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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
1. Electromagnetic Waves
2. Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
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3. Hertz Experiment
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4. Electromagnetic Spectrum
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- Wavelength and Frequency Range
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- Sources and Uses
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oa
yc
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Electromagnetic Waves:
For a region where there are no charges and conduction current, Faraday’s
and Ampere’s laws take the symmetrical form:
dΦB dΦE
E . dl = - and B . dl = - µ0ε0
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l dt l dt
.c
It can also be shown that time – varying electric field produces space –
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varying magnetic field and time – varying magnetic field produces space –
varying electric field with the equations:
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jEy jBz jBz jEy
oa
=- and = - µ0ε0
jx jt jx jt
yc
Electric and magnetic fields are sources to each other.
m
ck
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Y
E0
om
0
X
.c
B0
ng
Z
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1. Variations in both electric and magnetic fields occur simultaneously.
c
oa
Therefore, they attain their maxima and minima at the same place and at
the same time. yc
2. The direction of electric and magnetic fields are mutually perpendicular
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to each other and as well as to the direction of propagation of wave.
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3. The electric field vector E and magnetic field vector B are related by
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6. Electromagnetic waves obey the principle of superposition.
.c
7. Electromagnetic waves carry energy as they propagate through space.
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This energy is divided equally between electric and magnetic fields.
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8. Electromagnetic waves can transfer energy as well as momentum to objects
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placed on their paths.
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9. For discussion of optical effects of EM wave, more significance is given to
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Electric Field, E. Therefore, electric field is called ‘light vector’.
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electromagnetic waves.
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Hertz Experiment:
The copper or zinc
plates are kept Copper or
parallel separated by Zinc Plate
60 cm. The metal
spheres are slided Metal Rod
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over the metal rods to P S S1
have a gap of 2 to 3 S1’
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cm. Induction coil S2’
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P S S2 EM
supplies high voltage
Wave
of several thousand
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volts. Induction Coil Metal Rod Ring
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Metal
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The plates and the
Spheres Copper or
rods (with spheres)
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Zinc Plate
constitute an LC
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combination.
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An open metallic ring of diameter 0.70 m having small metallic spheres acts as
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a detector.
This constitutes another LC combination whose frequency can be varied by
varying its diameter.
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Due to high voltage, the air in the small gap between the spheres gets ionised.
This provides the path for the discharge of the plates. A spark begins to pass
between the spheres.
A very high frequency oscillations of charges occur on the plates. This results
in high frequency oscillating electric field in the vertical gap S1S2.
Consequently, an oscillating magnetic field of the same frequency is set up in
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the horizontal plane and perpendicular to the gap between the spheres.
.c
These oscillating electric and magnetic fields constitute electromagnetic
waves. The electromagnetic waves produced are radiated from the spark gap.
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The detector is held in a position such that the magnetic field produced by the
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oscillating current is perpendicular to the plane of the coil. The resultant
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electric field induced by the oscillating magnetic field causes the ionisation of
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air in the gap between the spheres. So, a conducting path becomes available
yc
for the induced current to flow across the gap. This causes sparks to appear at
the narrow gap.
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It was observed that this spark was most intense when the spheres S1S2 and
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S1’S2’ were parallel to each other. This was a clear evidence of the polarisation
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Electromagnetic Spectrum:
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circuits
2 Microwave 0.3 m to 109 Hz to Oscillating Radar, analysis of
.c
10-3 m 3 x 1011 Hz electronic fine details of atomic
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circuits and molecular
structures &
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Microwave oven
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3 Infra Red 10-3 m to 3 x 1011 Hz Molecules Industry, medicine,
oa
wave 7.8 x 10-7 m to and hot astronomy, night
4 x 1014 Hz bodies vision device, green
yc
house, revealing
m
secret writings on
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and Sun invisible writing, forged
documents, finger print,
.c
etc.
ng
6 X - Rays 10-9 m to 3 x 1017 Inner or X-ray photography,
6 x 10-12 m Hz to more tightly treatment of cancer, skin
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5 x 1019 bound disease & tumor, locating
c
Hz electrons in cracks and flaws in
oa
atoms finished metallic objects,
detection of smuggled
yc
goods in bags of a
m
person, study of crystal
structure, etc.
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