks are usually printed.
VVhile this book is primari|_v intended for the High and Middle classes
of European schools, the hope is entertained that it ma_v be of use also to
candidates preparing for the Roorkee Entrance Examinations and the Matri
culation of the Universit_\‘ of Allahabad, to Missionaries, Civil Servants, and
all commencing the study of Urdu.
It is recommended that every lesson be carried on in the vernacular.
For this purpose the Urdu equivalents of the grammatical terms in common
use are given wherever necessary.
In the work of preparation the best authorities have been consulted. In
particular, acknowledgment is due to the grammars of Forbes, Platts,
Palmer, and to “Helps to the Attainment of Hindustani Idiom" by Dr. \‘V.
Hooper, one of thegmost eminent of living Hindustani scholars. For valu
able help in the clerical portion of the work the thanks of the author are
due to Maulvi Inayat I-losain ot Moradabad.
In the English-Urdu vocabulary, to save space, Urdu words have been
transliterated into Roman characters, supplemented, where necessary, by
easily recognised diacritical marks. Far from being a drawback to the
learner, this plan should prove to be of considerable assistance in acquiring
precision both in pronunciation and in spelling.

849099
 (2)
No formal conversations are given. The exercises and reading lessons
furnish ample materials for conducting conversations in class. Moreover,
the Anglo-Indian hears the language spoken all around him and factitious
conversations would be superfluous. l

A short Urdu grammar has been compiled by the author for use as a
companion to this work. The same may be obtained from the Standard Press,
Allahabad.

R. C. B.
DIRECTIONS FOR Reannac.
l. The teacher should read each sentence aloud in the original.
2. The learner should repeat the sentence, the teacher being careful to
see that the pupil pronounces each word correctly and distinctly.
As the pupil reads, he should carefully observe the forms of the words so as to become
acquainted with their grammatical relations.

3. Then should foll0\v the translation of the sentence into simple, idiom
atic English.
The pupil should be encouraged to try to understand for himself the thought expressed
in each sentence.

4. After the oral exercise, the pupils should write out the sentences.

1-I
 CONTENTs

N. B. The figures refer to SECTIONS unless the pige is specified. -

PART I.

LESSON I.-1. Masculine Nouns. 2. Vocabulary. 3. Exercises.

LESSON II.–4. Present Tense of dekh næ. 5. No Article in Urdu. 6.
Vocabulary. 7. Evercises. LESSON III. - 8. Feminine Nouns. 9.
Vocabulary. 10. Rule of Concord. 11. Fem. Termination of Verb.
12. Exercises. LEsson IV-13. Feminine Nouns (continued. 14.
Vocabulary. 15. Exercises. LEsso N. V.--16. Masculine Nouns (con
tinued.) 17. Vocabulary. 18. Exercises. LEssoN VI.— 19-22. Dec.
lension of Adjectives. 23. Conjugation of the Substantive Verb. 24.
Vocabulary. 25. Exercises. LESSON VII.–26. Comparison of Adjec
tives. The Particle så. 27. Vocabulary. 28. Exercises. LESSON VIII.-29.
The Demonstratives. 30. Vocabulary. 31. Exercises. LESSON IX.–
32. The Personal Pronouns. 33. Vocabulary. 34. Exercises. LESSON
X.–35. The Relative Pronouns, 36. Exercises. LEsson XI.-37.
The Interrogatives. 38. Direct speech always used in Urdu. 39. Exer
cises. LESSON XII.–40. The Indefinite Pronouns. 41. Compound In
definite Pronouns. 42. Indefinite: Pronouns repeated for Emphasis. 43.
Special Compound Forms. 44. Exercises. LESSON XIII.—45. The
Reflexive Pronouns. 46. Ap, the Pronoun of Respect. 47. Exercises.
LESSON XIV.-48. Table of Adverbs and Adjectives formed from Pronomi
nal Bases. 49. Exercises. 50. Recapitulatory Exercises, 51. Rules
of Oriental Etiquette, 52. Concord,
 ( 4 )

PART II.

53. Conjugation of the Verbs. 54-63. Formation of the Tenses. 64.

The Past Conjunctive Participle. 65. The Noun of Agency. 66. Pre
positions. LESSON XV.-67. The Gerund. 68. The Gerundive. 69.
Exercises. LESSON XVI.—-70. The Imperative, 71. The Infinitive as
an Imperative. 72. Negative Particles. 73. Baercises. LES:ON XVI I.--
74. The Aorist: 2–Exercises. LESSON XVI I I.-75. The Future :- Exer
cises. LESSON XIX.—-76. The Present Dubious :-Exercises. LESSON
XX.-77. The Past Continuous :- Exercises. LESSON XXI.–78. Con
ditional Sentences. 79. Bxercises. LESSON XXI I.-80. The Past Ab
solute — Exercises. LESSON XXl II.–81. The Present Perfect:- Exer
cises. LESSON XXIV.–82. The Past Dubious :- Exercises. LESSON
XXV.—83. The Past Perfect :--Exercises. LESSON XXVI.-84. The
Participles. 85. The Imperfect Participle :--Exercises. 86. The Per
fect Participle :-Evercises. LESSON XXVII.- 87. Compound Verbs.
88. A. The Verb ch.Th 11.7 :--Exercise. B. The Verb chuk 11.7 :--Ever
cise. . C. The Verb lagnú:- Exercise. D. The Verb sakni: - Exercise.
E and F. Various Compound Verbs:–Exercises. LESSON XXVIII.--
89. Cardinal Numbers. 90. Formation of Ordinal Numbers. 91-92.
Fractional Numbers. 93 Common Collective Numbers. 94. Numeration.
95. Per Cent. 96. Plural of Totality. 97. Repetition of Cardinal
Numbers. 98. Fractional Numbers :--Exercise. 99. Miscellaneous sen
tences for Translation.
APPENDICES.
Appendix A.--100. Declension of Variant Nouns.
3 * B.-101. Formation of Feminines from Masculines.
5* C.—102. The Reflexive Pronoun Apni.
5 * D.--103. Conjugation of the Substantive Vel b.
104. Conjugation of Homā.
105. Conjugation of the Intransitive Verb Daurnã.
106. Conjugation of the Transitive Verb Dekhnü.
107. The Passive Voice.
108. Conjugation of the Passive Voice of Dekhnà.
109. Additional Forms of Certain Tenses,
 ( 5 )

Appendix E.—110. Causal Verbs.

** F.—111. Verbs Commonly Misused.
3* G.—112. Arabic "Broken Plurals.
5* H.–113. The Mohammadan Months.
114, The Hindu Months,
115. The Days of the Week.
** I.–116. Repetition of words—what it means in Urdu.
English-Urdu Vocabulary.
Urdu-English Vocabulary.
Reading Lessons I.—XVII.
Test Questions.
 LESSON I.
1. Fmsr DECLENSION.—-MASCULINE Norms.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nom. 7' l or
Ag. é or man. d» war } me/1.
Acc. ~>;~ lg ,5 by man. 1 er 1,; ,5 may ,,,¢,,_
Dat. ;5$;~ fo or for man. 5 ,5 Q;-s;~ to or for men.
Gen. 95-Z-5 Q)» ofman, man’s. ‘gs-2-K |_|)¢f of men, me/1's.
Abl. .-_~ 0;‘ by, with, orfrom, man.l ¢ ._w>;~ by, with, or from, men.
Loc. )3 9 uh-' ~>;- in, or on, man, I ;;! Eu:-"‘.,u~>;- in, or on, men.
Voc. er ¢_l () man. I ;->;~ .-J O men.
Notice the form of the vocative plural.
A. VOCABULARY (DECLINED LIKE ->;~) :
qebl; a man, mankind. “Ali a king.
->5--1 a teacher. I A5 a pen.
HQ‘; water, rain. | 355 paper.
‘$9 an uncle. t-J-5 a farmer.
l.-3,9 a river. 5 I-=-505 u field.
‘Q l; a king. I ,4! u house.
a);u{ a scholar, 8914 face, mouth.
a d'sc'pIe' _ 315-! nmrriage.
um’ a scholar.
‘J’ ' {a student.

3.A. ..»=- ,6 (5) --té Ii ow (.1) st. K l=,=., <3) as <1. ¢ 31; (1)
~»\1-l(10)..»-.- ,¢¢z=,!u <9) U.-eté ale. (8) ,1-5 A <7) .»_-,5; MM (6)
*;5fl¢:é
B. (1) For the king. (2) In the water. (3) Of the scholar. (4)
\\/ithapen. (5) From the house. (6) On the river. (7) To the uncle. (8)
In the field. (9) O men. (10) By men. (11) Farmers’ fields. (12) VVith
the water of the river. (13) The uncle’s house. (I4) In the house of
the teacher.
 ( 2 )

LESSON II.

4. PRESENT TENSE OF lig&e to see.

Stem.—#4&S Present Participle.—ügge
SINGULAR.

u," "4% us." I am seeing or I see.

2 we'e , You are (thou art) seeing or you see.
2 ügge 5. He is seeing or he sees.
PLURAL.

ust 2:4&e ca. We are seeing or we see.

* 2:4&e 65 You are seeing or you see.
U: 2:4&e 8, They are seeing or they see.
a. The demonstratives 8, and at more frequently the former, are used
as pronouns of the third person. $ 29.
b. Translate the second person singular by “you are" only when one
person is spoken to.
5. URDU HAs No ARTICLE. A noun is rendered definite by connecting with it one of the
demonstrative pronouns at this, s, that, either of which may be translated by the English
definite article,
s ****
-

The numeral adjective LQ) one, a, an, or the indefinite pronoun

-

.# some one, a certain one

is used when it is desired to make a noun indefinite.
Some names are in their very nature definite. Such are– all proper nouns; personal
demonstrative, and relative pronouns; the names of metals, articles of dress, domestic
utensils, physical phenomena, etc., etc.
6. VOCABULARY. -

Nouns (declined like ~x").

c" an abode. ** a servant.
Já favour, grace. ** a notice, placard.
los God. las a letter.
J* a lesson. 35': a market.
*~l- lord, sir, a gentleman. * Zaid (a man's name).
Je: fruit. * Ahmad (a man's name).
 ( .. 3 )
Verbs. -

"29 to give. - ti' to drink.

"53 to read. Ülgs to eat.
ble to go. U% to swim, float.
U.6% to write. - bí to come.
tig':- to learn.

7. A. 93% (4) A big Us: - (3) A bí ey'', '', (2) > Jai 4 × (1)
us;* sit-1 (7) = * * * * (6) * > 3; "-" -- (5) J's 25: ''
* * * * * (10) * \ts): J- 95% (9) U," "44 as L- (8) A use Je: ;
B. l. The man (g-e) is drinking water. 2. The farmers are
eating fruit. 3. The scholar is writing the lesson. 4. Ahmad is reading
the notice. 5. The farmers are swimming in the river. 6. We are
going to (our) abode. 7. I am learning (my) lesson. 8. The servant is
going to the market. 9. Are you (sing.) writing a letter? 10. The
scholars are drinking water from the river.

LESSON III.

8. FIRST DECLENSION (cont:). Feminine nouns ending in any letter

other than 5 má Fif
SINGULAR. PLURAL.

§:" < :! Cz (CO/71 (111. d £} 7&’O//1811,

Acc. *** *** a woman. w$3," " 'us')," women.

Dat. * = };" to or for a woman. , u,'” to or for women.
Gen. :-4-6-y” of a woman, etc. #-4–60; ), of women, etc.
9. VOCABULARY.
Fem: Nouns (declined like “y”) •ly night.
−tis a book. e'63's a shop.
39 a boat. •-5 price, cost.
128 medicine. 54- a table.
5* a thing. yże a wall.
- The plural is used to indicate respect, see. § 51 (5).
 ( 4. )

Masc: Nouns (declined like Sy”)

32°5" a labourer. 3'-' a patient, a sick person.
*> a physician. Jie: a flower.
"4:3 to keep, have, put or set túld to put, place, pour.
down. by; to break, demolish.
tils to go, to sail. **) to buy.
tigex to ask. by D to be, to become, to have.
ÜV to bring. - (adj) all.
10. RULE.–In Urdu, the verb agrees with its subject in number, person
and gender.
Note.--The imperative and aorist forms of the verb, and the auxiliary
verb 'to be viz: Lys, 2 etc., do not change in form to indicate gender.
11. If the subject of the verb be feminine, the termination" of the present
tense becomes is for both numbers and all persons.
12. A. gile U-2, 39 -4 (3) & "3, 2 # Usus # 8, (2) + æ," el; (1)
Joy's "j" ", (6) & "be 2 c6, ## -8 (5) us” j,” U.),” & Lys - (4) A
£es: “4” 4 × U- c.5:9 “y” ". (8) us" <!e be , u,'' 4- (7) - " 35, #
* Use 2:44- 3- cle -iu 8, (10) * * **): Usú es eita (9) ->
B. l. The servants are demolishing (the) wall. 2. That gentleman
is buying a boat. 3. That physician is giving medicine to a labourer. 4.
The student is learning (his) lesson. 5. The princess is buying things in
(the) shop. 6. Night comes on. 7. Those boys are putting (their) books
on the table. 8. The labourers are demolishing (the) walls of (the) houses.
9. The servant is plucking flowers. 10. That woman is giving a (–3)book
to (the) student.
LESSON IV.

13. First Declension (cont:). Feminine nouns ending in * máñf.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nom.
Ag: e.
$5.
&#
} a girl.
- - L'y
2. Ly:5'
! •

girls.

Acc. 45 ' #5 a girl. | L'5!!! # Us:#5 girls.

Dat. ; :5 to or for a girl, etc. ; Už5 to or for girls, etc.
 ( 5 )

14. VOCABULARY.
Nouns declined like 5' Masculine Nouns (like ey").
g” a hen. $33.3 milk.
J.143- a fish. *** meat, flesh.
** gl: a (female) cat. *5 a carpenter.
&# a hat. J* a person, an individua .
* lightning. 54 to an elephant.
.#): an orange. #" a gardener.
**- ink. | &l: a garden.
r's work.
VERBS.

by 5 to fear, to be afraid. '** to gleam, to flash.

U.Ete to need, to require. b; to do, to perform.
Üt: to make. tiáš: to scream, to trumpet (as an
Ü562 to catch. elephant).
tišče to flee.
&### (adj :) some, any.
15. A. g'- exts s, (3) > * * * * (2) + Gli: j4- 4 & 5: (1)
*, (7) A 5% r's 6 & Ju- (6) usel & 44" (5) A & J.' (4) use isle
A £3 - £4 45 s, (9) use its sist- elik (8) A be, J's, &# U-4
* A £ 2 + 4*, *, (10)
B. 1. Girls are afraid of lightning, 2. The teacher needs some ink.
3. The cats are drinking milk. 4. The carpenters are making tables. 5.
The labourers are working (doing work) in (the) garden. 6. The hen is
running away from (the) cat. 7. Fishes swim. 8. Those girls are plucking
flowers. 9. The servant is bringing ink from (the) market. 10. The girls
are buying hats in (the) shop.
 ( 6 )

LESSON V.

16. SECOND DECLENSION. Masculine nouns &nding in | or sile 11t 8

SINGULAR. PLURAL
Nom. sy hild. ; : ! bows.
Ag. :##" or a chil. 2. L., 5' 3.

Acc. 65%.45 a boy. 45%. , 5 boys.

Dat. # 45 * u, 5 to or for boys.
to or for a boy.
Gen. 4-4-645 of a boy, boy's. .#-4*L,5 of boys, boys'.
Abl. = 45 by, with, or from a < ūj; by, with, or from, boys.
- boy. }''u-L;5 in, or on, boys.
Loc.)?!:U:-45 in, or on, a boy. 35 - O boys.
Voc. 45 - O boy.

Nom. &:-ly a road. <-2 roads, etc.

Acc. &-ly 2, 3-ly a road, etc. 2-ly 2 # Ux-ly
17. VOCABULARY.

Nouns declined like 65 or *-ly AMasculine nouns of the First Decl.

& a child; the young of any -' a bridge.
Creat it re. [*b J to make a bridge.]
**; translation. 6: Seed.

&e-ye rank, class. ** a builder, an architect.

85%), a door. *:S a workman, an artisan.
&-cit geometry. VERBS.
&# a map, a plan. übest to bind. -

5: a horse. "53° to run.

tis a dog. ū)" to beat.
to, iron. (56 to bite.
us: a son. Ülk to call, to summon.
Üx to sow.
(5'4'- to teach.
18. A ###, (3) us" 3, #4 –4 45 s, (2) + bi," x 3-1, 5* -3 (1)
(6) A "* * * 65 %, (5) A st: &# 8 × 3'-- 8, (4) use £250 J. & 2, Lal
 ( 7 )

~};" G-5 + (8) us" 3, 4-, cle * , (7) us" 33: g: U-'or' & 4 ×
** *** ** –&! # * 4 e- cli-1 (10) A bla. s.si.e : L'you.' * (9) A bus
B. 1. The teacher is making a map of Hindustan. 2. Those boys are
beating (the) dog. 3. The student is translating his lesson. 4. The boys
are learning geometry. 5. Those men are calling (the) dogs. 6. The horses
are running on (the) bridge. 7. The sons of (the) farmer are sowing seed in
(the) fields. 8. The carpenter is making the doors of (the) house. 9. The
teacher is giving books to (the) boys. 10. (My) uncle's children are running
on the road. -

(Do Reading Lesson I.) .

LESSON VI.

19. Urdu adjectives usually precede the nouns that they qualify. With the
exception of those derived from Hindi and ending in I, together with a few
from Persian and Arabic ending in or silent 8, adjectives are indeclinable.
SINGULAR.

Masculine. Feminine.
Nom. Jr.' '4+] **!
•))” *

Ag. 3 sel <! a good man. 3 * **) a good woman.

Acc. } s-Sí (4%) ' •y;” *! ''

Gen. : -; 3 - 6.5-24' etc. | 4 - 4 - 6 eye stel etc.

PLURAL.
Masculine. Feminine.
Nom. s's 4- us?” ..."'
Ag. c. Už-el 4+" < ū,'” st'
Acc. } *J-of
u, 4* b. !
of 4*. ! *us?”
u,’”seeste'''

Gen. #-4-6 L'-3' + 5-4-6 ux'), 44.

20. It will be seen from the above that declinable adjectives have but
One form for the nominative plural and the formative singular and plural. The
 ( 8 )

termination is changed into - majhil before the formative and nominative

plural of a masculine noun, and into f ma-rūf before a feminine noun in any
case or number.

21. The cardinal numbers —#! one, a two, ess three, etc., are all indeclin
able. The ordinals "t: first, ly-ye second, fr—; third, '4'x'' fourth, are subject
to inflection like the adjective las! . The other ordinals, viz., ul;35% fifth.
was 9 U';* sixth. (after which all ordinals are regularly formed from the
corresponding cardinals by adding the termination L') and upwards, are in
flected as though the nasalized n did not exist: e.g., *y- U';*: the fifth man;
•y” U';*: the fifth woman, etc. In like manner is inflected U'': left.
22. Some adjectives ending in silent 8, mostly Persian, are inflected like
4+). The most important of these are—855 fresh, and 3)' helpless, poor.
The Persian adjectivel» separate, and the Arabic adjective till certain, so
and so, also undergo inflection.

THE SUBSTANTIVE VERB ux.

23. Present Tense.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
u)" Us.” I am. U:" " we are.
** You are. ** You are.
* 52 he, she, it, is. U:* 8, they are.
24. VOCABULARY.
5 large, big, elder, serious. | s', bread, a loaf.
tre+ little, small, junior. gal” a mistake, error.
$38 hungry. &!," a lamp, a light.
t-l: thirsty. Ug oil.
'' new. - - U," a question.
'•' long, tall. [G, J, to ask a question.]
"G: advanced in years, old. U% to tell, to show.
|Gig cold. b'ée to show, to point out.
** to ask, to inquire, to question.
:* ! butter.
 ( 9 )

25. A. *# 3-5 cle -t- (3) # 2 J. &# Us- 80% (2) Al-ls: us sy', (1)
(6) us" 3-3, J'S, 456 us- esse 45 45s. 5, (5) us" < * * * (4) us".
A: ". (8) & bug usal j : url= -'ll eli-1 se! (7) us" 3, Jr. 4; 3,4
* * L'' 4 24 ex s, (10) + 4* * * * 4 U" A,” (9) use 4” x-si
* A £3 sess
B. 1 The thirsty woman is buying fresh milk in the market. 2. That
good man is giving fresh fruit to the little boy. 3. That poor old man is
hungry. 4. Do you eat any fruit 2 5. The good servant is bringing some
fresh milk from the market. 6. She is writing a ( – ' ) long letter, 7. He
reads good books, 8 That good woman is giving bread and butter to (the)
hungry girl. 9. We are giving fresh bread to the hungry men. 10. (My)
uncle drinks cold water.

LESSON VII.

Comparison of Adjectives.–Ugás e-l

26. In Urdu, the adjective is not inflected to indicate degrees of com
parison.
. The CoMFARATIVE (L= 4") is generally expressed by using the
ablative of the word with which the comparison is made, the adjective itself,
in its simple form, being placed after the word: e. g. A 5' 2. ~25 - Ahmad
is taller than (literally, tall in distinction from) Zaid.
The SUPERLATIVE. (J: J'ai ) is generally expressed by using the same
form as that for the comparative, with the addition of -- all before the par
ticle 2: e.g. 2 # 2. J.; -- *- Ahmad is taller than all the boys, i.e., is
the tallest of all the boys.
The word is sometimes doubled to express the superlative degree : e. g.
(4+! (4%) very good; but the words most commonly used for this purpose are
15 great, et much or most, #39; more, -'t extremely: e.g. #'s. 5 very heavy
-lys –-e very bad, "6 sel; blacker or very black, *,x** >'t extremely hand
some. The emphatic particle 4" is often added to some of these words to
indicate a still greater degree of intensity, as +5+ s" -e exceedingly bad.
- 2
 ( 10 )

The intensive affix - (inflected like Hindi adjectives ending in ' ) is

frequently used to express a great or small degree of a quality: e.g.:* - 5:45
just a little or a very little, water; g-si < *t a great many men; el. A sys a
very small matter.
The Persian method of forming degrees of comparison is often used in the case of adjectives
borrowed from that language The comparative is formed by adding , , and the superla.
tive by adding U2, , to the positive (*-* Ugáš): e.g.
& good, ** better, eye best.
32 bad, y's worse, U:#2: "ist.
The A1, ECTIVE U- or J., is added to nouns, pronouns, or adjectives to denote simili
tude, as U. s: fairy-like (compare heavenlike or heavenly). L. MS black-like or blackish i.e., dark.
- , the adjective, is declinable like L. the intensive affix, but it must be carefully distinguished
from the latter. a word of different origin. The intensive affix is connected with adjectives
only, usually those of quantity, and is an adverb of degree. When L. is affixed to an adjective
of quality, the context alone determines whether the adverb of degree or the adjective
of similitude is used.
27. VOCABULARY.

•y'a?,* beautiful, handsome. sil: high, lofty.

•22- -3 ugly. sey- f. cold, the cold weather
el- easy. | g"; f. h.cat, warmth, the warm
J&- difficult. weather.

225+ wicked. ---> m, a tree.

le?:4- strong. | 55* Cl 111 (I./"c.

2.5% weak. | usj-, f. a fox.

3'3" intelligent, sagacious. - * m. an animal.
J: clever, capable. *** m. an elephant.
c'e' ignorant. U5 yesterday, tomorrow,
ble wise (of rational beings). el today.
28. A. * * * **, *, (3) us." Jilieu, 5'L'; (2) use 2.5 - gl: 2: (1)
J'5× 39 se (6) 2 & ex4, -e s, (5) A »; 2 - 534; L * *ě (+) Use
(9) → s*** * u," -- * *e (8) + r(S -k3- 5 * (7) us: ",se - Už5,45 --
* A cle' < U," ~ J. & 10) * sel; use)" g 2- Cls
 ( 11 )

B. l. Boys are stronger than girls. 2. Elephants are the most Saga
cious of all animals. 3. Foxes are smaller than dogs. +. In Hindustan,
girls are more ignorant than boys. 5. The teacher's son is the cleverest of
all (the) boys. 6, Those are very wicked men. 7. It is warmer today
than yesterday. 8. These books are the most difficult of all. 9. Men are
Worse than women. 10. These two girls are the wisest of all.
| Do Reading Lesson II.
LESS () N VIII.
The Demonstratives. 334] --
29. The Proximate Demonstrative. ~2,5 3,4] e-l
SINGULAR. PLURAL.

*: c) -4 : ! this, he, she, it. | * > .." #: ! these, they. .

Acc. *2]-, U-4-42 this, etc. *use!,"l-2'-e these, they.

Dat. *2] – 38- to this, to him,etc. | * L#! – ; el to these, to them.
Gen. # -á, -6 -- of this, of him etc. .# - 4 - 6 el of these, their.
Ab]. e --! by, with, from 2 cl by, with, from,
this, etc. these, etc.
Loc. 3 - U - U- in or on this, etc. * - U**! in or on these, etc.
THE REMOTE DEMONSTRATIVE. × 3, 4 e-l
SINGULAR. - PLU RAL.

\': • 2. : ! that, he, she, it'. * ~. Lef: '' | those, they.

Acc:*-ī-,--- *: that, him, etc. ***** those, them.
Dat.* >! – # U- to that, to him, etc. * Util – #1 to those, to them,
etc. etC.

The forms marked with an asterisk are employed only when the demonstratives are used
as personal pronouns. When used as adjectives, the demonstratives do not take any post
positions afters them beyond those which
-
ale added to the nouns they define : e. g.
t: S →33° -- that woman's son.
The forms at and 3, of the nominative plural are preferred by Urdu scholars to the

Hindi forms 2 and 2-3

 ( 12 )
- - - - - - * p
The formatives of 8, are frequently found written or printed L-5 - e”' for J-1 – c'
respectively. These forms are employed merely as a device to enable the eye to distinguish
them from the formatives of &# when vowel-points are omitted.
• • A. -

The forms ~. el and < ūl of the singular agent have been formed by the absorption of
L. with the following c) .

30. VOCABU LARY.

»' conj, and, adj. more. *** f. a brick.

**-ī; m. a verandah, a balcony. * m. science, knowledge, learn
*e brother. ing.
ext: sister. *** the science of mathematics.
* father. • A-94 f. clay, earth.
- 'L'- mother. | '# what P how 2 why P
•ly" f. an arch. - -*l experienced, learned, versed.
-$5 m. people, folk. - f. kind, sort.
e'85 f. tongue, language, speech. 55 swift, fleet.
ti- to hear, to listen. t: to be made.
Üle to know. | lit to say, to speak.
31. A. ---, -- (3) + Gyl- : L','o' s's 8, (2) + (S. u", e' * 8, (1)
# * ~ * * (5) * * * >, >! J. & # -- 4.) Us" --- og U
• *- .# *-* --! (8) * - # =l, U- 25 (7 ) us" is £1 *ě (6) us" <=52
* -*, * * * ***, '10) * * * * *, *, *-i (9) + & J.' - • *

* es” # * ~5,4 & As: 4-1 (12) was * -e els" : L;5| Ji (11)
B. 1. These people eat good bread and drink fresh milk. 2. There
are two arches in that wall. 3. The brother of that man dwells in this
house. +. The servant is putting those things on the table. 5. She knows
the name of that man's sister. 6.
Those people are reading that notice.
7. The gardener is working in that garden. 8. These men are calling
those dogs. 9. The carpenter is making the doors of this house. 10.
These boys are clever, those are stupid.
 -
- - *-E

( 13 )

LESSON IX.

32. THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 34-> < *

The Pronoun of the First Person. el:-}***
SINGULAR. | PLURAL.

Nom. . Us" |I rt ! -->

\g. <!. Us" < ***

Acc. 4:- - #3'- me. U*** - : * us.
Dat. 43- - #43- to me. Us" - ; c. to us.
Gen. :----|--|}- my, mine. us)" - ~)" -l)" our, ours.
Abl. 2-4* from, by, me. e-** from, by, us.
Loc. 23 - J:- **** in, on, me. x - U- " i 11, on, us.

The Pronoun of the Second Person. -llä- ?-->

* 2: thout. < . you.

Acc. 4* – #43's thee. U#4-5 - # 65 you.

Dat. 43.5 - 36.4% to thee. U#4-5 - # 25 to you.
Gen. &#-->4 - 5: thy, thine. gy's" – 2)" – B's" your. .
Ab]. 2-4* from, by, thee. 2 e5 from, by, you.
Loc. : - U4-4* in, on, thee. ? = u- ~ in, on, you.
a. The forms of the genitive case given above are in reality possessive adjectives. The
true genitive, which has the same form as the formative, is sometimes found, but always
in connection with an adjective : e.g. #Us" * -st:U &43- 82/1, the mother of unholy me.
b. The formatives 43- - 43.5 are often found in the contracted form *-- as
c. The particle A (plural U') is frequently added to the above pronouns to give them.
greater force.

The form .."(plural us") is added to the demonstratives for the same purpose : e. g.

* g" |}|- my try " house. As so, that very book, or the very sme book : Us- is: **!
in this same house : U:* u” U:4% in these same houses.
*The plural g” is here used to express respect : vide § 51 (5).
 33. VOCABULARY.

ust no, not, nay. 3'," "::" promising, likely to turn

-** f. praise. - out well.
9, -ás,” to praise. *y-- m. a college, a school.
gu-3 impudent, rude. t; what P how P why 2
3','e' m. manners, bearing. *}” f. want, necessity.
–$3'- welcome, blessed. 'y'- all, the whole.
- now, now-a-days. * , J:4 m. play, sport, a game.
J*: some, certain, sundry. '#' new.
*3 m. time, season. | 4:36 English ; the English lang
J-' near, at, in the possesson of. lt (Ige.
- go'- m. a soldier. '538; a little, small, some..

e'. f. a regiment. –55° m. expenditure.

use); f. uniform. by ~, to expend, to spend.
';* f. punishment. - c:** fine, thin.
Use 5- to punish. se: sometime, i.ow and then.
22:42 m. relation, kinsman. 5: f. a tree, a plant.
2-ly f. advice, opinion, judgment.

34. A. A bi- & !)- 4 (2) A = x* x 4' × −e U.5% - 4 & --! (1

-te 4 eye- gu->is - – ' (4) + -lyx. A sex, .# * u,'- -- 4 J,": *
* - 5:45 U- (6) us" < *# Ust' Jaa: ), us" < *5: Us" (5) us" <=}: 82%
Ala-1, 3 as 336 est- (- 534 (7 ) us- r(S =5, U. =+? » U," 9, -5,- us- Uss‘
* * * * = };" 44; 4 (9) # 3-5 as : – ' (s) > --, -->
( 11) + 4 × −y2): ... ;- 5 - 55%. , L*: ), A → *L, 5 -" (10) * ''," ":
us' 4, ex- A Loy'', 4', 2' 4 (12) a "le ust 9, c's U-19 × 2) #4-5 s,
* Us" is "el -$ &# *sū; 2 8-25 Us" -- ~ (13) <
B. l. This woman knows me. 2. They do not praise the work of that
man. 3. The manners of that boy are very bad. +. I am a boy, you are
an old man. 5. Your letter, my brother, was very welcome to me. 6.
When he goes there, he spends the whole day in play. 7. There are fewer
orange trees in my garden than in yours. 8. What, have you something
 ( 15 )

more to say? 9. It is right to praise some boys, to punish others, 10.

Can you give an answer to this question ?
[Do Reading Lessons III and IV.]
LESSON X.

35. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN. Urey- e-l

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

Nom. . ex-.' } who,

which,
23- w» : *
Ag: * ~ e” – 2 J-> ) what, he, who. ** Los: - « »
#!---- *L** - 5&=
Gen. 4 - 4 - 6 --> 4 - 5 - 6 ex
Abl. < U"> ce the

Loc. } - Us"U"> } - U#" co

THE CoRRELATIVE. U,"," "...! -'l','

Nom. 3- 2 × r" | *
Ag: * ~ e” – 3 J-5 -
* < Joss - 3 &

# -- - etC. <--•

see $ 29.
The correlative introduces the second clause of a conditional sentence, the first clause of
which commences with 32-, e.g. .# ** *** * As < U- ** * the bread which I
ate the same was very good, or the bread which I ate was very good.
The pronoun 5, is very commonly used in the same way as ,-, e.g. * Ut: 85 & t;i 5'

whoever comes the same receives, or he who comes, receives. -

For new words in all succeeding exercises the student is referred to the general vocabu
laries at the end.

36. A. L” U%)". *):* * **** **- £5 * (2) *5t: &#3) *, * big-si 5* (1)
Us” 2-, * * * * * * (3) A "* ... ", 2 was:- cle :- (3) × 3, U+
use 5x4+ * * * ** Us--> *. (6) & "30 use ge: ;- 2 us U2, 3, 2 J-- (5)
£9%- see; e -i > --> *, (8) L," ": *** * of or 6 -×e " ' " (7)2
2-t- - - 5", u," "). Us" - U," era (9) * 3.5 # * * * * * 55 –91. 2.
 ( 16 )

»sio 2 A* g » --> ( 11) es: J'é*, * ~ * * --> -- (10) us" ji

* (13) up" r*-** : *- : 3; L - A U- ex- - - , (12) A ble
* * 5, 3- A title
B. 1. Wherever (into whatever place) I go I find trouble. 2. What
ever you say is true. 3. Why do you not give him as much paper as he
needs 3 +. I give him whatever he asks for. 5. He whom I take for
(tre+-) a friend proves (tils) to be an enemy. 6. All the children who are
here are eager to learn (to all...there is an inclination). 7. I understand
what he says. 8. Why do you quarrel with him without reason ? 9. Why
are you going so fast? 10. This is the horse which I am selling. 11.
The more kindly I treat him, the more he grumbles. 12. What we sow
that we gather.

LESSON XI.

37. THE INTERROGATIVES:—rlt:- - -

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

Nom. e', who which 3 ex'

what. * ~ * – d. c.
Ag. " < c, - 4 -" # U45 – 3&
# { *-* - etC.

- etC. |

Nom. t; what how *

Dat. * ~6 <>

Gen. 4 – 4 - 6 26
etc.

* [See § 29.
38. e., is applicable to persons and things, ' to things only.
When it is necessary to ascertain to which one of two or more persons
or things reference is made, the particle - (fem, 4-) is added to the interroga
tive : e.g. * 0.3% s's !-5, which of the men (out of two or more) is call
ing ? ~35' s"; by which girl Observe that when t- is added w; does
not suffer inflexion. See" 26.
 ( 17

The formative of '' is generally found in the dative and genitive cases
only. The former carries the sense for what why 2 and the latter the sense
of what substance. Other forms, however, are frequently used instead, e.g.
Ala-2 U-5 for what 3 & # U: of what substance or thing.
'# is often used to introduce an interrogative sentence.
Obs. In Urdu, the arrangement of the words in an interrogative sen
tence docs not differ from that in an affirmative sentence.

In relating the speech of another, the identical words uttered by the

person whose speech is reported are used. The reported speech is usually
introduced by * that, thus, as follows.

39 A. A "be '54 w; (2) us" <lis &###1 *-Us". Als: $11, Jia L., (1)
| g (0) = 05's 5: “‘e (5) * *** -- (+)A bus as "... e. (3)
e- U-5 (9 ) 2 Jūs ( ~\; -- 36-' ( S) = **, '# = L-1 1,4-5 (7) × 3 ti; &#
(11)? » -i- is 6 & L'e -'s (10 ) -> * v- * 4 --> Ebr. *. < 2.5" &
• L'é » , e, c. * *** * * * --! (12) # Us" < 4 - J-s J-l: 2-3'ss
(14) # 2 + xia; 30 - 3 --> A U+* - e, * * * * (13) : * 31
* : * *, *, * *
13. 1. In whom is there so much strength ? 2. On whose horse do
you ride every day ? 3. What work is he doing ? +. What, is he going
home 2 5. Which servant is present # 6. What kind of animal is this ?
7. What time does he go to you ? 8. Concerning whom is that story ?
9. No one asks (lit. anyone does not ask) what man this is, 10. Why do
you not tell me who you are :
| Do Reading Lesson V.

L].S.S()N XII.

THE IN DEFINITE PRONOUNS. # 2.1

+0. Indefinite Pronouns are simple ( exi- ) and compound ( -9- ). The
- - - . - s
simple indefinite pronouns in common use are .# Somte, at 11y, Sofileo/tc., a
3
 <18)
cc/‘min [>crs0u ; J1”. slomc, curtain onus ; -:-~ all, every, flu: whole ; and “=95 so/nu,
. . . . . I . .
any, some!/n/lg, a _/cu‘. ¥4=,=*5 as mdcclmuble. ,_é’;5 IS (lCClIfl6d as follows :-
Nom. Q:
Ag. d Q-'5
.-\cc.
D*"- II 7;/ ‘rs .\‘o PLURAL.
Gui]. é ' " 5

g 5?-5 -

Loc. - gr:- Q--5

Obs. ~_»- l\ \> .'u1 inll<_-vtul plural g)f’;“' 90].
-H. Thv c vlllpulllnl indefmitc pmnouns in vommon use are the follow
ing :——
.‘\'1>.\nx.\'|"|\'|-.. l“o1<.\1.»\'r1\'|<;.
\,g;7i 2?‘ ;c"Imui'cr. Q‘-5 u".*

Q75 ~r'- wow-_\~¢;1/4'. - ‘P;-5 1-,»-~

I
q-'75 )5 ci'4.'I'_y0/I1’. 5;-5 ;'1
J I ,
)3‘ Q75 Q Eff )3‘ so/I1; 0//u:/'. ”\ Q-..5 lg ‘.6 ”\
';-;° 59:75 \=‘.,é;;5‘;-;~> xu/uc o//lcr. ¢_,-,.> Q»-5 lg q--5 ¢_;--,0

‘G-T95 ).> xv/m/e-1'cr. }

*0=§*5 ~_»- ci‘.‘|‘_\'¢‘/1!‘/lg. .- lmlc<l1n'<\'|\ic.
*¢?5 ;° cz'er_\"f/ling.
K4-=§\§ );| s(>n1e!/zillg else. ’
, ‘ _ . A _ J I J
+3. lhe lndehmte pronouns are repeated for empl1zls1.<, e. g. Q’; 55-‘)5
50/nu few, <1 "very few; is-=95 30495 a 11'!/le, -very little, so//10-u'lmf.

