Aa Construct Manual 1967

By Authority Of
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Legally Binding Document
By the Authority Vested By Part 5 of the United States Code § 552(a) and
Part 1 of the Code of Regulations § 51 the attached document has been duly
INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE and shall be considered legally
binding upon all citizens and residents of the United States of America.
HEED THIS NOTICE: Criminal penalties may apply for noncompliance.
e
Document Name: Aluminum Construction Manual
CFR Section(s): 24 CFR 200, Subpart S
Standards Body: Aluminum Association
Official Incorporator:
THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER
WASHINGTON, D.C.
ALUMINUM CONSTRUCTION MANUAL
Specifications for Aluminum Structures
Second Printing November 1968
In this second printing, several minor additions and corrections have been made.
Specifically, mechanical properties and buckling constants for alloy 3005-H25 and
recently adopted tempers of alclad 3004 sheet have been added to appropriate tables.
Temper designations for alloys 2014 and 6061 have been corrected to delete the -T6
temper for plate and add the -T651O and -T6511 tempers for extrusions. Buckling
constants for alloys 5005-H36 and 5052-H36 have been corrected in Table 3.3.1b. In
Table 3.3.2 the value of Ftuw for 5086-Hlll extrusions has been revised from 38 to
35 ksi. Corrections have been made in Table 3.3.6 to replace Be with B, in Specification
7, and Fcy with F,y in Specifications 20 and 21. In addition, a paragraph has been in-
cluded on page 47 permitting the use of a weighted average allowable tensile stress for
trapezoidal formed sheet beams and an Addendum dealing with alloys not covered in
the first printing has been provided beginning on page 62.
FOREWORD
This part of the Aluminum Construction Manual deals with speci-
fications for allowable stresses in structures. It is a compilation of
methods for determining allowable stresses based largely on in-
formation generated within the aluminum industry.
Much of the material published in these specifications has been
previously published in other forms. Some of it is new. It represents
the best current thinking of the industry with regard to allowable
stress determinations.
We have attempted to present this material in a form that can be
widely and generally useful. For this reason commentary has been
included with the specifications. It is indented and in smaller type.
We will welcome suggestions that users may have regarding the
content and form of these specifications.
The Aluminum Association

Technical Committee on Engineering and Design
C. M. TYLER, JR., Chairman R. F. GAUL

J. W. CLARK K. F. GLASER
D. D. DOERR W. J. HEIDRICH
DR. R. B. B. MOORMAN, Consultant- Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn
3
Table of Contents
Section 1 General
1.1 Scope...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ................................................................................................... 9
1.2 Materials. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Allowable Stresses.................................................................................................................. 9
1.3.1 Building Type Structures............................................................................................. 9
1.3.2 Bridge Type Structures.............. .................................................................................. 9
Section 2 Design Procedure

2.1 Properties of Sections....... ...... ....... .......... ...... ............... ...... .......... ..... ............ ....... ........... ......... 9
2.2 Procedure. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ........ . . . . .... . . . . . .. ...... . . ........ . . . . . . ..... . .. . ..... . .. ........... . . . . . ..... . . . . . . .... . . . ..... . . . 9
2.3 Loading ..... , . .. ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. ..... . .. . . .... . . . . . . . ..... .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . ...... . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .... . . . ..... . . . 9
2.3.1 Dead Load............................................................................................................... 9
2.3.2 Live Load... ............ ...... .......................................................................................... 9
Section 3 Allowable Stresses