43. The following compound forms are often -used I-~ J9.‘ ‘J75 \.’. 675 HQ‘
a fC'Z&“, some one; J3.‘ “=55 something, Sullldii‘/I(I/_. u I1‘!//e ; 5;§;5 83 some~
body, some one or of/1cI'~' “F95 *3 36$; some uf leusl. SO/Ildf/lI'Ilv{_' or other :
K4-=35 =4»! u great deu/.
47+ .\. a We om mu", ,5; _,.= ( 1 > <9 B,-= .,;+'» -W,» Kw ,;,s.,¢-1p¢< | )
‘éi; ,»> ( J, ) 8 xi; ,1», Q3; _'_,,<..\ s, a ui ,5-1:-» Q3; ,_; < 3 ) a 01;? .~.a-. Q»,
3, wl; Lg \_5...€ 71> 6| AU; U5.‘ ;_}_>loé5\S.§ rs, I 5 ) 2:5 xfl 56 ‘E lI‘=:,‘.§

Qi
1...‘
 (19)
us ( 9 ti 8 lifiilm 3*: gar qtéi Q5; ,1: ( .s ) ow 2+ Q1‘ ~.~ u"°: .,.,.§ t 7 > A L13‘
.,,-_=( ll )4 Hi UH; J42 i,..,s 5;; ¢1,- ¢)‘5‘: ( in i gig? ..»:»‘~> =>‘e+F .51‘ ii‘
_,_.. {.5 )1» ._\1_; W xi (_ 12) 5 6,5 .i.~l.:,a ts, AA 4 L_§K-A — 5 I3,» .._»l1=- K-14: Q-5
5",; us ,5 Q-,e t.<;l K, t 1+ l Z‘; AI QA15 ~.»2;5 é ¢;-"P ~<:\r‘°(13)¢‘-‘m’-‘ ‘J’ J”
53 Qt. ‘rs :5, fa x,(1(,)5 l1i>>x, uh. wit. ;,..,.> Q-.5 pl; i’ 15 ) .,»=_~1>é”~> Me
0,9: llqqxw “$6 &q§>$ if-1144 K ~75 U3;- ( l7 I Q5” A-"9; ¢.;€§£¢ '~=';r‘ Q5 =)“"J‘> ‘J?-l ¢)D
5 “$6 )”_5 7e§ (_7_,:_. 1;, 1 lq ) $1; ‘IQS L59; E55 Loib Qvl 8, ».~pta.k駒5 &$§§,$ (_ l3 )
‘gas &§ &Q§.§ 5” it, a ‘rs is $5 t _»| )al1m) es, ,=> ulna, Q3; £3 93,5 L 20 l A’ ‘M
,1“ ._,.~.- ,5 .=¢-5 -K3 .:<-5 (23 '» us» if ¢|=-l; ¢.;¢- *e=§\‘ ~.-- ~"»->° <45“ 533 ) 6 ‘3-9
&q§§ ii“ \£__»_i ._,_._, 4.1.. ._,.; (25; up Q,» G. ug_-3'l-_1'__?§;1i ass zest (34) .,,,=> \1e<a~> film)
“$5 use A-le-' tr-1r°(‘27)<E\;?.~> uh‘ ‘+95 ‘H? 15¢-J;7~¢1°;t$; ( 16 l .£ l§° uh; rs
e1l*-i ( 29 ) a .37 ui“ dls 4,37‘ ‘Q5 ‘W5 ~=le Q5 vi (Z87 oz" é>"':¢i='.-6 *4-‘$5 ‘=3
~_~(31 ) g\1¢H,g\3,|> )l5)o ¢~§&f§"5 ,.= 4-: u§"u"'!i 30 ) a '~'L.~ lI,~>d*~= nsi N?‘
-)(- ._,i_.o gait; .=..~,~> ¢£-i ~_.,§,5

B. Some one comes and some one goes. ) Nobody knows mathema
tics like this man does. 3. livr-i_\"< ne i\'I1()\\'S tl'at (Sod is the lord (-me) of
all. +. Everyone desires to huv that slave. J. \\'homs0ever he finds he
kills. 6. Everyone likes oranges. 7. Iiveryoiie worships God. 8. He
gladly does everyone’s work himself. 9. 'l‘he_v are all looking at the new
moon. 10. She does whatever l tell her. ll. \\'hoever comes here sees
it. 12. \\'hate\'er you see _vou desire.

C. He always brings something or other from the market. 2. Some

few (persons) are saying that the Governor" (~,~=~l-e fit”) is coming toda_\'. 3.
The water of the tank is somewhat muddy. +. He takes everytliing and
{.{l\'8Slll6 nothing". 5. St meoue or other certainly goes there. o. Some
time or other he reads and writes. 7. \\'hen a man dies he leaves t'3\‘Cl}'
thing. 8. E\"er_\' ()5) year st me ( ne or rtlrcr is (ll‘('-\\'ll€‘£i (5)45) in the l:.il<e.
9. .»\ little rain is falling.

[Do Reading Lesson \'l.]

 (20)

l.l§$S()X .\'lll.
THE R1-:|=|.|~:x|\'|-: l‘imxo1"x.<. ,;~>e5\3
+5. SIXGl‘l.AR AND P|.i'R.u..

l\'om. yl self.
;\§.','. A

§ ,5 ,5» - ,_,,_.u 3"»: _,<,i

(ion.
l\l)l. Av" - a
— ‘fl

LOG. ;._’. — Q9 my-ll

((1) The Persian reflexive pronoun éyi self, own, is often used in Urdu,
but only with the personal and demonstrzitive pronouns. lt is not inflected.
E. g. ~>r'> uh-' I myself; of: 8; he liiluself, that itself, or ll1c_\' tliemselves.
(la) Q-l is used for emphasis with all the persons ; e. g. ugl gr I myself;
~_-l 3; he lzimself, etc. ; I-fl’ ,5 you yourself. The form g)",_{l is frequently used,
but only in the genitive and locative plural; "viz. 5;»-.3!-ll of ifwrtafuiug fol our<

selves, yourselves, or tlreuzselves ,' gin q_)",:ll be!"wecu or muoug oursel'ves, etc.
(c) For ligl see .~" 102. »
+6. '-fl is very often used as the “pronoun of respect" (,¢51h3 )_
As such it is declined as foll0\vs:—
Nom. -fl your honour.
. _

Acc. } ,5 Q’
Dat. "
Gen. Z - Q5 - l<.:!l
.»\hl. .»_~ vi _
Loc. - qt-' ~74
((1) \Vhen gel is used to ex[)ress respevt, it has the force of you, sir,
your honour, etc. It difl'ers from the reflexive pronoun in the genitive and
dative by taking the form Kgl in the _former and ,5 -7-l in the latter cage,
and by being treated :il\v:1_vs as :1 plural. uh-D lb} -gl your lrouour says
(lit. Myl
 (21)

lb) Like ugl, the following respectful terms of zulrlress require the rerh
to be in the plural— ~ \r=~l~° “ )3;-:3 " qll‘ '-.-"1? " '-.-’u~?- - =»y@> * ->3;l~¥*'\ - nib
etc., each of which may he translated by the English _\-on,_or sir, your honour,
etc., as the case may require lsee .5 5| (5)l.
+7..\. e§‘l'1l3;(3l£u£$mQ5u:l3;(i)t_;§|>l;5~3~¢Og;;=—'l! .»-soini
<5)a*11,e¢~e§- @>'=»e~>,u,-lI1,eo¢+1¢o~l>5.~:~ <+i A ll‘-we:-ola-‘vi
<_;l0+3 ( 7 ) A 52'” .;~>‘%;2 Jog 5 .;5l"'31l5 Q5 wél f ti ) z” =5”; vi? oz? c 4*-' or-' u--fl
.J,s.. (_ =4,
$9‘-P 9 ) 4:9, gel u._§l>
t..i7"° ;'-W5 wt‘ 3;
fl f“KQA_"\§
K-rfl ,_.Jr‘
VT(_ ( -\7 in) oi”
i U,»
ll”)um?
U3" l3)S ,=>u. ufi‘
J5.
"'"“£*'° we ,_,qi a vi
¢'7(@.= .2

¢;l*°7.=K=>$;;5~>:‘.;it_r~li;5té5l2)(»'&'l( 12 ) 855,5 \,_s°‘v‘l75 l ll) 8

.;!:‘° 5”‘? 5,5 .»_~ -5;-' Z ¢;-;° r5 "'3-ii vi ( 15 F ¢i£~.=?£.~>&<' ‘*5; -(ii E U)” J’ J5‘ tr-.;!l
¢ 11,; ,»_»,.>; gs H,,u5,§ __,s of s, ( 15 )_a B,» rm; obi! uh. ,,~,_»_i s,'1.=>_¢, gglz ,4 ( 14 )
* of” “ll! ~<'\- ¢-T-*7 1-? -‘Ll .7-1 U5-( 17 >42 5‘? wk». A-1 -V-1 .>,s 1, ,sl ( 16)
(Whenever ‘you’ occurs in the following exercise, translate first by '5 and then hr
. i.-l)
, .
B. l. \\'hat! (lo you not think anyone hetter than yourself? 2. \\'h_\'
do you take the trouble ? 3. He himself is going there. 4. \\'hat is your
(Kgl) name? 5. I-Ie is himself going to Calcutta. 6. \\'hy are you fight»
ing among yourselves? 7. Those two persons ( Q25?’ 5; ) have ( a9 85; )
:1 great affection for each other ( Uy er-,;:l )_ 5, You me inviting (use U13)
your own (use ugl) death. 9. This is my own opinion. 10. ls this your
own horse or your father's? ll. No\\'-:1-d:1_\"s it is (lifficult to find employ
ment for one's sons. ll. It is your own fault.
 l~
= _
@ .>:~:: .%:::_
(
_
i
:1. it >._::: M cw. £2 >.:~::
W, .
it >.:::_ Q. 52:: cw $711: .3. :\.::: cm
.>.:::_ :..,. .5. £2 <32: W c,/. JET. Z. ..,..2I 5. 4.3::
.55 m <22:
_
\ \ _
. 1 on . 00 0
A_ In
.‘ _ . no - 0 an 0
.3. C Q .r .r C I
.1. J 3.. .512: J J _
»~\.v.:2 Cvmm4.dJ.m¢D 3
_
8 ‘I
...._Z:~.r. UI .C.C:::Q
2:2 .,_.,\.; .....TJ .<u.:\.; P<.C $1 Q. 25.3 u.<.Q w_..J 4:5 P<.£ T... $.22 ...<.£ _..r.._ .m _ .%:~.v\..l.:./..
. .
.
.>.2..:L ,
)_ . _
A) M 0
7 ..(b..:. 2.) .23 :
.:.».. it $9) M. 4%?) m ,$c- WA.) E22 :.~ ..,..II :.~ .+ ”.._.,:I2.:.
Mb) J »...R.)
:
..r3I.22 woe“ l .._32.:\B 1.1.0“ n. .::2.:\.;. wan» ..r32.:2 Zea . ..>:2.5 T9“ 4,. ?..=cCuu.:Q
. .
~
:
.332 .33 ..§...P§<..:. 4.13 A. ».:2?; 3.... ...._.:2 “S3 W 5.5: ~33 <1 wufiql
.32: _...J ._ , .3:.§ ,|...,.>_i./..
.:.i\.§ A.,\.,
.312 ..\.,
|\‘¥||||#F||‘.|._ 1 ‘~ \\l

Q. :3?:.. W)
\|||‘ 1 \.
_

R _
_
_
23 is. % 23 ( 2: 2: Y
. _
*

_-_--,
.H._./_._>:_H._4 ..H._./_,r<..z-Z_~_._.ZF .H.,_._.C_/.H._Z .~_._..<.21/.CxL
.H._.:-_.<.§,,::.3 _.

-ql
l-. ,/0./.§_ _:E:_o::.5 :5; _.v:_.5.~ mu./Guw.2:~ wsx ./.;$>~:.. .3 wEm._. .§.
../_./. ./..C,rflf.flA
 t2_’>)

§q:_l(Q.|>+»7»l see § 32 d.) just h'tI£(', tuzmraiutcij-, (or are emphatic» forms of
the adverbs in the first class. Dy changing U1 into U5 ’ the words of the second l_‘l3_5S are
rendered emphatic '. thus um means e.\'at"tly hrrz. In the fourth class we get emphatic forms
by adding $0 to each word : e g. u$,._»_ in r,rut'll_\' this tray.
The correlative forms, with the exception of Q , are now rarely used. is gene
rally used as the correlative 01' ‘Lil _ of lug, _

+9. .-\.. ,_§~z;.;<-l,~?..»~;--'>\ (3) ,»¢’l'?l5 ha; ,»;,. '--as (2) <9 Que!--z;a\F,5 l-s~.- 8, (1)
lb)? ‘J El £ u'<“ U‘-1* (5l' u’-‘D éltljl ‘*9-*7? us ‘J (‘ll ~17‘) U; t.v.':":t_._¢"&~.= Z;5 U515 ;->3
t‘;"'il ( 5 2' é ml“? gm" '-'-‘J);'4!)"> ‘W55 3) i 7 l £9 4'.“-6 “PD <'("'l i 6 ) Q55
( 1() ) a 61.7: ti, ¢_~ ,_,,3lg ,._?-,~_l (9 ) 3 ti,» $.>§l5 xq=§.$ ,n Q; ,5 9.9 a §§1,»K
'3” uh? ufi‘ olb‘°° 99% ‘)5 ‘; :5 wrlil“ 9%‘ t;"‘=‘-l l 11 l -1:” ‘its ¢-'5 uh" “~71 ;l~> 1%
19¢ ¢--2; .,e1> $a;55l J1_~5= a»-as ( 13) A we cw >>'> “$5 l>‘*’° )-.’- o>>°‘€ ml t 11 ) 8
a"~‘~-‘-e;a.>*1+‘l-=.~ t 15) a‘3:">‘~.».>=s"~==\=.~ \~¢.= ts. ( 1+)oe=> .5_,1>,-foe
up ,1», _,_,s.'5 La» ‘.5: “sf £3 “=95 U12, ( 17 1 g U,» ,_,..'o Q» 1.3; tram... t...,._.(16;
ué” 2‘-":*-~1*“5!¢~ea<~1(19)a\"é J’-‘ti an-1* 1+ A ‘-1' U15 .1.--'».,~»$( 18)
*o:1>é->‘o;>‘v"*‘*5‘~.»Tt_>t>)ov>¢'i¢.».oL‘*‘
H. l. Sir (;y‘3-'=l, I will immediately bring as much wood as there is in
that place. 3. In the plains (u*-mi) the cold is not so great as it is_in the

hills (Lgl . . . . ..l-5+). 3. How many horses are running on this plzfii? -l.
He spends<iu-char__ity as much as he saves. 5. The more 1 love you the
more you shun me. h. The more I counsel him the worse he becomes.
7. How many labourers are working there? About two hundred, sir- 8.
He has as much food as he wants. 9. She has as much sense as her
husband. 10. He does as he pleases. ll. Are there as many roses in
your garden as there are in mine ? 12. I am running as fast as you are.
i [Do Reading Lesson VII.]

l<1-l(f.\l’ITlfLATORY EXlil\'ClSl-LS.
A.
50. (3) g mil Sh-3 $2‘ é tJt- ‘rel (21 =9 Else .»_~ .;;'~'.~e ~42 W5 15,6 1.1)
..r~[u-kl; oz-(5t.»25;‘ ubtlrg '-rt-"4 ~\i~=*~3l->‘Jrl¢;!:~*"'°;' 8 )"‘+?""5‘°-"'>
l:")3!.’:5l_;.':"l\"l £}'=>¢t=s4-T.-JP‘?-lrl‘ (7lfiDé75*"*‘llIlg<-l'-r*"l6lt.J)'K)fA
 1'24»

U-5‘ .g~>r~ >2‘ w” 2;" ¢_i!'i.-.~° uh‘ q‘7§( 11)) A ~=~¢5 ‘L5 oak-?'ul l 9 F or‘
.,,5‘.+‘5i¢=.~-1:'».»:-..»i5‘§.»~1t12)aoK-es-="*-*e‘w‘:é T.-=='=-M1-1 t ll Mm
u9>u-15"¢.§!u-‘*-T e.)’-“'\Jl+‘- (14),->C,1-__,¢sI,J@=$a.§,'= as-t1.Ha*~=-st‘
..m.~'\~‘17)a>>5‘-> Sp--5v-5 =¢< 16 >-..=-=.=-»s.»..,<s¢F**2s' ~.»~i*~,»--»-it 15>
=.)-*9 })l ¢k"'.»&°§.;5wl'°53'-='-P35 ..n5l-5A')-"l l<\’lu§" é7”“"3"’¢‘:-7*?-'-:fi%é
_»:° Q)" _¢:e<3l.__;o15 .913 ,5‘ are ‘A 1" ’ or“ 2.)‘ ~.-4;‘ '-'"" >2‘ en” its >3 ..~r1’~*5 Z
-X- a Q-i~_'_~l ,6 IS QT’... a wfia H5113 éd ,_> a ‘é;,l> Q5? Q... Jgl l 10)

B.
l. Pliysicians give medicine to the sick. .2. Scholars, are you reading your
hooks? 3. The women are asking the price of the books. -l. .\re you a
carpenter? 5. \Vhat is the price of these oranges? 6. These girls are
afraid of ( 4 ) the lightning. 7. Tliose hoys are learning geometry. L5.
The architect is making a plan of a house. ‘I. These scholars are translat~
ing this lesson from English into L'rdu. 10. The daughters of the farmers
are working in the fields. ll. My uncle's children are living (115,) in our
house. I2. The carpenter is hringing some wood for the new doors. 13.
Sick persons (the sick) drink fresh milk. 1+. The teattlicr is putting ques
tions to (tr. is asking q. from) the small children. l5. Those little girls
are very hungry. 16. .\Iy mother is sending me a hasket of fruit. __l7.
ls everyone listening to mo? Yes, we are all listening. l‘). .\re any of
you (_tr. any from among. you ¢ g).‘:4 pi) leariiiiig sur\ eying? Yes, some of
us are. ll). This word is masculine and that one feminine.
C.
a U-ti; ad.» ,.1_a..l, §_ his MS um. l... 15,‘? (_)_ ) J9: L190 us ,__»_ 3&6 Q“. ‘.1.-.( 1 )
A:-l,é J45 gs GUT,-,-tS.,1£_sit4iax.>\;3_,:L;$_i.i_é<...iG,;tsu.=e.i.:_,..i(_;i
a _;._=i;.5 Q5 =.-t..\5 &,,,i_.__»_ gs Gil! ( 5) ) a e-....,.> c,L>\3 3 ,2‘. was Bis ( 5 i a .31); sf;
al§l_._>wl1aI"Li 7- a U; %s ’;_, ( 5’ ) d ,5 cf-.3: Q1: I...” 8 5,» UL-3! l-.-L; ( 7 J

8.>l;_') as ,s ,5" K5 we mu U5. t 10 Ia gs ._a;,.¢ _,..tt§ b_.~;l.a - 4 H», l1¢e:-.’- i’-‘*5 ‘ ‘H

1" dis '-.-"7-= uh? of.-< 23 2'” £3‘? r’; >5‘ ( ll *2“ if oats .,<3l?;+‘ ll )&
or lbs ‘i >°‘~** 3‘?- tiles (Pb ~.s'"l 8 oi‘? )-.’- .~,=-s L“ >>'> 2 ‘v'l°? gig J2; ¢>'"--'- ‘Y 13 )
t I5 é 512- iii? a )1} £3-2* uh” .55)” u§5 L;-"l=‘~o Q3 J." ')l1.= ail l H I g l11=,~
1° £0" ,5 l-h.= T16“ oi? T4?‘ L-1“: (16)£ Jr“; é-“>55 13 '-.~ uh“ JR éil ¢'~7~.~
* ms s.>\,t ___,,; i,;~. is ‘us ,3 cu.‘ wt. t<-i< i7)

“ts
-1
 (25)
D.
1. Are girls more capable than boys? 2. Those two dark (l- $5) horses
are very swift. 3. This is the best of all the new books. 4. In your
schoolilibrary (tr. in the l. of your school) are there any books on botany and
zoology? 5. Those books are very difficult. 6. I Are men more wicked

than women? 7. I am going to Lucknow for my hrother’s wedding. 8.

All the classes of this school learn English. 9. What (L-3,5) game does he
usually play ? 10. Is your income less than your expenditure? No, my income
is greater than my expenditure. ll. There are ten arches in this verandah.
12. Your letter, my sister, was very welcome to me. 13. He who ac
quires knowledge finds (mg) success. \ 14. He never repays what one
lends him. 15. The more kindly you treat him, the more he grumbles.
16. No one respects him more than I do. 17. The soup is quite cold. 18.
These peaches and apricots are not ripe. 19. VVh_v is the word *3; mas
culine and the word ~=»>l¢ feminine ? 20. My health is not very good. 21.
How do you spell this word ?
E.
QT.»-..».',-»_~ ->»- K site 4»! J1-2 us‘ P,» PM 1 .»~§ ¢? alt’. <1)
=>..¢,§<s>.»_~»-»1.=ov.;~.==,P.s..>*~~I~»1§.,.->;=o.-..,e\1§..z<z>..,» ,»-"~'
~=---*“1»£(5)£u4=t5.,s§‘*'*"~>>l,=><1'? ‘°‘¢““uh*=J3)?~"!(4)£‘3l3:;;¢5¢;e-c:~§-°._;5;$
-uni Pa .5" “Q5 u‘~"'r'l°7§ -r~l(6lu§°2-;5uh+3q5>3q*?‘¢-”:\‘uh~'¢'";_eé}'
.;1.,’.l “kw u|°l5 ( 8 ) '5‘? 95 ell 195-3.? é 59¢? 5'9 ‘#5 ‘a uifiau ( 7 l A Gui ut-' wl
,--‘>5 K ,-1* < 10 » ow --e ~=~->- a<~1— or» ~19 JIM .5-.~ < 9 ) a ll», .,,-*1, .»_- ,_,1l.»~>
§~.»! <12) .»+>.,<.- ,¢-.gg\e&$a,F.;~:lo:-sci (11) as-*~>~¢¢s;é,=F
.=.;,..s ;..,.>. 1,95 ( 14) a :55” ,- wt: gs.»-7 &3lll... es ml ( 13 ) a H_-4,5 as--,
=4.-=$,~1*§<1s>?oe>.i--\§;I=»w1o!~¢\1+<1s>¢*u>.es'~~+‘*+?=2W
will 6 élés I-"~-9' I *=.~l) é ell‘-‘*3-*3" 4:‘ ;)7._'.‘ (. 17 ) :9 uh} Q")! I-Gil " J” .7 £ H“-1!
-x- 3 lo, tr}; K5! K,
F.
1. \Vhat relation is he of yours? 2. \Vhat is she afraid of ? 3.
Vllhat are you talking about ? 4. \Vhat is the price of these things? 5.
\Vhat is the meaning of this word? 6. The times in which we live. 7.
‘l
 ( 26 )

The friend of whom I speak. 8. Although we speak to him in Urdu, he

always answers in English. 9. How do you spend your time ! I spend
my time in reading. 10. Do you know the man of whom I am speaking ?
Yes, I know the man. 11. The pen with which I write is made of bamboo.
12. The first person is the one that speaks, the second is that to whom
one speaks, the third is that of whom one speaks. 13. Tell me what you
complain of 1+. Is there anybody at the gate 15. What subjects do
you study by yourselves?-We study History by ourselves, and also Geo
metry. 16. Which of the boys of this class are learning Persian These
three. 17. Does anybody want these old books of mine :
51. RULES OF ORIENTAL ETIQUETTE.
(1) The speaker in mentioning himself should use the singular number.
The plural " is often used, however, by persons of position in addressing
inferiors.

(2) The pronoun of the second person plural is generally used in ad

dressing an individual of equal or inferior rank to that of the speaker.
(3) When a person of social standing addresses another of equal or
superior rank, y' the “pronoun of respect,” is used, or some respectful term
such as -us sir, your honour, Jesús your excellency, 3,4- your honour.
(4) When an inferior addresses a superior, it is customary to use titles
of respect suitable to the rank of the latter, while the former in speaking of
himself uses the terms fll your slave, or your humble servant, *.* Your
slave, s” your devoted servant, etc.
(5) In speaking about an individual, the pronoun of the third person is
used in the singular, unless he is of superior rank to the speaker, in which
case he is spoken of in the plural, or by his title, or by some respectful term
such as 3,4- Honour, or -" His Excellency [$ 46 (b)]. In using the
• .* • - - - - -

agent, the form - Už! and not a wl is invariably used to indicate respect,
even if one person is spoken of.
(6) In addressing the Deity, the second person singular, , , ;", **
etc., is invariably used. The employment of the second person singular in
 ( 27 )

any other case conveys the idea of familiarity (such as that which exists
between parents and children) or contempt, and among the educated is not
used in addressing even the lowest in rank.
(7) Through the colloquial use of the plurals “” and a for U- and ;
respectively, the need seems to have arisen for indicating a true plural by
adding the word -$5 people, folk, to the pronoun * or £5: e.g. the sentence
U* * * may be meant for I say or we say, and is therefore ambiguous;
but Us" + -8, as we (people) say, is unmistakably plural. Probably for
similar reasons, 4, is also added to many nouns: e.g. -$5 -- the
aristocracy, gentlefolk, Europeans : Ls, *** ladies ; etc.
52. RULES OF CONCORD.

a. An Urdu verb agrees with its subject in number, person, and gender.
Obs. 1. The imperative, aorist, and the present tense of the substantive
verb admit of no change to indicate gender.
Obs. 2. When the subject of the verb is a noun or pronoun which has
the same form for the singular and plural, the form of the verb is a guide to
the number of the subject.
b. To denote respect, a singular subject may be followed by a plural
verb ($ 51 (5)]. -

C. (1) When several subjects denoting living beings occur in a sentence,

the predicate, if the subjects are of the same gender, agrees with them in
gender; but if they are of different genders, the verb takes the masculine
plural in preference to the feminine: e. g. -

* - o • * p -

4 U" is 4 ge" - Užis + 4* -- 4-1 his father, mother, and bro.

ther, were all three meditating on the accomplishment of his marriage.
(2) If, however, the connected subjects denote things or ideas, or if
they are partly animate or inanimate, -
(a) when the subjects are each singular and of the same gender, the
predicate agrees with them in gender, and takes the singular or plural num
ber, but the singular is preferred.
 ( 28 )

(b) when the subjects are of different genders, the predicate generally
agrees in gender and number with that of the subject to which it stands
nearest, but it may take the masculine in preference to the feminine.
(d) when two or more subjects of different persons occur in a sentence,
the verb agrees with the first person in preference to the second, and with
the second in preference to the third; as £2,' " " we and you will go;
43' +, ») : you and they will go.
Note in the first sentence that a conjunction is not employed to connect the persons, as
the speaker and the person spoken to are considered to be in proximity. In the second
sentence proximity is not necessarily implied.

(e) when an adjective, capable of inflection, qualifies two or more nouns

of different genders, it is usually put in the masculine form if the nouns de
note living beings, but if they denote inanimate objects or ideas, the adjec
tive generally agrees with the noun to which it stands nearest.
[Do Reading Lesson VIII.]

PART II.

53. CONJUGATION OF THE VERBS.

[Go to Lesson XV.]
The STEM of a verb is obtained by cutting off the ending U of the Infini
tive. Thus *44 and 53° are respectively the stems of the verbs ties, to write
and 953- to run.
The PRINCIPAL PARTs of a verb are: the infinitive, the imperfect parti
ciple, the perfect participle. The imperfect participle of a verb is formed by
adding U to its stem. This participle suffers inflexion like a Hindi adjective.
The perfect participle is formed by adding to the stem. If, how
ever, the stem ends in one of the vowel letters' or , , the perfect participle,
for the sake of euphony, is formed by inserting is before the termination, as
!" (not ") brought from " to bring, 22) wept from U) to weep. To form
the masculine plural, if in the singular only has been added to the stem,
that letter is changed into 5 majhitl, e.g. 53° into 2.5%. , but if : has been
 --~~~~ *-*

( 29 )

added to the stem, then s is changed into hamza and into 5-majhul; e.& g.
* * ,
* . - *
- - -

lai is changed into 31. To form the feminine, singular or plural, 's-martif
takes the place of £-majhul.
The following verbs are irregular in the formation of their past parti
ciple:—
* PAST PARTICIPLES.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Infinitive. MAS. FEM. MAS. FEM.

Üle to go us (gayá) .# (gasi) 4 (ga,e) Us" (ga,in)

ū; to do is (kiyā) # (ki) & (kie) U# (kin)
tes to give 99 (diyá) * (d) 4's (die) L!'' (din)
t: to take '' (liyá) * (ii) & (tie) Us! (lin)
ūy- to die #" (mū,á) si- (mti,i) 4,- (mti,e) w?," (mū,in)
ū,” to become '5" (hii,d) #" (hii,i) 4 * (hii,e) U:#" (hti,in)
The forms l; and ly" are sometimes used, and the form ''' is always
used in compounds (see Lesson XXVII).
FORMATION OF TENSES.

54. (a). The AORIST is formed directly from the stem by adding the
terminations u: , 2-, 2-, for the singular, and U2, 3, U2, for the plural.
(b). When the stem ends in , ) is sometimes inserted between the stem and the
termination, if that be 2 (majhul); thus from Ula to eat we have -34 or A44. A similar
euphonic change takes place when the stem ends in , ; thus we have -35" (from by to
sleep) or 4,- . When the stem ends in is majhul, , may be inserted before those termi
nations which begin with Ji-majhul, or the , may be dropped and the final
letter of the stem be elided with the termination. Thus from lize to give the aorist may

take the forms Uže, -33e , 2-238 (see conjugation of t},e), U23's , »e , U2:29 or the
contracted forms Lye, -e, -e, U23 , », U2: .
(c). The aorist belongs essentially to the subjunctive mood, but it is
often used in statements dealing with facts, and in such cases naturally falls
under the indicative mood. Hence it is occasionally found bearing the signi.
ficance of the English present or future indicative. This tense expresses
 ( 30 )

the idea of purpose, possibility, probability, hope, desire, consequence,

necessity, or duty. It is frequently used (a) in conditional clauses depend
ing on #1 if, or its equivalent; (b) after * that, 46 in order that, >4 per
haps; (c) after such phrases as a ri" it is necessary or proper, * it is
necessary, A -ti- it is proper; (d) after the relative », when that pronoun
refers to someone or something indeterminate.
Examples of the aorist :
* **** ** > ***
Whatever work we (may) do, may we do it in the name of God.
* u, u'é-# U- -- Use * * * 4 -
He gave reply as follows (*) "No sir, where shall I find clothes P”
* -: * ~' -- ~ ej &# * 9-y
He gave orders that from that day no one should go near him.
* Us!'s Je: J-1, tig' ge: --!> * > -ti
It is proper that the gentleman too should change his clothes.
May God consent, i. e., God willing. 2-# Ur: <
- * -#5, #26
Why do you (dost thou) reflect 2 or Why should one reflect 2
55. The FUTURE tense is formed directly from the aorist by adding (s
to the singular and 4 to the plural for the masculine, or by adding .# when
the verb has to agree with a feminine subject. In Urdu, the future tense
admits of no distinction for "shall” and “will”.
As the aorist also often conveys a future signification, the foreign student
may sometimes be in doubt as to which tense to use in translating the future,
for “shall” in English may be represented by either in Urdu. When in such
perplexity, it will be useful to him to remember that Indians use the future
tense when they refer to a future fact, and the aorist when they speak of a
duty [see § 54 (c)].
56. The PRESENT tense is formed by adding the present tense of the
auxiliary verb "be," viz., u", a, etc., to the imperfect participle of a verb.
The participle agrees in number and gender with the subject.
 ( 31 )

In English the present tense has two forms, the continuous, which is
generally employed to express an action going on at the present time, and
the indefinite, which usually expresses an action or state that is habitual.
The sentences "I am eating” (i.e., I am in the act of eating) and "I eat”
(i.e., I am in the habit of eating something) respectively represent these
two forms. Now, while the Urdu Lot 5'4 U" may be, and is, used as the
equivalent of either of the English expressions, careful study of the speech
of Indians reveals the fact that they make a nice distinction between the
continuous and the habitual sense when they wish to express their meaning
without ambiguity. When the continuous sense is required an Indian says
U," ", "4 U" (fem. Ly" s") le: U:-); and when the habitual sense is
required he uses the form Uy" by 24 U" (fem. U," ", 24 U"-). In the
first case a compound form is employed made up of the stem of the verb and
the perfect participle of tip) to remain, to continue, and in the second a com
pound form made up of the perfect participle of the verb and the imperfect
participle of ü) to do.
To an Indian the ordinary form of the present tense seems to convey the
habitual more often than the continuous sense. It is only when the habi
tual meaning has to be conveyed in an unmistakable way that he uses the
form with 5% (see above).
The present tense (ordinary form) is invariably used when a narrator
introduces the subject of which he wishes to write or speak: e. g.

u, ü, J's - eat & L:- I (will now speak with reference to so

and so.

57. The PRESENT DUBIOUs is formed by adding the future or aorist

of 55° to be or become to the imperfect participle of a verb. This tense
expresses the possibility or uncertainty of an act, in present time, or, in other
words, that an act may, might, or must, be taking place ; as ' Us.” ** 4. 82
($3.9 tit what must he be saying in his own mind P
** is the stem of Gls to eat and is, of course, incapable of inflexion; the participle to,
inflects for number and gender.
 ( 32 )

58. The PAST CONTINUOUS or IMPERFECT tense is formed by adding

the auxiliary verb 's to the imperfect participle of a verb (see conjugations,
App. D). This tense expresses an action in progress in past time. It re
presents the act either as taking place at a particular time or as occurring
habitually : e. g. (45 Ula U"- I was going or I used to go. With the neces
sary changes, the remarks on the different forms used to express the conti
nuous and habitual senses of the present tense (§ 56) are also applicable in
the case of the imperfect. E. g. a ts, ' U- expresses the meaning "I
was in the act of going (at a particular time)” more clearly than 45 tile U
the ordinary form, does. Similarly, 4 U, L' Us" represents the meaning
"I used to go” more clearly than the ordinary form does.
59. The PAST CONDITIONAL or OPTATIVE has three forms. The first
consists only of the imperfect participle. The second form is made up of
the imperfect participle of a verb and the imperfect participle of U," . The
third form is made up of the imperfect participle of the verb (32° and the
perfect participle of a verb.
Whenever the sense of the English sentence is 'if one had done this, it
would have been well the past conditional is used: e.g. * * if *, *
534 & class if he had come, there would not have been any loss.
Obs:–In Urdu, when the leading clause begins with # or its equivalent
* , the following clause begins with , then. The conjunction, however, is
frequently omitted, as it * *** 5x4 by U- had I been present, the horse
would not have been allowed to escape.
60. The PAST INDEFINITE or PAST ABSOLUTE is formed from the
perfect participle. If this participle be derived from a transitive verb, the
subject is put in the case of the agent and the participle is inflected to agree
in number and gender with the object. If derived from an intransitive verb
it agrees with its subject in number and gender. This tense is used to
indicate an action completed in past time.
61. The PROxIMATE or PRESENT PERFECT is formed by adding the
present tense of the auxiliary verb "be,” viz., L.," , 2, etc., to the perfect
participle of a verb. (See § 53 and conjugations, AHD. It indicates that
 ( 33 )

an action has been completed in time still present; as "4" + " 3 *

4. * y's . -

62. The PAST DUBioUs is formed by adding the future or aorist of Ü,"
to the perfect participle of a verb. It is used to indicate that an act may,
might, or must, have taken place ; as **** Us A 4 3 - what must
he have said in his own mind ’
63. The REMOTE or PAST PERFECT is formed by adding the past tense
of the verb “be," viz., 4 etc., to the perfect participle of a verb. (see 53
and conjugations App. D). This tense indicates that an action was completed
before another took place; as a us as * ~ * * * *** ** I was glad
that Ahmad had done this work (lit. there was gladness to me etc.)
Generally the past perfect in English may be translated by the past perfect
in Urdu, but the converse is not always true, the past perfect being frequent
ly used in Urdu where in English the past indefinite is employed. In trans
lating, the context will be the best guide.
64. THE PAST CONJUNCTIVE PARTICIPLE, -, -- Al
This participle is formed from-(1) the stem of a verb, as *** , or (2)
the stem with the affix 2- or 4, as 48°, 23.4%; or (3) the stem with the affix
, or 4, as #2, 4, ***.
The forms ending in 4 and ; are those most commonly used. The aug
mented forms of the stem express greater distinctness or completeness than
the use of the stem alone implies.
Natives employ this form of the verb where, under similar conditions, we
should use two finite verbs joined by a conjunction. Generally speaking,
the Past Conjunctive Participle is used when the action it denotes is sub
ordinate to that denoted by the following verb. Most often, it expresses
sequence in time, and may be rendered in English by a clause introduced by
"having': e. g. bi U-' -- 4: “*e having done this work, come to me or
when you have done, etc., or do this work and (then) come to me.
Frequently the Conjunctive Participle is used where we should use an
adverbial phrase or clause commencing with 'by' with,' 'because, etc. e. g.
($3.0 blé &#3) U- #9 U-4-5 you must have spent his money by trickery.
5
 ( 34 )

The Past Conjunctive Participle is indeclinable. It is called -*** *

the 'Past Defective' by native teachers, because it does not indicate number
or person except by the aid of the context.
As a general rule, the Past Conjunctive Participle is made to depend on
the subject of the sentence, but it is occasionally constructed independently.
65. THE NOUN OF AGENCY, Jet --!.
The addition of Vl, to a word turns that word into an adjective. This
suffix may be attached only to a noun or the equivalent of a noun: e.g.
**, r* =el 6 @* a pen of silver, or a silver pen.
As in English, adjectives frequently do duty for nouns. Hence, we often
find the word ending in "l, used as a noun, and it is only when so used that
it deserves to be called a noun. In reality, wrel, or ~$, or some word of
like meaning is understood after this compound.
This suffix may be added to—
[1] certain postpositions, prepositions, or adverbs [$ 66], as J-si "b 4+:
- p - - -

the man who is behind ; Pts J', '' the book which is on top,
[2] an inflected infinitive, as Al 4's 45% c."," polo-players. Vl, 35.3 tors
A yrs' the rat is a nibbling animal.
Vl, is used to indicate—
(1) the doing of an action in the near future, as * VI, 3'- * al 83 he
is setting out for Delhi today.
(2) habit: e.g. " 4:4: ' one who is in the habit of gambling.
(3) A person or thing that IS or WAS, doing something ; or a person or
thing that has done something : e.g. 25%. , Ly), 35' eff seize those men
who are fighting. * * u,'' 4; ; ; ; , )," a us- I inquired of those who
were going on a long journey; a "#"> <4% as the one who has written
this letter says. -

Obs. The gerund with "", is equivalent to a relative clause in English.

When added to a noun, the affix may signify 'owner,' 'man,' 'keeper,' 'inhabi
tant, etc., as "l, 4% waterman ; "|, * the owner of a house ; 4, 2.35: brick.
makers.
 - - - - -

( 35 )

PREPOSITIONS.

66. In Urdu, the so-called prepositions are really nouns in the locative
case having a postposition sometimes expressed, but more often understood,
after them. As nouns, therefore, they require the nouns which they govern
to be in the genitive case. When the preposition, or governing noun, is
masculine, the governed noun must have the postposition 3 after it;
when it is feminine, the governed word must be followed by £: e.g. 3 #
* under the table ; –," " * towards the house.
The few genuine prepositions which are found in Urdu are nearly all
derived from Arabic or Persian.
(a) Masculine Prepositions (requiring the nouns which they govern to
have the affix 4):— -

4 before, in front. *" before, in front.

* within, inside. “ by reason of.
»l above, on the top. -*- along with.
**'' by reason of. l," except.
}*b outside. *, near.
219 or Je: instead. •; 3+ or •;5 round, round about.
»ly equal to, on a level with. 4 for, on account of.
* after. - 2-3'- through, on account of
* without, except. J'la- conformable to.
2-2542 in reliance on, trusting to. J'," according to.
ge among, in the midst. -$85 near.
5' beyond, across. * under, beneath.
J-' by, near. Ala-l: for, on account of.
<+: behind. Ult at or to a place or
c'-y' in the midst, between. house.
&l- with, along with. [used of place absolutely].
(b) Feminine Prepositions (requiring the nouns which they govern to
have £):—
*!!! respecting, concerning. | ** in place of, in the room of.
*/3' by means of. | ye's for the sake of.
 e;" after the manner of, like. *** by, through.
−5° towards. •+-5 relative to.
Obs. All the above prepositions may either follow or precede the nouns which they
govern. The feminine prepositions, however, when they precede the nouns which they
govern, take 4 and not & for the affix of the governed words: e.g. < * −5° towards

the house ; 4 ×4 c;” Or c;” * ** in the manner of a tiger.

(c) Genuine Prepositions (these are always used as prefixes):—
} from, by. l, without.
": except, besides. us!" upon, above.
b with, possessed of. & in.
* or - (ba), in, by. &- with.
2 without, deprived of |
LESSON XV.

THE INFINITIVE.
67. In Urdu, the Infinitive generally appears as a verbal noun or gerund,
but it is sometimes used as a verbal adjective or gerundive.
N. B. In dictionaries the verbal form in Ü is rendered by the English Infinitive pre
ceded by to, but in its true signification it more nearly approaches our gerund or verbal
- - • • d - - -

noun in -ing : e.g. * -ti- Gle Juo, U.1 his going there is prope".
As a gerund, the Infinitive is used in the singular only, and is declined
like a noun of the second declension (§ 16).
1. The dative of the Infinitive is often employed to indicate purpose ; as
* Ute # 24.4% ;43 8, he is going to see the house.
N. B. The # is not always expressed.
2. Purpose may also be expressed by using one of the postpositions -la-l:
or *g with the genitive of the gerund, as a ble A-1, 4 +44° 14'', he is going
for the purpose of seeing the house.
3. The dative with 2 or '4' is used to indicate intention.
(1) = * * *, he is going (is about) to run.
2) \g # 3' 8, he was about to go.
 ( 37 )

+. The genitive of the infinitive is used idiomatically with U+ to express

a strong negative future, as * ~ * use U- I will certainly not go.
5. The inflected form of the Infinitive is used with "tiki to begin, tige to
give (permission), 9% to get (permission ) :
(1) © 25, 8, he began to run.
(2) t&e 31 ** 8, he will allow you to come.
(3) A 6' U4, 3'- ", he is not allowed to go.
68. The Infinitive is often used as a Gerundive or verbal adjective.
When so employed, it agrees in number and gender with the noun that it
governs if the verb is transitive, or with its predicative noun if the verb is
ū,": e.g. U4 +,+ £e c't —#16 it is not right to give trouble to one's
g it est. ->

This is not an invariable rule. Sometimes the infinitive does not agree with the noun
which it governs. It would be equally correct to use tee in the'above sentence. Delhi
writers seem to prefer the gerundive, while Lucknow writers prefer the simple (uninflected)
form.

The Gerundive is frequently used with the verb ü,” or the substantive
verb (viz., us", *, etc.,) to signify, futurity, duty, fitness, necessity, or obli
gation (cf. the Latin Gerundive in ndus). When employed in this sense,
the subject of the action, if expressed, is put in the dative; but, in this case,
it is usual to keep the verbal adjective in the masculine singular form, and
not to decline it: A ble 5* * ~ * – A "r £-5, -8 ×1 at last some
day I must die (mihi moriendum est) and 'leave everything ; s," ble # £5
you must go [tibi (vobis) eundum est].
69. A. (3) = },+ # Use = cl, 55 (2) + r(S -k3- 5 tiš't: # **- : (1)
-as $ 3, &-e Jū-ye (4) + -it- "4e "b- *r 2. 3 tie's "el 5"el U:- A-1,
La- - it. , ~se, 3, 4', e4#): x ~ * * * * (5) A ", ex" < * * * by
*** u,'” (7) & 3" Últi y < * , isy—d #J8 eux's 'jo (6) A ble," ety
(10) 6-is, useus- “sit-4. As eli-> <! (9) A"ge,”- “e (8)* 'air-b-la-3,
(12) = *- : * ~ * > * > * r * (11) : *b, *, * is 3',
*The original meaning of üß is to be applied' : it is only in combination with the in
flected form of the Infinitive that it means to..begin',
 ( 38 )

*** **, J– 6 Jóle: , 4,4'- is us): -, - (13 4, 21 us. & 4' ×ss- c.
* (16) = ** **, *, * ~ ār- “ ( 15) + 3 + = 3; Ust: tie, re (14)
* ** Ust' »; 4 44° ti- (17) A st-lä, setts,
B. CF #25 (3) #;"; J,"- s” # *f (2) "," "# * *, *- : * ~ * (1)
* (5) "," ": ), * * * **, 35 es: , ; 4 -t- 4,-- "," (4) s," Uy,<-1
2.5% (7) ** * *-* * * * -- 4 - (6) 8," us, '' 48* Arse 2 U'e
Ult: 4 •-> -& Us" '9) 4. by 4'-'. ;: 8143' 3:) 5x- * ***) (8) 6,” ū; e-el:5 38.5 }:

ly:- 24 4 al
× 5- Us" 'S - (11) ($3. Üle Ult, e * - Us" (10) ($3. Útgs
s" ci (13) + 3 + 4, & 2, ## * ~ * ~ & # * (12) 6,” use Gi
8," tis, J, ## 3,4' × 8, -’s 6 Lys-of - 4 × 3.5 (14) 6,” limit: x 35’ x:
* u, cle -- *-* -i- 4- **- (16) **** * ~ *- : *- (15)
* * * * * * * * * * *- : L', e) (17)
C. 1. Misfortune does not allow him to succeed. 2. Some people do
not like to help their relations. 3. I have not the least intention of follow
ing his advice. 4. He will not allow (nahin ane dene ka) you to come
near him. 5. It is sometimes less dangerous to fight than to run away.
6. Owing to my falling ill, l was obliged to go home. 7. It is not agree
able to me to make profits from such work. 8. To discharge fireworks is
very dangerous sport; there is great fear of getting burnt. 9. With so
small an income, it is very difficult to support one's family. 10. He is
afraid of being beaten. 11. To have an open ear, a quick eye, and a nim
ble hand, is necessary for a thag. 12. It is noble to seek truth, and it is
beautiful to find it. 13. To teach little children is pleasant employment.

LESSON XVI.

THE IMPERATIVE.

| Learn the Imperative and Precative forms of "4:39 $ 106.

70. The Imperative has two forms, the Imperative proper and the
Brecative. The former is used to convey peremptory commands, or direc
tions, which are to be obeyed at once ; the latter is used in requesting, ad
vising, entreating, or exhorting.
 ( 39 )

The Precative, or Respectful Imperative, is formed by adding & Gye),

* (iyo), or ú (iyega), to the stem of a verb. All three forms are used in
either the singular or plural and in either gender.
If the stem ends in either is márff (i) or g-majhul (e), the letter c is
inserted, for the sake of euphony, between the stem and the termination :
e.g., from list to drink, we have *#, **, and "2, from tige" we have
***, etc. -

32 is a modification of 42, and is used in expressing an action which may

fulfilled at some indefinite time in the future.
The form ending in 6 is used when one wishes to express a polite im
perative in future time.
Obs.—The Precative is really a passive construction borrowed from the Sanskrit, in
which language the passive imperative was used for politeness.

71. The Infinitive is commonly used to express a command or a pro

hibition, but in a more general way than the Imperative proper does. Hence,
it is used to express (1) general directions serving for all time, such as pre
cepts, statutes, and the like, (2) commands which require a less peremptory
tone than the ordinary Imperative does. Examples.—(2) (5' 5 go you,
(1) by * * thou shalt not steal.
72. The Negative Particles.--- is correctly used only with the Im
perative proper. It should not be employed (1) in speaking to an equal
(unless he is an intimate friend) or to a superior; (2) with the Infinitive, when
the latter is used with the force of the Imperative.

* (not, no, neither) must be carefully distinguished from L'é. The

former is invariably used with (1) the infinitive, (2) the aorist, (3) the past
absolute, (4) the conditional, (5) any of the participles. In all other cases
L* may be used, but in (1) the future, (2) the imperfect, (3) and the pluper
fect, educated natives seem to use & more often than Europeans do. Ust'
is a compound of 8 and us" (from the verb 'to be), and, because of the
*Note that, before taking the termination of the precative, Us-majhul (e) turns into
... "f (i). The precative of ü," is 2:-" *
 ( 40 )
presence of the second member, it is not necessary in the negative forms of

the present and present perfect tenses to add up", A., etc., to the principal
verb ; e. g.
3' use U", -s, (not us 3') people do not go there: ' User" - 4 U"
(net a ts) I have not done such work.
Obs.–It is interesting to note that the only exception to the last rule is the use of ust’
with the substantive verb itself; e.g., natives say u?” U+ , 48 U# , etc., not U3"> & •

* &3. In this case it is for the sake of euphony that ust is used.
U# is used when 'no' is the answer required to a question.
The compound , ust means otherwise, else. The Persian word *y is
also used with the same meaning.
x & followed by & ), (or simply &), or & followed by & is frequently
used to express "neither...... nor”; e. g. 6:04, 8, & 3, 6:14 U"- #3 neither
will I eat nor shall he eat. Occasionally the first & is dropped. The letter
ntin with the vowel zabar is prefixed to verbs to render the sense negative,
as # 4 don't do so.
* is a negative particle prefixed to nouns, participles, and adjectives. It
has the meaning of the English prefixes in-, un-, dis-, and the affix -less.
'# 8, cl. U 3:- 'y'- Uí yesterday, my lesson remained unfinished.
2 is a privative particle or preposition denoting "without.” When pre
fixed to nouns, it forms compound adjectives, corresponding to English words
of the same kind beginning with in, un, im, ir, etc., or such as end with less.
All these compound adjectives may again become abstract nouns by the
addition of £, as "el 2 unmannerly, rude : &#92. unmannerliness, rudeness.
Obs, - The beginner will need to distinguish carefully between 2 and the Persian
prefix (; which has exactly the opposite meaning, namely, with, by, possessed of; e.g. -->| ||
means “in accordance with good manners.”
When indefinite words are doubled with & inserted between, the latter
may be rendered by 'or' followed by other for the second word, as * *
*** something or other ; ** &: £; someone or other ; 44 & 54 sometime
or other : U4 & Us" somewhere or other. $$ 40, 41, 48, 48.
 ( 41 )

73. A. * * * * *-44): 23:448 (2)" -- **** (1)

* 3:56: * 'y'- Asle '' 2. (4) Uyê e J: ), ble + 2* =J'e es (3) # **
* * * * * > -ís (6), 4 × 4 + d x & U- (5) * * *
**, 3'-y' (9) #ys, e.g. #y" c, set: A- (8) $We was: 2. **** * * Ly": '''' (7)
-- *f (11) by * * * * ~ * (10) *, Ju- "si 4 -at- '' ), *, *
* -- us '', ' ' 's # U's, J. " (12) 439;s us e-- & As J: k
* (15) #1-# * -á, -e- -& U- 3: Us A- (14) tis' ex- c. J. Wei " (13)
—## * * * : * ~ * (17) * * * ** Use Yi (16) was est. A
gy': (20) × 'i sãull: 3 ela 32) ye eş (19) ** 2'4'- sel; * * A-, -}. (18) bas'
-)- # 384 & #4 (22) is 2 ### *, *y- ge', '' (21) # U- *** * 6 -->
* 's U2, 4, x- #- & 4 + -8 (23) * * *
B. l. Gentlemen, hear the account of my second voyage. 2. I pray
you give this letter and this present to Khalifa Harun-al-rashid, and
assure him of my friendship. 3. Give me back my book. 4. Boast not
thyself of tomorrow. 5. Answer my question. 6. Shoot at the elephants
as you see them pass by. 7. Carry my answer and present to the king of
Sarandip. 8. Punish them ; the fault is theirs, not mine. 9. Believers,
heed the warnings of the priests. 10. Take any two points in the circum
ference of a circle. 11. I am a poor man; please give me some money.
12. Sell me two seers of rice. 13. Send the messengers here. 14. The
servants shouted to the cultivators to stop the thieves.

LESSON XVII.

See § 54.]
The Aorist.

74. A. 4:3 e5 22 x- -3" ** les. (2) Lot','” e's eyes"' 3: ". us?'" e; , ; (1)
p •- p

J** *sūs * l's 2-2 & Ust' J2 (+) u," s” 4 - J. Pl * A '-' 4'- (3)
(6) * **** ->3- 6 ch. 33' 3" **** *-* * * Lit -ti- (5) - ' ' ), as
--> * (8) Ly" -454 vs. #36 -- w” “I (7) J3 -": -3's eye-s sy'," ": U
.##39;s (10) 3' & ' ' ' – 's 4- (9) -, --' x:6 # * U- suis' 3,
u: ; * r ( 12.) Use =#| || 3' u", +- 4 ( 11) <- * : Li Je 4! el-t
6
 ( 4.2 )

* en" + U+0" " " (1+) wi'te u", us: 4 U- ~#! #1 (13) Li's J", ge
'' - -: * * (16) -, -, * : * – Coy es- 's U- 15) w; # 24 J
( 18) -->'-3" 2425 &4% * 3'- * 2-3't us" < ** - 5:4 o'4 (17) 2, U:- 3xt”
** Us (20) -, * * * * * ~ * * * (19) -2° 'ie J's, ". 5* * *-*.
u:''< * * *-* * *ē- ), u' J& U"- Li': ); Usis #5' 54" -- * u, u', 'e','
* U2; 3: r" < * 4 × <** (12)
B. 1. May God preserve you and grant you long life. 2. It is right
that I should return his civility. 3. Is it not reasonable that after all these
troubles and sufferings I should enjoy a quiet and pleasant life? 4. It is
better that I should throw you into the sea. 5. I should deserve to lose
my life if I were such a fool as to trust thee. 6. He was very much per
plexed to know what he should do with so much money. 7. It is necessary
that we should go there with all convenient speed. 8. Take care lest you
fall. 9. God grant that my scn may live. 10. How can I help it lux, 'J,
if such is his pleasure ! 11. It is proper that the gentleman should change
his clothes. 12. Stay there until he comes [trans, until he does not come
remain present]. 13. How shall I carry out your order ? 14. I beg you
to have compassion on me.
I Do Reading Lesson IX.]

LESSON XVIII.

| See § 55.
The Future.

75. A. * - £5% U- * * ( 2) # Use is: J- l-a J- ei e" (1)

t{2, 445t.2: 35) tie 8,' ' (4) 45- -, 4% -* (3) ** * - 2-3-4 ry".
us." ":" -6 L'e (6) &# U-is: U- Už»l 4 eye eye # 6, * ~ * (5)
* (S) 4- * 4,4' × < *%- £4,- us- #1 *-* (7) us, J-4, & 3):
B-" - (10) *, *, *, * * * J'e (9) # = -1 # * * * *
* *- :- (12 ) "," "- Us- e-e= <1 us- sle et (11) 6,” Ult ul. , 4.5
** Us" is us!" " (1+ "g **** cle 8, U- 2, 2.5% (13) &", G →- Us
.# Us" (17) &# * 'y'-s' 8, J's, (16) &; ), * * el," " (15) *# £e
 ( 43 )
*

... --> -- *| -" (19) # Use —#k: * + ( 18) "3'- # * *

* * * * > *-le' + 4 (; see, *, '' (20) * *i; =ull
B. l. I shall never see him again. 2. In the evening I will play
cricket with you. 3. Tomorrow, I too will come to make your friend's
acquaintance. 4. Will you promise not to tell anyone? 5. Will you
explain your plan to me? 6. Will you lend (to) me five rupees? 7. He
will have no trouble. 8. He will leave India in June. 9. I will not grant
you a certificate. 10. Will you punish me if I leave the house without
your consent. 11. We shall hear the truth from him. 12. Where shall
we sometimes meet? 13. It will make us mad. 14. The surgeon will
certainly come. 15. We shall go to Delhi for the holidays. 16. I shall
go there and look out for my brother. 17. Tomorrow, we shall dine at
the house of our friend. 18. Will this meat keep It", kya- so long in this
weather ? 19. They will live with their parents. 20. We are going to
Naini Tal for six months: by the grace of God we hope that we shall there
find repose.

LESSON XIX.

[See § 57.]
The Present Dubious.

76. A. A U- *-* *: (2) #;" |} r = ** U- - - - (1)

<!-- * Us B'ts (3) #," 3's -i- 5’ → * 4 Joy', '4' × 2 × 4 J2, s,
* * * *t: (5) &* Alse: )". Us". - 53' +--- Uy- J&J (4) 6,” tre+ x;
4 s, Use Al- > * * (7) “” Ulti & '' et go'- 8, (6) 6,” w8ts' y's
*Jue # 24', g's:- (9) #," 3, 8), Lal ">Le Yagi- (8) (3, 5, & el: ... e6 J','
e; - Me (11) &; 3' U. Us" was ki> 4 Ję (10) & 384 °,+ , Ur-le
(13) £," 3, J's 5'→ *, *@*# (12) 43° 35' 39'u' Us.” U- cliff, J'e -:
.# * ~5: Pl š' *** (14) £3," is us' g + 3 + 4 + 4, 3-3 4 als
...', ')' > * > * > *g (16) £,"4" | * *-size- (15) #;"
*A* 3's "'s "...”) –"J-cli - Jo-' (18) systise, 44 vis, (17)
B. l. Snow must be falling very heavily on the hills. 2. Pedlars
must gain great profits from Englishmen ? 3. The Collector Sahib must
 ( 44 )

be touring for the purpose of inspecting his district. 4. The engine must
have great power to draw so many carriages 5. In solitude you must
suffer (have) great inconvenience? 6. There your heart must desire all
sorts of things 7. Do my troubles ever affect you ? 8. The ayah must
be taking the children for an airing (translate, must be feeding air to). 9.
Greater cowards than yourself must be running away from the field of battle.
10. Snow must fall in the manner of rain, eh? (& eh). 11. Now is the
season of spring; on every side flowers of various hues (4 –G) -8) must be
displaying themselves. 12. You must never get any respite from school
work? 13. You must pass your time in romping [** Uses) and truanting
[*** -]? 14. He has never been on a pilgrimage [e-l; he must be
telling a lie.

LESSON XX.

[See § 58.
The Past Continuous.

77. A. 4 e- --! L'5' Ly's ( 2) # & 3" *** *** * ** U- 4:36 ( 1 )

's is, -é, -8 - -- Us, (+) 's '' --- ** = C-1 * (3) × 5 Ju
2, #4 # Jr." 45 Uvis (6) + 3' + -- *-* + 4-is-si - (5)
L', '2''' ' ' (s) " ", "------ **-ī, 4 + , (7) +
glas a bi J's 6 --- 4:1 -> (10) 's tis, " : " -e si4+- (9) is til 2
** = <- Ai-la by r* *lyst 2-3's, us- r" < *śl (11) a ble ex rit- >
< U+5 −5: üzi e-ye cl: (13) a by 340 * **5: ; Lye, ta st-í (I2) 45 U,"
's', '+* : * * *-ís of ~# * * *- : * ~ (14) + 3 + 4'- A-f
4 -,+ x' c. (16) is by Use & A, us- 4 + 2.5: 2.x-J", (15) 's U,"
* u, , , (18) is tie, Ai 2 - 5* b. Ji- 53° 5'4" (17) + 2* As -,
* a tige U+ 4* * * * *-* U-> (19) is b, cle 5:
B. 1. The water was flowing down the hill. 2. The man was standing
at the head of my bed. 3. I was looking at the sight. 4. I was standing
there alone and confused. 5. He was returning home when the accident
occurred. 6. At last he came to the spot where I was praying. 7. Some
of them were talking about the news from the seat of war, 8. Abdulla
 ( 45 )

was certainly standing under that tree a few minutes ago. 9. When were
you living at Agra I was living there at the time of the last darbar. 10.
Why were you laughing just now 11. What were they doing, Ahmad :
They were jumping over the wall of the garden, sir. 12. They were
reading about the victory of Alexander the Great over Porus. 13. Were
there any boys on the other side of the river ? Yes, there were three or four.
14. The travellers were cooking their own food. s

LESSON XXI.

[See §§ 54, 55, etc.]

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.

78. A conditional sentence consists of two parts, a conDITION

(protasis) and a concLUSION (apodosis). The CONDITION is a depend
ent clause and is generally introduced by if (# or *); the conclusion is the
principal clause, upon which the condition depends, and is usually introduced
by the conjunction , then.
The introductory particles are often omitted when the sense is clear without them.
There are two main classes of conditional sentences, viz., (1) those in
which the condition is believed to be REALIZABLE ; (2) those in which the
condition is regarded as UNREALIZABLE or contrary to fact. -

In sentences of the first class, there is no definite rule to determine the

tense of either the condition or conclusion, beyond the fact that the nature
of the case generally requires the aorist, future, or one of the dubious tenses.
But in sentences of the second class, the verb of the protasis as well as that
of the apodosis requires the conditional form. There is but one exception
to this rule. While the verb of the protasis must be in one of the three
forms of the past conditional, that of the apodosis may be in the imperfect,
but only when the verb '' is used in combination with a noun or adjective;
otherwise, the past conditional must be used in the apodosis also.
Examples:—(1) -

(a) 5% lie! #43 - 5 ~! * 't: * * * if he comes by noon, let me know.

(b) #,” —#, us- rts : (or ex) '-' * * if it rain, the work will be
delayed.
 ( 46 )

(c) ** Us," ", , (or £29) J3° 32- *** *- * * he would be glad, if
3'ou helped him a little.
In (a), the coming is referred to as a fact to be realized in future time. In (b), though no
existing fact is referred to, the raining is thought of as a future contingency, i. e., some
thing likely to be realized. In (c), the condition has been assumed by the speaker as likely
to be realized. -

Examples:-(2).
(a) <! ** 35" × 3, 2-4 -- ~y." , if we had any coppers, we would
buy some bread. *

(b) (4 as , bí 8, * if he had come, it would have been well.

In (a), it is implied that there was no money to buy bread. In (b), it is obvious that the
person expected did not come. In other words, the conditions in both sentences were
unrealized.

In (b), we could have said U," "4e" with equal accuracy, but not go," law.l.
The Past Conditional.

79. A. ex- e;"-> (2) A w; *, * (#'t:.* ; ws' ex- •- -

£- U- * (1)
- - -

J'e , -&l , use - ' ' ' -46 -)." L'é! (3) 2't: J'e us: £ 3, U,"
&ls= }, +, ×, 0,5 – 14 as ' ', (4) #" -4, U- * : * ~ * , 31
- - p - • • •

&4:- 2: St.-1 2-4-(6) 05: wit: ly',: #les *- -

eye- 8, (5) tes) Júš. |5: (S. * 3.

(8) ble tra: ), use el'3'- 3'-' (-4 ,” (7) WR): sole gela 65% ** 2-2, it tail e
•- - - - p - - -

J-5" x-, 3, J'e - # (10) 35" h" - *-4-1 # Use , -- (9)

*5, & ex-2 (12) U," Jax -è 2 J's 4-1 : Ute L-2 K-1 *, * (11 U," as
* * * * * * * :* * * * ** * *
B. l. If we had had time, we should have gone to the market. I should
not answer that impertinent letter if I were you. 3. He would earn some
money if he worked. 4. If you had set out for Agra at midday would you
have arrived there by 5 o'clock in the evening ? 5. Would you be punished
if you were attentive 7 6. We had hoped that you would have arrived in
three days. 7. If you were to do this, we should feel grateful to you. 8.
Were we to try to be co-workers with these men, they would always respect
us. 9. 1 f I had seen him, I should have known him. 10. Had I reached
the station in time, I should have caught the train. 11. Had the watch
 ( 47 )

man been alert last night, we should not have been robbed. 12. Had I
been under ten years of age, I should have travelled for half the fare. 13.
Had anyone else told me this thing, I should not have believed it. 14. If
we had at first attacked the enemy, we should certainly have defeated them.
15. If you had brought news of my son then my mind would have been at
ease. 16. Had Ali Bahadur not had a mariner's compass he must have
lost his way.
[Do Reading. Lesson X.]

LESSON XXII.
See § 60.]
The Past Absolute.

80. A. -- (2) Us's U23-- '5" × U- 3-54 es' s: 3 x* * (1)

e'4"us" (+)'- J } us- U's # 2, e. 5, 2-,-,- (3) gisa et *-i- et
J- 3 -- * (6) # Use' -íJ. "- A -- (5) “y 4 - > w
* - 9's U-2. Uss Je t' <- ei: ; (7) £e U- clas! # Urle -". 2, 3}*
** 2:- -> (9) # 5,' J-4, 2-)''': 45 - sy's *-* c:* --> x -l, #4 (8) le:
-: * (11) 99; eisell & eye * *- (10) 9 co U- - - - , 9% ". . e."
L'é * (12) '# 4 J- e."ls - ". 4 -), 2 els: 45' x - '5". J., “t 2. <!
s': ), 9 Jú 4- 4: 4' (15) 4-2-s:- -- 4 - - 4 & c." ~ *
(15) ''," "e") + y, als; 2 J- 2, -8, U- 26 × 2) - " ", (14) # J,"
(16); J' s = < * : * ~ * * * * * ~ *-* * ~ *
* \si c' see & Ass #-1 < ū ūl ',
B. 1. He thus reflected in his mind. 2. He took his way to the plain.
3. The judge heard both sides attentively. 4. I took the present and the
letter in a very respectful manner. 5. He took his mother's advice and
ate and drank moderately. 6. His mother brought what she had and set it
before him. 7. He remained in this state for two days and looked upon
death as inevitable. 8. The poor man's discourse moved my compassion.
9. On our voyage we touched at several islands where we sold or exchanged
our goods. 10. I ate some victuals which they cffered me. 1 I. Next
morning they returned to the island, 12. At last he ki ew me and embraced
 ( 48 )

me. 13. I made a very good meal and afterwards fell asleep. 14. By
this time the sun was ready to set and all of a sudden the sky became as
dark as if it had been covered with a thick cloud. 15. As I walked through
the valley, I perceived that it was strewn with diamonds. 16. We beheld
all this with mortal fear. 17. He led him into a very neatly furnished
room. 18. I got up and looked round everywhere.
*

* LESSON XXIII.

- See § 61.
The Present Perfect.
-

81. A. lge Us. -A5 & 3 g : - (2) use 2" – us'' 4") -$, Sr. (1)
.# A-1 (4) = ** *s-, * ~ * ~ *- (3) A's" c, --'l'-." Jées à
e': * 216? 2.): 2 * (6.) A t£f *3 (s ** 3r- Zi-l. 4. * (5) & (2' Je: 6 &#
Ala-l; £ 21's. 4. ur's' (8) us." Us" J# 5 - “t: “” Ae-l: 2-3't." (7) + sé 2-43.5
J's. 4 × 4-(10) → s** 3+ e; 4 &al 3 ex-ae (9) a J'," &#12) c” 2: 3:3:
? & # Ja" sy,' &# Ala-' 2-y:- 4 ( 11) a 'll: * * * gels - Us" Ai -->
* * * * * * * * * 4-1 (12)
B. 1. He is the famous traveller who has sailed round the world. 2.
What has he done to obtain from Thee, O God, a lot so agreeable? 3.
The Khalifa has sent me to tell you that he desires to speak to you. 4. I
have not established this law. 5. I have made a vow never to go out of
the city. 6. I must acknowledge, sir, that you have gone through terrible
dangers. 7. Is this my reward for the good service I have done you?
8. Perceiving that he has the advantage, I will dissemble my anger. 9.
Your disobedience has proved successful in this case. 10. Tell your
master that we have brought to him a man who is very sick and in need of
his advice. 11. What reward does he deserve who has thus cured my
daughter? 12. I have been exceedingly concerned to think what you have
suffered on my account. 13. I conjure you to tell me whether you have
learnt anything about him. 1+. You have written a long letter. 15. These
women have seen the new moon. 16. I have written my exercise; it was
 ( 49 )

very easy. 17. Have you read today's newspaper ? 18. A scholarship
of fifteen rupees a month has been founded for High School students.
[Do Reading Lesson XI.]

LESSON XXIV.
{See §§ 62, 64.]
The Past Dubious.

s2. A. = < *, (2) "," g : J- - 4 o' 3", "4" (1)

6," "j J'e 8, ** Alse: * *::, ;- )" (3) 6,” #45 U- -- ", , 'e 4,” #":
* 4 =~!,' 6 s: , ", (5) s,” be J. & # Us-si > ** Use & 4 s- 4-1 (4)
.v. - - - - d

(8) £,” .#;" Bel- > */ *, (7) .#;" * w)'' £3'- táš i.1 (6) ($," t;
< 3, el-Le st-i- 6 J-5), -ă =); elsås (9) #;" J.- : * : * 4 cy"
L't: ( ]] ) £32 -le: J;84 4. e-5 5* ** 3't l:# Us- eyals ( 10) (ś," ls & &;" 8):

(13) #;" ", &, A.; be . . --- “- (12) ** -: *- gee', ';* A," " :
s' us- 's 3-5 Je; t_3 (14) £," At 2 & Jail: , s: g- * ~ *** *
* AG," As J. & 4 × # * = U+* U+ (15) ** *
B. l. Thieves must have broken the lock of your house. 2. The
police must have beaten him well. 3. You must have made all arrange
ments for the wedding. 4. You must have found great enjoyment and
repose during your stay at Naini Tal. 5. The army must have
made an assault on the enemy in revenge for its defeat. 6. This year
also your students must have passed their examination ? 7. You must
have been very glad on hearing the news of my promotion. 8. You must
have spent his money by trickery. 9. The plague must have depopulated
the city. 10. All my relations must have gone to his house (UUP) for a feast.
I 1. You must have made preparations to capture the thieves 12. Perhaps
you were deceived by his words. 13. The enemy must have left the city
and fled. 14. He could not have seen Mecca even in a dream.
 ( 50 )

LESSON XXV.

[See § 63.]
The Past Perfect.
83. A. J.")," "," " " - 4'-x 5' 4": 4 x-,-4 C-4 (1)
-* A, 5* ... ***b* *** 5,8; (3) & 83 Uls, 2 le; &# 34: 2-1 ci (2) &
* j, &#- + --- e. (5) 's 's Ju- * 3--- X &r 4 *--- (4) (45 (27
( 8) 's '' ...' ... b34 g4 (7) is less: "# els: ')''': 36! # Us- (6) (4 as see, 6
*** = -,-4-4 w" (9) # * * * * * -: *--' - ur-y
J., ex- tiel A-1 ( 11) a 9-39 +4+ +- U- 3.35 & 2-1 (10) 4: ' el-l
(13) & 39 yes- 6 e;" " *-12 b" (12) a 9- - - - -,” 5'--> A,
<''it' -6 × 534; 21 -$5 - (14) 's '' U+ -*, ** U- # 5 --! -i-.
*#'s 4- - - - - (16) 's 'i Ji- -3 ; Jur- - - , (15) + 4*,
* g." its * = Lossi > - 4: Ass is .
B. I. I had become involved in unmerited danger. 2. I related to him
all the misfortunes that had happened to me. 3. When he had heard all
my adventures, he began to weep. 4. God had preserved my honour. 5.
When I had recovered from the fatigue of the journey, I went to visit him.
6. We had gone a considerable distance. 7. When he had related his
misfortunes, I wept involuntarily. 8. When he had finished his work,
I told him my errand. 9. He related what he had heard from his master.
10. Through fear he had placed guards at his door. 11. He mentioned
the grief he had felt on account of your long absence. 12. He had no
sooner said these words, than all the people fell into a fit of laughter. 13.
When he had disappeared from sight, the people returned home. 14. You
had remarked that his hands and feet were covered with mud. I5. As
soon as he had knocked at the door, a servant came to open it. 16. He did
not deny the crime though he had not committed it. 17. He had lost all

his property in gambling. 18. They had carried off the vessels of gold and
silver; in a word, they had left nothing.
[Do Reading Lesson XII.]
 ( 51 )
LESSON XXVI.

[See § 81.]
THE PARTICIPLES.

84. The Participles may be used (a) substantively, (b) adjectively, (c)
adverbially.
[a] As verbal nouns, the Participles generally take a postposition, express
ed or understood; but they are sometimes used absolutely in an abstract or
a COncrete Sense :

(1) ****) -& #43'- U- 3, 1 = 5': when descending the hill, I met a
bear.

(2)", * *- :- 2's ##1 on the way to Agra I lost my goods.

(3) "> wit: ; *- 4 3)- with the dead no one would die (why kill one
self through sorrowing for the dead).
The Perfect Participle is often used substantively with prepositions —
(1) : * ~ * * * * without having eaten he left the house.
(2) J3" fly! --#448 h how can I accuse him without seeing him P
[b] Participles, when used adjectively, are inflected like Hindi adjectives
ending in [S 19] except in the case of the feminine plurul, when they re
ceive a final nasal nun,
(1) ex} \, U- -31 * * * * *l were you to bid me I would leap into
flaming fire.
(2) J:s: * @# Us". Us" J-j uy," " we two (women) were going along
talking.
Obs.—When several feminine terminations in the plural follow one another, as in the .
last example, the final nasal nun is usually added only to the last.
[c] The Participles receive an adverbial force (1) by being put in the
masculine singular inflected form, with the postposition UA" understood; (2)
by the addition of £ to the inflected form. The last form conveys the sense
of suddenness or simultaneousness:—
Obs.—When used adverbially in form (1), the participle is frequently repeated.
(1) : -435 us- Afte: * I was tired with running.
(2) Ulst: #43'- A-í ** 2:46:9 the moment he saw me he recognized me.
 ( 52 )

The addition of the past participle of 13," to the imperfect participle of

another verb provides the language with a progressive form and, at the same
time, imparts to the compound thus formed the character cf an adjective.
Both members of the compound participle are inflected like Hindi adjectives
ending in except in the case of the feminine plural, when the nasal nun is
added only to the last member. See [b] above.
''," &4:l. 4: 4: '5" (# U-2-3 54: to): $; the old man also, sorrowing,
Jollowed immediately.
l," when added to the Perfect Participle of an intransitive verb conveys
the idea of completeness. When added to the Perfect Participle of a tran
sitive verb, it gives the latter a passive signification and, at the same time,
an adjectival character.
85 A. J.” -&l 4- 3, 3' ( 2) # 3 & #44° 3, , ex- *** A- (1)
3'-31 - (5) - are -2 = 4, 29 #3% (4) # Us: A-2's (3) "as
2, Ust: ~ gene U- ***, 30- (7) |," ": - -- *, * *** (6) (499 & 3,4
use &# e.' . As X Us" 3"> 25% sails 4 3). (8) ''': 21 J-3, 4's J's 6: 2,
(11) Us" g” U£i *- 23, 22 (10) t; 5: 15 x 1,4- Aast 2: (9 ) tic-5%
g" ex- ", U-25" (13) :- 2's 34 cres; +! (12) } * * * *, *-i- 4-is
<-5: ;:Aleš * &als 5, 2: 2: 4:42 (14) A lis! rt, ly:- &#x- **** 3: 5: *
Lo:*

4:4's 31 - Uls. , ey's j K-1 as * 5,” c/e 4 (16) us" <- 4 A-i" (15)
*L* be: Jassi sys- 34's is's as 'y'-' (18) A U+ 4* u, , 2,- (17)
B. 1. 'Tis cruelty to load a falling man. 2. From a distance he saw
a lighted lamp. 3. He spent the night weeping. 4. We saw a great
number of persons coming towards us at a quick pace. 5. He saw a troop
of merry girls coming laughing towards him. 6. After groping about, I
found the bread and water which I had left there. 7. Tomorrow, as soon
as day dawns (fajar hote hi), bring my chhoti haziri. 8. As he was writ
ing (likhte likhte) he was seized with cholera. 9. As he was going out
(chalte hue), the master warned me. 10. On hearing the evil tidings he
fell down in a faint. 11. I found him engaged in reading Sadi's Gulistan.
C. (3) y' - # Us Ale (2) #### *.* * - 's 45° 2'-' (1 )
* u, is- (5) ''': *-i- # Užy Us- eye āś- (+): es - ; #5" × 2.3%
 ( 53 )

tie let A & 4 ex (7) + 3 + 4* 3: vs. #9 as J. (6) &e A, 35 it's ef

3'-3, Usk U:-ju,” “s (9) is ble ly" by at 3:- # -i- 65 (8) a bi
* +, » 3" # e.” “, 11) #4,# -ă = 3; 3) U')," ":- (10) +
's' 35" 5: ; ), * *-i- es- (13) & G)- is: 4:- ", (12) + A* **): 41
(16) sta: ," (#54%is 24: ," * * * (15) &le; b)- Ushes -- 4 » cy” (14)
b5%: ; * u,3 (18) 4 3) # = },e 3,53.3 c. (17) was £ 31, 2 U2 #4
# E

The Perfect Participle.