3.1 Introduction...... ............ ...... ................................................................................................ 9
3.2 Nomenclature............................................... " ..................................................... '" .. . . . ..... . . . .. 10
3.3 Tables Relating To Allowable Stresses...... .. . ... .. . ... ... ... ... . . ... . . .. . . . .... .. . . . . .. ...... . . . . ... . . . . . ...... . .... .. . . . .. 11
3.3.1a Minimum Mechanical Properties for Aluminum Alloys ................................................... 12
3.3.1b Buckling Formula Constants for Aluminum Alloys ......................................................... 14
3.3.2 Minimum Mechanical Properties for Welded Aluminum Alloys ....................................... 16
3.3.3 Factors of Safety for Use With Aluminum Allowable Stress Specifications ........................ 17
3.3.4a Formulas for Buckling Constants (Tempers -0, -H, -T1, -T2, -T3, -T4) .............................. 17
3.3.4b Formulas for Buckling Constants (Tempers -T5, -T6, -T7, -T8 or -T9) .............................. 18
3.3.5 Values of Coefficients kt and kc .................................................................................... 18
3.3.6 General Formulas for Allowable Stresses ..................................................................... 19
3.3.7 to 3.3.27
Allowable Stresses for Building and Similar Type Structures
3.3.7 -1100-H14 Alloy .............................................................................................. 20
3.3.8 -2014-T6, -T651 Alloy, Bare or Alclad..................... .......................................... 21
3.3.9 -3003-H14 Alloy .......................................................... ;.................................. 22
3.3.IO-3003-HI6 Alloy......... .................................................................................... 23
3.3.11-3004-H16 Alloy, Alclad.................................................................................... 24
3.3.I2-3004-H34 Alloy, Alclad.................................................................................... 25
3.3.13-5005-H14 Alloy............................................................................................. 26
3.3.14-5050-H34 Alloy............................................................................................. 27
3.3.15-5052-H34 Alloy............................................................................................. 28
3.3.16-5083-Hlll Alloy............................................................................................. 29
3.3.I7-5083-H32I Alloy............................................................................................. 30
3.3.18-5086-H111 Alloy............................................................................................. 31
3.3.19-5086-H34 Alloy... .......................................................................................... 32
3.3.20-5454-HIII Alloy............................................................................................. 33
3.3.21-5454-H34 Alloy ............................................._................................................ 34
3.3.22-5456-HIIl Alloy............................................................................................. 35
3.3.23-5456-H321 Alloy............................................................................................. 36
3.3.24-5456-H343 Alloy............ ............ ........... ............ .......................... ......... ........... 37
3.3.25-6061-T6, -T651, -T6510, -T6511 Alloy............................................................... 38
3.3.26-6063-T5 Alloy................................................................................................ 39
3.3.27-6063-T6 Alloy.............. .......... ............ ............ .................. ......................... ..... 40
5
contents
3.4 Allowable Stresses.................................................................................................................. 41
3.4.1 Tension, Axial, Net Section .................................................................... """'''''' ....... 41
3.4.2 Tension in Extreme Fibers of Beams- Rectangular Tubes,
Structural Shapes Bent About Strong Axis..................................................................... 41
3.4.3 Tension in Extreme Fibers of Beams-Round or Oval Tubes.......................................... 41
3.4.4 Tension in Extreme Fibers of Beams-Rectangular Bars, Plates,
Shapes Bent About Weak Axis.................................................................................... 41
3.4.5 Bearing on Rivets and Bolts... ... ... ... ... ... ... .................................................................. 41
3.4.6 Bearing on Flat Surfaces and Pins................................................................................. 41
3.4.7 Compression in Columns, Axial, Gross Section............................................................... 41
3.4.8 Compression in Components of Columns-Outstanding Flanges and Legs........................... 41
3.4.9 Compression in Components of Columns, Gross Section-Flat Plates With
Both Edges Supported................................................................................................ 42
3.4.10 Compression in Components of Columns, Gross Section-Curved Plates
Supported on Both Edges, Walls of Round or Oval Tubes................................................ 42
3.4.11 Compression in Beams, Extreme Fiber, Gross Section-Single Web Beams
Bent About Strong Axis... ... ....................................................................................... 42
3.4.12 Compression in Beams, Extreme Fiber, Gross Section-Round or Oval Tubes..................... 42
3.4.13 Compression in Beams, Extreme Fiber, Gross Section-Solid Rectangular Beams............... 42
3.4.14 Compression in Beams, Extreme Fiber, Gross Section-Rectangular Tubes
and Box,Sections ......................... ,............................................................................. 43
3.4.15 Compression in Components of Beams (Component Under Uniform Compression),
Gross Section - Outstanding Flanges .......................................................................... . 43
3.4.16 Compression in Components of Beams (Component Under Uniform Compression),
Gross Section - Flat Plates With Both Edges Supported.................................................. . 43
3.4.17 Compression in Components of Beams (Component Under Bending in Own Plane),
Gross Section-Flat Plates With Compression Edge Free, Tension Edge Supported .......... .. 43
Gross Section-Flat Plates With Both Edges Supported .................................................. . 44
Gross Section-Flat Plates With Horizontal Stiffener, Both Edges Supported .................... . 44
3.4.20 Shear in Webs- Unstiffened Flat Webs ....................................................................... . 44
3.4.21 Shear in Webs _ Stiffened Flat Plates .......................................................................... . 44
Section 4 Special Design Rules