86 A. 3,' 'is' ' -, A-4'- (2)," exi- eye- -a- )'ss -é M. (1)
3.4 × 23.4% (5) by Usti ce ", 2-)- 2. (4) ". ." ** 2 *, * 4: (3)
usesi Ja” (7) 94 – 5, e # 34 -,” 4 4-1 4 x+1 (6) 3", £4.
est-buyi , A-5 (9) # * Us, 38 el, 2.5 -}. (8) (, L'é us- Us," ","
As 3 & (11) Use Jal, el ú (; ; * * u,” 4,” 4" -, - (10) *
3, 4, 1, 2 ey:- 45° (13) A * * * * ** 2 (12) - 8 As *
# alloy's,'—t- els- 3: s:- as 3, 233 (14) i- # e."-lo -e, , *: 4
l,” sis: us- 4-y- g- ali-1 -ø (16) ' ', 's' us- e."ls -4. 4 o'- #~! (15)
Ag Gig A-si -&l (18) × 2.56 × 2 × 4 r"-- * 4,” <e (17) a toy lay # Užy
# 45 ūj L't: 4,”
B. 1. Fill the teapot with boiling (phuta) water. 2. He was standing
with bowed head. 3. The shoemaker has brought ready-made shoes. 4.
The whole village, dressed in their fine clothes, came out to meet us. 5.
Can we get ready cooked food here ? 6. In the garden I saw trees laden
with fruit. 7. Why have you come so late at night (itni rat gae). 8.
His wickedness was exposed after his death (mare pichhe). 9. I have left
my horse tied to the gate. 10. On a given straight line AB describe a
square. 11. He went away without taking leave. 12. He went into the
chamber with a lantern in his hand. 13. He sat with a basket before him
expecting people to come and buy his wares. 14. What o'clock is it :
[Do Reading Lesson XIII.]
 ( 54 )

LESSON XXVI.
Compound Verbs. ( -5,- Ulaşl)
87. In forming compounds, verbs fall into three main divisions accord
ing as they involve (1) the STEM, (2) the IMPERFECT PARTICIPLE, or (3)
the PERFECT PARTICIPLE, of the verbs with which they combine.
I. From the stem are formed:

(a) INTENSIVEs(*#5 Jas), by adding a verb to the stem of another -

verb: as
'ills - to kill outright, from 5)" to strike and ülö to throw down.
Ü' '45 to eat up, *> Ülgs to eat and Üle to go.
Ül-4 to take away, , tú to take and ble to go.
by:# to fall down, ** t; to drop and Új: to fall.
Intensives are so called because they have a stronger meaning than the
simple verb.
(b) Pot ENTIALs (s):- J"), by adding tic- to be able, can, to the
stem of another verb : as "- * to be able to write, a tic-y 8, he can do
(something), etc.
(c) CoMPLETIVEs (g-ti- Ja: ), by adding tiss to be finished, to the
stem of another verb: as ' '45 to have finished eating, 2 tse 44% --!
Ahmad has finished writing.
The addition of tis' to take, to the stem of another verb adds the idea of
success to the latter: e.g. 4 -80 jet 4' × U- I asked for (and obtained)
this thing.
II.–From the Imperfect Participle are formed :
CONTINUATIVES ( ;),"- Jail ) by adding ' to go, or tis) to remain, to
the imperfect participle of another verb: as Gle "» to keep on speaking,
tio, U.46:9 to keep on looking.
Native grammarians usually include under continuatives a form made up of a verb added
participle
to the inflected imperfect of another verb: e. g. ul- 3's to go singing, tists: 2 ”
to run crying, ~ Uta- U:51 * w;', 8, he keeps on turning over the leaves. In these the imp.
part. always remains in the masculine inflected form. The postposition U:- in, is under
stood after the participle, hence this is not a compound verb in the strict sense of the term.
 ( 55 )

III.–From the Perfect Participle are formed:

(a) FREQUENTATIVES ( sy,"- Jail ) by adding 5% to do, to the simple
masculine form of the perfect participle, to signify the habit of doi1 g a
thing : as by '44 to make a practice of writing, 55 '2' to make a practice
of going.
N. B. In compounds '' and ly" are invariably used instead of the forms
'# and b-.
(b) DESIDERATIVEs (cil, l-:) Jä- Jail) verbs of the future-immediate
event) by adding title to desire to the simple masculine form of the perfect
participle of another verb: as title (2' to desire, or to be about, to go :
A title b" (he) desires, or is about, to die : A gia's b- (she) is about to die.
N. B. Frequentatives and Desideratives possess an irt ansitive character and cannot,
therefore, be used with the agent case.
Under Desideratives native teachers usually also include such foln's as A. }: 3'- (he) on

the point of going, A V1, <!- (he) is about to go. [see § 65].

- The Verb Chahna.

88 A. ,” isle g's ...-

g's:- r ( 2) us" < * ''> * * * * --- (1)
• d t - \ - - * ',

Us- (5) us" <s' blaj alysis &l --- (4) A * *** * **** *- (3)
3," "," U- exil: ; (7) use isle '' els- U- (6) u," " 'is'." 35 &;ssue
< - * - •

WI3 ). }: * 's lis's ly- -33 -> *. (9) *** * * *-1 g (8) is is's
* >! U#4- 3 -** * *- (11) Aisle ble J" J-' 4 --- eit *a*- (10)
stas' (13) Assle.*, * > * 4-, 4 Al-6 &# * (12) → s* ----
*** Al; "--- ), Ajš + (14) Assle is, “ , ” “4”- - - ** > 2, 3
The Verb Chukna.
- ...?
B.
-- - - - -

s": Üü- es-->ye-sext ey- &G

S. U-5
•-

', (2) ** •- - -

** =lāsān; * e-ea- «3) c': (1)

J- us- (5) Q is sitels <-- 4 est- els: "...! (4) We 5' 3-4; 33° 43'43" (3) ×
8 */6, £5 & 2 i. 2:- (7) : « a g- as: , Uy; ' (6) &#2,” “x-x 4-la
Alist: ~!(9) us" < * * * > *=le cli: Plá's e- 2:- (8) &e class-l

(12) &# =-|x+ye eas, as -&l j," Jie 4 × U. " '' (11) we, 3%
(14) «» e40 yeest's #, us- a sys- (13) &; al.: +!';* : * ~ * :
 (56)
W@»~\<~1(1r>>\<=.-,§1~>I.3= “~:!l‘;(15)1‘*v;5lei3 ¢:sJ~>§=-;__».lln&,_§i__»_lzs,
<18>Kw=>r\“;=-e r3“¢9wt5£<l‘?* (l7>“e 5><'v='~>“.;'*.e.1*>a¢J,=¢'5..KI1e
»'~.~ ~.-1 ,1? - l=5~=»e.=.,e|(20 > 11%.,-.\1--.11..-gals: ( 19).<s,s.>.~.g,..._J__...
*K9r”t‘-‘52‘*5u-'="='i“P3~;5u>3;+(21)1‘vw;%
The Verb Lagna.
C- ¢‘_*.-1" 5%? \-Yb-?S1]\-97‘-1}‘>( 215' d':>“"-"‘°1“1""’1>‘:" *.-'1 r-*4 .;-~>1->*'~e( 1)
‘£1 ,_LZ3l.. us Q ='**~;% Q.-of .._._~ g all.-S be ( 5 ) ,_,-3‘-I 3,5 U531; Q5 1.-.-.-{£544 ,’€3) _;_.;.\
(e)_,<Ia',~ ..#>12¢=51e3,$a'1 i.r~1.-!¢)1G*1ufi"15)L<'é‘3~t€:1\,¢U:°1i;6gK-l(4)
{~21 ( 3 l Z1 43516! )1r~ ¢ *.’r‘3 Q‘ uh; 1 7 l 19 é“fi *1-"~£"' 5 uiélyg ;._». we-tab all-)
>313 >~> J-'-‘:;~> 1%,’. (10) 5' if if if uh“? ‘#1 *-’1"* 1'-5 (9) ‘£1 3152* ~=~¢;- 13,6 gee us
,x,g,> rials! L< \_,,¢.;x.. gs he J13 ufila: ( 11 ) K1 ‘A; c)1¢ ‘_,..! ,,,_¢;,§)__ HQ,-_$i ,;e;,_.!
ail a uh‘ U)‘-’-S1; 1. 13) er?-:1 ¢ )1} a}? \J)'1J‘>(12)1f1¢1~f§ 4
* ‘£1 =3~--111° ¢31= c wit? 2 r;*?»'( 15 ) $1 £1.15- 155175 Q1511‘-r=~1-° W1;-( H)
The Verb Sakna.
D. =1: »=-..~>\> ya’ <3> we eel» ¢~1~1== r“ ~.»F<z>,»-> 2<~,w~~.- ,.- er <1)
‘,1. U513 xqilm .-.@ ,'....1' ( 5 ) K... .;3u,..,;m; u,u..1.>I gs -,2 5.1 ~ U5.I ( - 4 ) U,» 11./...,s
I
H,
&3,_;~3lq__a_,$u’:.la4\>gg~1._.,(:;|_q§ :43‘;- q1~5l¢dl,.\,§(7)\K.~&; 63¢._.é\,$\;_;__'g')fl,
I I I p . -
15¢->"_._:¢)1G*'t;§4(9)1*X"' "1‘?£+’c)1"\;"’S r151‘*1>5.’i°~\~.;;1q»-;q-€go(8)1§~

Q5 s.-'l( 1111‘-lJl~_>t_;.':(».’ ‘Q3117 gk {K '~P§1:*1,.‘;;16¢3112 3;( 10 ) 8.»,

u‘-"" i,dz"“? :3 Z1” 2:115 w‘-3 mi" ;§1 1. 13 l 93* 1‘: on-" J‘? >311 eh‘ ent‘ c q51!;¢~
vii»: yin z gflgfia *1’x*'1’->u‘.~t3..:’:~a:11?“3<fi?-":\~‘3~.'*.*(14l£
g_¢\§l£ ;.~14 3&1) E q)-,D )K)\§ &§\4 ’_; ( E lli... 21¢; JQ

Various Compoimd Verbs.

E-413 é,==¢»-.~ .,_:‘°1~=1!u1‘°;G1 (2>,.1Ir> ~=»K.-»,!,,.¢.__."~-1.14,,-4(1)

8,\3g1k-£5;-5)n\:¢)1¢D (’5)l',;);JKu>3£\»~1§Q|JL-41’ (4)_=,s¢._. r.-1,¢ ._-.,.‘i..1(3)
‘;(8)>°='*“~“@5>"<" r<*1(7)>°¢'i:3\J¢-3ub“’1%‘::+:5u:5i'(5)£u=’°i;‘:‘*'°
-'-“"'lr~‘d¥“r3(10l£13:°-i11i°d5z°° >‘~.»-**>(9>a“><re-11-;@‘.,>--1*‘i'~>;@n-»~>
u¥*'¢‘,""Z~=~’~>°~J"‘-.%é=*=~:-‘>1121£u£~>r°:¢rK~§'-"'1'-é’1*‘>(111:‘°J=‘°r°
l>1"‘:’r°¢i~'11’<"\:3°i.:1£.~11§*‘-"f?)‘“'1¢1t-"(14)q1H;1;15,_;;§~f£.~>;-~>é-1(13)1;t1;-->
\1¢£1..<3,.i.'=¢€,.¢u,_..(17)at1s,\in>;;u,.>».=»|,a,(16)2J,;;,sc.a\_,!;;<is,(15,

*”15>" 3 unfi ‘$103111-* 1‘? 1’-"'* 4 1‘: ( 19 ) 15‘? ée1">".> ~.*‘> 1-31 13 ) cu” 11": “ii
 (57)

Various Compound Verbs.

F. (3)\_eI>Z;03,_1~;c5;yi=-t-,»~>==:l;( 2)‘-WE.‘ l3‘65¢'.-Jflaye-' ')>)7"r"'(12
&q:§S)$Gl...G,...‘1...l(5)l:>,§;)\.;)l'...gK€il)Lo,_,¢.~(-1 ) l§\.g£::,:;l§;_v5u’1§§_Aa,3,lé-l
:‘°°( 3 ) -*2 “*1 ‘4‘i'-" Uh" ‘mt *1 ( 7 ) 4-‘l J2? °:’°%°:"> r’ 4=?5<fi:.£ 4 ( 6 l bl‘ " r°
(11);!->1a~l;~>;5u~l.:! t.r~h._’.(10)l-"le 4!‘: )5 Uh! lo‘-1~>*1:~(9 );~> *0‘; mi‘)? )5u°°
.,~\,~»¢e r,( 13 ) 1;; we ¢ \‘;§\s tale v,< 12 ) L»; .,-BI, ,5 wl flee: he» La
* é 5:” 0*“ q‘-5“-*‘ ‘J ¢ *3“? ‘bi l 14 )8 “'3 fr 43*
[Do Reading Lesson XIV.]

LESSON XX\/lll.
89. The Cardinal Numbers frcm One to One Hundred.
W I “T-9'" 71¢ ‘- H ..-~I"T1§7@??"_'
v P do l rv ; u-13‘! bd‘is
I" at; tin rs" ‘ ,__,-Q5 I te’is
9'0 )l'v Chat’ l "7' u-L~!f: Cllaubis
339, \ panch a I'D A ct-:=,',=-%_. pachis

'1 tn. ‘ chha H U-Mes chhabis

V -.=»l- sdt I‘ rv ,_,-136... sattci’is
A 437 dth I’/\ , sf‘-‘A6-ll ath<i’is
1 ,3 nau l r9 E untis
I- . ,_,-Q das r'- . u..§ tis
Il $,l§ gydra I"! U--J6! iktis
Ir 15!; bdra rr Q-Q . battis
ll’ 8,43 tera rr M I tentis
H’ sen. chauda H’ _,..;.Z5,, E chauntis
to I)»; _ pandra V0 paintis
|1 1:1,... sola l"‘1 0% chhattis
H 1,1... satra rv ,_,-_~_1-'-5- saintis
IA $,'¢§l atluira FA ‘ ,,_>~§;l artis
I9 u~L~3l " ""53 l P‘? nntrilis
t» U-3 bis I V» wells chdlis
~
8
 (56)
=11.»-1<-i<1e>1‘~»,$ 1»1.;» 11.1 -, 1151M»; ¢.1.¢-,._.u-.,.,_.,1.,
(18)KT)‘°t'K‘)’5"¢ .-I-*e.-.»=e¢-.=- (1711n,;,.,,=..>1=__,1,»_1=,@.J,.as..1m.
we ~11 9+ -1.!-=1-e,¢1(z0)1<,,-.11-.111-gels:(19).<.,,s.>....__,,,...,T,..
*l"*v2"t“'31‘*1\-r1"‘=')"?5.,e5~.1:-77-“‘~Zl)l‘*:u-1%
The Verb Lagnu.
C- $11‘-¢‘4.=‘P u1’-5§'o25;°(21312:)‘:-“l"1'""l>52'°*r'1;#r-*-*vq'°l->1e(1l
~,:i;..<;1.1.s,_,s.a-,1.=,".,-__,.sT._..._._._,,11.: 1.1:. (_3)u§’d.;5u'.51!,é5=>~§g-4»-,€3,¢":l
1(>>‘,11é.>~ ..»'=;le&‘lo5:‘él .1-\.=.a,‘¢Joe-<5)‘i'é»<1:¢:.;11>>'$;e“‘-114)
1381 (8)51 23%? >12" e: '-.-'r"’ Q‘ oz‘); ( 71m 3"")? ‘1""-" 5 1.125125 ;-.’- we-1° 111*;
:3") as J-:»° “ti (10) 3‘ 22* 5‘->5 3:5 1.1‘-*3‘? ‘fl *-'2‘ 1'-5 (9) ‘£1 551° *-‘-'1)‘ 15:65 Q6? uh-'
,;,,<i.> ,.l!a13!IS \_,,,<,x.. gs as J15 mil,» 1 11 ) 1!: ‘us (,1, ,_,.1,.,_1;,;,_,, q,-,__,_1,;,,;,_,,
5' A->9 .»_- ut-' .471’-)'1§)5l*‘ K 13 ) can 25‘ ¢ >234! Leia): ur1>° 1 12 )‘5' éé ¢
* 111 ,5‘- c .-is 4 1-ye-(15)=<' é"- he 7‘ 1.17’)! ~.'=1-= ,.,1,-1 14)
The Verb Sak-/m.
D. ‘=1! uh-',;~>15 '14‘-" 13) uh” Life”? if-'1' *5 1'14 ‘:’l(ll,.:&° 2‘-;5u§'>1e ;+ ~51 (1)
.-.;l-'
Kio-51¢;oil; 4=o3ll>*"*t'?¢l-21(5)K-"‘5tu-'J"1?i.vl'1'~1:>\;51~5¢‘-l\.rb-'(411.1)“
;5..»’=\--~>e..»~lt-.‘<’.~'-,3 --e.;~ .;'~._».la1Jl;3‘i5(7)\><--i=5 @z.»_~a"=‘~->é,<

5o.>-,‘¢,l0Ju§~(9)l1'<~' *J'%¢‘t:'c>1",;-5 1-151‘--1,5-"-_>~>->»~,.,,1e¢3-;e§=1_o(.‘Z)l.<...

.,~‘~='l(11)“-1Jl5o:+'*‘¢3l'o¢-' r“wli’;“‘*“-’i‘1~i~.¢>‘¢*3*‘%*>11O)‘1‘~2‘oee*~>'>
uh" .,£:‘1“?:3 32° 3:145 v"‘-.’- =25’ )‘1(.13l-,;""<""‘>\2H5 ~,15l?:l>1t,§:5¢.¢;'~“¢f\,¢5"?;¢‘
Q1‘- J-' ¢: 931211" 95 '-rel-' )3-la 55" 8 1;-71" )5? 4?" *.-‘us 1+ ( 13 ) 11‘- 36! do U31
*\11<~\~>..».~+*..»1~a,11e-\=$<se-*i-<='~.-‘.~(1+)a
Various Compound Verbs.

E_ 4: ,;,..¢._. _é..>f.,.¢,_,w,GT (2)qll5 s.s,_,..,s_§s_,11...<,1;q.‘s(1)

8,§gU¢..éq.5,.. wt.» ('5)!-,,_>_1JK.=.1'=»-1;;1Jl....1, (4)‘§$c._. .=.!,.s .>,;‘L..1(3)
';(8M~>.'~1¢e5,‘><-'- ;‘~l(7);~>¢'§;3=Jo,».ty.~1>‘e':fi~:5u:‘i'(6)él%~>é;5;<¢I>
.'_=-'r-‘<11-".~\—.~F(1<1)a\F,<i.».11¢¢<én>~> >‘~.-%(9>a'»'><».».\1—><+‘..,¢-iJ»‘i'~.~,<ie..»~>
,__,1..‘/’1...;.=..-s,.>_,..l_;_;,,..*:.='.x,(1_2)¢>11,-_,>,..>,¢,.IS;c.<1l..‘%>la,(11),1>L1,»_.>,.>
I I I
l)L'K3(">L"l)!"L!il-')\)l§-‘"§“""¢)“'l¢.‘.‘5“(1‘l);'§ly}l)B\'¢)fi“)‘?.'5f‘5é"‘l(I3)u".2,f‘>
l7~0¢1-~61-1-"~¢:f‘.-‘u&‘(171£u")11"§:!c.'°*='1>5:(16l”;%é)5¢¢%ul!.§§1'1s(15)
*”‘3}‘4 é Q”)? Kg IQ; 1% §,( ) 131;; AQHIDIQ \_'-15 r; ( ) Q,D
 (57)

Various Compound Verbs.

F. (3>..»¢=>é>~.< .1~»‘>+-*-.-.»-=»1><2)1>1=.=a w.»_~..1e¢>=- '»>>->P<1)
u-1-6 ,5 Eh G,- .'--1 ( 5) 1», 5.». ,3 1,1» U91 -1 ) 13.». ~"=;7 51¢: 1‘ ..»>1e~=- ml é-1
;I>o( 8 ) 8 1.1195 lqfiié 1;? alfiq t,( 7 ) 4:] J’; .>)cIngo,& ‘J 4§\§¢.fl_.34__ ( 6 _) |)L< £3 fa

(11)§11~>1.=1;°)5u~1-3 u~L~._*.( 101151-2- J‘: ;5v110!*e5:-> *1? ( 9 )';° “Q5; wifi )51”°
t-,;~>_\>y2 11; ( 13 ) 15: -13;-7.~ a ~>1:3,;=',~\5 J21‘: 11; 1 12 )1-;~>;5 .é-51;;5u~1;510‘?~.‘ 19'-?- ¢_H-'
u E’
* £13)” ml" ._<,f1=.*111;¢ 111% I-1;?( 141$ 1"€"1)5J"' 8)?
[Do Reading Lesson XI\/'.]

LESSON XXVIII.
89. The Cardinal Numbers frcm One to One Hundred.

""'""T' '“”'”lr».' " '7; J r1 o-:51 ikkis

I’ ,0 do H’ er-Q12 bci’is
I" .953 tin i fl" Q-9,115 te’1's
V )1‘; char H’ _ |J"‘b.')% . chaubis
0 @313 punch I I'D _,._,\ 15achis
‘I Kw 1 ch/m 1 H g-,l,-§Q§- chhabis
V t—..L- sdt ' rv ,_,-.§lI... . sattri’fs
A Q11 cith p I’/\ er-.e11e-1| atha"is
1 ,3 nau r9 ;)~f_-:51 1' rmiis
I» ,_,-.¢ 1 das r. ‘_,..L.; . tis
II 8,11;-I gydra P‘! ,_,~»_J61 iktis
Ir 8,1; bdra rr ,_,-pi; I battis
I 1' 8;§ fera H“ ._,-.§Lh_J ienffs
IV as» chauda H" _...1.I5,.,. I chmmtis
I0 I,.u'.; , pcmdra fo _.-.¢il_t‘.; Pdifltis
|1 ur. sola H 0.1.1“ chhattis
II 251.. satra rv ._,-.511-_~.. saintfs
IA 51¢?! GI/Mira FA Q-$331 artis
I9 ..»~¢$1 1 unis re Q-_ul1»'i mzfdlis
V- ._»-9, 1 bis l"~ 1
U-~_~Ls chdlis
~
 (58 )

iktdlis ' Vf bahattar

be’dlis VF tihattar
tentcilis VV chauhattar
chau’dIis V0 pachhattar
paintdlis V1 ch I1 ihattar
chhe'cilis VV 1 sathattar
saintdlis VA athattar
artiilis V9 undsi
unanchds A. assi
pachds AI ikdsi
1' kriwan AV be'ési
bdwari AV linisi
tirepan AV chaurdsi
chawwan A0 pachdsi
pachpan A1 chhe’dsi
chhappan AV satdsi

sattdwan AA athdsi
athdwan A9 na'wa'si
nnsath 9. na-wwe
saith 9| ikzinwe
iksath 9f b¢inu'e
9V tirairwe
bdsath
tiresath 9V chaurdnwe
channsath 90 pacharrwe
painsath 91
chhe’a'n we
sata'n'we
chae’dsath 9V
sarsath 9A
athdnwe
arsath 99 nindnwe

zmhaltar |.. sau

sattar |... hazér
ikhattar |..... Idkh
|....... karor
 (59)
90. For the formation of Ordinals see § 21.
91. The Fractional Numbers are.
1. Nouns. I 2. An]EcTivEs.
'1
» - H } a quarter. , en:
- } one quarter less.
A v
~""i’T
Q31-‘ a tlurd.
_ .
lml or Ml
'3 half.
“Ml a half. l,- a quarter more.
£3‘- one half more.
I35 one and a half.
,§it|>8 or Qilmgl two and a half.
92. Other fractional numbers are.
;l, mi 11. of &=§. ,,iw' ,¢ §~.
3‘: ‘£3 11} of }=%- 5‘: *2.
sw .;\->5 2% or 1-=a.
93. Common collective numbers are.—
'3:-e } - .;§;5 a score.
a pt!!!’ i a couple. B‘:- rr hundred.
qifi
94. In numeration we have.——
.;:l‘:'.l mlifs, ,é5ll>~> lens, lfl- hundred, ,l§l> thousands.
95. Per cent. is expressed either by ¢§<=\.- or by the Persian 5;->-P Q5, as
l}<'.-- ‘:3; 5“: Of q-\-‘ 5;‘; five rupees per hundred.
96. The addition of |;;,(nasal) to the cardinals, from ;~> (which adds t-,|;3)
upwards, gives the force of totality : e. g. ua-";~> all two, u;1:3 all ihree.
,_,,j€g- has the sense of "hundreds," ._;;;l}l> of iithousands."
97. The repetition of a cardinal number gives the sense of distribution: ,
e, g, fl i-Ql \-9.1 one mango each.
=
98- ¥> -<7 w:‘:v:: ( es ff- >‘-l' 4?! <se>-.’-"1? I-*.’-u
J
:- ‘SF_ or ( 1)
(5 )<e3 ll-P év 8”" r°’ <-°‘fi.’- >- q’“°3 ( 4 ) ‘=‘-H-= 2‘ wl ‘§.’~>>,'r~( 3 ) lb‘ 5% U39
M“ iliwn‘ :‘*‘° ( 7)>°q>"" ;¢%\-‘$6? l 6)‘1~‘@35 b‘1;¢i‘-“'"¢\J))i,“'}i}Dt§:lD3
)1-~ >l=:(10)§”‘Jl‘-i’ '-1'*‘-*Q5..::*"°l? W §‘.’~(9);'>u"'-‘Y’ vim)‘ 5l.’."°l( 3)4’~L~'-‘lv
»-4'=-( 12) ¢3>=>-5;-eéer-x w°é)$u':~<‘~t1‘u~l\11)t,;93ub".'¢1&67;'<-’~§‘:q5\l>3
£ \-*'~.’.>~H: ‘gilt-7-*<-."(1‘l)l§;“° ~"-"zsuhe v.-&”5';5;'=r£§‘-( 13):! (5)3-|';gl)~'
 ( 60 )
- • d - •- - * - -

4 & U-1 (17)'s sex & 25's # * *, + (16) * * * * * (15)

* ** Ust' is 2 e5 U- (18) 's 8+ 4:3) is ~ *
MISCELLANEOUS SENTENCES.

99. A. 1. Persian is an exceedingly beautiful language. 2. There

are more than two thousand three hundred books in the school library. 3.
If the bridge has been destroyed and the river is in flood, what shall we do?
4. You are not accustomed to work. 5. The rain must have prevented
him from coming. 6. I have bought two and three quarter seers of potatoes.
7. The mountains of the Himalayas are higher than any others in the
world. 8. At what o'clock do you start 2 9. In India, each district has
a different dialect. 10. Whatever talents you possess, you will not succeed
without work.
B. 1. An enormous crowd filled the streets of the city. 2. You know
him, don't you ? No, I have never seen him before. 3. The sum is
written on the blackboard. 4. Through the severity of the famine, they
sold their four children for twelve rupees. 5. This load is twenty-four
seers in weight. This load is more than that by ten seers. 6. Alexander
marched into India at the head of an army of 120,000 men. 7. A battle
was fought with Porus on the banks of the Jhilam. 8. She gave the poor
man ten rupees and freed him from debt. 9. These labourers have been hired
by the contractor. 10. The labourers will be collected from the villages.
C. 1. Two new bridges are going to be built over the Ganges. 2.
The labourers had pickaxes, spades, and crow-bars. 3. Carpenters should
have in their possession-chisels, planes, saws, adzes, and files. 4. The
canal is long and broad, and over it is a bridge. 5. The walls of the house
should be a foot and a half thick, and fourteen feet high; a verandah should
run all round it, and the whole house should be plastered inside and out, and
then whitewashed. 6. Famine prevails and many people are looking for
work. 7. At Mecca we shall rest our minds and bodies after the toils of
the long journey. 8. Mir Amman of Delhi is the author of the Bag-o
Bahar. It was written in the year 1802. 9. If the prisoners tell any lies,
they will receive additional punishment. 10. The earthquake was felt by
everyone, for every house in the city was shaken.
 ( 61 )

APPENDIX A.

100. DECLENsion of certain nouns which present slight deviations

jrom the rules.
1. Nouns ending in , , when the nun is nasal and preceded by a long
vowel. Such words usually reject the syllable 5 on receiving the termina
tion of the formative plural. Examples:–," (panw) the foot; 36 (ganw)
a village.
PLURAL.

Nom. L$ villages.
Gen. & J.'s [for L3,56].
Sometimes the nasal nun is retained before the termination, as eu,"
from the villages.
Obs. Hamza must be placed between the long vowel and the termina
tion.

2. Nouns ending in nasal nun are, in the singular, declined as if the

nun did not exist, but in the plural the nasal is dropped. Examples:
U!, a well; L';* smoke.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Ald, 2 U"; from the well. < U% from the wells.
3. Feminine diminutives ending in 2 (iya) add only nasal nun to form
the plural nominative, and drop the allf in the other cases of the plural.
Examples:–95; a doll; (25* a bird ; '95 a small cart; '5! a packet (of
powder, medicine, etc).
Nom. J'5* birds. Gen. § Už5% of birds.
4. As a cow, is thus declined in the plural.—
Nom. U's cows.
Gen. § u% of cows, also Li's .
Acc.; u% cows, **

5. 3), a wife, takes for its nom. plural either ul:), or U23), .
 ( 6.2 )

APPENDIX B.

101. FORMATION OF FEMININES FROM MASCULINES.–

1. Masculines ending in or * change these letters into *-ma’ruf

(i) to form the corresponding feminines. Masculines ending in a consonant
add 4-ma’ruf.
Other feminine affixes are c (an), e' (in), s' (ni), and & (āni).
be house. j,” mare.
65 boy. .#5 girl.
solyola prince. golje" princess.
“all
yū- a goldsmith. £ } a goldsmith's wife.
3:4 tiger. *** tigress.
*3) a male camel. *, a female camel.
*** a sweeper. &ly't a sweepress.
2. Masculines which end in a long vowel preceded by a consonant (with
the exception of * 3) usually drop the vowel before adding the feminine
affix.

<!," washerman. £ ! washerwoman.

Ju- a gardener. 3- a gardener's wife.
<!: an oilman. els an oilman's wife.
£ue a male elephant. ** a female elephant.
tele a bridegroom. wgle a bride.
lysis a greengrocer. ejas a greengrocer's wife.
Exceptional forms are.—
ls: a grain-seller.
3ui,
c”\#*! ! (l •
pantya in
* * )
} a baniya's wife.
e”''' ) (baniyayan)
* a barber. eit (na’in) a barber's wife.
Other forms are.—

: } lord, prince. # ! lady, princess.

te-ly king. s", queen.
's' brother. | cle: sister.
 & 63 )

Sometimes different words are used:—

*''' father. U" mother.
ey" man. “y” woman.
350- bull. 35 cow.

APPENDIX C.

Reflexive Pronoun tal

102. (1) Apna is regularly used when reference is made to the gramma
tical subject, expressed or understood, of the sentence or clause: for
example. A ble el" < *, means "he is going to his own (the subject's)
house, whereas ~ * ~" <- * means 'he is going to his (another man's)
house. A Juba J's £ 4: * ~ * every man has his own manner of life;
every man 'gangs his ain gait.'
(2) Apna is frequently used when reference is made to the actual sub
ject : for example # 3-58: 2. 3, a ri" x -a- + 4*- [me he restored to
my office and him he hanged], 4*.*, the word to which 4. refers, is in the
accusative, but the sense is the same as if it were the grammatical subject,
i. e., as if the sentence read "I was restored to my office, etc.'
(3) Apna is often used when reference is made to the speaker, as #;" 4.
* * * * * u, , ), when my servants and associates saw this
negligence. -

(4) Apna is sometimes used in the sense of 'one's friend,' 'one's own
people, as - irs 4 * 4", tigl one's friend is he who shall come (aorist) to
one's need, or a friend in need is a friend indeed; *** <'' L*)2): * Ux'
one should favour one's own family (or friends, or relations).
APPENDIX D.

103. Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verb BE.

PRESENT.
Singular. Plural.
U” U!" I am. U** **, we are.
* , thou art. ** you are.
* 52 he is. U** 82 they are.
 PAST.

Singular. | Plural.

\4 U"- I was. 4 * we were.

* , thou wast. 4 e5 you were.
'4; 32 he was. 4 *, they were.
N. B.—If the subject be feminine, the forms are * and Us" for the
singular and plural respectively.
104. Conjugation of the Verb by" to become, to come to be, to be.
[See § 111.]
PRESENT.

- (I become, I come to be, etc.)

Singular. Plural.

U," "," Us.” ust 2," "

* 5x 35 * 2,” “5
* U," 8, ust 2," 8,
Fem. ...’,” throughout.
IMPERFECT.

(I was becoming, etc.)

Singular. Plural.

ld U," Ui- 4' 35" "

ls; tı," ; 4' 35" "
'45 (53° 3, 4' 35" s,
Fem. sing. g" *** Fem. plur. use: w";"
FUTURE.

(I shall or will become, etc.)

Singular. Plural.

tć,” U- 4,” "

(ś, ź 4,” “s
Š," 8, | £," 8,
|
Fem. ..."," , "," ctc.
 ( 65 )

PAST INDEFINITE (PRETERITE).

(I became, etc.)
Singular. Plural.

13:0 us- | 3,” es

l," 35 4,” “s
13° 32 4, 8,
Fem. sing. J'," Fem. plur. Us!,"

PRESENT PERFECT.

(I have become, etc.)

Singular. Plural.

U," l;" Us.” U* 3," "

A l,” " * 3," as
* \," 8, Use 3," ",
Fem. J'," throughout.
PAST PERFECT.

(I had become, etc.)

Singular. Plural.

ls; ly” Ui- 4 3," "

le; l," y <!' A,” *
le: l," 8, 4' 3,” 85
Fem. plur. Ust' J'," Fem, sing. ...” J',"

AORIST.

(I may or shall become, etc.)

Singular. | Plural.

U)* Us" Uy" 's U232* *

<-2, b \, : " : ** 65
<-2," ' " ") ust 2 U22," ")
 ( 66 )

PRESENT DUBIOUS.

(I may, might, or must, be becoming, etc.)

Singular. Plural.

tøy" by Us- £,” 2," "

6,” G," is 4, 2,” “s
6,” U," 8, & 2," ",
Fem. sing. .” . ," etc. Fem. plur. .#;" s';* etc.
PAST DUBIOUS.

(I may, might, or must have been becoming, etc.)

Singular. Plural.

16," "," U:- £," 3," "

6,” ly" " - 4,” .3," e.
($3.0 × 8, £3, 4," ",
Fem. ** 3'," teC. Fem. plur. S;" <!," €tC.

PAST CONDITIONAL OR OPTATIVE.

[Had I become, etc., (would that) I had become, etc.]

Singular. Plural.

ū,” U- (#1) 3," " (#1)

5× 3 ( ;: ) 3,” £5 ;: )
ū," 8, ( ; ) 3.5" ", ( ; )
Fem, sing. ...",". Fem. plur. Us',”
THE IMPERATIVE.

Singular. Plural.

3D 3 become thou or be thou. * £5 become you or be you.

THE PRECATIVE OR 18 ESPECTFUL IMPERATIVE.

£," (be pleased to) become. ** 3'ou shall become.

8:#;" 3'ou will be pleased to be.
 ( 67 )

Gerund.-Nom. Ú,” becoming; 64," etc., of becoming ; ; 45° etc.

Imperfect Participle (** being or becoming.
Perfect 3* l,” been or become.
Conjunctive , 45% - #3" — 4,” having been or having become.
Adverbial ** * 3," in the very act, or in the instant,
of being or becoming.

105. Conjugation of the Intransitive Verb Ú53° to run.

PRESENT.

(I run, etc.)
Singular. Plural.
U," "5x" Us.” U* 3.5% et
* 55* * * 35,9 %
* (55): 3, ust 25," ":
Fem. &#5:3 throughout.

IMPERFECT.

(I was running, etc.)

Singular. Plural.

le; Uj* Us- | 4. 3539 f*

(45 U.53° 35 4' 35- c.5
(4; 355° 3, 4' 35,9 %
Fem. sing. £ 4,53° Fem. plur. Use: ; 53°
FUTURE.

(I shall or will run, etc.)

Singular. Plural.

Ú,539 Ui- £25," "

&53° 3: 45, c.
t&#5, #, £5,9 %,
Fem. £5” A5's
- etc.
 ( 68 )

PAST INDEFINITE (PRETERITE).

(I ran, etc.)
Singular. | Plural.

1539 U- 2-53° "

}* * 2.5" "
'53° $2 2.539 s:
Fem. sing. 53° Fem. plur. U-55

PRESENT PERFECT.

(I have run, etc.)

Singular. Plural.
Uy" by Us" U** - 53° e^

A 5” x - * ~5: "
A ly," "r U** - 53° 32
Fem. 45.” throughout.

PAST PERFECT.

(I had run. etc.)

Singular. l Plural.

(4; 3% us." 4 - 5x" en

ls; lyre 3, 4; 2.539 &
le, 53° 32 4 - 53° *:
Fem. sing. At 5” Fem. plur. U's six
AORIST.

(I may or shall run, etc.)

Singular. Plural.
U5539 U.:* U:539 f"
2.5× " 35; c.
2-33° 32 U253° 32
 ( 69 )

PRESENT DUBIOUS.

(I may, might, or must, be running, etc.)

Singular. Plural.

ū,” Us," Us- £," 352 ro

$3% U333 x: 45° 35's 's
($30 by: 5, £3, 353° 3,
Fem. sing. &#,” “j” etc. Fem, plur. &;" || 5' etc.
PAST DUBIOUS.

(I may or must have been, or I shall have run, etc.)

Singular. Plural.

** 5:9 U- ** 2.5" "

(5, 53° 35 45° 25's &
($3.9 bye *, ** ~5:9 “,
Fem. sing. £," 555% etc. Fem. plur. &;" 55:9 etc.
PAST CONDITIONAL OR OPTATIVE.

(Had I been running, etc., (would that) I had becn running, etc.)
Singular. Plural.

U533 U- (#1) 35.8 cm ( ; )

U533 x (#1) 35, c5 (#1)
ūj;e s, (#1) 35," " (#1)
Fem. sing. £539 Fem. plar. U-552- .
IMPERATIVE.
Singular. Plural.

5* , run thou or run. 353° ri run you.

PRECATIVE OR RESPECTFUL IMPERATIVE.

£5,9 (be pleased to) run * 22539 you shall run.

lf:53° you will be pleased to run.
Gerund-Nom, "5* running ; Gen. § 355°, etc., of running ; # 35.9 for
running ; etc.
 ( 70 )
-

Imperfect Participle ... b3, 3 running.

Perfect ** ... '59 run.
Conjunctive , ... 4, 53° - #553 - 45° - 53' having run.
Adverbial 5 * ... ." 35.9 in the very act of running.
106. Conjugati£of the Transitive Verb lig'e to see.
PRESENT.