4.1 Combined Compression and Bending.......................................................................................... 44
4.1.1 Bending Moment at Center Equal to or Greater Than 0.9 of Maximum Bending
Moment in Span......................................................................................................... 44
4.1.2 Bending Moment at Center Equal to or Less Than 0.5 of Maximum Bending
Moment in Span........................................................................... ............................... 45
4.1.3 Bending Moment at Center Between 0.5 and 0.9 of Maximum Bending
Moment in Span................. ........................................................................................ 45
4.2 Torsion and Shear in Tubes...................................................................................................... 45
4.3 Combined Shear, Compression and Bending................................................................................. 45
4.4 Stiffeners for Outstanding Flanges............................................................................................. 45
4.5 Horizontal Stiffeners for Shear Webs.......................................................................................... 45
4.6 Vertical Stiffeners for Shear Webs............................................................................................. 45
4.7 Special Provisions for Thin Sections... ... ... ... .......................................... .................................... 46
4.7.1 Appearance of Buckling............ ................................................................................. 46
4.7.2 Weighted Average Allowable Compressive Stress............................................................ 46
4.7.3 Trapezoidal Formed Sheet Beams................................................................................. 46
4.7.4 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength.................................................................. 47
4.7.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Ream Strength..................................................................... 47
4.7.6 Effective Width for Calculation of Deflection of Thin Gage Sections .................. '" ............ 47
4.8 Fatigue. . .. . .. . .. . .... . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . .. . .. ... . .. . . . . . . . .. .... . . . . . . ....... .. . ... .. . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . ...... .... . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . 48
4.9 Compression in Single Web Beams ...................................................................... :...................... 48
6
contents
Section 5 Mechanical Connections
5.1 Riveted and Bolted Connections................................................................................................ 49
5.1.1 Allowable Loads...................................................................................................... 49
Table 5.l.1a Allowable Bearing Stresses for Building Type Structures.......... ...... ...... ........ 50
Table 5.1.1 b Allowable Stresses for Rivets for Building Type Structures ........................ 51
5.1.2 Effective Diameter................................................................................................... 49
5.1.3 Shear Area............................................................................................................... 49
5.1.4 Bearing Area...... ...................................................................................................... 49
5.1.5 Arrangements and Strength of Connections..................................................................... 49
5.1.6 Net Section............................................................................................................... 49
5.1.7 Effective Sections of Angles...... ...... ... ........................................................................ 49
5.1.8 Grip of Rivets and Bolts............................................................................................. 50
5.1.9 Spacing of Rivets and Bolts.. .............. .......................... ...... .................... ...................... 50
5.1.10 Stitch Rivets and Bolts................................................................................................ 51
5.1.11 Edge Distance of Rivets or' Bolts... ... ........... . ...... ......... ...... . ..... . . . . . ..... . . . . . ..... . . .... . ......... 51
5.1.12 Blind Rivets............................................................................................................ 51
5.1.13 Hollow-End Rivets................................................................................................... 51
5.1.14 Steel Rivets............................................................................................................... 51
5.1.15 Lockbolts .............................................................. ·.................................................... 52
5.1.16 Steel Bolts............................................................................................................... 52
5.2 Thread Forming (Tapping) Screws and Metal Stitching Staples...... ......... ...... ................................. 52
Section 6 Fabrication
6.1 Laying Out......................... ,................................................................................................. 52
6.2 Cutting................................................................................................................................. 52
6.3 Heating................................................................................................................................. 52
6.4 Punching, Drilling, and Reaming... . .. . .. . .. ... . .. . .. . . . . . . ... . ...... . . . . . ..... . . ... .. . . . ...... . . . ..... . . . . . . .. . .. ... . . . . .. .. 52
6.5 Riveting ...................... ; ...................................... '" ....................................................... , . . .. . . 52
6.5.1 Driven Head......... ............ ........ .............. ....... ........... ..... .......... .......... .............. ........ 52
6.5.2 Hole Filling..... ........ ........... ........... ............. ...... ............. ... ............ ........... ..... ........ ..... 52
6.5.3 Defective Rivets..................... ...... ........................................................................... 52
6.6 Painting............... ............................................................................................................... 52
6.6.1 Contact with Dissimilar Materials................................................................................. 52
6.6.2 Over-All Painting...... ........ ................ ........ ......... ....................... .......... ................ ...... 53
6.7 Cleaning and Treatment of Metal Surfaces...... ... ... .. ..... .. ...... ......... . ... .. . . . . . .... . . ..... . . . . . ..... . .... . . . . .... 53
Section 7 Welded Construction

7.1 Allowable Stresses for Welded Parts......... ................................................................................. 53
7.1.1 General..................................................................................................................... 53
Figure 7.1.1 Distribution of Mechanical Properties in the Vicinity of Weld.......... .............. 54
7.1.2 Allowable Stresses for Welded Members........................................................................ 53
7.1.3 Filler Wire............................................................. ,................................................. 54
Table 7.1. 3.1 Guide to The Choice of Aluminum Filler Alloys for General
Purpose Welding.. ,................................................................................. 55
Table 7.1.3.2 Allowable Shear Stresses in Fillet Welds-ksi............................................. 55
7.1.4 Cross Section with Part of Area Affected by Heat of Welding.......................................... 54
7.1.5 Columns and Single-Web Beams with Welds at Locations Other Than Ends, and
Cantilever Columns and Single-Web Beams ... '" ......... '" ... ............................................. 54
7.2 Welding Fabrication............................................................................................................... 56
7.2.1 General................................................................................................................... 56
7.2.2 Preparation for Welding............... .............................................................................. 56
7.2.3 Welding Procedure........................... ........................................................................ 56
7.2.4 Qualification of Welding Procedure and Welding Operators...... ...... ...... ........................... 56
7.2.5 Rewelding Defects...................................................................................................... 56
7
contents
Section 8 Testing
8.1 General... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ...................................................................................................... 56
8.2 Test Loading and Behavior................................................................................. ...................... 56
Bibliography...... ...... .................................................................................................................. 57
Appendix-Allowable Stresses for Bridge and Similar Type Structures .......................................................... 58
Table A.l Alloy 6061-T6, -T651, -T651O, -T6511 ..................................................................................... 59
Table A.2 Alloy 6063-T5 ...... ;...................................................................................................................... 60
Table A.3 Alloy 6063-T6 ............................................................................................................................. 61
Addendum ........................................................................................................................................................... 62
Table A.4 Alloy 5154-H38 ......................................................................................................................... 63
Table A.5 Alloys 6005-T5 and 6351-T5....................................................................................................... 64
8
general
Section 1. General 2.2 Procedure. Computations for forces, moments,