(I see, etc.)
Singular. Plural.
U," "4&e U:- Us" < * *
2 üe's 35 * 2:49e £5
A U4&e 8, U* <e£e *,
Fem. &#9 throughout.
IMPERFECT.
(I was seeing, or I used to see, etc.)
Singular. Plural.
's tig's Us- 4 ·s&e es:
(45 We's 35 <! 2:4:3 c5
45 tig's 8, 4; 24%. 3,
Fem. sing. 44; 4.4&e. Fem. J44; 4.48°.
FUTURE.
(I shall see, etc.)
Singular. Plural.
*** Us- £4&e ^*
"4%" , 4,4'- £5
(£262- 8, £4's $3
Fem. &#8 etc., (... throughout).
PAST INDEFINITE.
(I saw, etc.)
Singular. - Plural.
< Ji- | deb
# 4&e 4; * 'a 3 c5
• d • d © - s

2.494- < Uye'l

Masc. plur. 4's. Fem. sing. *** - Fem. plur. Ussee.
 ( 71

PRESENT PERFECT.

[I have seen, etc.]

Singular. Plural.
< Us" < eit
** *:, , 3, * A lege < c,
ld w! 2 + -- 4 o'
Masc. plur. Us" ~#9. Fem. sing, and plur. Us" *** .
PAST PERFECT.

(I had seen, etc.)

Singular. • - Plural.

4 + | 3 e”
#145 le:S d 4: #145 (4&e < c.
& " ... J- a use:

Masc. plur. * *** . Fem. sing. 44; 46:9 . Fem. plur. Use ge''>
* Observe carefully that this form is only used when the object of the verb is in the
singular masculine or in the dative form, in every other case the verb must agree with the
object in gender and number.
AORIS T.

(I may, or shall see, etc.)

Singular. Plural.

Uyê's U- | U:46:9 e"

4' × 34&#3 e5
<&S 8, U-488 8,
PRESENT DUBIOUS.

(I may, might, or must, be seeing, etc.)

Singular. Plural.

ls,” we'e Us- £," <2<e *

($3.9 trage 3: 4, 2:46:9 as
($30 tig's 8, £,” 23:32 s,
Fem. sing. £5" &#8 etc. Fem. plur. ** *** etc.
 ( 72 )

PAST DUBIOUS.
(I may, might, or must, have seen, etc.)
Singular. Plural.

| <!. Up!" 2 **
* (5," lege d 4; * 5x" |&#3 - < r:
| <ic' & J- < us''
Masc. plur. 4, 44 . Fem, sing and plur. J'," sage
*See p. 71.
PAST CLNDITIONAL OR OPTATIVE.
[Had I seen, or (would that) I had seen, etc.]
Singular. Plural.
tie's U- (#1) . 2:48:3 r" (#1)
tra's , (#1) 24's '5 (#1)
ügge s, (331) 2:46:2 s, (#1)
Fem. sing. .#4&s Fem. plur. U-482°
IMPERATIVE.
Singular. Plural.
*** see (thou). *e (see you)
PRECATIVE OR RESPECTFUL IMPERATIVE.

*** you, he, etc. be pleased to see. *** you, he, etc. be pleased tosee.
ūša's you, he, etc. will be pleased to see.
Gerund—-Nom, tis's seeing , Gen. * *** etc. of seeing ; etc.
Imperfect Participle ... "4’33 seeing.
Perfect ** ... (46.29 seen.
Conjunctive , ... 45°4839 – #4&e - A449 – 44% having seen.
Adverbial ** ... ." A448 in the very act of seeing.
THE PASSIVE VOICE.
107. The passive voice is formed by adding the various tenses of Ula- (to
go) to the perfect participle of a transitive verb.
The passive voice is very sparingly used in Urdu. The reason is that
the language abounds in intransitive verbs with a passive signification.
108. Conjugation of the Passive Voice of ü.4&e
 ( 73 )

PRESENT.

(I am being scen, etc.)

Singular. - Plural.

Uy" Gle la's U4- U* 2.' 4&e "

* Ula lée » * Al- 4:3 as
* Gla lé's 5, U** 2'> 4'- ",
Fem. ...' .44&e throughout.
IMPERFECT.

(I was being seen, etc.)

Singular. - Plural.

| L:- | et
(45 Ula lé's ; 4; 3 = 4:38 es
57 | 8,

Fem. sing. 44' 4"> ** . Fem. plur. Us: A "* .348°.

FUTURE.

(I shall be seen, etc.)

Singular. Plural.
83' 49e U- 4:3, 9 &3' 4's ""
t&l= | \,' '4's , 43'- 4:3 c5
ūše (; 182, la's 8, &#3's 2 &;' 4's 8,
Fem. sing. s',' 5438 etc. , Fenn. plur. £2,' £e etc.
PAST INDEFINITE.

(I was seen, etc.)

Plural.
U!" re
* ".
8, 8,

20 .
IO
 ( 74 )

PRESENT PERFECT.

(I have been seen, etc.)

Singular. Plural.
Uy R ' '4's U- U* * * *
* ' '4' × * 3: 44° 5
* 's 4's 8, Use & 4's '',
Fem. .*.*.* thought out.

PAST PERFECT.

(I had been seen, etc.)

Singular. Plural.

| L” re
ls; A la's * 4 & 4's e;
| 82 | 8,

Fem, sing. 24. As 34&s . | Fem, plur. J's 44 g4's .

AORIST.

(I may or shall be seen, etc.)

Singular. Plural.

u:' '4&e U- us' ! Už3' 4's ""

4' ' -,' 'e , 3'- 4:3 e5
*

As 9 - ' ' ', Já' ' L' 4's '',

Fem. &#8 sing, and plur. : the other parts remain unchanged.
PAST DUB IOU.S.

(I may, might, or must have been seen, etc.)

Singular. Plural.

ū,” '* la's U- &;" .# 4'- f*

(s,” as lege : 4, 28 4's es
($3.9 s \s's 8, | 4, 24.4%. ,
Fem. sing. &;" * **** etc. Fem. plur. $," * *28 etc.
 ( 75 )

PAST CONDITIONAL OR OPTATIVE.

[I had been seen, etc., or (would that) I had been seen, etc.]
Singular. Plural.

tile (44° [...'

35 (; ) "'
3' 4&e ci (; )
| 3, ( , ) t" (#)
Fem. sing. £ 44&e. Fem. plur. Us' ge''> .
IMPERATIVE.
Singular. Plural.
' '4's be (thou) seen. 3'-24'23 he (you) seen.
Infinitive ... * 'e' to be seen.
Imperfect Participle ... ble '4's being seen.
Perfect ** ... ts le's been.
109. Additional Forms of Certain Tenses.
1. PRESENT DUBIOUs [2nd Form. § 57].
[(Perhaps) I am seeing or I may be seeing.
Singular. Plural.

U," "4&e U- U," Kege et

* We's 35 * 2:4&s ej
* lis's 8, Ly" < * *
PAST DUBIOUS [2nd Form. § 62].
[(Perhaps) I saw or I may have seen.]
Singular. Plural.

* '4&e ius- * 'e deb

* *** * age 3 &
* '44° 3 J- * '4' 3-04
PAST CONDITIONAL [2nd Form. § 87.]
(Had I been seeing or would that I had seen.)
Singular. Plural.

U," we'e Ui- 3, 2:38:2"

etc., etc.
 ( 76 )

4. PAST CONDITIONAL I3rd Form. § 59.]

[Had I seen (some time ago) or would that I had seen (some time ago.]
Singular. Plural.
U," "Q3 2. U- Ü,” 'e les.
etc. etC.

APPENDIX E.

Causal Verbs ( &la-',' **** ).

110. A "simple intransitive verb may be made transitive in character
(1) by making certain additions to its stem, (2) by modifying or changing
the vowels in the body of its stem.
A simple transitive verb may be made doubly transitive by a similar
process.
GENERAL RULE-A CAUSAL is generally formed by adding to the
stem of a simple verb, and a DOUBLE CAUSAL by inserting the consonant
3 before the of the causal:—
Simple Verb. Causal. Double Causal.
ū, to fall. b), to cause to fall, to fell. Ub, to get (a person
or thing) thrown
down.

tile to burn. Üle to cause to burn, to kindle. Uly' to cause to be

burnt.

(a) But if the stem of the simple verb is composed of two syllables and
the vowel in each syllable of the stem is short, the second being zabar, the
zabar is rejected to form the first causal but is retained in the double causal :--
Simple Verb. First Causal. Double Causal.

tiss- to understand. Glas- to cause to under- U1943- to get (something)

stand, to explain. explained.
ults to swallow. Ulls to cause to swallow. Ül;16 to get (something)
swallowed.

Note.—A verb that cannot be reduced to a simpler form is called a simple or primary
verb. t
 ( 77 )

(b) If the stem of the simple verb is monosyllabic and contains in the
body of the stem a long-vowel, the vowel in both causals is changed into the
homogeneous short vowels; in other words, is rejected for zaba’, 2 for
pesh, and is for zer:—
Similar Verb. First Causal. Double Causal.

tists to be awake. U.S. to awaken, to wake. Ül,' to cause (one) to

be awakened.
li/? to speak. Üll to call. Glyk to cause (one) to
be called.
ū's to lie down. Üül to lay down. Ül, to cause to be laid
down. -

(c) If the stem of the simple verb ends in a long-vowel, " is generally
substituted for to form the first causal and '3' to form the double causal,
the long-vowel in the body of the stem being shortened according to rule (b).
Simple Verb. First Causal. Double Causaj.

Ülgs to eat. Ülgs to feed. Übles to cause (one) to be fed.

tú: to drink. Un: to give to drink. Ül,' to cause (one) to be plied
with drink. -

Ur- to sleep. Üll- to put to sleep. U1,1- to cause (one) to be put

to sleep.
(d) - Some verbs take a double causal only, and that of a particular
form :— - -

U% to lose. Ül,4 to cause to lose (be lost).

Ü5 to sing. ūl, to cause to sing (to be sing).
tú to take. Ül, to cause to take (be taken). •

(e) Some verbs, the stems of which end in the aspirated letters **, *45
take the causal increment in the form of either" or 13 in the double causal,
however, they always take the increment b :
tie's to see. Üllsie or 5'45- Ú/249e
ke's- to learn. Üllas. or Útgs. ü),4'
• & -

U-4:3 to sit.
#
|t or Ülla: Ol (or Gla:)
üle: ) Ül.a:
264
 ( 78 )

(f) A large class of intransitive verbs, enclosing a short vowel in the

body of the stem, are made transitive by changing the short vowel into the
corresponding long vowel; in other words, zabar becomes I, pesh becomes
* , and zer becomes *
INTRANSITIVE. TRANSITIVE.
tú to be cut. | tiss to cut.
tile to be brought up. | "J': to bring up, to rear.
tile to become open. 'i/34 to open (anything.)
# tita: to be torn. | Ujle: to tear.
* 1:43 to be split, to burd. Ü5%: to split (anything.)
• Observe that & , the final letter of the stem of the intransitive verb, is frequently
changed into 5, in forming the transitive.
All the verbs of this class form their causals in a regular manner.

APPENDIX F.

VERBS COMMONLY MISUSED.

111. 1. The verb Hona.-This verb should be carefully distinguished

from the substantive verb Ly", A, etc., with which it is apt to be confused
by the foreigner.
Hona means 'to become, 'to come into being,' 'to come to be. In some
circumstances, it assumes a meaning which Englishmen cannot readily dis
tinguish from to be. But in whatever connection hona is used, it always
retains to the native its proper sense of 'becoming. The beginner will find
the following a good general rule:–
Hona is used when a class or species is implied, and the substantive verb
is employed when individuals are referred to: e.g., if we wish to translate
‘the elephant is very sagacious, meaning thereby that elephants as a class
are very sagacious, we must say U: 23° 5'4,” 2-5. site because the native
thinks of elephants as a class coming into existence with this quality; but
if we mean a particular elephant, we must say * '4,” 5. gue &: .
2. Rakhna and Dalma.—Both these verbs mean to put or to place,
but the former is used only when to put means to set down (dharma), or
 ( 79 )

'to keep'; the latter is used in the sense of 'to put or 'to pour something,
such as corn, oil, water, etc., into a vessel.
3. The English verb ‘to have may usually be rendered in Urdu by the
substantive verb in combination with pas: e.g. * * L-13 4. J-í he has a
book. Sometimes we find natives using the genitive construction with the
substantive verb, as U+" 45 e4, 2.):- I have three boys. Frequently rakhna
means ‘to have in the sense of ‘to hold,' 'to possess'': e.g. ** U- g^2} +,
A ties, eit, he has a talent for mathematics.
4. Chahna and Mangna.— The former means 'to desire,' 'to will, the
latter, to beg for. Mangna is used only when an inferior asks for some
thing from a superior: e. g. A "*) -* -** ** –& a faqir is begging alms.
Chahe, the aorist (2nd and 3rd pers, sing.) of chahna, is frequently used
to introduce alternative conditions when it has the force of “whether...... Or.”
Chahiye, the precative form, is used with the dative of the person who
wishes or desires: e.g. ** Ust' Kara- + I do not want this. When
joined with a verb in the infinitive, chahiye means 'ought,' 'necessary,
'should, as * (# *e *-i he ought to do this.
APPENDIX G.

ARABIC “BROKEN PLURALS.–)4-6 &*.

112. Many nouns from the Arabic form their plural in accordance with
the rules of the language of their origin. These plurals are called 'broken'
because they are formed by a 'breaking up, or modification, of the singulars
according to certain formulae. A list of 'broken plurals most commonly
used in Urdu is given below.
Singular. Plural.
*-* the body. fl-e
£- an order. els
•33 time. els,
** information. 3's news, newspaper.
** death. el,-]
» light. 3',5'
U- property, goods. J,"
 Singular. Plural.
a word. Lalaj)

kind. sort. rt-l

act, a verb. Jaśl
form. Júl
State. U';*)
respect. -'ei
science.
a letter.

a fraction.
a noble.

a student.

strange, poor.
saint.

a governor, a magistrate.
physician, man of learning.
an infidel.
an island.

advantage.
a rule. sel;
a gem, jewel. 5tly:
rank, a time (recurrent). -jly
a college, a school.
Sultan. w:lell
date, era. £); chronicles, history,
climate. egö
a composition. Låsta,
book. -:
Jigure, letter, character. –32)
cit stom. rx-y or el-r)
gem, jewel. yel,' or ~bol,"
3'-l power. el):<!
 ( 81 )

APPENDIX H.

113. THE MOHAMMADAN FLUNARI MONTHS.

ey*- 30 days **) 30 days
** 29 ,, w!” 29 ,,
U,"&#) 30 , e'4-> 3() ,

Güle:) J% 29 ...,
3() ,, Jaail se
}="lc2, . 30 ,,
U,"st- 3() , * As
guilel- *al's
- 29 ,, . 29 ,,
y-llo'- | *-gs |
| | +. THE HINDU sola R. MONTHS.
*4$1.3 April-May JGS
s W. " > i Ol ()ctober-Nov.

: X
'
une-July
Lós
wé Nov.-Dec.
wil- |
J“3: Dec.-Jan.
July-August - -

exly- | **u- Jan.-Feb.

!
.* * 1 st. S căle: |
* August Sept. Ol' - Feb.-March.
y-l or ); September-Oct. exis:
*** March-April.
115. DAYS OF THE WEEK.
English. Musal man. Persian. Hindu.

Sunday 3',5' &#4& 3')

Monday }# or yl)-3- & 4 59 y'-x
Tuesday J&- &#4 &- yuki
Wednesday 8.32 *** * 5''Ds:
Thursday •ly”- *: y':-"):
Friday &act- &#23) 3',5'
Saturday * £it t <1% yū:
The Hindus regard each day as commencing at midnight. The Moham

madans regard it as commencing the preceding evening.

-II
 ( 82 )

APPENDIX I.

REPETITION.

116. In Urdu, the repetition of a word sometimes expresses emphasis

($42), as ~ * ** *** *** there is a little bread, but more often the func
tion of repetition is to express either distribution or continuance. In saying
Us" 2,” “le 3,4s 3,4s 4 ux: a native would not mean “snakes have very
small teeth,” but only "snakes have small teeth, because he would think of
the smallness of each tooth. Again, to a native the sentence & J** **
* +g + would mean "the lion kept on going (or kept continually) be:
hind the hare."

In Urdu, emphasis, as we understand the term, is usually expressed by

*t or some other word of equivalent meaning.
Repetition of the kind mentioned above is regarded by native grammari
ans as one of six kinds of apposition [80]. The most important of the
appositives ( &l, l are:
(1) & emphasis, which includes.
(a) A" *" emphasis by repeating the same word; as J-si 5* *
whichever men ; * -á, -4 each single word or one word at a
time.

(b) Axia- 340 the intensifying of the meaning by the use of empha
tic words, as 91 is or * * Us- I came along myself: - *,
4 -34 they all ran away.
(2) J-t- &U the meaningless appositive : e. g. six- *** if lsely ; J', *”
bread.

(3) J3 equivalent, substitution : e.g. **) As: b's you brother, Zaid.
 VOCABULARY-1.
ENGLISH--U RDU.

N.B. - (1) See "Urdu Grammar for European Schools” $$ 1, 3, 8 (b),

for principles of transliteration.
(2) The letter m. signifies masculine, f. feminine.
(3) The niún of a nunated word (see # 8 (d) of same Grammar]
is represented thus u. Alif-i-maqsura [see § 8 (h) is
represented thus a.
A.
advice, Saláh, f, nasihat, f. mash
ability, livāqat, f. qābiliyat, f. to a ra, m.
able, to be, saknä, as part of a com adze, basill, m, tesha, m. tabar, m.
pound verb. affair, mo'amala, m. amr, m. bit, f.
about, p.7s, 7s p7s; (near) qarib; with afraid, to be darnā.
regard to bābat meu, after, ba'd, pichhe.
absence, jud.'i, f. muf Iraqat, f. long afterwards, iske or uske ba'd, or
absence, muddat ki judā'i. pichhe.
account, (narrative), hagiqat, f, on again, phir.
account of, wiste, live, māre, sabab. age, unr, f. (time)2amāna, m.'ahd, m.
accustomed (familiar), mäliif, 'adi. Agra, &gra, m. a town in the United
acknowledge, iqrTr-k. (formally) Provinces.

etiräf-k. agreeable, to be, achchhā lagnä.

acquire, (wealth),k, mānā,(knowledge, air, hawi, f. (to take the air) haw,7
etc.) has il-k. khānā.

across, p. r. -
alert, hoshiyār, châlâk.
additional, ziy. Ida. Alexander, sikandar or iskandar.
advancement, taraqqi, f. barhā'o, m. all, sab, kull, tamān, sārā ; (all of a
advantage, fi'ida, m. sudden) ek-7-ek, dafat.in, ek-bārgi.
adventure, mi jarā, m. sar-guzasht, allow, (permit), ifāzat den: ; (his
temper did not allow him to suc
 ( 84 )

ceed) uske inizij ne usko k.7 myāb attention, tawajjoh, f, lili Tz, m.
na hone diyā. dhyān, m.
alms, bhikh, f. attentive, mutawa jjeh, chaukas.
alone, tanhã, akelä. attentively, add se to the equivalents
also, bhi, aur. of attention.
although, agarchi. author, (writer), musannif.
always, hamesha, har waqt. ayah, 7 yā (a female attendant on
children).
anger, gussa, m. khafgi, f. g .3ab m.
animal, jčin war, m. haiwān, m. B

answer, jaw".7b, m. to answer, jawāb bad, bur", kharāb.

den". bamboo, b.7 us, m.
any, ko's, kuchh. bank (of a river), kinära or kinără, m.
anybody, ko i ko i & dini. banquet, ziyafat, f, da'wat, f.
basket, tokrā, m. tokri, f.
appear, nasar-ănā or parnā, dikhlā'i
battle, larā'i, f.
deu.7, 3.7 hir-honki, nik.ilnā.
battlefield. maidān, m. larā'i-kā-mai.
apple, seb, m. se’o, m. dān.
apricot, khiibiini, f. -

bazaar, b.7zăr, m.
arch, mehrāb. f.
be, to, honă. -

architect, mi"măr.
army, lashkar, m, fauj, f.
arrange, add karnå to any of the
words given under arrangement,
Q. V.
arrangement, band-o-bast, m. in tigäm
111.
as, jaisà, jis-tarah (opposed to their
correlatives waisà, us-tarah); as
soon as jis dam or jis waqt (correl.
us or usiwaqt); as many as or as
much as, jitnā or jis-qadar (correl.
utnā, us-qadar).
at last, äkhir, Wikhir-i-kär, àkhirash.
bear, bhāli, m. rich, m.
beat, to mārnā (properly to kill),
pit nå.
beautiful, khübsiarat, khush-ri.
become, to ho-jin, honà, j7 n. 7.
*
bed, pala ng, m.
bedding, bistar, m. bichh tunā, m.
before, age, pahle, pesh (prep.)sämhne,
riz-b.t-rit, age, pahle.
beg, mängnä.
beggar, faqir.
beginner, mubtadi, m.
behind, pichhe.
behold, dekhnā.
 85 )

believe, vaqin-lin", i tiq.7d-17 nã. bread, roti, f. m. in, f.

believer, inomin, m. brick, int, f.
below, niche. bridge, pul, m.
benefit, f.7’ida. bring, le-ànà, län,7, lekar or lete-wină.
besiege, mohäsara karnã. pahu gehän.
best, sub se achchhā, sab se bhal", broad, chaura.
achchhe se achchhā, behta rin. brother, bh:7'i, bhayń.
better, behtar, achchh... bha lä, each build, banānā, t, mir-k to build a
of these adjectives must be preceded: bridge, pul băudhnā.
by se (than). building, makān, m. 'inartt, f.
between, bich, bich meu, darmiyān; burden, boj.h" or bojh, m.
between themselves, āpas meg. burn, (trans.) jalan: ; (intrans.) jalnā.
bird, chiryā, f. paraud, m. business, k,7m, m. mo'āmala, m.
bite, to kitni, kāt-khānā. but, m.agar, balki, lekin, par.
black-board, takhta, m, siyāh-takhta. butter, urakkhan, m. maska, m.
blame, to ilzāmi denā or dharn" or buy, kharidu Z, mol-len 7.
lagână, dokhno". by, se, ba.
- C
blessed, in ubărak.
blind, andhā, blind of one eye, k,7n:7. Calcutta, kalkattu.
blood, khhian, lohit. call, bulān (, pukārn 7.
boat, ni'o, f. kishti, f. camel, it ut, shut ur, nāqa, f. inutni,
sändni.
body, badan, m. jism, m. tan, m.
can, sakm.7.
boil, (intrans.) khaulnā, ubalna, phi(t
canal, n, thr, f.
nā; (trans.) khaulina, wbalni, pu
capable, qābil, 1.7'iq.
tān".
capture, p ikar, f. taskhir, f, giraf.
boiling water, garm or philt.T-pâni. tāri, f.
book, kitāb, (Ar. plu. kutub) f. jild, f. carefully, khabar-dûri-se, ehtiyāt-se.
botany, 'ilm-i-nabút or mabitat, f. carpenter, b.arha'i.
both, donou or dono.
carpet, farsh, m. dari, f. the carpets
bow, (tran.) jhukina ; (intrans.)
farsh-furiash, m.
jhukn 7 ; bowed, jhukā hu.W.
carriage, gāri, f.
box, sandiiq. m. carry, (to take) len", le jani, le chal.
boy, larkä, laund7, chhokr,7. nā to carry out an order, etc., ba
 ( 86 )

j7 nã, baja-linä, ta' mil-k. civility, tawāzu', f. khula, akhlāq,

to carry a load, bojh-uthān. (plur. of khulq).
case, (matter, condition, or circum class, (rank, order) darja, m.
stances) hāl, m. hilat, f. ahwil, m. clever, ch.il. I k, hoshiyār, käm il.

(in gram.) halat, in law) muqad climate (clime or country) iglim, m.

dama, m.
cash, maqd, m. pais 7, m.
cat, (male) bill:7, bili'o, (fem.] bill.i.
catch, pakarn", pakar-len: ; to catch
the train, rel milnā.
-* -
cause, sabab, m. bā is, m.
Ib o-hawa, f.
clothes, kapre, m. (plu. of kapri,
cloth) libis, m.
cloud, abr, m. badli, f. bidal, m.
cold adj, th ind 7, sard ; (noun)
thaudh, f. sardi, f. j.7rā, m.
- 4. -

certain, (indef.) ful; tı, fulānā, ko’i, collect, jam a karni, ikatthi-k.
sa met n 7.
ko'i shakhs ; (sure) yaqin.
collector (of revenue), tahsil-d?r,
certainly, albutta, gariar, khwih-ma
kalektar s.7/tib.
Khwāh, aur ky." (what else!. . colour, rang, m.
certificate, dast. ... wez, f. rāzi nāma, come, an I, tashrif länä, äjän 7, (to
m. sanad, f. certificate of service come out) nikalni (to come to mind)
performed) sarkhatt, m. (of charac Áhiyil me u Jina.
ter) livāqat mima, m. comfort (ease), ārām, m. chain, m.
chair, kursi, f. chauki, f. (consolation), tasalli, f.
chamber, kamara, m. kothri, f. commit, karnā.
character, (letter, etc.) harf, m. (person) compass, (mariner's, qutb-numã, m.
shakhs, m. (one's character or re (qutb, the pole-star; num7, pointing
putation) abria, f, nim, m. out; an index, a guide).
cheap, sast 7, arz7 u, kam-qimat.
compasses, (a pair of , p *rg7r, f.
child, bachcha, m. bābā, m.
compassion, ra'im, m. f irs, m.
chisel, rukhāni, f. t. tuki, f. chheni, f.
complain (lament), ifsos-k. (to com
cholera, haiza, m. (to be attacked
plain of or make an accusation
with cholera) haiza karn. against) shikāyat karni , (to make
circle, (geometrical) shakl-i mustadir, a complaint against) milish-k.
(circumference of a circle) khatt-i. conduct, (behaviour), chil, f. chalan,
mustadir, m. m. a tw.ir, m.
city, shahr, m. confuse, (distract), ghabrūnâ.
 ( 87 )

confused, to be ghabhā-jana ; (topsy- cruelty, situg-dili, f. 2.7limi, f,

turvy) darham-barham. cultivator, kisān, ra'iyat (pl. ri'āyā)
conjure importune), ara-karna. | k Tsht-k.7r.
-
* : *~ * ~: .

consent, qabial, m. (to consent) qabul. |

cure, to a disease), ilij-karna,
karn.". - (a patie: t achchh, k, tan durust-k.
considerable, bahut ziyāda. current, to be rā'ij-houă, jari-honă,
Contractor, the ke-dar. current, muraww.ij, rà'ij, järi.
convenient, munāsib, wajib, k...fi. (circulating,
Current coin, sikka, m.
cook, to pakan.7. as coin chalan or chalni ; the
copy, maql, f. muskha, m. current year, ab ka säl, insil :
correct, S. thih karnå. current (of a river) dhar, f. (current
Correction (amendment), isl., h, f. price) nirkh, m. bhā'o, m.
tashi'i, f. custom, (manner, fashion) dastiar, m.
cost, qimat, f. mol, m. bh,7'o, m. ra's 111 (pl. rusim) f. rawāj, f. (habit)

Country, mulk, m. des, m. (native '7dat, f. ma'mill, m.

country) watan, m. (opposed to D
town) mufassal. dacoit, d.1%ait, dākii, qa ###q(cossack).
couple, jor7, do, donor. daily, rozmarra, rozina, roz-ba-roz,
/*O2-/*02.
cover, to dh" uknā; (overspread)
chhän" : to be clouded, as the sky, danger, (risk), khatra, m. (dread)
Shir" to be covered (besmeared) khauf, m.
ăliada hon. - dark, audherú, tàrik (of a dark colour)
-* -*
Cow, ga o or gā'i. killi-sā to become dark audhiy7r." -
Coward, buz-di/. - ho-jānā or audherá ho-jānā.
-

co-worker, mushārik, m. sharik, m. date, (of time), tarikh, f. (the fruit)

khajir.
Create, paidä karmă, banān".
daughter, beti.
cricket (the game), kirkut, m. bat and
day, din, m. roz, m. (for days) muddaf
ball. geud-ballà, m. tak; (next day) agle din, now-a
crime, jurin, m. gunāh, m. taqsir, f. i days, aj-kal.
crow-bar, sābal, m. dawn, tark,7, m. (at early dawn)"alas
crowd, bhir, f. amboh, m. (spelt a uboh) subah"; niir-ke-tarke ; at dawn,
m. jamä'at, f. tarke.
"- - - - -
- - -- - -
-----------------------

s” (see #8(h) of Urdu Grammar jor European Schools.]

 ( 88
dead, mit'ā, marā, murda.
dear, mahug., ; beloved)'aziz, piyārā.
death, maut, f. qet gå. f.
debt, qar:, m.
deceit, fareb, f. jul, m. makr, in:
dagā, f.
deceitful, dagi-bā.
deceive, fareb den: ; to be deceived,
fareb khānā.
deception, dhokh... m. dag:-bit ". f.
decision, faisala, m hukm, n).
defect, qasr, m, 'aib, m.
degrees, by rafta-rafta, hote-hote.
delay, deri, f. der, f. tawa qquf, nr.
delightful, dil-chasp.
deny, inkār-karnã.
depart, chalnā, jiāyā, chale jān (, inth
jān;7, raw.Ina hon", rukhsat-hon",
tash riflejčin (7.
describe, bayān-k, battlină.
deserve, lă'iq honà, qābil homā; to
deserve punishment, sazā ke l;7'iq
hon T.
desire, chāhnā, khwāhish-rakhnii, (to
request) darkhw.7 st-karn".
describe, (a circle, etc.,) b. in Iná.
destroy, tornå (demolish) ujarnā.
devotions, namāz, f. pitjii, f. sijda, m.
dialect, boli, f. 2abān, f.
diamond, hirā, m. almās, m,
die, marn.", wafāt-homā, faut-hon.
different, mukhtal if, a ur mutafarriq.
difficult, mushkil, dushwār, Satkht.
)
difficulty, mushkii, f. diqqat, f.
dig, khodnă.
dinner, kh.7 m (7, m.
direction, (path, taraf. f. rāh, f.
disappear, gā’ib honi, gut in hon 7.
discharge, fireworks or a gun/chhorn".
discomfort, taklif, f, dukh, n).
discourse, bat, f, guftagii, f. bāt-ch".
f. (oration) kalûmi, m.
disobedience, na-farmini, f. "d", m.
dissemble, bahānā-k, makr-k.
distance, dilr or diari, f. space interval)
f.7sila, m.
district, gila’, f.
do, karnå.
doctor, (physician) hakim, tabib
dog, kutt 7.
door, tdoorway, portal darts' 26". ".
(wooden part or leaf) kiw.ir or kitc.7
rā, m.
doubt, shubha, m. shakk, m.
draw, to (a line, plan, etc.,) khiuchn.
dream, khwab, m. (idle fancy) khiyāl,
111.
dress, to (clothe), pahinn, kapre-P.
| drink, to pina (drink up) pi-jān.
dwell, rahmā, bastià.
E
each, har-ek, ek-ek, har-koi, often ex
pressed, by repetition, ghar-ghar,
din-din, signifying each house, each
| day.
 ( 89
each other, apas, ek disrå.
ear, kān m.
early, (in the morning) savere or (sa
were); saver, tarke bare fajar; (in
good time) bar-waqt, waqt-par.
earn, kamānā has il-k, paid 7 k.
earthquake, zalzala, m bhāychial m.
hälä-dolā, m.
ease, Gråm, m chain, m (facility).7s.
ni, f (at ease) ārām-se,
easy, à Sà 11.
eat, khâ7 nå.
education, tarbiyat, f ta‘lim, f
egg, and a m. baiza, m
electricity, baraqi-kashish, f: qiwat
i-kahrubāi, f; kashish-bijli, f
elegant, latif, nãzuk, suthri.
elephant (male), hathi, fil (female)
hathmi.
employment, kām, m maukari, f
enemy, dushman, m
engaged, to be (busy) masrāf-hong,
mashgul hona.
engine, kal f anjan m
English, angrez; (language) angrezi, f
enjoy, “thänä, or până or leng (in
composition with some word signify
ing enjoyment.)
enjoyment, aish, m £rüm, m maza
(taste, flavour) m lazzat, f
enormous, be-and-7za, bară, bahut hi
barā.
errand, paigüm, m
)
establish, q.7'im-karn", thahrā 11.7,
laganà (to establish a law) q.7nian
Jari karnā.
every, har, har-ek: often expressed
by repetition.
everyone, har-ek, har-ko'i, har-shaks
sab, sab-ko’i.
everywhere, har-kahill harjagah,
chirou taraf.
evil, (adj.) bură, bad kharab (noun)
burā'i f balā. f.
examination, imtehān, m
exceedingly, ziyāda, bahut, nihāyat.
exchange, badal, m tabdil, f badli.f
exchange, to badalna, badal-dena.
excuse,'uzr, m. to make an excuse 'uzr.
Áarn: ; (to pardon) musif Karnā.
exercise, (labour) riyāzat, f mehnat,
f(practice) kasrat f mashq: f; (task)
sabaq m also, mashq ; (athletics)
wargish f. kasrat, f.
expect, rāh-dekhnà, intizār-karmă,
muntazir-hona.
expectant, muntazir.
expenditure, kharch, m sarf m.
expense, (see expenditure.)
explain, batlână, samjhāna, bayān-k
expose (reveal), kholna.
eye, inkh f chasm, m f
F
faint (swoon), mirchha (also mur.
chhā) f gash m
fall, to girna ; falling i.e., about to
fall girne-wala ; to fall down gir.
parna ; to fall asleep so-janą : to
I2
 ( 90
fall ill bimar-honi ; to fall into a
fit of laughter khilkhilā-ke-hausnå.
family, gharānā, m. khāndān, m.
ghar, m.
famine, kāl, m qaht, m qaht-sāli f.
famous, mashhir, nāmdār.
fare (passage-money), kirāya m.
farmer, kisan (see cultivator).
fast (swift), jald, jaldi, tez.
father, bip, wälid.
fatigue, måndagi f.
fault, taksir f khata f qusur m.
fear, dar, m khauf, m to fear darnā.
feast, ziyāfat, f.
feed (to eat", khānā ; (to give food to)
khilānū; (to cause to be fed) khil
wān (7.
feel (to touch), chhina; (to grope)
tatolnā; (to perceive) ma'lim k.
(to be felt) ma'lúm-homā; (to feel
grief) gam-khānā, afsos-k, pachh
tānā; (to feel gratified) razi-h
khish h. feminine in (grammar)
mu'annas ; (the fem. gender)
tāmis.
few, chand, thore, kitch kuch-kuch,
do-char, do-ek.
field, khet m maidūn, m; (field of
battle) maidūn-i-jang.
fight, to larnä, larā'-i-k. (noun) larā'i,
f; kār-zār, f.
file (of soldiers), qatar, f ; (the instru
ment) si;hān, m reti, f.
)
fill, bharnā, bhar-den", daln".
find, to milnā, până', (to know)
mā'lúm karnā, jūnna; (to acquire)
häsil-k.
fine, khub-siirat, khush-ris, umda.
finish, tamām-k, khatm-k, kar-chuknä.
finite, mahdid, munhasar.
fire, àg, faitash, f.
first, pahlă, awwal; (adv.) pahle,
ibtidai-me it.
fish, machhli f machhi f.
t
flood, sailāb, m charha'o, m.
floor, zamin f. farsh, m.
flow, to bahnā.
flower, phill m. gul, m.
follow, to pichhe-ănā or join. ; (to
obey) männi, qabial k.
food, khānā, m khorāk f.
foot, pāuw or pā'ou, m pair, m; (of
a table, etc.) pāyā or pāya, m (on
foot) paidal.
for, ko, waste, liye, khâtir ; (because)
kyinki, ya'ne : (towards) ko, ki
taraf.
fort, qil'a, m kot. m garh, m.
fortune, nasib, (construed as a
plural) m qismat f zamāna, m (good
fortune) iqbāl, m.
found, to, (establish) mustahkami-k,
qā'im-k;
| found, to be hāth & nā, häth-lagra & .
foundation, buniyad, f.
fraud, dagā, jul (see deceit.)
 ( 91 )

free, àzād, be-qaid. geometry, handasa, m; 'ilm-i

free, to chhornä, äzād-k, chhorănă, handasa, m.
fresh, (new) túza ; (not tired) túza-dam. get, până, hāsil-karnā, milnā; (to
friend, dost, Jishnà, yār. become) ho-jānā, parna : (to earn)
friendship, dosti, f. mohabbat, f, dost kamānū; (to get up) uth-baithnā,
dāri, f. uth-kharā-homā.
from, se, passe; (from day to day) gift, in 'am, m; at 7, f; bakhshish, f.
dinou-din, ro2-ba-roz. girl, larki, chhokri, laundiy,7.
front, (face, appearance) chehra, m. give, denii, bakhsnă, de-dālna,
munh, m. ris, m; sūmhnā, m; (front ‘ināyat-k.
of an army, etc.) pesh, m. agâri, f; glad, khush, big-big.
(in front) age, sämhne, pesh. go, jānā, rawāna-hona, iith-chalnā,
fruit, phal, m. mewa, m. chalnā.

furnish, (supply, provide) denii; (to God, khudā, allāh, rabb.

fit up) ārāsta-k.
furniture, asbūb, (pl. of sabab) m.
så mä 11, m.
future, Iyanda; (future tense)
mustaqbil, m.
G
gain, nafa, m fi'ida (pl. fawā'id),
m. hāsil, m.
game (play), khel, m. bāgi, f. (animals gratitude, shukr, m; shukr-guzāri, f.
of the chase) shikär, m.
Ganges, gang-i, f.
garden, būg, m, bāgicha or bāgcha, m.
gardener, māli, big-bän.
gate, phitak, m. darwiza, m.
general, (adj.) 'amm, murawwaj;
(usual) aksar; (noun) sipah-salar.
generally, aksar; 'umi mau.
gentleman, sihib, ashraf (pl. of sharif), nigāh-bān, m; muhāfiz, m; barq
bhalā-münas.
gold, sonii, m; (a gold mohur or
sovereign) ashrafi f.
good, achchhā, khilb, nek.
grammar, Sarf-o-nahw (accidence and
syntax) f.
grand, azim, sharif, 'ali-shān.
grant, to (see give) (to allow, assent,)
qabial-k.
ehsān-mandi, f.
great, barā; (in age or dignity) buzurg,
'azim; (the great) a gam.
grief, gam, m; afsos, m; ranj, m.
grope, tatolnit.
ground, zamin, f.
grumble, to kurku rānā, barbarānā.
guard (sentinel), chauki-dār, m;
s and 72, m.
 ( 92 )

Gulistan (rose-garden); the name of a health, tan-durusti, f : khair-o-'afiyat,

4 -

famous work written by Sa'di of f; (state of health) tabi'at, f ; mizaj,

Shiraz. - m.
gun, bandiq, f. hear, sunni, kān-dharna, (to obey)
H
männä ; (to attend to) dhyān-k.
hajj, (lit. act of moving round) m; | heart, dil, m , khâtir, f.
pilgrimage to Mecca. heat, garmi, f.
hair, bāl, m, heed, to dhyān-k, männä.
half, adhū; (in comp.) adh. heir, wäris, m.
hand, häth, m ; dast, m. help, madad, f; to help madad-karnā
happen, parnä, ä-parnä, än", homii, or denå.
hojänä, guzarnā, ittifaq-h. here, yahūg, yahiu, is-jagah (meg),
hard, sakht, kar:7; (difficult) mushkil, is-faraf, idhar.
dashwār; to work hard mehn at high, inchā, buland.
karnā, ta klif uthai nai. hill, pahār, m.
hat, topi, f. Himālaya, lit. the abode of snow.
Hârün-ar-rashid (Aaron the Just), the hire, kirāya, m; (wage, service) maz
fifth Khalifah of the house of diari, f; to take on hire kirā'e-lena,
‘Abbāsiyān, reigned from A. H. 170 (to let on hire) kirā'e-denii, (to hire
to 193 (A.D. 786-809). All the lands a servant) naukar rakhnā.
from the Indus to Gibraltar obeyed
history, tawārikh (pl. of tarikh), f;
his rule. He is best known from
(in comp.) nāma, e.g. sikandar
the tales of the “Arabian Nights.”
nama the history of Alexander.
harvest (time), katnā'i ki waqt : fasl, hold, to (keep) rakhnā; (hold up,
f; (autumn) kharif, f: (spring) support) sambhālnā (spelt saubhāl
rabi'. f. na); (catch hold) pakarnā; (to
have, use substantive verb with be held or contained, as in a vessel)
postposition pús or with dative of Samāftā7.

possessor; rakhmā (e.g. £7aat rakhnii home, ghar, m; makān, m; (country)

to have strength). des, m; mulk, m; watan, m ; wilāyat,
f.
head, sir, m; sar m; (chief) sardar, hope -

ummed, f.
l

m; mir, m; (head of a bed, etc.)

sirhānā, m. horse, ghorā.
 ( 93 )

hospitality, mehmān-dāri, f; mezbāni, morning) 'alii-g-sabah, fajar ko; (in

f. the middle) darmiyān, bich, Or

hot, garm ; the hot weather garmi ka darmiyān-meu, bich-men.

f/1(1-14 saf/1. inclination, shauq, m; khwāhish, f.
hour, ghamtā, m. ghari, f; include (enclose), diikhil-k; (comprise)
house, ghar, m. makin, m; (in comp.) shāmil-k, milână, mushtam il-k.
Āhūnā, m. including, inclusive, of shūmil,
how (in what manner), kis tarah; mushtamil, s.7th.
kaise; (how long) kab tak; (how of. income, àmdani, f.
ten) kitni dafa, kai martaba; (how India, Hind, Hindistän, m.
many) kitne; (how much) kis qadr, Indus, sindh, m.
kitnā. industrious, mehnati, mehnat-kash,
hunger, bhikh, f. mashaqqati, kām-kāji.
hungry, bhikhū. inevitable, muqarrar, sharti, khwāh
I ma-khwāh.
I, main (plu. ham) ; I myself main ink, siyāhi, f. roshnā'i, f.
£ip. inside, bhitar, andar.
idle, sust; (unemployed) be-kar, ni inspect, to dekhnā, mulāhaza-k,
kamma. ehtimām-k.
if, agar, jo; (if not) nahill to , (as if) inspection, ehtimúm, m; mulāhaga,
goyā-ki. m; nigüh, f;
ignorant, nādān, be-waqif, jãhil. intention (design), irāda, m ; (drift,
ill (evil), burä; (in comp.) bad, as meaning) ma'ne, m , (to all intents
bad-sirat, ill-favoured; (sick) bimar, and purposes) filhaqqiqat ; (motive,
'alil, (noun) burā'i, badi,(misfortune) object) garag, f; matlab, m.
à fat, balā. interest (advantage), fa’ida, m; nafa',
, ,
immediately ba-mujarrad ek-bārgi, m; (on money) siid, m; (in your
abhi, filfaur, fauran, usi-waqt or interest) tumhire haqq meu.
isi-waqt. into, ment, ke-bhitar, ke-andar.
impertinent (rude), be-adab, gustākh. invitation, da'wat, f.
in, ment, bhitar, andar, bich ko; (in involuntarily, be-ikhtiyār, be-qaşd.
time) har-waqt : in fact) fil-haqiqat; involve (entangle), phasanā, atkānā,
*

(in the day time) din ko: (in the dālnä.

 ( 94
involved, (in debt, danger, etc.) girif. |
tär, mubtalà.
iron, lohú, m; āhan, m.
island, tipi, m; jazira (Ar. plur.
jazā'ir), m.
J
January, janwari, māgh, m.
Jhilam, jhilam, m.
journey, safar, m.
judge, jaj, qāgi, munsif.
June, jiin, asūrh, m.
K last, (adj.) pichlä, akhir or 7khir, (at
keep, rak'nā; (keep on, continue)
jūn,7, rahn,7; (to keep one's word)
adū-k; (to preserve) mahfizz rakhnā.
key, châbi, f. kunji, f. -
khalifa (lit. successor), the successor
to sovereign power, applied espe
cially to the successors of Moham
mad; a caliph. In India the term
is sometimes applied to a tailor.
kind (noun), qism, f; (nature) zät, f;
(manner) tarah f; (adj) shafiq,
mehr-bän.
kindly, mehr-b.ini-se, tawajjoh-se.
kindness, mehr-bâni, f; ihsān, m;
shafqat, f.
king, bādshāh, sult in, rājā.
knock, to (at door) kiwār-khatkhatana
or thonkmä; (to knock down) girā
dena, girãnã.
know, jänni, ma'lúm-k.
knowledge, 'ilm, m; (skill) hunar, m; lend, udhār-dena, qarg-dena, ariya
hikmat, f; (information) khabar, f.
)
L
labour, kām, m; mehnat, f, koshish, f.
labourer mazdir, quli.
ladder, sirhi, f; zina, m.
lamp, chirig, m; batti, f.
land, zamin, f; khushki, f.; (land and
water) khushki a ur tari.
language (tongue), zabān, f ; boli, f;
(style) 'ibārat, f.
lantern, finits, f ; liltain.
last) ākhir.
late, der, be-waqt ; (former) aglā;
(late at night) bari rāt or itni rāt
gā'e; (of late or lately) 7.j-kal.
laugh, to hausnü, hausi-k; (in one's
sleeve) mugh meu hausnü.
laughter, hausi, f.; (to fall into a fit of
1.) see fall.
lazy sust.
lead, to (guide) rah-numā'i-k; (con
duct) le-jānā, phirānū; (to lead out)
nikülnā; (to lead a life or pass one's
days) kitni, guzărnă ; (to precede)
age-hona or chalnii.
learn, sikhnà, his il-k.
least, sab se chhotă ; kam se kam;
(not in the least) kuch bhi nahiu.
leave, to (forsake) chhornā, chhor
denå; (depart from) rawānā honă,
rukhsat hona.
tan-d. -
 ( 95 )

less, kam, thor", kamtar. long, lamb.7, darāz; (far) diar (a long
letter (character), harf (pl. hurif), m; time) muddat ; (all day long) tamām
(epistle) khatt, m; chithi, f; ruqa'a, din bhar.
111.
look, to dekhnā; (to seem) ma'lúm
library, kutub-khāna, m; (see book). honi.
lie (falsehood), juth, m; darog, m; to lose, khon", kho-deni", gum-k.
a lie jhilth-bolna or kahnū. lot, nasib, m; qismat, f.
life, jān, f; (period of existence) 'umr, Lucknow, lakhnau.
f; zindagi, f.; sist, f, (life-long) 'umr M
bhar or zindagi-bhar; (see lead) made, to be bannã; ready made banti
lift, to uthiini, charhūnū. banāyā.
light, (adj.) halkZ. Mahmud, mahmiid, king of Gazni,
light, (luminosity) roshni f; nitr, m; 997-1030 A.D., son of Sabaktagin.
ujālā, m; (to light up) roshan-k. make, to banāmā, karnā.
light, to (kindle) jalan: ; (to man, 7dmi, mard; (human being) in
be lighted, to burn) jaln: ; (a lighted sä 11, n).
lamp).jali hi'i batti. manner (method), tarah, f; taur, m;
lightning, barq, f ; bijli, f. tariqi, f.
like, to pasand-k. manners, (morals), akhlāq, m; (be
line, khatt, m; lakir, f ; (a line or row haviour) chāl-chalan, m; atwār, m.
of men, etc.,) qatar, f. many, bahut, bahut s.7, bahuterú,
listen, sunna, kān-lagānā or-dharm..I. (how many?) see how.
little, chhota; (in quantity, thor:7 map, maqsha, m.
garrā; (a little) thor T-sà, thor:7 mare, ghori.
thor:7, kuch kuch. mariner, mallâh, jahāzi.
live (keep alive), jină, 2inda-rahmā ; market, būzār, m; chauk, m; mandi,
(to pass life) basar-k; (to dwell). f.

rahn: ; (to feed on) khūnū, (of marriage, biyāh, m; nikāh, m: shādi,
animals only) charna. f.

load, bojh or bojhū, m; (to load) masculine, (in gram.) muzakkar; the
ladn: ; (to load a gun) bharnā. masc. gender tazkir, f.
loan, udhār, m; qarz, m; 'iriyat, f. |
master, sahib, mālik, Iqā; (teacher)
lock, qufl, m; tālā, m. ustúd.
 ( 96
mathematics, riyūzi, m.
matter (affair), b7t, f ; mu’āmala, m:
amr, m; (consequence) muz7'iqa, mouth, mugh, m.
m; (subject) mazmin, m.
meal (repast), see food.
Mecca, makka, m ; awas
where Mohammad city in Arabia
born.
medicine, daw.7, f: ilāj, m.
meet, to milm.", mulāqāt-k. muq.7 bil
h; (to assemble) bāham-h, ikatth:7
h.
mention, to zikr-k, kahnū, farmūnâ.
merry, khush, khush-dil, hansor.
midday, do-pahar, m; (at midday) do
pahar-ko.
milk, diidh, m.
mind, fahm, m; fir:7sat, f : ‘aql, f;
(memory) yúd, f ; (take care) khabar.
dir.
misfortune, kam-bakhti, f; musibat, f.
mistake, galati, f; khat.T, f.
moderately, i'tidal-se.
money, rupiya (see rupee) m; pais.",
m; (cash) naqd m; (wealth) daulat,
f.
month, mahinā, m; m:7h m. monthly
mahine k.7, māhw.7 ri.
moon, chând, m.
more, aur, ziy,7da ; the more...... the
more jitn,7 ziyāda...... ut 11.7 ziyāda.
morning, fajar, f ; (see dawn).
mortal (subject to death), fani ; (vio (used with the Imperative); gair;
lent) sakht.
)
| mother, mā 11, wälid".
mountain, pah,7r, m: koh, m.
move, to (have motion) chalnā; (stir)
sarakni ; (move away) hatna ; tran
t
sitive forms are:-chal" n., sarakni,
hat... n.
mud, kichar, f.
museum, 'ajā’ib khina, m.
my, merä, apnä7, hamārā.
N
name, mām, m; ism, m.
near, p7s, nazdik, qarib.
neatly, khush-numā'i-se.
necessary, gariar, darkår, wäjib.
necessity, (need) hajat, f : zariirat, f.
need, to chāhnā, darkār-homa.
new, mayā, taiza.
news, khabar (pl. akhbār), f.
newspaper, akhb%r,f; khabar-k.7 -k7gaz,
n.
next (in place) p.7s; (in turn) disr:7,
a glä.
nimble, jald, tez, ch" laik.
night, rit, f ; shab, f. *
no, nahin ; no one, ko’i-mahig no
sooner than, jyi, uhi, jis-waqt, jabhi.
noble, sharif, (good) nek ; (nobleman)
a muir.
noon, (see midday).
not, nahiry: not (prefix) ; na (used with
the Imperative-Infinitive); 17ta t
(not at all mistlaq nahiu. -
 ( 97 )

notice (notification)ishtihar, m; ittila', owing to (in consequence of) ba-sabab,

f; khabar, f. (—) ke-sabab, se.
now, ab, bil-fi'l; (now-a-days) āj-kal. own (belonging to) apnä, khiss.
O P

oblige (bind morally) ihsān-mand-k. pair, forã. -

(to constrain, force) majbir-k: (to paper, kāgaz, Ill.

be constrained) majbir-hon". parents, wälidain, nä-bap.

obtain, până, hāsil-k. part, hissa, m.
ocean, samundar, m; bahr, m. partner, sharik, m.
o'clock (what o'clock 2) kyā waqt hai, pass, to (move on) chalnā, jin: ; to
ky" baja (pl. baje). pass (the time) guzărnă, kāthā.
offer, to (give) den: ; (present) nagr past (past and gone) guzashta, gugart,
denå. gayā; (past time in gram.) maizi.
old, purānā; (aged) birhā, budhā. pay, to (give) den: ; (to discharge a
on, par, it par. debt) adi-karnā.
once, ek-à-ek, ek-bürgi, dafatan, peach, shaft-āli, m. Grit, m.
fauran. pen, qalam, m.
only, (merely) sirf, faqat, khili. people, log, m, admi, m; ahl, m.
open, to (trans.) kholmā; (intrans.) perceive (observe), dekhnā; (to be
khul nå. come conscious of) ‘aql meu änä.
opinion, (persuasion of the mind) perhaps, shāyúd.
samajh, f; rā'e f; (thought khiyāl, Persian, fairsi f.
m, fikr, f. person, Aidini, m.; shakhs, m.
or yā, chāho, khwāh, warna, ki na ; physician, tabib, m; hakim, m.
(or else) nahin-to. pickaxe, gainti, f.; kudāli, f.; kudrā,
orange, nārangi, f: (adj.) nāranji. Ú1.

order (command) hukm, m; (in order pity (see compassion).

to) ta-ki, is-liye. place, jagah, f.; maqām; m. (one's
our, hamārū, apna, ham-logou kāi. house) hill.
outside, bāhar. place, to rakhnii, rakh-denå.
OVer (above) iipar: (across) pār; plain, maidūn, m; ("the plains” as
(from side to side) chaura'i p7t meu, distinguished from “the hills” des,
is sire se us sire tak, n,
I3
 ( 98 )

plan, tajwiz, f.; tadbir, f ; drawing, profit (see gain and interest); to
map) maqsha, m. profit fü'ida—etc.—uthănā or—hā
plan to, tajwiz k. sil-k.
plane (tool) randú, m. promise (pledge) igrãr, m; (agree
plant, darakht, m.; per, f.; paudhã, ment) wa'da ; to promise iqrār-etc.
—karnå.
111.

plant, to lagānā, gărnă. promotion, taraqqi, f.

plaster (cement) astarkâri, f, gach, property (goods) mál (pl.: amwāl), m.
m; rekhta, m. prove (demonstrate) sābit-k, (manifest)
gāhir-k, (turn out) nikālnā; to prove
plaster, to astarkāri-k, gach-or
or turn out to be nikalnā.
rekhta-lagānā.
punish, to sazā-denå.
play, khel,m.; bâzi, f.; to play khelnā.
punishment, sazāi, f.
pleasant dil-chasp, dil-pasand, mar
put, to rakhnā, dharmă, dalnā (to
güb.
put questions) suwäl-karnā.
pluck, to tornã.
Q
point (dot), nuqta, m.
quarrel, jhagrã, m; larā'i f.
point out batlinii, dikhānā; (demon
strate) bayān-k. •
quarrel to, jhagrã-k, larnä.
queen, malika, begam, rāni.
poor, garib, muflis, muhtāj.
question, suwäl, m. to ask suwal-k.
Porus, pori. An Indian king who quick, (smart): tez, chust, châlâk,
reigned over the greater part of the phurtilä.
region watered by the Hydaspes quickly, phurtise, jaldi se : (see im
(Jhilam). He was defeated by mediately).
Alexander the Great in 326 B. C.
quiet, (adj.) qarār, arām, sākin; (si
possible, mumkin. lent), chup, khāmosh ; (noun) ārām,
praise, ta'rif, f.; to praise, ta'rif.k. m; qarār, m , khāmroshi, f.
pray, to namāz-parhnā, du'a -mängnä.
quite, bilkull.
present (a gift) nazr f. (see offer). R
preserve, to (protect) bachānā, hifā railway, rel, m; āhani sarak, i. e.,
3at-rakhnā salāmat-r. "iron road,” f; (railway train) rel
prevent, to (hinder) rokna, mana'-k. gari, f.; rel, m.
price (cost) qimat, f. rain, mergh, m; bārish, f; pāni-or
priest, imām, guri, pir. meuh parnā.
 ( 99 )

reach, to (arrive at) pahunchna. rest, to arām-k, (from labour) susta

read, to parhnā. nā, dam-lenā; (trans.) ārām-dena.
readiness taiyāri, f. - - 4 .
retaliation, badla, m. iwa%, m.
ready, taiyār; (ready made) bana
return, to (go or come again to the
banāyā (ready cooked) pakā-pakā
same place) wapas janā or ānā,
3'à.
lautna , (to return a salutation)
reason, (rational faculty) ‘aql, f;
radd-i-salām-k, (to answer) jawāb
fahm, m; (cause) sabab, m; bit is,
d. -

m: (without reason) ba-sabab, nā

revenge, badlä, m; intiqām. m.
haqq.
reward, (present) in'am, m; ajr, m :
reasonable, (rational) aqli ; (just) sawāb, m.
wajibi, thik, durust; (moderate) rice, (uncooked) chäuwal, or châwal,
mu'tadil, muwäfiq.
m; (boiled) bhāt, m ; (in the husk)
receive, (take) lenii; (get) milnā
dhān, m; (with milk) khir, f.
khānā, uthänä.
reflect, fikr-k, gaur-k, sochnū; (as a right (due) haaq (pl. huqia) m:
mirror) aks-dena. (justice) insaf, m ; (just) see reason
regiment, paltan, f. able; (fit, proper) munāsib.
relate, (tell) kahnā; (describe) ba ripe, pakkā, pukhta, rasida.
3'-in-k. river, daryā, m; nadi, f.
relation, rishted 7r, m. road, (highway) sarak, f; rasta, m;
remain, rahnā; (to be left) bāqi-rah (course) rāh, f.
na, chhatnā, bachnā: (to continue) rob, littnā, chorănā, chori-k.
qāim-r, thaharnā. romp, to khelnā-kidnā.
remark, to (see mention). room, (place) jagah, f ; (apartment)
repay, adā-k. kamarã, m; kothri, f ; khāna, m.
requital, badlä, m. round, (circular) gol, mudawwār;
respect, adab, m; ta'zim, f. (circuit), pher or pherā, m; gird, m.
respectful, mu'addab, sāhib-i-imti (adv.) har-taraf, chārost-taraf,
3%z. chau-gird.
respite, fursat, f ; chhutti, f ; far:7 run, to d turnā; (run away) bhāgnâ.
gat, f. rupee, (ripiya, rupiya, or ripaya,
rest, airā "1, m. m. (see money). -
 ( 100 )

S set out (depart) rawānā-hona, chal

11.7.
Sa'di; the most celebrated of Per
sian writers; author of the Gulistan; several, chand, kā'i-ek, do tin.
born at Shiraz, A. H. 571 (A. D. severity, shiddat, f, sakhti, f.
I 175). shake, (to intrans.) hiln: ; (trans.)
sail, to chalni, join.". hilānā, jhatkānā7.
Sarāndip, the island of Ceylon. ship, jahāz, m.
save, to (lay by) bachū-rakhnii, kifi shoemaker, mochi, m.
3'at-k. shoe, jitti, f.; jittà, m.
saw, (tool) ārā, m. (hand saw) āri, shoot at, goli, or tir, (arrow)—mār
f. 11.7.

scholar, túlib-i-'ilm, m: shāgird, m. shop, diak in, f; (work-place) kār

scholarship, (stipend) wazifa, m. khāna. -

school, maktab, m; madrasa, m. shout, to awāz-denå ; (shout out to)

Sea ; see ocelt "t. -
search, talāsh, f ; dhindh, f;
search, dhiandhnā, tulish-k.
season, mausam, m ; fasl, f.
second, disrå.
see, dekhn,7; (intrans.) siljhnā.
seed, bij, m.
seek, dekhnii, tala b-k, tal:Ish-k.
seer, (weight of 2 lbs.) ser, m.
seize, pakarni, qabz-k.
self, Gp, khud.
sell, bechni, farokht-k, (intrans.)
bikmå.
send, bhejnā, (to send for) mangwā
nā, (send back), wäpas-k.
servant, naukar, chū kar.
service, naukari, f ; (business), kām, qadr, us-qadr, is-qadr.
m. (to be at one's service) khidmat soldier, sipāhi, piyadi, tila ngā ;
men häzir-hona.
buk, Irmã, chillākar-bukārnā.
to show, to dikhlān 7 or dikhān: ; (to
make known) samjhānā, batlână.
shun, (avoid) diar karnū; (to abstain
from) parhez-k.
sick, (ill) bimār; (a patient) bimăr,
in.
side, ta raf, f.
sight, nazar, f ; siljh, f ; (spectacle)
tamāshū, m.
sir, Sāh ib, ji, mriyú it.
sister, bahin.
small, chhoti, manhã.
snow, barf. m. f.
so, aisà, iaisi, waisà, us tarah, is
tarah; (so much as) itnā, jitnā, jis
(English soldier) gor" (white).
 ( 101 )

solitude, tanhû'i, f. stop, to (stop work) band-karna ;

some, kuchh, thora, chand, ba'z, (hinder) rokna, (check), atkānā,
ko'i ; (some one or other) ko’i-n7 thämbn .7.

ko'i ; (some other) aur-koi. straight, sidhā; (—line) khatt-i-mus

sometimes ba' or ba'ze-waqt, kisi taqim. -

waqt, k.ubhi. street, kitcha, m ; gali, f.; rāstā, m.

somewhat, kuchh. strength (might, energy) taqat, f;
son, betà, farz, nd. (firmness) maghitti, f. (force) zor,
soup, shorba, m. ill.

sow, to (seed) bonā. strew, ro bakhernå ; (to be strewed)

spade, belchā, m. bikharnå. -

speak, bolní, kahn,7, furmūnâ. Strong, mazbüt.

speed, jaldi, f. student (see scholar.)
spend, Sarf-k, khurch-k. (spend time) study, to (read) parhn: ; (contem
kātni. plate) mutila'a-k.
sport, (pastime) khel, m; (fun) tamā stupid, be-'aql, be-waqif,
sh.7, m. subject, (theme) mazmian, m; (work,
spot, (place) jagah, f ; (stain) dāg, composition) tasnif, f.
n1. succeed, to (prosper) Rāmyāb-hona.
Success, Ramyabi, f.
spring, (season) bahār, f ; (of water)
chashma, m. successful, (to prove) see succeed.
- g
square, (geom.) shakl-i-murabba', sudden, all of a ek-7-ek.
f : murabba', m. suffering, dukh, m ; taklif f; ranj,
Ill.
stand, to kh-i rā-rah nã.
stårt, to (set off) chhittni, chalni, sum, (problem in arith.) hisāb, m;
nikaln,7, raw.in.i-h. to sum his 7b-k, or jornâ.
Sun, Siiraj, m; āftāb, m.
starve, to bhikh-se-matrnā or halāk
honki.
support, to (cherish, maintain), pålnā;
sat ubhälnii, himāyat-k.
state, hâlat, f.
surveying, (measuring and plotting
station, (railway) is!eshan, m ; rel out land) paimā'ish, f.
ke thaharne ke maqām, m ; chauki, swim, to tairnå.
f.
sword, talwār, f ; kirich, f.
stay, to rahn 7, that harnå. swift, jald, tez.
 ( 102 )

T thoroughly, Sal r-à-Sar, bahut-ach

table, mez f. (to lay the cloth), mez
bich.hāna.
take, lena ; (accept) qabial-k, mān
na; (take for a walk) hawā khila
n: ; (take a walk) sair-k. or hawā throw, to phen knü, phenk-dālnä,
khānā.
talent, (natural gift) livāqat, f : 'aal, tidings, (see news).
f.
talk, to guftogiz-k; bit-chit-k; bclnā,
kahnà, baknä.
tea, ch" or châ'e, f.
tea-pot, châ-dān, m.
teach, to sikhini, sikhlānū.
teacher, mu'allim, ustad.
tell, to kahn,7, bol".7.
temper, mizāj, m.
tense, za inäina, m.
terrible, khauf-nāk ; (formidable)
muhib (severe), sakht.
thag, thag, m; a robber, a cheat.
than, se, ki.
that, wuh; (rel: pron.) jo; (conj.)
ki, taki, is liye, (waste) ki, kyiuki.
there, wahäu, udhar, us-jagüh.
thick, (in consistency) gårhū ; (in
chhe-taur-se.
through, (passing through a place)
hoke; (prep.) meu, se ; on account
of) ke-sabab, ki ma'rifat.
girãnã.
tie, to bändnā, band-k.
time, waqt, m ; za mä 11a, m.
to-day, Gj.
toil, mehnat, f ; (toils) see suffering.
tomorrow, kal, kal-ko.
touch, to chhiini : (touch at), lagān
k. langar-k.
tour, daur, daura, m; sair, f ; pherú,
m. to tour, daur-k.
towards, ki-taraf, ke-pâs.
transitive (verb) fi'l-i-muta'addi.
translate, tarjuma-k.
translation, tarjuma, m.
travel, to safar-k.
traveller, must fir.
treat, to (kindly) suluk-k; (to treat
with consideration) qadr-dāni far
maint (i.

measurement), motă. treatment, (usage) sulik, m.

thief, chor. tree, darakht, m ; per, f.
thing, chiz, f ; shai, f. trick, hila, m ; bahānā, m ; makr,
think, sochnà, (recollect) yid-k; (ap m; fareb, f.
ply the mind) dil lagānā, dhyān-k. troop, (of horse) risăla ; (band) gu
thirsty, piyāsū. roh, m ; fathí, m.
this, yih. trouble, taklif, f.
 ( 103 )

truanting, matar-gasht, m. |
W
true, sachchā7, raist. wait, to (expect) rāh-dekhnà, intigăr
truth, sach, m ; haqq, m ; (veracity) k, muntagir-honä; (stay) thaharnū,
|

sachchāi, f.
baithnā; (continue) rahnū.
try, to (endeavour) koshish-k. wake to (trans.) jagānā; be (awake)
U jägmä.
uncle, (paternal) chacha; (maternal) walk, sair, f.
khālit. walk, to (move leisurely) phirnë
unconsciousness, be-hoshi f. chalna, tahal n: ; (in opp. to ride)
under niche, tale; (less than) kam. pānw-pâuw-chalnā.
understand, to samajhnā; (cause to wall, diwār or diwāl, f.
u.) samjhānā. want, to (beg) mangnä ; (need) dar
understanding, ‘aqlf. kärhoni . (desire) chāhnā.
uniform, wardi (corr: of Eng: order) wares, saudā, m; mål, m, (merchant
f. dise) tijärat, f. -

until, jab-tak-ki, tiki, jabtak. Warm, garm.

use (using) isti múl, m, kharch, m.
use, to isti"măl-k, kām-meu-lānā.
V
valley, widi, f; dara, m;
value, qimat, f.
verandah, barāmada, m.
verb, fi'l (pron: fe'l), m.
very, (adv.) bahut, nihāyat, ziyāda,
hi, -i.
victory, fatih (pron: fateh) or fath, f.
victuals, khānā, m; khorak, f, giza,
f.
village, gauw, m; basti, f.
warmth, garmi, f.
warn, (admonish) nasihat-k, ‘ibrat-k:
(inform of danger) agāh-k, chitână ;
(advise) Salih-denā; (inform) khabar.
d.
warning, ittlă', f; khabar, f: (ad
monition) ibrat, f; nasihat, f.
waste, (loss) nuqsan, m; ghati, f.
waste, to (dwindle) ghatānā ; (spend)
urāmā, khānā, gauwänä,
watchman nigāhbān, chaukidār.,
water, pāni, m; āb, m.
|

vow, mannat. f.; to vow manna t

|

|
way, rāh, f : rāsta, m. (method) taur,
mň 1111 a. m; tarika, m ; tarah, f.
voyage, safar, m; daryā'i-safar, m; wedding (see marriage).
jahāzi-safar, m, weep, to româ.
 ( 104
weight (heaviness of any thing wazn,
m; (what is used to weigh with) bit,
f; (weighing) taul or tol, m.
welcome, mub.7 rak.
well, (pit) kugw.7g or ki T, m.
well, (good) achchh . ; (properly) ach
chhi tarah se.
what, (that which) jo; (interrogative
ly) kyi, kaun, kaun sū, kaisi.
whatever jo, jo-kuchh, sab-kuchh.
where jahān, jis-jagah, jidhar,
kidhar, kis-jagāh, kitha u.
wherever jahān-jahān, juhi u-kahiri,
jidhar.
whether, ky.7, khw.7h, chäho...chāho.
which (real.) jo, jaun. jaunsa ; (inter
rog.) kaun, kaunst, kyň.
whitewash safedi, f ; (the act of
whitewashing) pota'if; to(whitewash) year, baras,
potnā, safedi-k, pot.I’i k.
who (rel.) jo, jaun , (interrog.) kaun.
whole (all) sab, sārū (total) kull ,
(complete) pier: ; tamam, bilkull;
(unbroken) samicha : (the whole
day) din bhar.
why kyian, k.7 he ko, kis-liye, kis you, turn, Ip.
waste ; (why not) kyig-nahiy.
wicked (mischievous) sharir ; (bad)
bură, bad.
wickedness, (sinfulness) badi, f;
gunāh, m.
will, (voluntary faculty) marzi, f.;
(choice) pasand, f ; (power) ikhti
war, m ; (command) hukm, m.
)
will, to (desire) chāhnā; (decide)
faisala-l ;’ (determine) qasd-k ;
(command), hukm-den" , will, the
sign of the future, is expressed by
the termination of the verb.
wise, ‘aql-mand, dūnū, '7lim.
with, se, sath, hamrāh, sa mg.
without, (not possessed of) be, bilä,
ba-gair; (except) siwā, siwa'e.
woman, 'aurat.
wood, (forest) jangal, m ; ba 11, f :
(timber) lakri, f.
word, lafz, m; bät, f.
work, kām, m; (labour) melt mat, f.
*
world, dunyà, f; jahan, m : & lar,
In].
write, to likhnā, tahrir-k.
Y
m; sil, m, san, m;
(this year) imsāl; (Anno Domini)
san-i-'iswi,
yearly, sil-ba-s7l ; harsal ;(annual),
sălăna.
|
yes, häu, ji.
yesterday, kal.
young, kam-'umur, chhoti, jaw. In ; in
|
comp. nau-or bachcha.
-
your, tumhūri, Ip ka, apn:7.
yourself, tum hi, #p hi, turn &p,
apne-àp.
Z
zoology, 'ilm-i-haiwānāt, m.
 VOCABULARY.—2.

URDU—ENGLISH.

N. B.—(1) See "Urdu Grammar for European schools” $$ 1, 3, 8, (b),

for principles of transliteration.
(2) The letter m, signifies masculine, f. feminine.
(3) The niin of a nunated word [see § 8(d) of same Grammarl
is represented thus it. Alif i-maqsura [see § 8 (h) is
represented thus a.
| * āp, self or selves; you, sir, Your
Honour ; 3rd p. pl. used in ad
*I ab, m. water, lustre (of a gem); |

dressing friends, equals, Or

ābdār, lustrous. āb-o-täb, splen
Superiors; 7p hi àp or üp se àp,
dour, brilliancy ; āb-o-haw.7,
of one's own accord.
climate.
‘Plab, now; abto, just now, for the e": apāhaj, m. a cripple, a lazy person.
present ; abtak, up to the present J-1 āpas, themselves, one another;
time, till now, as yet. āpasdāri, f. kindred, brother
hood.
y! abr, m. cloud; abr phat jānā, to
disperse (as clouds), to be clear titl apnä, own ; applicable to all per
(as the sky). sons and numbers ; apne, pl.
one's own folk; apne àp se, of
w! iba, a son.
one's own accord.
5&#| Abibakr, name of the father-in bui utúrnã, to take off, to bring or
law and first successor to Moham
take down.
mad.
slail ittihād, m. union, concord, inti
Je: Abijahl, (father of ignorance) mate friendship.
name of an uncle of Mohammad Uji utarnā, to descend, to get down.
and his deadly enemy, noted for tsul ittifaqan, by chance, accidental
his stubbornness. ly.
14
 ( 106 )

tist atakna, to be checked or stopped, 's', irida, m. design, intention, irä

du-k, to determine.
to be prevented.
Ulji uthãnã, to lift up, to raise up ; st-ly ārāsta, decorated, adorned.
sir uthiini to rebel. -lj ārām, m. rest, relief.
» asar, m. effect, impression. ey urdi, m. an army, the language
c āj, to-day. of the camp.
•y'-' ijāzat, f. permission, sanction. }}| ârzi, f. desire, wish.
J-M3-1 ifläs, f. a court of justice, ses ju-ji āzmānā, to test, to try, to judge,
sions. to examine.
J-ti- ajnas, (pl. of U-ie), f, goods and U-i Is, hope.
chattels, kinds, sorts, species. ...t- its, mi, f. ease, facility.
*I ainabi, m. (adj)strange, foreign; *-' asb:b, (pl. of --) m. property.
stranger, a foreigner. Sú- ustad, m. tutor.
w”-- ihsânmandi, f. gratitude, 3'-' astar, m. lining (of clothes).
obligation. Just-listiqbil, m, reception, the ce
•- Ahmad, m. a man's name. remony of receiving a visitor
J-M alimaq, foolish, dull. by advancing to meet him.
56-1 - 4.1 ākhir or ākhirk,7r, at last, r"- islim, m. the religion of Moham
in the end. mad.
5''-likhtiyar, m. power, choice, au e-lism, m. name.
thority. e'-i Ishan, m. sky, heaven.
Jils akhlaq, (pl. of Jls), m. politeness, tial ashni, an acquaintance.
morals.
J'" ishtiyya, m, desire, wish, strong
*lei admb, (pl. of -'s) salutation, res. inclination.
pect, obeisance.
s';*) ashrafi, f. a gold coin, a gold
‘Pol adab, m, respect, good breeding,
mohar, a sovereign.
politeness, manners; adab denå,
to teach manners.
*| asl, f. point, origin, source, root.
J-si ădini, m. descendant of Adam,
J." astabal, m. stable.
man, individual.
**) asli, original, real, pure.
•+-sí admiyat, f, good naturedness, ** ifā’at, f. subjection, obedience,
tenderness, sympathy. w" it inän, m. satisfaction, con
tent.
15- to adh-mu,7, half-dead.
 ( 107 )

3'," atwir, (pl. of ye) m. manner, all all:7h, m. God; allahuakbar,

behaviour. God is great.
* ishār, m. statement, publication. e" alam, m. grief, affliction.
L*, * 'itriz, m. objection, opposition. yf Jili, m. a potato.
aliel 'itiq.7d, m. belief, faith. 3' ullu, m. owl.
láel 'azz, (pl. of , de) limbs. •, Iliad, soiled,
* Ift:7b, m. sun. *-f amida, prepared, ready,
bly lifrãt, f. excess; ifrit se, abun w") amin, f. security, safety.
dantly, excessively. **! ummat, f. sect, people of the
--,-il afsos, m. regret, pity, alas; same faith, followers.
afsos-k. to feel sorrow, to regret. elas-limtihān, m, examination.
if Iqa, m. master. *:- &mdani, f. income.
3), iqrār, m. promise. ly-' umra, (pl. of 34-) lords, nobles.
3|alil iatidir, m. power, authority. J.--! insil, this year.
3:9 aksar, often, generally. el-l imkin, m. possibility.
*! akel Z, alone, solitary, single. “shal amlik, (pl. of -(1-) landed pro
* Igah, informed of; agih-k to perty.

inform, to acquaint with. **' unmaid, or ummed, f. hope, ex

41 Ige, further, before; ăge burhni, pectation ; unmedw.7 r, one who
to advance. hopes.
-áil alf, a thousand; alf-laila, (a **l amir, m. nobleman, lord, grandee;
thousand nights) Arabian Nights' amirānā, like a noble, princely.
Entertainments. of au, that.
sal: 5-II ulat pulat, higgledy-piggle
e an,'m. food, victuals.
t;| Jittà, to come.
dy, topsy-turvy, ulat-pulat-k.
to upset, to put into disorder. g" anāj, m. corn, grain.
y") intizār, m. expectation, looking
»lyall aljaz7'ir, Algiers. Out.

fly il2.7m, m. blame; il2.7 m lag in 7, rtbol intiz7m, m. management.

to accuse, to impute, to fix a jail andüz, m. manner, mode.
charge, to blame. |*||<! andüza, m, valuation, guess,
Jayall algaraz, in short. estimate ; by $25 and 7za-k to
&as/] aidiša, in short. estimate,
 ( 108 )

****) andesha, m. care, concern. |*| Ayanda, in future.

|G| anda, m. egg. * T'ina, mirror.
,-M ausii, m, tears. *

-Stail insif, m. justice. -40 babat, about, concerning, on

rtail in'am, m. reward, gift. account of.
, Glinkir, m, refusal; denial; inkūr * b.ip, m, father ; b.ip didi, fore
k. to refuse, to deny. fathers, ancestors.
aski Tukh, f, eye; 7ukh khulnā, to all bit, f. subject, matter, word :
open the eyes, to stare, aukh | bit chit, conversation; b.7ten bani
lag jānā, to close the eyes, at: mä to make up tales, to tell lies, to
ahey pathrājūnâ, lit. to be pet make excuses ; b.7ten lugănă, to
rified, to become dim (the eyes) backbite.
from constant strain.
let bäjä, m. a musical instrument,
*śl angir, m, the grape. music.
5|| āwāz, f. sound, voice; 7 wiz deni",
ly't bijra, m. a kind of grain.
to call out.
sus' badshah, m. king bidshah-27di,
2:3 tipar, above, over, outside ; upar | a king's daughter, a princess;
se, extra, from above. būdshāh-begam, a queen.
tity, orhnā to put on. els' badām, m. almond.
Jue, ausaf, (pl. of -*) m. commend , bar, f. delay, time; bir lagnü
ations, endowments, merits. be delayed.
als, auqat (pl. of *), m. times, cir Jay': bārish, f, rain.
cumstances; auqāt basari-k, to
y;' biz7r, m. market place; b.7zār
spend one's time, to pass one's garm rahma, to have a brisk
days in ease.
sale, to rage, to make an up
* inchi, high. roar.
*...* *-off ahista Thista, slowly,
#9 bag, m. garden.
gently.
L£2 ek, one; ek-bār, once; once upon j' baqi, f. what remains, remnant :
a time.
(adj.) imperishable, eternal.
gue imān, m. faith, inăn-dār, faith Pl: b7lā, m. ear-ring.
ful, true. els' binăt, f. broad-cloth.
sial int, f. brick. s.st bäut, m. share, distribution.
 ( 109 )

w": bini, m. founder, originator. | list badā, ordained, decreed, fated.