stresses and deflections shall be in accordance with
1.1 Scope. These specifications shall apply to the accepted methods of elastic structural analysis and
design of aluminum alloy load carrying members. engineering design.
1.2 Materials. The principal materials to which 2.3 Loading.
these specifications apply are aluminum alloys regis- 2.3.1 Dead Load. The dead load to be used in the
tered with The Aluminum Association. Those fre- design of the structure is the weight of the structure
quently used for structural members are listed in and all material permanently attached to and sup-
Table 3.3.1, Section 3, with minimum mechanical ported. by the structure.
properties and applicable buckling formula constants.
Applicable ASTM specifications are Designations 2.3.2 Live Load. Static and dynamic live loads, as
B209, B210, B211, B221, B234, B241, B247, B308, well as snow, ice and wind loads shall be based on
and B429. appropriate building codes. Where building codes do
not apply, requirements shall be established from
1.3 Allowable Stresses. performance specifications for the structure.
1.3.1 Building Type Structures. Basic allowable ten- In computing stresses, loads produced by wind and
sile stresses for buildings and similar structures shall seismic forces acting alone or in combination with
be the lesser of the minimum yield strength divided by dead and live loads may be reduced by 25 percent.
a factor of safety of 1.65, or the minimum ultimate ten- However, the section shall not be less than that re-
sile strength divided by a factor of safety of 1.95. quired for the dead and other live loads acting alone.
Other allowable stresses for buildings and similar In the case of wind and ice loads, the form of the
structures shall be based upon the factors of safety structure and any of its exposed components (e.g.
shown in Table 3.3.3. increased area exposed to wind due to icing) shall be
1.3.2 Bridge Type Structures. Basic allowable ten- considered.
sile stresses for bridge type structures shall be the
lesser of the minimum yield strength divided by a
factor of safety of 1.85, or the minimum ultimate
tensile strength divided by a factor of safety of 2.2.
Section 3. Allowable Stresses
Other allowable stresses for bridge and similar struc-
tures shall be based upon the factors of safety shown
3.1 Introduction. The nomenclature of terms used
in Table 3.3.3.
in developing the allowable stresses is given in Sec-
*The factors of safety referred to in 1.3.1 arid tion 3.2. Minimum mechanical properties and buckling
1.3.2 above are similar to those used in the AISI formula constants for each alloy (non-welded material)
and AISC specifications and the suggested specifi-
cations for aluminum structures of the ASCE included in these specifications are listed in Tables
Task Committee on Lightweight Alloys. In cal- 3.3.1a and b. Minimum mechanical properties for
culating appropriate stresses for alloys listed in welded material are shown in Table 3.3.2.
Tables 3.3.7-3.3.27, Section 3, factors of safety
for building type structures have been used. Tables The allowable stresses for the alloys are deter-
for alloys 6061-T6, 6063-TS and 6063-T6 based mined by applying the appropriate factors of safety
on factors of safety for bridge type structures are to the listed minimum properties and buckling con-
included in the Appendix. stants. The factors of safety are listed in Table
3.3.3. The formulas for buckling constants are pre-
sented in Tables 3.3.4a and b. General formulas
Section 2. Design Procedure for allowable stresses are given in Table 3.3.6. An
explanation of these formulas is presented in Sec-
2.1 Properties of Sections. Properties of sections, tion 3.4. The last number of each paragraph desig-
such as cross sectional area, moment of inertia, sec- nation in Section 3.4 corresponds to the Specifica-
tion no. of Tables 3.3.6 to 3.3.27, e.g. 3.4.12 refers
tion modulus, radius of gyration, etc. shall be deter- to Specification no. 12. Allowable stresses for some
mined in accordance with accepted methods of struc- alloys to be used in buildings and similar structures
tural analysis. have been determined in accordance with these
procedures. They are presented in Tables 3.3.7
* In these specifications indented small type is used to designate explanatory notes or to 3.3.27. For bridge and similar type structures
commentary . see Appendix.
9
allowable stresses/nomenclature
3.2 Nomenclature Fee = 7T2E/[n u (L/r)2] , where L/r is slenderness
ratio for member considered as a column
English units are used throughout these specifications. tending to fail in the plane of the applied
Ksi indicates thousands of pounds per square inch; bending moments, ksi
kips indicates thousands of pounds. = allowable stress for cross section 1.0 in. or
more from weld, ksi
A = Area, in 2 • = allowable stress on cross section, part of
Aw = Area of cross section lying within 1.0 in. of whose area lies within 1.0 in. of a weld, ksi
a weld, in2 • = allowable shear stress for members sub-
at = shorter dimension of rectangular panel, in. jected only to torsion or shear, ksi
a2 = longer dimension of rectangular panel, in. Fsu = shear ultimate strength, ksi
ae = equivalent width of rectangular panel, in. Fsuw = shear ultimate strength within 1.0 in. of a
B,D,C = buckling formula constants, with following weld, ksi
subscript: Fsy = shear yield strength, ksi
c - compression in columns Fsyw = shear yield strength within 1.0 in. of a weld,
p - compression in flat plates ksi
t - compression in round tubes F tu = tensile ultimate strength, ksi
tb - bending in round tubes F luw = tensile ultimate strength across a butt weld,
b - bending in rectangular bars ksi
s - shear in flat plates Fly = tensile yield strength, ksi
b = width of sections, in. F lyw = tensile yield strength across a butt weld (0.2
bit = width to thickness ratio of rectangular ele- percent offset in 10-in. gage length), ksi
ment of a cross section = either F ty or Fey, whichever is smaller, ksi
c = distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber, = spacing of rivet or bolt holes perpendicular
in. to direction of load, in.
D = diameter, in. G = modulus of elasticity in shear, ksi
d = depth of section or beam, in. h = clear height of shear web, in.
E = compressive modulus of elasticity, ksi I = moment of inertia, in.4
f = calculated stress, ksi h = moment of inertia of horizontal stiffener,
fa = average compressive stress on cross section in.4
of member produced by axial compressive = moment of inertia of transverse stiffener to
load, ksi resist shear buckling, in.4
= maximum bending stress (compression) = moment of inertia of a beam about axis
caused by transverse loads or end moments, perpendicular to web, in.4
ksi = moment of inertia of a beam about axis
= shear stress caused by torsion or transverse parallel to web, in.4
shear, ksi = torsion constant, in.4
F = allowable stress, ksi = coefficient for determining slenderness limit
Fa = allowable compressive stress for member S2 for sections for which the allowable
considered as an axially loaded column, ksi compressive stress is based on crippling
= allowable compressive stress for member strength.
considered as a beam, ksi = coefficient for determining allowable com-
Fbu = bearing ultimate strength, ksi pressive stress in sections with slenderness
F buw = bearing ultimate strength within 1.0 in. of a ratio above S2 for which the allowable com-
weld, ksi pressive stress is based on crippling strength.
= bearing yield strength, ksi = coefficient for compres"ion members.
= bearing yield strength within 1.0 in. of a weld, = coefficient for tension members.
ksi = length of compression member between
Fe = allowable compressive stress, ksi points of lateral support, or twice the length
Fey = compressive yield strength, ksi of a cantilever column (except where analy-
Feyw = compressive yield strength across a butt sis shows that a shorter length can be used),
weld (0.2 percent offset in 10 in. gage length), m.
ksi L/r = slenderness ratio for columns
10
nomenclaturel allowable stresses
Lb = length of beam between points at which the a = a factor equal to unity for a stiffener consist-
compression flange is supported against ing of equal members on both sides of the
lateral movement, or length of cantilever web and equal to 3.5 for a stiffener consisting
beam from free end to point at which the of a member on one side only
compression flange is supported against 3.3 Tables Relating To Allowable Stresses
lateral movement, in. Section 3.3 consists of tables concerning formulas for
Lh = total length of portion of column lying within determining allowable stresses and constants and
1.0 in. of a weld (excluding welds at ends of coefficients needed for these formulas. It also in-
columns that are supported at both ends), in. cludes tables applicable to those alloys and tempers
Lw = increased length to be substituted in column that should be of most use in designing aluminum
formula to determine allowable stress for structures. These tables are:
welded column, in. 3.3.1a Minimum Mechanical Properties For Alu-
M = bending moment, in.-kips. minum Alloys
Me = bending moment at center of span resulting 3.3.1b Buckling Formula Constants For Aluminum
from applied bending loads, in.-kips. Alloys
Mm = maximum bending moment in span resulting 3.3.2 Minimum Mechanical Properties, Welded
from applied bending loads, in.-kips. AIl;lminum Alloys
M 1 ,M2 = bending moments at two ends of a beam, 3.3.3 Factors of Safety For Use With Aluminum
in.-kips. Allowable Stress Specifications
na = factor of safety on appearance of buckling 3.3.4a Formulas For Buckling Constants- For all
nu = factor of safety on ultimate strength products whose temper designation begins
ny = factor of safety on yield strength with -0, -H, -Tl, -T2, -T3, or -T4
P = local load con~entration on bearing stiffener, 3.3.4b Formulas For Buckling Constants - For
kips. products whose temper designation begins
r = least radius of gyration of a column, in. with -T5, -T6, -T7, -T8, or -T9
rL = radius of gyration of lip or bulb about face 3.3.5 Values of Coefficients k t and kc
of flange from which lip projects, in. 3.3.6 General Formulas For Determining Allowable
ry = radius of gyration of a beam (about axis Stresses
parallel to web), in. (For beams that are un- Allowable Stresses for Building Structures of
symmetrical about the horizontal axis, r y 3.3.7 Alloy 1100-H14
should be calculated as though both flanges 3.3.8 Alloy 2014-T6, -T651
were the same as the compression flange.) 3.3.9 Alloy 3003-H14
R = outside radius of round tube or maximum 3.3.10 Alloy 3003-H16
outside radius for an oval tube, in. 3.3.11 Alc1ad 3004-H16
Rb = radius of curvature of tubular members, in. 3.3.12 Alc1ad 3004-H34
s = spacing of transverse stiffeners (clear dis- 3.3.13 Alloy 5005-H14
tance between· stiffeners for stiffeners con-. 3.3.14 Alloy 5050-H34
sisting of a pair of members, one on each 3.3.15 Alloy 5052-H34
side of the web, center-to-center distance ~.3.16 Alloy 5083-H 111 Extrusions
between stiffeners consisting of a member on 3.3.17 Alloy 5083-H321 Sheet & Plate
one side of the web only), in.; spacing of 3.3.18 Alloy 5086-H 111 Extrusions
rivet or bolt holes parallel to direction of 3.3.19 Alloy 5086-H34
load, in. 3.3.20 Alloy 5454-H111 Extrusions
Se = section modulus of a beam, compression 3.3.21 Alloy 5454-H34 Sheet & Plate
side, in. 3 3.3.22 Alloy 5456-H 111 Extrusions
St = section modulus of a beam, tension side, 3.3.23 Alloy 5456-H321 Sheet & Plate
in. 3 3.3.24 Alloy 5456-H343
S1,S2 = slenderness limits (see Table 3.3.6) 3.3.25 Alloy 6061-T6, -T651
t = thickness of flange, plate, web or tube, in. 3.3.26 Alloy 6063-T5 Extrusions
(For tapered flanges, t is the average thick- 3.3.27 Alloy 6063-T6 Extrusions
ness.) Tables of allowable stresses for bridge and similar
V = shear force on web at stiffener location, kips type structures are given in the Appendix for alloys
6061 and 6063.
11
mechanical properties
TABLE 3.3.1a
MINIMUM MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
FOR ALUMINUM ALLOYS
Values Are Given in Units of ksi (1000 Ib/in2)
COM- Compressive
PRES- Modulus of
Alloy Thickness TENSION SION SHEAR BEARING Elasticity:j:
And Range * Ftut Ftyt Fey Fsu Fsy Fbu Fby E
Temper Product * in. ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi
1100-H12 Cheet, Plate ) All 14 11 10 9 6.5 28 18 10,100