*23's bawa chi, m. cook. **-* * badqismat, unfortunate.
*! but, m. idol; but parasti, idola- alo badla, m. revenge, badla lenā, -

tory; but shikan, idol breaker,
iconoclast , but farosh, a seller
of idols.
* batãnã, to shew, to teach, to ex
plain, to tell.
b's' bithana. to cause to sit down.
Ula & bat jini, to be distributed.
* bajã, in place, all right, true.
Ú/ú' bajal in 7, to perform.
U" bajina, to play upon, to sound;
shādyāna bajāna, to triumph,
to rejoice.
• * baj.7'i, in place of, instead.
tial bajnā, to be sounded.
*-i- bajinsihi, of the very same
sort, just as it is, just the same, '', barābar, level; barābar-barā
identical.
tilt" bachãnã, to save, to preserve, to
| to take revenge; badla liyi jānā,
to be avenged.
4.x badle, instead.
*! bad, bad, ill; bad mizij, of evil
temper.
| Jae- "bad-ma'āsh, of a bad profes
sion, profligate.
| cy.” badan, m. the body.
*** bad-nām, notorious, of bad re
pute.
“J” budaulat, by means of.
tes: buddhā, old.
Je's "32 bazāt-i-khis, for himself.
|'' bură, bad, worse; bură männa, to
take ill, to be displeased.
bar, exactly, equally; side by
side.

protect. | *ly barāt, f, a marriage procession.

ex* bachpan, m. childhood, childish-
ness.
* bachcha, m. the young of any
animal, an infant, child.
30% bichchhi, m. scorpion.
ya! bahr, m. ocean ; bahr-i-Hind,
Indian Ocean.
(4& bakhshnà, to bestow.
<!, a bakhübi, properly, fully, tho- ti-y: barasną, to rain.
roughly.
*-ly barāmda, m. verandah, porch.
sly barāh, by way of.
8',5' barbid, destroyed; barbad hojú
na, to be destroyed, ruined.
weby barbidi, f. destruction, ruin,
Waste.
c: bartan. m. vessel, dish, plate.
by e4ley bardāsht-k to endure.
| en; barham, angry.
 ( 110 )

'*)' Brah'ni or Barhm.T. m. the Diety *UA: bili-n7ga, without fail.

in the character of creator.
weby brahman, m. a Hindu priest.
15 bar:7, great, long, big.
Ulj:5’ barbar:7n 7, to mutter, to grum
ble.
üubj' barhini, to increase.
5' buz, m. a he-goat; buz-dil, m, cow
oth buland, high.
w'ilt bulandi, f. exaltation, height.
* band, m. a fastening; band k, to
shut up, to close.
*-* band-o-bast, m. literally “bind
ing and fastening" management,
arrangement.

ard ; adj. timid. J," bandüq, f. a musket, a gun.

***); Bazurchimihr, m, the famous J-8 bans, m. offspring, race, lineage.
minister of Naushirwān, king of *i; bangl", m. bungalow, a thatched
Persia, who lived in the sixth Cottage.

century A. D. Ul, banwān,7, cause to be built.

J- bas, m. power; baschal n: to have
power.
5'-' bistar, m. bedding, bed.
by r- basar-k. to pass one's life.
e++2)- basar-o-chashm, with head
and eyes, heartily.
ti-' basni to dwell, to inhabit.
* ba'd, after.
d -
o' bunyad, f. foundation.
* bit or bo, f. smell, odour, scent.
| *-x bojh, m. load, weight.
A-3 bosa, m. a kiss; bosa den.",
kiss.
"5x burh:7, old.
J" J, bol-chāl, f. mode of speech,
dialect.
| W: bolnā, to speak ; bol uthnā, to

Uhat ba'z, some, certain, sundry.

speak out, exclaim, cry out.
els: Bagdad, m, a famous city on w!» boli, f. speech, dialect, language. ;
the river Tigris ; capital of Me
Üx bonā, to sow.
sopotamia. *:le: bhāph, f, steam, vapour.
Jā: bagal, f. armpit, embrace, bagal yo't bahadur, brave, courageous;

gir hon: to embrace. (noun) m. a hero; a knight.

* bagair, without. &ly't bahū durina, heroic.
&# bakri, f. a she-goat. | syst bahiduri, f. bravery, gallantry
J. bil, m. hole, burrow. -$14: bhig, m. fate, lot.
M8 bilä, without; bila-takalluf, without uštal bhūgnú, to run away.
ceremony or formality. ! #s bha'o, m. price, value, rate.
 ( 111 )

w" bhā'i, m. brother. jail 4 be-instifi, f. injustice.

*t' bahut, much, more, most. w": bayābān, m. desert.
y't behtar, better. e' bayān, m. explanation, relation
lyt: bhara, full. declaration, assertion; bayān-k,.
lyt bahrā, deaf. to declare, relate.
13,” J';* bharti hon", to be enlisted, by stat biyāh-k, to marry.
to become a recruit. w's bibi, f. wife.
ü)0 bharnã, to fill, to undergo, to tists: baithnà, to sit down.
suffer, to load. liq't bechnā, to sell.
*-x)4 bharosa, m. trust, faith, con e's 4 be-chain, anxious.
fidence, reliance; bharosa-k, to | > 2 be-hadd, boundless.
rely, to trust. 344-2 be-khabar, regardless, inno

• *t' behisht, f. paradise. cent, insensible, off one's guard.

., as: bhishti, m. water carrier. w‘to 4 be-dini, f. irreligion, infideli
üla, that bhag" lejani, to carry off. ty.
ū's bhugatnā, to suffer, to bear, to
e s - 4 be-rahmi se, pitilessly,
receive the reward of one's ac mercilessly.
tions.
*4'-' baisükh, m. the first solar
Me: bhal Z, good. month of the Hindus (April-May)
ble: bhalānā, to amuse, to divert. | --> 2 be-shakk, doubtless, certain.
£he bhala'i, f. good, well-being 3-A 2 be-shumür, innumerable.
lig» bhaunkn", to bark. w" 2. be-kāri, f. the state of being
5* bhir, f. crowd. unemployed.
jet: bher, f. sheep. J-$ 2 be-kas, helpless.
lis's: bhejnā, to send. w" 2. be-kasi, f. helplessness.
J#4: bhik, f. alms, charity; bhik | Us! bail, m. bull, ox.
mängnä, to beg alms. w!' bemāri, f. sickness.
|

2. be, (privative particle) without, -##, 2 be-waqif, stupid, a block

void of , be-dharak, fearless. head.
5''-' 4. be-ikhtiyar, voluntarily, (->
*

without control.
ge 2 be-adabi, f. rudeness, disres U-': pās, near to, in possession of:
pect. pås hi, close by.
 ( 112 )

w"-" påsbâni, f. watch, guard, pro *# parand, m. bird.

tection. J*)2); parwarish, f. support; parwa
-*-': pāsang, m. a make weight, a rish-k., to support, to patronise,
balance ; pasang na charhtā, to cherish.
could not balance them.
w)?)? partwari, rearing.
-)': pārsä, pious ; mard-i-parsa, 5*): parhez, m. abstinence ; parhez
a pious man. k, to abstain from.
J": pāgal, mad. e'*)' pareshān, confounded.
Ü' până, to find. * phirmã, to walk; parā phirnã,
to roam, to wander.
w". p.7 mi, n. water; p.7 ni bharnã, to
draw water. 352 parão, m. halting place, camp.
J3' pa'iau, m. foot; pa'iau ukhar J-3 pas, hence, then, behind; pas på
honã, to retreat to slink, behind;
Jānā, to run away, to take to
one's heels.
pas-o-pesh m. hesitation, evasion.
si-' pasand, pleasing, agreeable :
*: patthar, m. stone.
(noun) f. choice, approval, appro
*: patli, thin, fine.
bation, pasand-k., to approve ;
w's: pathán, m. an Afghan tribe; a
man belonging to such a tribe.
pasand karūnâ, cause to be ap
proved.
tit.2% pachhtānā, to regret; 'umr * pushti, f. the Afgän language.
bhar pachht.In I, to regret **** pashmina, m. woollen cloth.
all one's life. x+: pashi, m. beast. -

U533' pachharnã, to be thrown on e'4: pashemān, ashamed ; pashe

one's back. mān honà, to be penitent, to be
*: padar, m, father. ashamed.

gy': padari, Daternal. * pakkü, perfect, complete ; ripe,

*#): paraganda, scattered. cooked.

so): parda, m. a curtain, veil; parda vy: pagri, f. turban.

hojini, to be hidden, to U. pal, m. moment.
screen one's self ; parda-i-gaib, evil: paltan, f. battalion, regiment.
|

Holy of Holies, the Deity. Util palang, m. bedstead.

of a
co-): parsoll, the day before yester |
3' pallia, m. edge, the border
day, the day after to-morrow. | garment.
 ( 113 )

": panāh, f, refuge, protection. joyed; phill" phala, flourishing.

*: panja, m. claw, talon. "st phailana, to stretch, to spread, to
Je": panchhi, m. bird. expand.
** pujāri, m. priest. * U.4 phail jana, to be spread.
*** pitjn?, to adore, to worship. *** pheuk den", to throw.
*** pitchhn 7, to ask, to enquire; *'': piyida, m. a foot soldier, infantry.
3' piyār, m. love.
pitchhna gachhnà, to question.
*93: paud,7, m. plant. J-': piyās, f. thirst.
by pir", accomplished, complete. r' payām, m. message. -
s
Gly: purāmā, old. *: pet, m. belly, abdomen.
*** poshāk, f, dress, garment. by '': pichh:7 k., to pursue.
4+: pichhe, behind.
**** poshid", concealed, hidden.
-øls: phātak, m. gate. ** 2: paid hon,7, to be born, to
appear ; paid 7-k., to beget, to
j't pahār, m. mountain, hill.
earn, to procure.
"5* phârn", to tear, to rend.
Jóle: paidaish, f, creation.
* phindnā, to leap, to jump.
**: pairnã, to swim.
*-* phâusna, to noose, to throttle. ** *

** **2 phat jān;7, to be burst. 53):hunting

pairawi, f. following, pursuit,
after.
J** phutki, f. the tailor-bird. 5: per, m. tree.
* phatna, to be split, to be burst. "-> hisna. to grind ; pisn., p7sn.,
*t: pahchānn?, to recognize, to to powder, to triturate.
know, to understand. J*: pesh, m. before, front ; peshān,
*2 phal, m, fruit, advantage. to come to pass, to happen ; pesh
92, '98: 4,43 phut phut kar roni, to hon", to be set before for trial.
weep bitterly or excessively. *2 peshāni, f. forehead.
* pahunchnà, to reach, to arrive. **4 peshi, f. trial, investigation.
* -- * phaus jina, to be entangl. peshi hon", to take precedence.
ed, to stick. r": paig7m, m. message.
List: phill, m, flower. }***:: Paigambar. m. a prophet, an
*se: phila, swelled, blossomed; phill: apostle.
na samān", not to be able to con- sis: pegt, f. fair.
tain one self from joy, to be over. \# pin, to drink.
I5
 ( 1 14 )

**
*#35 tazkara, m. talk, mention, ac
COunt.
* tab, f. power, endurance; tāb,
lin... to bear, to endure. | 3 tar, wet, sodden.
&" tibi", dependent, subject; tabi'. **)' tarbiyat, f, education; tarbiyat
dir, obedient. |
karn,7, to educate.
g" tāj, m. crown. | J-y tars, m. pity, compassion.
** twijir, m, trader. J', taraqqi, f. promotion, increase,
−2); twrik, dark. 1mprovement.

**)" tiriki, f. darkness, obscurity. !”) tirmiri, m. a particle of oil, a

*35 twiza, fresh. spot of oil floating on water.
*$5 to ki, so that. 65 tarkā, m. dawn.
*U til 7b, m. pond. tank. w!-5 tasalii, f. consolation, comfort.
st; tab.7h, ruined, depraved, wicked, |
-ā," tash, if, f, honouring, exalting;
tab., hi, f. ruin. tash rifl. 11.7, to honour with one's
U235 tabdil, f. change, alteration, presence, to visit ; tash; if lejä
mã, to go, to depart.
tabdil.k., to change ; tabdil -i- &aay
waza'-k, to disguise. tasfiya, m. adjustment, deci
•y'as tij.7 rat, f. trade, commerce. sion, disposal.
*!)"; tajriba, m. experience; tajriba-. −" tasnif, f. composition; tasnif-k.
to compose.
k. Ir, expert, conversant.
j', a tajwiz, f. plan, contrivance, ultai ta'al:7, the Most High.
judgment; tajwiz.k., to plan, to
** ta'ajjub, m. wonder, surprise.
arrange, to settle. o'-i ta'did, f. number, computation.
-** ta'rif, f. praise, ta'rif-k, to
J." tajammul, m. pomp, grandeur,
praise.
dignity, retinue.
es” ta'zim, f, homage, obeisance,
** tohfa, m. a present, a curiosity.
respect, politeness.
eligia tahqiqit, f, enquiry, investiga
tion.
by J'ai ta'mil-k, to obey, to carry
out orders.
tea; takht, m. throne.
** taqsim, f, distribution, division.
*aš takhta, m. plank.
e's takin, f. fatigue.
7:35 tadbir, f, deliberation, counsel, -ils takalluf, m. ceremony, pre
plan, opinion. paration.
 ( 115
Jäski taklif, f. pain, trouble.
Jall tal:7sh, f. search ; tal,7sh-k, to
search.
3',5 talwār, f. sword.
'*'.5 tamish;7, m. exhibition, dis
play, spectacle.
r's tamim, perfect, complete, all.
54-5 tamiz, f. discernment, discretion,
sense, judgment.
e' tan, m. body, person; tan-i-tanhi,
alone, singly.
J, is tan Twul, m. eating; tan Twul-k.
to eat.
*', as tankhw.7h, f. salary, wages.
us tanni, to spin (a web) to stretch.
* tana, m. trunk, stem.
'til tanh,7, alone, single.
&# tawirikh, (pl. of &)") dates,
annals, history.
** tauba, f. and m. penitence, repen
tance; tauba-k., to repent.
**, tawajjuh, f. attention.
Új, torn 7, to break.
−", tawaqquf, m. delay.
* th:7h, f, bottom, ford.
exs thakan, f. fatigue.
Js; thul, m, dry ground.
ti£36; this kn", to spit.
J's thaili, f. a bag, purse.
3's taiyir, ready, prepared; taiyâr-k,
to prepare.
g)'s taiyiri, f. readiness.
)
| # tir, m. arrow.
*# tirath, m. a holy place, a place
of pilgrimage.
# tez, quick, sharp, swift.
j# te: i, f. sharpness, swiftness.
J, tel, m. oil; tel meu diabe hue,
covered with oil.
w's teli, m. oilman.
** taya.nmum, m. purification before
prayer with sand or dust, when
water cannot be had.
*2
.." tatti, f. a wicker frame, hurdle;
tatti phūydnā, to jump over
hurdles.
;: tattit, m. pony. -
by use; treneu larn 7, to collide (as
two trains.) -
56 tukri, m. scrap, portion, piece;
tukre tukre kar dilni, to reduce
to fragments.
tú, titní, to be broken; tilt parn",
to fall upon, to charge ; tāt j.7 n.,
to be broken.
by at thatth:7 m:7rn?, to jest, to
deride.
** taharn:7, to stop, to settle, to
determine.
** th:Igna, to cheat, to deceive.
sis thand 7, cool; thandi thandi ha
w: khāte chale jào, lit. go away
eating the cool air, i.e., go quick
ly away.
 ( 116 )

–44 thik, exact, reasonable. nerve, to toil; j.7 m lekar bhāgn",

"5: terhä, crooked; terhephire p7'iiu, to run for one's life; j7 m meu join
distorted feet. ānā, to be revived, to be com
* forted.

tile jini, to go.

*45 sabit, proved.
| tile jännä, to know, to suppose.
» saur, m, name of a mountain near title j.7 uchn,7, to judge, to ascertain,
Mecca.
to try; jã uch lenæ, to examine,
G. to test.

w;"> j.7tri, m. a pilgrim, a traveller. * jānwar, m. an animal, any living

sele jãdii, m. enchantment, conjuring, Creature.

juggling; jãdii gar, juggler. J#1,4- jibrā'il, m. the archangel Gab

by 4,' jiri-k to set on foot, to begin, riel.
to enforce, to promulgate. '* judā, separate.
tišta jagnú, to awake. * judā'i, f. separation.
Me jālā, m. web. cly jarrah, m. a surgeon.
e's jān, wise; anjān, fool; jān, f. *325' jazira, m. island, a peninsula.
knowledge; jān bijhkar, knowing was jashm, m. festival, rejoicing.
- ly, deliberately; j.In pahchān, f. *** jagah, f. place, room
acquaintance; jān ke anjān hon", * jal, m. water.
to pretend ignorance. J- jul, m. deceit, cheating, a trick.
j.7 m, f, life, spirit; j7 m bakhshi, f. ol, jalid, m. executioner.
pardon; jän par bann", or jan J* jalil, m. glory, dignity.
jokhon honà, to be in danger of •l-jild, f. the binding of a book,
one's life; jān par khelnā, to volume.

risk one's life; jàn täz.7 până, to w"le jaldi, speedily, quickly.
receive new life; jūn tor kar U"> jamäl, m. beauty.
larna, to fight with reckless brave ** * jam'a, hon+, to assemble :
ry; jān ki amān până, to obtain jama'-k, to collect, to gather.
security for one's life; jān se * janib, f, highness, Your Excel.
häth dhonii, to wash one's hands lency, vestibule, threshold.
of life, to do at the risk of one's | * jannat, f. paradise.
life; j.7m fishini-k. to strain every -* jang, f, war: jang jit, bellicose.
 ( 117 )

Jrie fangal, m. forest. *** jeth m. name of the second

** jangi, m, a warrior ; (adj). Hindu month (May-June)
martial, military. -
t-'-ja is:7, as, according as, in like man
*
ner.
“Ply' jaw.7b, m. answer.
•l,"l, jaw.7hirāt, m. (pl. of "x" G
gems, precious stones. * chā, f. tea.
J** josh, m. ebullition, passion, * chākar, m. attendant, servant.
vehemence ; josh-o-kharosh, m. * chilak, clever, ingenious.
fury, rage, passion ; josh márnã, *ile chând, m. moon.
to boil; josh barhānā, to inspire, title chāhnā, to desire to wish, to like.
to fill with enthusism. wrw chup, silent; chup-chip quiet, still;
5''- jhār, m. chandelier. chup rahmā, to be silent.
5'' jahā2, m. ship. tø chupk.7, silent; chupk.7 ho-rahn,7,
*J't jahalat, f. ignorance, barbarism. to become silent.
L't jah" n,m. the world; jahan-panah, Wast chikhnii, to scream, to shout. .
asylum of the world, your majesty. &!” chirig, m. lamp.
tú: jhapatn" to pounce upon, to ley" charch 7, m. mention, rumour, talk.
spring, to attack suddenly. Üxt charnū to graze.
4,43 jhurri, wrinkle. ** charand, m. beast; charand-o
jë jhari, f. continued rain, show parand, beasts and birds.
ers, wet weather. *** chashm, f, eye; chashm purāb
"@" jhukni, to stoop down. eyes filled with water ; chashm
5* jhagra, m. dispute, difference. num: i, f. reprimand, reproof.
**** - ©262- jhitt, Ol' jhilth, m. **** chashma, m. fountain, spring.
falsehood, jhiith sach, misrepre * chikna greasy, soft, polished.
sentation, jhith-mith, falsely, un tile chalni, to go away, to depart, to
true, in jest, for nothing at all. blow (as the wind).
'** - U," jhata or jhitha, false, * chanã, m. gram, chick pea.
untrue. * chand, few, some.
J'** jholi, f. wallet, knap-sack. bj's chinghTrn:1, to Scream, to
<= jai, f. bravo, hurrah, all hail. screech.

* jeb, f. pocket; jeb kharch, pock J.'" chotif. a braid of hair, a queue.
et-money ti-ye chiisnæ, to suck.
 ( 118 )

Gly," churānā, to Steal. LGAs: chhaling, f. skipping, jumping

J57, chauri'i, f. breadth.
Ls," chauk, m. a square, an open place
in a city, a market.
*** chokar, m. bran.
six chaukri,f a bound, a spring;chaukri
bharna, to leap, to bound.
6're chouch, f. beak, bill, a point.
ü): -6+ chaunk parna, to start.
*** chha, six ; chha chha, every six.
J's chhati, f. breast, chhati par saup
chhal Tageu märn.T, to spring, to
jump.
U," chhoti, narrow, small.
us' esse chhin leni, to take by force,
to snatch; chhinna, to seize, to
take possesson of.
was chain, m. ease, repose, tranquillity:
bechain, anxious, restless.
C
**la h;7jat, f, necessity, requirement,
need.

lotna, to burn with envy. U2'- hitsil, m. gain: húsil hon+, to

Ulst chhänä, to spread, to overshadow; be obtained.
chhājānā, to overshadow to over ral-hizir, present; h;7%ir hon", to
spread. *
be present.
t:5'4+ chhautna to select. est- hikim, m, ruler, commander,
use chhupna or chhipnä, to be con governor; hikim-i-haqiqi, God.
cealed, to be hidden. Ju hil, m, state, condition, matter.
*** chhat, f. roof “Ju-halat, f. state, condition.
* chhati, f. a ceremony performed gu.M., a hatt ulimk7", according to
on the sixth day after the birth of one's power.
a child; chhati k.7 didh y,7d 7 n., •- hadd, f, limit, boundary.

to be corrected, to be soundly 8,3- hudud, (pl. of 9-), boundaries,

chastized. confines. *

* chehra, m. appearance, counte J, harf, m. letter; harf b-harf,

nance, face. letter by letter.

1, 85* chhirkü huà, to be sprinkled. es)- harakat, f. action, conduct.

e-x- hurmat, f, honour, dignity, cha
law chhakki", m. sixth of any thing;
racter.
chhakke ch hist j.7 m", to lose
courage, to lose one's (six) senses, La2)-haris, covetous, greedy.
to be confounded. *u-- hisāb, m. account, sum.
 ( 119 )
elä- Hushān, m. name of Abu Jahl's
w!»- hairān, astonished, surprised,
father (see Abu Jahl.) confounded.
*a- hissa, m. part, portion. *** hairat, f. surprise.
eyā- hazrat, f, holiness, eminence.
t
yyā- huzir, m. presence. re's khidim, m. servant.
alslå-hifāzat, f. protection. U* kh,7ss, particular, private, pure,
J-haqq, m. regard, refererce, right; excellent.

haqq-ul-mehmat, m. the due of * khisa, m. a royal repast.

labour; haq-i-namak adā k., yelä kh 7 tir, f. sake, for the sake of:
to discharge one's obligation khātir-k., to fondle, to be desirous
,
to render every one his due of salt. of pleasing, to comfort.
*i- hagiaat, f. truth, account, worth, * kh, k, f, dust; khik dilnā, to
fact, reality, one's self or ego; throw dust: (idiom) to close the
haqiqat meg, in truth, in reality. eyes to the shamefulness of crime.
***-haqiqi, real, true. U* kh:7lis, pure, sincere.
e£-hukin, m. order; hukm-n7ma, m. Ju khili, empty.
written order.
Jay-lä khimosh, silent.
*-i- hukit mat, f. sovereignty, reign, cle's khāndān, m, family.
dominion. Ul-l-Sta. khins. Imāu, m. house
steward.
£-hakim, m. philosopher, physician.
&ala- halfiya, on oath. * khabar, f. news; khabar-dār, have
eit"- him, qat, f. folly. a care, be cautious.
el-hammām, m. a warm bath. *** khatu-k., to conclude, to finish.
}* khachchar, m. mule.
al-- hamla, m. an attack, an assault,
loé khudā, m. God, khud" parast,
expedition, invasion; hamla Gwar, worshipp ing God; khudā-dād,
invader.
God given; khudā-na-khwāsta,
L-ly- hawūss, m. (pl. of *-(-) senses. God forbid; khuda nahig hai, he
&l-ex- hausla, m. ambition, daring, is not God, is not infallible.
emulation, enterprise. -->4 khidmat, f. service.
Pl, kharab, bad.
U*5-hauz, m. reservoir.
s” kharch, m. expense; kharch-k. to
*:::= haisiyat, f. ability, merit. spend, to use.
 ( 120 )
41), khurūk, f. food, daily food, meal,
Jay,+ khargosh, m. hare, rabbit.
eatables.
üez, kharidn'7, to buy, to purchase;
kh arid-o-farokht f. buying and •-lay- khushamad, f. flattery khushå
selling, business, trade. mad a mez, flattering, conciliatory.
*15+ khaz7na, m. treasury.
U*,x* khurd-bin, f, a microscope.
Jaya khush, good, glad: khush khabari
+k++ khushk, dry.
w's khushki, f. dry land; dearth. f. good news.
7-is khizir, m. Khizir is a Mohammadan *** khushi, f. pleasure ; khushi se
saint or prophet. he is supposed to philli na samā'i, could not contain
have discovered the water of life, herself through joy, was highly
and to be still living. He relieves pleased.
men frem distress. -,+ khauf, m, fear.
tas khatt, m. a line, a letter. el, khin, m. blood: Khun-i-jigar khū
tlas khat 7, f. fault ; khat...Tw.ir, guilty. kar kh mosh rahn: to subdue

*Ala# khit 7b, m. a title. one's anger, khiin kh", blood

:as khat."r, m. alarm, risk, danger.
e is khiffat, f, want of dignity, affront,
disgrace.
e-alá khilāt, m. dress, robe of honour.
•314 khilāfat, f. the office of Caliph,
monarchy.
»is khanjar, m. dagger.
J: khandaq, m. a ditch, fosse, mast.
*)'," khwāri, f. distress, downfall.
s!, khwah, whether.
* kh'ub, well, thoroughly , bahut
khitb be it so.
*}x^2}= kh hub-surat, beautiful, hand
thirsty, ferocious; khian-rez. bloody
sanguinary.
s';* khiini, m. murderer.
Jús khiyāl, m, thought, consideration :
khiyali palao paki", to indulge in
absurd fancies, to build castles in
the air, to count one's chickens
before they are hatched.
•';* khairat, f. alms, charity.
&
Jäls dakhil, entering, arriving : dakhil
hona, to enter. -

SOn 16.
15's darh, f, a tooth, a grinder ; dārhen
s';* khübi, f. excellence, well-being. mår kar rom 7, to gnash the teeth

•, khud self, own ; khud ba khud, of in anguish, to weep bitterly.

£5's darhi, f. beard. -

one's own accord.

 ( 121 )

*" distan, f. adventure, Story, a e'-y's darmiyān, between, middle.

tale.
*}” darwiza, m, door, gate, door.
e's dilän, m. hall. way.
ele dim, m. money. J*2)* darwesh, m. religious mendi
erle daman, m. border of a garment. cant, beggar.
cle din, m. alms, charity. *** dirham, m. a silver coin equa
Sle dini, wise, sensible. to four and a half pence
*le dini'i, f. wisdom. 939 dary 7, m. river.
** diut, m. tooth; daut pisna, to *** daryāft karna, to enquire.
gnash the teeth. “o dast, m. hand; dast basta, with
folded hands.
J* dinish, f, intelligence, wisdom; »“e dastar, m. custom.
dānish-mand, intelligent, wise,
u're daswäu, tenth.
sensible, sage.
w” dushman, m. an enemy.
*śle drina, m. corn, grain, seed.
*** da'wat, f. invitation, feast.
* * dab jani, to be pressed down, by” da'wa, m. claim.
to be subdued, to be mortified. twis dafa'tan, suddenly.
** d tila, m. the river Tigris.
** diaqat, f, difficulty, trouble.
e'+* dukhin, smoke, steam.
"; 39 diqa-k, to tease, to perplex.
J” dukhini, abounding in smoke. *** dukh, m. pain, suffering, distress
5'59 d. trāz, long, distant.
* dikhana, to show.
3'39 darbār, m. hall of audience, court,
levee.
* dil, m, heart, mind; dildari, seek.
ing another's pleasure, kindness;
e'," durbin, m. a door keeper, porter.
dilbarhini, to encourage; dil
*>ye darjit, m. class, rank, gradation.
thanda honà, to be glad.
•-bi-ye darkhwist, f. application, re
*''' diläpänä, to get restored, to
quest.
recover, to find a person or state
eye d.trd, m. pain, affliction; dard congenial.
nik, touching, affective. "e dilână, cause to give or pay.
*})* detrzi, m tailor. Use daldal, f. quagmire, a bog.
*-ye durust, proper, right. re dam, m. breath, life, a moment;
36 ye dark,7r, necessary, wanting. dam-ba-khud, silent, struck dumb,
3% dar-kin ir, putting aside. aghast; dam-ba-khud rahn: y :
I6
 ( 122
hon,7, to be confounded, to be
petrified; dam phill nã, to breathe
short; dam denii, to trick, to
delude, to cheat, to deceive, to
temper steel, to give one's life;
dam len", to take breath, to rest,
to halt, to stay; dam mirnã, to
speak ; to say but a word, to
boast; dam-ba-dam, every mo
ment, incessantly; dam meu dam
in 7, to recover one's breath, to
revive, to recover from a faint,
to revive in one's spirits, to be
come happy; dam men lànà,
to wheedle, to entice, to delude,
to entrap ; dam na mārnā, not to
say a word, to be crest fallen, to
remain silent.
&L-> dimäg, m, the brain, head, mind.
"-e damakna, to glitter.
we din, m. day; din charhnā, the
day to be far advanced.
-Go daug, astonished.
(#e duny,7, f. the world.
be daw.7, f. medicine.
el:e dawāt, f. inkpot.
sexe dildh, m. milk.
3,3 diur, far, remote, distant.
sy» daura, m. going round, tour of
inspection.
** 539 daur dhilp, f. labour and
exertion.
5* dozi, f embroidery, sewing.
)
*"x" do sāla, every two years, bien
nial.
*-xe dostāna, m. friendliness.
*ye doshūla, m. a mantle; lit. a pair
of shawls.
*!3e daulat, f, wealth, riches.
ly", a dohrā, double, two-fold.
Uyee dharnū, to place, to put down.
'4';*e dhokhi, m. deceit, deception.
Ü, to dhonà, to wash, dhoni dhānā, to
wash, to clean. -
**!e diyānat, f. conscience, honesty;
diyāna t-dār, honest.
** der, f. delay; der-k. to delay; thori
der ba'd, after a little while.
J-3° des, m. country, the plains.
U.4&S dekhnà, to look ; dekh n.1 bhālnā,
to see, to inspect.
e's din, m. creed, religion, faith; din
dār, religious, virtuous.
tize denii, to give.
3:3 dimir, m, a gold coin, (Lat: dena
rius).
y;3° diwir, f, wall.
e'e diwin, m. a hall; diwān-khina,
a court, a hall of audience.
&#133e diwāna, mad, insane, inspired.
U238 dewtà, m. a Hindu god, a god.
e
*Is dikia, m. robber.
ūlā dilnā, to throw down, to put.
Ul:3 dubwänä, cause to be sunk,
drowned, or destroyed.
 ---------------

( 123 )

53 dar, m, fear. *::, rutba, m, rank, dignity.

"bs darānā, to terrify, to frighten. "; &#, ruja'-k, to turn towards.
"53 darn,7, to fear, to be frightened. **) rukhsat, f, dismissal, leave :
s's digri, f. (cor: of decree) decree; ritkhsat honã, to leave, to depart.
digree-k to adjudge, to decree. J) rizq, m. daily bread, subsistence.
'*'S dandii, m. stick, club; dande *", risăla, m. troop of horse, cavalry,
lagãnã, to beat with a stick, to be a pamphlet.
labour. * rasad, f. provision, for an army,
-** dauk, m, sting; dauk marna, to supplies.
sting. Jr., rasill, m. messenger, apostle, the
J,3 Gol, m, a leathern or metal bucket prophet Mohammad.
for drawing water from a well. s") rassi, f. cord, rope.
*3 dhimudhna, to search. |*, rishta, m relationship, kin, rishte.
}*5 dher, m, a heap. dār, relation, kinsman.
***) rishwat, f. a bribe.
ë
***, razāmandi, f. consent.
* 27'iqa, m. relish, taste. ***, ra'aiyat, f. subject, tenant, culti
"; e.g sabh-k to kill (animals for food VatOr.

agreeably to the Mohammadan *, *, rafta rafta, by degrees.

law). *, ruq'a, m. a note, epistle.
*33 garra, m, particle, little, a jot. | 6', ralli, m. grief, anguish of mind.
3's 2ikr, m. mention. **) rauja, m. trouble, pain.
) -8) raug, m. colour.
*l rāt, f, night; ādhi rāt, mid-night. e”, raugin, dyed, coloured.
c', rāj, m. mason, bricklayer. *!” rawāna, departed, despatched
J-b ras, f, head. rats àna honà, to be despatched *

to set out, to go.

*', rāsta, m road; rasta lena, to
take one's way, to withdraw.
**, rāgi, willing, pleased;
honà, to be satisfied, to agree.
*!) rāh, f. road, manner.
40 rā'e, f, opinion, advice, vote.
%2) rit-ba-ri, face to face, in the
presence of, before.
rāzi 52) roz, m. day : roz-marra, daily,
always, common discourse.
e”) roshan, bright, shining; roshan-k.
to illumine,
 ( 124 )

**, roshnā'i, f. ink. ing of elephants; two chains of

***) roshni, f. light, splendour. elephants means two elephants.
*3) rokn", to prevent, to detain, to £2.5 zindagi, f. life.
check, to intercept. *>35 zinda, alive, living.
U3) româ, to cry, to weep. 3:) gor, m, force, strength, power.
...', ri'i, f. cotton. 3.05 ahr, m. poison; zahr-dār poisonous;
tity rahmā, to remain, to stay. zahr-ālid, poisoned.
**) riyā; i, f. mathematics. 25 at he, admirable, bravo, well-done.
...)"#, rezgāri or re-gi, f. small change. *39; 2iyāda, more, excessive.
by $52) #2, reza reza-k, to break into 3:) 2er, under; zer-i-ta jwiz, under con
sideration.
pieces.
J.-:) ra' is, m. a chief, prince, citizen. !??) ze war, m, jewel, ornament.
s”, reshmi, silken, made of silk. U"
U.68, raingnä, to bray.
** sith, with, along with, together
5 with.
3:15 ania, m. the thigh; dozăni baithnā, U-l. s.7hil, m. shore.
to kneel, to sit at ease. *e" saida, simple, plain; sāda-dil,
e'; zabān, f. tongue, language, speech . simple hearted, foolish.
Jū) zabâni, verbal. |y|... s.7 r", whole.
...-e); 2abar-dasti, f. violence, oppres 25l. s.7 rhe, one half more; this word
sion, high-handedness. prefixed to any number above two
**; 2dkhm, m. wound. denotes that the half of a parti
5, 24r, m. gold; zar-dozi, f. embroi cular unit is to be added to the
dery; zar-i-mutalba, demanded number, as sirhe châr, four and
sum, claim; zar-i-naqd, cash, ready a half ; when added to an aggre
money. gate number, it signifies that half
•)) zard, pale, yellow. the aggregate is to be added, as
53); Zardi, f. paleness. sārhe sau, 150, i. e. a hundred
with half a hundred added.
*śl-j zamāna, m. time.
w!-- 5'- sūz-o-sāmān, m. housings,
sy-5 zamurrad, m. emerald.
#3) 2anjir, f.chain, head(of elephants); harness, apparatus, furniture.
a mode of expression used in speak **- sā'at, f. moment, minute.
 ( 125
J- sil, m, a year.
**t," sailina, yearly, annual, annually.
"Ju- silim, safe, free, perfect.
cyl-Ü- s.7m n, m. apparatus, materials,
preparation.
<-- swimme, before ; sūmne à noi, to
come before ; to occur; to happen.
cyl- sin, like.
** siup, m, snake.
• -
J-5t. s.7 us, m. breath; jab tak sins
tab tak &s, while there is life
there is hope.
*2" siya, m. shadow, shade, shelter.
** sabab, m. cause, reason, motive ;
on account of.
*:- subhūni, divine. -
J4- sabaq, m. lesson.
Ülk- satan", to afflict, to vex, to per
secute.
w”- satian, or sutian, m. column,
pillar.
Uta~ sajänä, to arrange, settle, adorn. +j- sarak, f. road.
•y'a- sujūd, (pl. of **-), m. act of lj- saz7, f. punishment; saz7 deni,
prostration with the forehead
touching the ground.
*- sachchi'i, f. truth, veracity.
g" &" sach much, truly.
*-ā- sakht, hard, harsh, severe.
** sudh, f. attention, care, regard.
Up.” - sadhū, docile.
r" sir, m. head; sir urūnâ, to cut the
head clean off; sir tornă, lit., to
break the head, to punish, to
)
subdue; sir par h7th rakh kar
ron", to cry in despair, to deplore
one's fate.
r" set", ". head; sur bar (Iwarda
exalted; sar bulandi, f. exaltation,
sa rift rāz farm" nã, to exalt, to
honour.
X-ly sarà sar, entirely, all.
| clail)- saranjim, m. goods, materials;
|
saranj.7m-k. to make provison for
the future. to provide, to arrange
to manage.
*!)" sarpat, f, galloping; sarpat gho
rū daturin,7, to put one's horse to
a gallop.
yey sardār, m. a chief, a head man.
sey" sardi, f, winter, cold.
54-y" sarsabz, verdant, fresh.
***," sarguzasht, f. adventure.
**y- surma, m. antimony.
to punish, to castigate.
*- sust, lazy, indolent.
ū-sastā, cheap.
J*)'i sif Irish, f, recommendation,
introduction.
5''- sikhūn,7, to teach.
*-i- salāmat, f. peace, health, safety.
£-li- salāmti, f. safety, welfare
health.
Üll- sulānū, to cause to sleep.
 ( 126
*-ālal- saltanat, f. kingdom.
L331-sulük, m. treatment, usage,
tercourse; suličk-k, to treat,
proceed with.
eft-Al-Sulaimān, m. Solomon.
ül- samānā, to enter, to fill, to fit,
to be contained in.
***** samajh, f, understanding.
Gls'-- samjhānā, to cause to compre
hend, to warn ; samjhānā bujh:
nã, to instruct, to admonish.
ū4*- samajhnà, to understand, to
regard.
lifte:- sambhālnā, to support,
retain.
si- sanad, f. certificate, a patent
grant or charter.
y;- sawār, m, a rider, sawār honă,
to mount, to ride.
Uly- suwäl, m, question.
w), saw iri, f. the act of riding or
driving, mode of conveyance.
4,- siwā’e, except, besides.
Üle- G” silj jānā, to be swollen.
g!" soch, m. reflection, anxiety; soch
nã, to think, to consider: soch
bich" r-k. to reflect; sochn. -såch
n:7, to meditate, to consider.
}ley- saudāgar, m. merchant.
yr-suar, m. pig, boar.
Ex- sitrúkh, m. hole.
g)." siraj, m. the Sun.
)
, -y," sirmū, m. hero, warrior.
in
ü89- silkhnā, to wither up, to pine
to away; silkh kar kā tit.7 hon", to
become as thin as a broom stick.
eu-,- Somnit, m, name of a city in
Gujrat noted for its temple.
w)" sin, dreary; sins, n, Very dreary.
(33- sonà, to sleep.
six- su'i, f. needle.
s'- siyāhi, f. ink.
** ser, m, a weight of 16 chhat.ink.
*- sair, f. taking the air, a saunter, a
walk.
to ," Joy:- saikrog bir, a hundred times.
4'- seli, f. a sash, a belt.
U
** shadi, f. pleasure; shädi-k., to
wed.
we 3'2sta shūdyäne bajà ".7, to
triumph, to rejoice.
jet: shā'ir, m. poet.
•,403 shūgird, m, scholar, disciple.
el: shān, f. state, degree : shān-o
| shaukat, pomp and glory.
su% shah, m. king: shāhāna, kingly,
majestic.
cutta sh;Than (pl. of *) kings.
gela shahi, f. reign, sovereignty.
*** shubah, m. doubt, suspicion.
Jas: shakhs, m. person, individual.
| Slea shaddad, m. name of an ancient
king.
 ( 127 )

sele" shadd 7di, made by Shaddād. ** shudra, m. a servile caste,

* Shiddat, f. excess, severity.
*ly” sharāb, f, wine.
** shart, f. condition, agreement.
&y shara', f. law.
s” shara'i, lawful, shara'i bibi, law
ful wife.
r” sharin, f. shame.
tit-y” sharmini, to be ashamed, to
feel shame.
.*.*, * sh armindagi, f. shame.
**** sharininda, ashamed.
&” shuri', m. beginning; shurii.
hon," or k, to begin.
»y” sharir, naughty, wicked.
-** sharif, noble, illustrious.
+2)” sharik, m. a partner, friend.
&la” shu'a', f. ray of the sun, light.
** sha'r, m. verse, line of poetry.
!," shu'art, (pl. of Yela) poets.
lää shaft, f. cure.
-ālā4 shaffaif, transparent, clear.
eii shafaqat, f. condolence, affection,
kindness, favour.
** shukr, m. gratitude, thanks; shukr.
guzāri, gratitude.
** shakar, f. sugar.
e-84 shikast, f, defeat.
*** > -& shak-o-shubah, m. doubt,
suspicion. -
Jr” shauq, m. desire, inclination.
** shahd, m. honey; shahd ki makkhi
a bee.
** shahr, m. city.
*** shuhr it, f. renown, fame report.
** shuhra, m. fame.
&#" shaikh, m, a chief; a title taken by
the descendants of the Prophet
and given to those who become
proselytes to Mohammadanism.
J** shekhi, f. boasting.
}** sher, m. tiger, lion.
*** shisha, m. glass.
c":" shaitän, m. devil, Satan.
U°
-* SIf, clear, clean, pure.
J* Sādiq, true, just.
e" subh, f. morning.
* Gabr, m. patience.
** sihāba, (pl. of value) companions.
e” $.1/in, a court-yard, an area.
e=~ Sahih, sound whole; sahih-o
sälim, safe and sound.
*** Sadma, m. blow, a shock, a colli.
sion, mortification.
-#" Sarf, m. expenditure; Sarf-karna,
to spend.
–9" sirf, only, merely.

Ai- Safii, f. neatness, cleanliness.

&** shama', f. candle. e” salith, f. counsel, consultation,
354 shor, m. noise. advice.
 ( 128
el- sulh, f. peace.
*** siba, m. province.
eyre surat, f. form.
** U, gabt-karnã, to confiscate.
*y garb, f. blow, stroke, cannonade.
3×3 gurür, certainly, necessary.
ex, a garurut, f, need, necessity.
Jia-2 gulf, m. weakness.
Jägala ga'if, weak, feeble.
sā'ā giyāfat, f. feast.
12
Gue tāq, m. a recess in a wall, a shelf.
eju taqat, f. power; taqatwar, power
ful, strong.
cle -iu talib 'ilm, m. Seeker of know
• ledge, scholar.
-4 tabib, m. a physician.
c” tarah, f. manner, mode.
-5,” taraf, towards.
e', tarfain, both sides.
*}” tariqa, m. mode, manner.
eal tan, m. chiding, taunt, reproach.
All tili'i, golden.
13, all talab karni, to summon.
gll talabi, f, summons.
y;” taur, m. manner, mode.
U-ye Tüs, m. a city in Persia, the
birthplace of the poet Firdausi.
Ue, a totă, m. parrot.
ū," le tai hon+, to be disposed, of, to *.*, arsa, m. space of time.
be folded.
J:le taish, m. passion.
)
12
"Jus 2.7lim, m. tyrant.
ū," ×U. 27hir hon,7, to become visible,
to appear; 27 hir-k., to declare, to
tell.
Ji gill, m. shadow; gill-i-subhäni, the
shadow of God.
ells gulm, m. oppression, injustice,
tyranny, outrage, force.
yt's zuhiar, m. appearance coming to
pass; gathiar me 11 & 11.7, to come to
| pass, to present itself.
2.
| \
45*" 'ajizi, f. humility.
este 'adat, f habit.
| clue alam, m, the world.
clue alim, m. a learned man.
Ju ali, grand, high , 'ali shin, mag
nificent.
ele '7m, common, general.
esus ibidat, f, devotion, worship.
-* 'ajib, wonderful, strange; ajib
kitāb, magic book.
else ‘adalat, f. tribunal, court of
justice.
* ‘uzr, m. excuse, apology; 'ugr
khwahi-k., to make apologies.
4')” 'arabi, Arabian: (masc.) the Ara
bic language.
Js,” “arz, f. petition; 'arz-k., to address,
to say, to represent.
 - - -
-

( 129 )
s', 'arzi, f. a petition.
* 'ahd, m. compact, treaty, promise,
-j- 'izat, f, honour, respect.
* 'ast, m. a stick. time, reign; 'ahd-shikani, f. a
breach of contract, breach of faith.
* "at", f. a gift, present, at: karna,
to bestow, to give.
* 'aib, m. vice, blemish, fault.
£e azim, great, grand; azimu-sh J* 'aish, m. pleasure, delight; aish
l o-ārām, luxury and repose.
shān, of high dignity, magnificent.
2.
Jie aql, f wisdom, sense; 'aql mand, *g r, m. cav - S
, e.
wise, prudent. g)" gizi, m. conquerer, hero, a Mo
Ji 'aqil, wise, sensible, intelligent. hammedan who is victorious over
U-6-'aks, m, reflection, reflected image. inf idels.

&ll= |iliqa, m. estate, district. * g7 fil, careless, stupid, imprudent.

*#le alaniya, openly, publicly. *Jū gilib, victorious, excelling.
** 'alawa, besides, in addition. −20 g. ('ib, invisible, vanished; gā’ib
hona, to vanish, to disappear.
als 'ilm, m. knowledge; 'ilm dost,
patron of knowledge. bly gurrānā, to growl, roar.
Jay” garaz, in short, in fine.
•le ‘ulam,7, (pl. of eite) learned men.
“33” g trib, poor, rare, odd, foreign.
* 'ali, m. the name of Mohammad's
son-in-law.
**garibi, f. poverty.
*gussa, m. anger, passion.
£4'- 'al issubih, early in the morn * gazab, m. passion, wrath, anger;
1ng.
gazib mak
•l," in:rit, (pl. of ey") buildings. ella gulām, m. ,slave; gulāmi
full of rag
e,
, slavery.
•)-e ‘im: rat, f' edifice, building, struc *:l” gal
ba, m. ascendency, the upper
ture.
hand, mastery.
** "unda, excellent. Jal” gulati, f. error, mistake.
# * 'undagi, f. sumptuousness, great *gfri shigri
um,endm.
• symgam
p, ef; hy.wāri, f. real
pat-kh
.ness, dignity.
r" 'umar, m, name of the second * gaur, m, reflection; gaur se, atten.
Caliph after Mohammad. tively ; gaur k, to reflect.
&le;" gott, m. dipping, diving; gota
* 'unr, f age, 'umr bhar ki, all one's
life time. -
lagina, to dive. -

-* gaib, concealed, invisible.

17
 ( 130 )

t– ea:45 fazi hat, f, disgrace, infamy:

syst fakhirt, excellent. | ** faqir, m. mendicant, beggar.
U-y; fairis, m. Persia. | # fikr, f. thought, concern.
g-); farsi, f. Persian, the Persian will falăl. in, f. flannel.
language. e; fann, m. science, skill, art.
83% fawww.ra, m, fountain, a jet;
# fürig, free, at leisure.
U-xt finius, m. f. a shade (to keep faww.ira chhütnā, to spout forth
wind from a lamp, candle, etc.) - as a jet.
soil, fa’ida, m. advantage, profit. c” fauj, f. army.
e's fath, f. conquest, victory. [, fit ur, n, instantly, directly, imme
*** fidya, m ransom. diately, quickly.
Ua', far:7'iz (pl. of U*, m. duties, *** fahmida, observing, wise, under
stood.
obligations.
s fi, every, per in, into.
**** Firdausi, name of a celebrated
poet of Tüs (in Persia). easia". filhaqiqat, certainly.
J2, fursh, m. spreading, carpeting : &l,'lú filw:7qe', indeed, certainly.
farsh-o-furiash, carpets. &laš faisla, m. decision.
Us; fil, m. elephant.
3, furq, m. difference. a
üu-, furmänä, to order, to command, *

U;5 q.7til, m. murderer, assassin.

to Say.
yoyu-, furniu-bardir, obedient, sub *5 andir, potent, powerful; 17dir:
nutlaq, the Omnipotent, God Al
ject to orders. mighty.
J. L.; farm.'ish, f. an order.
55 q72, m. a duck or goose.
see; fury idi, m. one who sues for
g” qizi, m. judge.
justice, complainant, plaintiff. $325 q.7'ida, m. rule, custom.
-", fireb, m. deceit, trick, fraud; &ls's q.7 fila, m. caravan.
fi reb ümez, deceitful. As q.7'in, supported, fixed: q.7' in
Ja fast, f, harvest, crop, season. rakhna, to keep firm, to preserve,
Jya, fisii, f. battlement, rampart. to make good.
U.a fazl, m, favour, grace. y; q ibr, f, grave.
U, a fazal, superfluous, needless, use &l, qibla, m. the temple at Mecca,
less.
venerable, reverend, father.
 ( 13 ( )

Jr.; qabill, assent, consent: qabil-k., el qalam, m. a pen; galam band

to accept, to assent, to consent, to hon.T, to be taken down, to be
agree. written,

Üle 's Jü qatl kiy:7 jān;7, to be killed. •el, qaw.7'id, (pl. of soa5) rules, mili
|

tary exercises, drill.

r” qadam, m. foot, step, pace; qadam
b72, fleet; qadam bosi, kissing
the feet; qadam ranja farm. n. 7,
to take the trouble of visiting; it qahr, m, rage, indignation; quhr
qada mi mil: e, in step.
y” qadr or qadar, f, value, dignity,
worth, esteem, quantity; jis qadr,
just as, as much as.
“y” qudrit, f. divine power.
U*, q arz, m. a loan, debt.
r; quum, f. tribe, nation.
g; qawi, strong.
o-g (gub se, indignantly.
*-* qiyāmat, f. the general resurrec
tion, the judgment day.
** qimat, f. price.
* qaiuchi, f. scissors.
& gaid, f. imprisonment, qaid khāna,
prison.-

&e; qur'a, m. a lot, drawing lots. -*

−2; qarib, near. ej6 kitib, a writer, a clerk.

J*; quraish, m. a noble tribe of Ü6 kitni, to cut, to bite, to reap;
A ribs of whom Moham', rad's kit d7ln,7, to cut off. -

grandfather was chief. 55 kär, m. affair, work; kār-āzmiada,

J'; qazz7q, m. a robber.
- qasan, if an oath. .
*-* qism, f, sort, kind, species.
ca-5 qismat, f, fate.
...t.a. qasi'i, m. butcher.
was qasd, m. inclination, desire.
3:45 qusiar, m, fault, sin, error.
Láš qaz7, f, death, fatality, fate, U6 kil, m, dearth, famine.
destiny; apni qa 3.7 ko (7p bul. In 7,
to anticipate one's destiny.
*als qil'a, m. fort, palace; qil'e ki fauj,
garrison,
experienced in affairs, practised;
kir-i-kh ir, a virtuous act; k.7r
raw,7'i, carrying on of business,
occupation, administration, k.7r
kh 7 na, m. workshop.
5%)'s k7rigar, m. artisan, workman.
3* k7gaz, m. paper.
y's kijir, m. infidel.
* kim, m. work, action, business;
k7my7b, successful.
U-5 kimil, perfect, accomplished,
<!-6 kämyäbi, f, success,
 ( 132 )

e's kān, m. ear; kån ph, itnā, to be * ka'ba, m, temple at Mecca.

deafened by noise; kā tu du boch nã,
to turn back the ears as a horse
does when preparing to bite; kān
o-àukhen kholmà, to undeceive :
kånoi, p. rhāth dharnā or rakh nai,
to refuse, to deny.
ti's kaupna, to tremble, to quiver, to r15 kalām, m. word, speech, discourse.
shake.
ū6 kauta, m, a thorn.
* kuffār, (pl. of 36) infidels, idolater.
* kulfr, m. blasphemy, infidelity.
w” Kafan, m. coffin, shroud, pell.
Uí kal, f. tomorrow, yesterday; a
machine.
U5 kul, entirely, all.
**15 kalina, m. a word, speech; the
Mohammadan creed.

* kabit, m. a kind of Hindi verse; Ü's kamână, to earn.

poetry. *!)- kamsaryat, f. commissariat

** kabiatar, m. pigeon. (see rasad).

# kapra, m. cloth, clothes.
b's kupkapānā, to shiver, to tremble.
ūš kuttà, m. dog.
* kitāb, f. book.
* kasir, abundant, numerous; kasir
ulta'dād, an immense number:
U, # kuchkol, m. a cup, bowl, (gene 35 kund, m. whirlpool.
rally a beggar's).
Üte J35 kuchal jānā, to be crushed,
bruised,
(3.5 kachchā, unripe, raw, unbaked,
slight.
&x, karwat, f, one's side; karwat lenā,
yā badal nã, to turn on one's side,
to turn from side to side in bed.
l,5 karwā, bitter; karwi lagnú, to J4, koshish, f, endeavour, attempt.
taste bitter, to take ill.
el-5 kisän, m. farmer, cultivator.
*kushti, f, wrestling.
* kishti, f. boat, vessel, a tray.
** kamyūb, rare.
* kamina, base, mean, abject.
*)'s kinära, m. side, shore, edge,
boundary.
* kunji, f. key.
e” kundan, m. gold.
l,” kuuwa, m. a well.
(45% kothä, m. roof, storey.
g; kitch, m. departure, marching
kitch karnā, to march.
Úe, kidnā, to jump, to leap.
|5, kora, m. lash, whip.
'5; kitrú, m. dirt.
U-, kos, m. distance of two miles.
Utø khāl, f. skin, hide.
e'4 khān, or kān, f. a mine.
Ulé khānā, m. food, victuals, diet.
s'é kahāni, f. a tale, fable,
 ( 133 )

J's khi'i, f. a ditch, trench, moat. '* gathyā, f, gout.

* kh.jür, f, date. “y” gujrat, f. Guzerat.
5* kharā, erect; khare kân, erect ears. ** gadla, turbid, muddy.
wi's khilāri, playful, fond of play.loss gadha, m. ass, donkey.
"-i" #143-14 khil khilā kar ha usnü, J," guzărish, f, representation.
to laugh heartily. y: guzar, m or f. passing: gtzarjānā,
* khulna, to be opened. to pass away.
** khilaunā, m. toy. "Sly's guzrannà, to offer.
* kahnà, to say. "Uly: girãnã, to throw down.
"e,8 khodnā, to dig. 952; gir parnā, to fall.
** khonà, to get rid of, to do away | e” gardan, f, neck,
with, to lose. 5: g"rz, m. club, battle axe,
*:4: khet, m, field. yu',: giriftār, m. captive, prisoner:
J:4: khel m. play, game, sport, pastime, giriftār-k., to seize, capture.
-

work. khel-o-tainisha, Sport and 3)"; girlft", i, f. capture.

play. g-y garni, f. heat, summer.
*** khi uchini to draw, to pull back. "# garha, m. pit.
5* kirā, m, a worm, an insect. # gaz, m. a yard.
* kaifiyat, f. condition, state, feel g"—s gust 7kh, m. impudent.
ing. **u-3 gustākhi,
dence, f. rudeness, impu
presumption.
l

u's kyilu, why? wherefore ? how :

well ? what then ? kyi ghi, because, *# guftgii, f. discourse, conversation.
since; kyiigkar, how , kyi g nu-ho, gal", in throat; galà parjāna, to
M%

why not. be hoarse; gule se lagānā, to

embrace.
C#
erals gulshan, m. rose garden, a de
1,5 gārā, m. mortar.
lightful spot.
.# gâri, f. carriage, cart.
* galla, m flock, herd.
<!" gā'i, f. abuse.
56 gåni, to sing ; gane w.7/i, singing
c." gu män, m. fancy, imagination,
suspicion.
girl. ū gunā, (in comp:) fold, times: as
,55 gal rite’, 111. village. do-gună, two-fold.
** gåh, f. place, | stif gunāh, m. sin.
 ( 134 )

tć gang, f. Ganges. s' ghi, m. clarified butter.

"#"), gawārā karnã, to agree, to '# geudā, m, rhinoceros.
bear, submit to. *
t

o, god, f. lap, bosom. '#' lä intih", immense, boundless:

r", god Tin, m. warehouse. lit: without end.

3,5 gor, f. grave, tomb. •' 1.7t, f. a kick; lat chal, nã, to
J; gol, round. kick ; do latti phegknā, to kick
** gola, m. a cannon ball. with both hind legs.
J';* goli, f. a ball, bullet; goliyou k" : U: läsh, f, a corpse.
ine uh bara's nã, to shower shot JW lal, red.
and shell. - *!" lălchi, covetous, greedy.
e',' girlf, f. echo, resounding, roar. U2' là'iq, fit, suitable, worthy, proper,
ū, gigga' dumb. |able, capable.
9, gawaiyā, m, a musician, a minstrel. s: lapat, f. flame, blaze, glow.
Üly's ghabrānā, to be confounded, t: lapet nã, to wrap.
perplexed, agitated. ;: lattit, in the habit of kicking, vici
t:45 ghat 7,f, cloudiness, clouds, crowds. ous, a kicking horse.
!,43 gahrā, deep. & latti, f. kicking out (see lat).
545 gharā, m. pitcher. | Us! ladnā, to be loaded, to be laden.
ti-43 gh usmã, to enter, to be thrust 323 laziz, delicious, delightful.
in. |
35' larā'i, f. battle, war, fight, quar
| rel.
ti-s: ghis nã, to be rubbed, to wear
| .# larki, f. girl.
away.
3& lashkar, m. army.
** ghanand, m. pride, arrogance. Jal la'l, m, ruby.
s:43 ghanta, m. hour. | -āla lutf, m. enjoyment, pleasure.
.# ghanti, f. ebll. -ālal latif, elegant, good, fine, splendid.
5,4% ghorã, m. horse; ghoră urana, |*||al latifa, m. pun, joke.
to gallop, to charge. to lafz, m. a word.
5,954 ghur-daur, f. a race course. Jo J laqq-o-daqq, desolate, wild.
ū-ys: ghām nã, to roll, to wheel, to - dreary.
go round, to roam. j” lakri, f. wood, timber, fuel
&;4 ghougā, m. cockle-shell, U.4% likh nã, to write,

" lugână, to apply, to use.
'#' laubä, long; laubä'i, f. length.
lat-tail lunjā-munj7, crippled.
# langr:7, lame, cripple.
; lau, f. flame; lau lagānā, to be
constant in prayer, to fix one's
love on God, to devote one self
to prayer.
&; litt, f. plunder; littn 7, to plunder.
&; laut, m, turning over, returning.
|#, luter7, m. plunderer.
gas, lauudi, f. female slave, slave
girl.
ests liyāqat, f. ability, merit.
eft, lekin, but,
Us! lail, f. night ; also laila, m. a
night.
tis' lenā, to take.
*
sail- mataht, m. subordinate (n a
that which taht - below, the in
ferior part.)
yā-- m, i-hazar, m. that which is pre
sent or ready.
Ú/3)- mardăln", to kill.
2-)- māre, through, on account of.
Ju- "nal, m. wealth, riches, property; *-a- uhabbat, f, love, affection.
mål-dār, one possessed of riches, elta- muhtāj, needy.
a rich man.
JU milik, m. master, lord.
.." 111.7li, m. gardener.
J-22'- inăyius, despairing, hopeless.
( 135 )
+$3'- mubarak, f. congratulation, mu
bārakbād, (lit") may he be blessed.
*** mubfală, involved.
8'- matā', f, effects, goods.
g'-i- mutasawi, equal; mutasawi
ul-azlă', equilateral.
-** - muta’ajjib, astonished.
"- mitn 7, to be effaced.
£- mithã i, f. sweetmeat; mit hä'i
wila, sweetmeat maker.
# *s:- muth bher, unexpected meet.
ing, meeting, collision.
*** withii, m. a term of endearment
for parrots and children.
s:- mutthi, f. fist.
... - nitti, f. earth.
Jú- misal, f. similitude, likeness.
Ji- masal, f. proverb.
eli- musallas, m. triangle.
fy" mujrim, m. sinner, criminal.
33:3- majbi, r, constrained, forced.
G'- machānā, to excite, to make, to
raise, to stir.
ti- m achn", to be made, to be stirred
up, to be excited.
sy-la- "uhāsara, m. siege, blockade;
muhāsara-k., to be siege.
exa- mahdid, finite.
*!)- mehrāb, f. an arch.
roya- mahri", deprived of: mahriam
k., to prohibit.
 ( 136 )

*** mahfil, f. assembly, congress. * - murtad, m. an apostate, a rene.

by a mall fit, guarded, protected, | gade.
preserved. 893- murda, dead; m. a corpse.
*** Mohammad, praised, name of the &*)- murassa', studded with jewels,
Arabian Prophet.
covered with gold.
*** melinati, laborious.
| **)- margi, f. will, pleasure, assent.
*-lelā- mukhâtib, the person who
&y- murg, m. a fowl, a cock.
addresses another ; mukhâtib-h.,
to turn towards, to address.
35%)- murg-zār, m. meadow, a place
- abounding in verdure or in pasture.
-letà mukhātab, m. the person ad
e-)- marammat, f. mending, repair.
dressed ; in grann., the second
3:ej" mazdiar, m. labouer.
person.
*}” mazu, m. taste, flavour; maza
Villa mukhāif, adversary, opponent.
chaikh nai, to taste, to get one's
*** mukhbir, m, a spy, an informer. deserts.
-ālūā- mukhtal if, different
," musafir, m, traveller; mus: fir
Jolā- makhli, I, created; as a noun-f.
creation.
kh 7 nã, house for travellers, inn.

•3- muddat, f. a space of time, a

ess-- mustaqim, straight.
*-* masjid, f. mosque.
long time ; in uddat tak, for a long
time. e-- mus, llah, armed, clad in armour.
*** inadad, f. help, assistance. J.-- masnad, f. cushion, a throne.
y533.- madad-gār, a helper. et':- mushūbahat, f. resemblance.
*-ya- madrasa, m. school, college, Ju:- mushtāq, desirous, loving.
university. 3,4- mushtari, the planet Jupiter;
*** Madina, m, name of a city in the God of the Greeks.
Arabia, famed as the burying J,44- mashgial, engaged.
place of Mohammad. Jø- mushkil, difficult.
−3° mazhab, m. Creed, religion, sect. #y:- mashwara, m. consultation, coun
**** muzhabi, religious; inazhabi sel, advice.
Josh, m. religious zeal. 33t:- "tashhibr, noted, famous.
s')" in urabbi, m. a patron, a protector. -312- musa ib, (pl. of -34-) afflic
&#)- martaba, m. rank, honour, dig tions, calamities.
nity. time; k. i martaba, several e-#4- musib.ut, f. misfortune, afflic
times. t tl Oil.
 ( 137 )

*** mazbüt, strong. 3" miqdār, f. quantity, measure,

cr" magman, m. contents, subject, number, space.
purport. J-si- muqaddas, holy.
J." mutabiq, according to, pursuant, *** muqadma, m. case, suit; mu
in conformity with. qadine wală, plaintiff, defendant,
litigant.
*** matlab, m. purpose, purport,
aim. * maqdiar, m. ability, power.
*** muzaffar, victorious. 3)" muqarrar, fixed, appointed,
-** mu'af, pardoned, forgiven. made, established; muqarrar
karn", to appoint, to establish :
al-'a mi'āmla, m. affair, matter, busi
muqarrara, appointed.
In eSS.

ex" ma'biid, adored, worshipped. * makka, m. a city in Arabia, where

Mohammad was born, and to
*** ma’rifat, by means of, by the
hand of.
Jia- ma'qial, reasonable, proper, just.
cyl- ma'lúm, known
5'-- mimar, m. architect.
U,"- ma'mül, m. custom, habit.
<!” ma'milli, usual, customary.
* ma'ne, m. meaning, sense.
£5* magrabi, Western.
which his followers are enjoined
to make a pilgrimage at least
once during life.
el" makān, m. house.
j" makri, f. spider.
* makkhi, f. a fly.
*- mak 'i, f. maize, Indian corn.
ź. magar, but.
|

32,4- magrür, proud. || *-i- mulāha2.1, m. looking

g at, ins:

*** magliab, overcome, vanquished. pection; mulāhaza farmână, to

exes- magniūn, sorrowful, sad. view, to inspect.

**)'s mufäraqat, f. separation, ab e'-5'- mulăzimin, (pl. of cyl-) ser

SenCe. vants.

J-lä- muflis, poor. *** mulāqāt, f meeting, a visit,

Ji'i muqābil, in front, opposite. interview.

altli muqābala, m. a confronting, “h malāmat, f. reproach, rebuke.

resistance, opposition, encounter. ej" mulzim, accused, charged.
e's muqām, m. place. *1 malika, f. princess.
18
 ( 138 )

ul milnā, to be met with, to find, to * mix, m. hair; mia-bäf, m. a fillet,

| a hair ribbon.
obtain, to be got, to meet, to
join. l," muá, dead, doomed.
e'- mumkin, possible. *!)- muwajah, m. face to face,
b'- mimiyānā, to bleat. appearance.

e” mann, m. mind. J's muw.ifiq apt, suiting, according

e” mann, m. maund, a weight forty
Sers.
“U- manāsil, proper, right.
*i- mun, tagir, waiting, in a state of
waiting, expecting with impati
ence, tarrying for.
3-i- mandir, m. temple.
J5'- manzil, f. a stage, a day's
journey.
to, like.
J's moti, m. pearl.
g” mauj, f, wave; mauf mărnă to
beat high.
ex'-x" maujied, present.
32" mièrm. an inhabitant ef Morocco.
*}” migrat, f. image, an idol.
*33- morcha, m. battery, trenches,
ruSt.

u-J5'- manzilat, f. post of honour, *y- mitrakh, foolish, stupid.

dignity. “y- maus im, or mausam, m. season,
tai- manshâ, m. purport, object. time.

3rai- mansir triumphant. &r mauqa', m. opportunity.

Ü, & mana'karni, to prevent, to tis Jr. mol lena, to buy.
prohibit. w,'” maulvi, m. a learned man, a
*-*- mankitha, f. a married woman, professor, a doctor.
a law ful wife. xt mahr, m. marriage portion or gift
ül, i. maugwānā, to send for, to pro settled upon the wife before
Cure. marriage.
*** maniji, m, name of a celebrated Jeyt- mihrbäni, f. kindness, favour.
sage and legislator. **** muhtamim, m. a superintendent;
*... magh, m. mouth, face; mính se (adj.) thoughtful, anxious.
phill jharnã, to let fall from the et-muhim, f. an expedition, an enter
mouth flowers (of rhetoric); to prise.
speak eloquently: apne mizuh cyl-t- mehmān, m. guest.
miyān mitthia bannā, to speak est- inahin, thin fine.
highly of one's self. U.4- mahinā, m. month.
 - --
- --- -
- ----
----------- - -
---

( 139 )

* miyān, m, sir, master, husband. | 3:" nā-laia, unworthy, unfit, good

* miyana, m. a litter, sedanchair, for nothing.
palanquin. J* nålish, f. charge; nülish karna,
'•' mitha, sweet. *
to bring an action, to institute
** mejar, m. major. proceedings, to accuse, to take
eles maidān, m. a plain. to law.
*** maida, m. flour. r" nam, m. name; nüm-o-nishān,
Ji- mel, m. combination, concord, name and vestige, trace; nām
union.
wari fame, renown.
"#" mainā, f, name of a bird, a kind w" nā i m. barber.
of starling. &: nabi, m. prophet.
-** miug, f. kernel. *:: natija, m. moral.
*** meuh, m rain; meuh barasnå to * najd, m. a portion of Central
rain. Arabia.

U. “l.” mad Imat, f. regret, repentance.

* nã (privative) no, not. * nazar, f. present, nazar guarann?,
to offer.
Jülü * iftifiqi, f. disunion; apaski
"à ittif7qi kā phal barbadi hotă *} mishân m. flag sign, mishân
hai, the fruit of disunion among it rāmā to wave the standard of
individuals is their destruction. victory.
*** na-umaidi, f, hopelessness. '* nishina, m. aim, a butt; nishana
* nāchār helpless. lagānā to hit the mark.
* nichna to dance; nāchne wali, *** nasihat, f. advice, and admoni
tion.
dancing girl.
-A," nikhush displeased, disconten. | -- nasib, f. fortune, destiny.
ted. * nagar, f. eye, sight, glance.
|

cle's nā-dān, foolish, ignorant. r" magm, f, poetry, verse.”

yet nådir extraordinary, rare, choice * na'ra, m, a shout, clamour.
eley" naqadr-din, unappreciative. &# nafa, m. profit gain.
J*!)" ni-rāg offended, displeased. &#5 naqsha, m. pattern, plan, map.
J”," näraugi, f. an orange. el" nuqsän, m. loss, harm, mischief.
3'," nāgawār, disagreeable, unplea Ji naql, f. story, tale.
Sant,
* naqib, m. herald.
 ( 140 )

tlø nikalni, to escape, to come out, *l waqi'a, m. an occurrence, event.

to emerge, to appear. s"), wäqa'i, real, actual.
5.5 namiz, f. prayer. −"), wäqif, acquainted, knowing, sensi
ble.
&#" num7'ishi, plausible, ostensible |

specious.
e's namkin, salt, salted.
le: n inhú, little, small.
gly; nürāni, bright.
J25), nawàzish, f, kindness.
•ll, wälid, m. father.
*::1, wäwailä, m. lamentation.
*l, sl, wäh wah, f. bravo, bravo.
**, wajiah 7t, (pl. of +3), f. reasons.
*** wajha, f. cause, reason.

...), nawazi, cherishing, caressing. 3-, wahi, f. divine revelation, in

** naukar, m, servant, attendant. spiration.
gy;’ naukari, f. service. w"), wardi, f.
(corruption of Eng.
Últ mahānā, to bathe. order) uniform, livery.
Últ: nahlānā, to cause to bathe, to J%)), warzish, f, exercise, athletics,
wash. gymnastics.
*: niyat, f. intention. bi, wuzara, (pl. of #2) ministers.
* niche, down, below, under. &-, wasi spacious.
2:4: Neshapir, m, name of a city in e”, wag'a, f. style, dress, fashion,
Persia. adpearance.
-: nek, good; nek-bakht, of good dis ré, waziz, m. ablution.
position. e” watan, m. native land, birth place.
*:: neki, f. goodness; neki barbad |*, wa'da, m. promise, compact.
gunāh läzim, evil for good. | Be, wa'g, m. sermon.
* neo, f. foundation. =9, wafat, f, death; wafat până, to
die.
•k: nind, f. sleep; kachchi mind, a
*16, wakālat, f. pleadership.
doze •
s' wali, m. master, lord; wali, ni'a
%
mat, benefactor. .
Jr.), wäpas, back, a turning back ; *: wahm, m. fancy, idea, imagination.
wāpas honà, to turn back, to re | cl: wirān, desolated, laid waste.
turn. | 8

3', wär, possessing, endowed with. * häth, m. hand; hath pāüu märna,
*', waqi', situated, occurring. | to strive, to endeavour; häth jornã,
 ( 141 )

to fold the hands in entreaty ; w" haldi, f. turmeric.

häth dālni to interfere; h,7th denå "do halkü, light. -

to give one's hand to ; do h.7th Ute J. J" hit mil j.7 n., to become
1n. Wril 7 to swim with ease. attached, to be on amicable terms.
g" hithi, m. elephant. * ham, equally, the same as. -

* !)" harā thak" fatigued and wea s';* “” ham-joli, m. equal, peer,
ried. colleague.
**,'lex)'s hārun-ar-rashid the fifth *!” ham-rāh, m. a fellow-traveller;
khalifah, reigned at Bagdad from (prep.) with, together with.
786-809 A. D. He is best known w”,” ham-rihi, f. companionship in
from the tales of the “Arabian travelling ; ba-hamrahi, together
Nights.” with, along with.
J" hau, (contr. of yahān) here, house, *** ham-rutba, of equal rank, col
place. league.
tists highni, to drive. *-* h ims ty,7, m. neighbour.
U" or'." humiyilu fal, m, of auspi. -** ham-shakt similar, alike.
cious omen; name of a king. * * ham-'umr of equal age.
3's hatyār, m. arms. * en hum-maktab, m. school-fellow.
Üüo hatänä, to drive back, to remove. ***** h a mesha, always.

to hatna, to retreat. yin humar, m. skill, talent.

* hajo, f. satire, lampoon.
y* har, every, any ; harda in every
monnent.
el-ly" hirāsān, disappointed, bowed
down with grief, frightened, dis
heartened.
ti-in hausmã, to laugh; johausega so
hausay: jãweg", he who laughs
will be laughed at.
*tie is hinh in Int, to neigh.
l," hawā, f, wind; haw.7-dār airy :
m. Sedan chair, litter.

.** * h archand, although, howsoever.

J,"
y;” haz7r, thousand ; hazārou kos
thousands of miles distant,
indefinite number to indicate a
a very large number.
&Ms, halāk, perished.
hosh, m. sense ; hosh-o-hawās
sense and understanding.
3'45" hoshyār, clever, sensible intelli
an |
gent.
3'," honhûr, promising.
use heta, inferior, poor.
lys" hirā, m. diamond.
 ( 142 )

** |-44 yaka yak, suddenly, at once.

9 y; voc, particle, O (conj) either, **a*bar, once, one time,
Or. *2 yakti, unique, single, unparallelled.
e'2 yūd, f. memory ; yād-karn" to clai: yaqin certainty, yaqin-honă to
recollect, call to mined. - become certain.

39 y,7r, m. friend. £2 yamani, of Yeman.

*2 yaqit, m. ruby, precious stone: *xt yahidi, m. a Jew.
 QUESTIONS.

[N. B. Use Urdu characters in answers.]

1. What classes of substantives are usually of the feminine gender in
Urdu ? Give examples.
2. Translate the following passage (any suitable piece) and rewrite it,
adding the vowel-points and all other orthographical signs.
3. What are the rules which govern the placing of hamza P. How does
hamza affect vocalization ? Give illustrations of your statements.
4. Does Urdu possess prepositions?
5. Write out, in Urdu, (1) the days of the week, (2) the Mohommadan
months, (3) the Hindu months.
6. Give the feminine of:—bāp, mard, bhaiusã, na'i, bail (ox).
7. How is the passive voice formed in Urdu ? Give the present and
past perfect tenses, passive, singular and plural, of the verb den,7.
8. Write down the comparative and superlative degrees of :–achchhä,
khubsiarat, bad.
9. Give (with full vowel-points) the singular or plural, as the case may
be, of the following words:—anwār, alfa, adāb, 'ilm, khatt, amir, qa'ida,
sultān, kutub, rusiam.
10. Give the 2nd person feminine singular, and the 3rd person masculine
plural, of the Perfect and Imperfect of karnū.
11. Translate (with full vowel-points) the following sentences:—
(a) The Mamluks ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1517 A. D.
(b) The Khalifah 'Umar died in the year 23 A. H.
(c) There is an anecdote related of Mahmud the Ghaznevide.
12. Decline fully bhaius and bhaiusū.
 ( ii )
13. Give the Urdu equivalents of electricity, arch, tree, hatchet, hoe,
branch, plant, geometry, arithmetic, decimal point, vulgar fraction, division,
multiplication, addition, chisel, trigonometry, square, circle, line, point, battle,
attack.

14. Do Urdu adjectives vary before masculine and feminine nouns on

account of case and number ? Give examples.
15. How are adjectives compared in Urdu ? Give examples.
16. How is the word āp employed ?
17. Distinguish between Urt:- - 9 and -5,-- - 9. Illustrate their
respective uses by examples.
18. How many parts of speech are recognized in Hindustani ? Give
their Urdu names. -

19. Conjugate the verb bhillnä in all tenses formed from the stem and
past participle.
20. In Urdu, if the nominatives be of various genders, what form will
the verb take 2
21. Write out in Urdu terms:-–4, ', ', 1 }, 14, 34, 24, 34, and 34.
22. Decline fully-pâni, larki, aurat.
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4<9l.4?>
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 UNIVERSI MINNESOT
TY OF A
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491.43 B963
Busher, R. C.
A complete Urdu course consisting of the

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1951 OO2 462 547