-H14 Rolled Rod & Bar All 16 14 13 10 8 32 21 10,100
Drawn Tube
2014-T6 Sheet 0.040-0.249 66 58 59 40 33 125 93 10,900

-T651 Plate 0.250-2.000 67 59 58 40 34 127 94 10,900
-T6, T651O* * Extrusions All 60 53 55 35 31 114 85 10,900
-T6,T651 Rolled Rod & Bar All 65 55 53 38 32 124 88 10,900
Drawn Tube
Alclad
2014-T6 Sheet 0.020-0.039 63 55 56 38 32 120 88 10,800
-T6 Sheet 0.040-0.249 64 57 58 39 33 122 91 10,800
-T651 Plate 0.250-0.499 64 57 56 39 33 122 91 10,800
3003-H12 Sheet & Plate 0.017-2.000 17 12 10 11 7 34 19 10,100

-H14 Sheet & Plate 0.009-1.000 20 17 14 12 10 40 25 10,100
-H16 Sheet 0.006-0.162 24 21 18 14 12 46 31 10,100
-H18 Sheet 0.006-0.128 27 24 20 15 14 49 34 10,100
3003-H12 Drawn Tube All 17 12 10 11 7 34 19 10,100

-H14 Drawn Tube All 20 17 16 12 10 40 25 10,100
-H16 Drawn Tube All 24 21 19 14 12 46 31 10,100
-H18 Drawn Tube All 27 24 21 15 14 49 34 10,100
Alclad
3003-H12 Sheet & Plate 0.017-2.000 16 11 9 10 6.5 32 18 10,100
~H14 Sheet & Plate 0.009-1.000 19 16 13 12 9 38 24 10,10'0
-H16 Sheet 0.006-0.162 23 20 17 14 12 44 30 10,100
-H18 Sheet 0.006-0.128 26 23 19 . 15 13 47 32 10,100
Alclad
3003-H14 Drawn Tube 0.010-0.500 19 16 15 12 9 38 24 10,100
-H18 Drawn Tube 0.010-0.500 26 23 20 15 13 47 32 10,100
3004-H32 Sheet & Plate 0.017-2.000 28 21 18 17 12 56 36 10,100

-H34 Sheet & Plate 0.009-1.000 32 25 22 19 14 64 40 10,100
-H36 Sheet 0.006-0.162 35 28 25 20 16 70 45 10,100
3004-H34 Drawn Tube 0.018-0.450 32 25 24 19 14 64 40 10,100

-H36 Drawn Tube 0.018-0.450 35 28 27 20 16 70 45 10,100
Alclad
3004-H32 Sheet 0.017 -0.249 27 20 17 16 12 54 34 10,100
-H34 Sheet 0.009-0.249 31 2.4 21 18 14 62 38 10,100
-H36 Sheet 0.006-0.162 34 27 24 19 16 68 43 10,100
-H14 Sheet 0.009-0.249 32 26 22 19 15 64 39 10,100
-H16 Sheet 0.006-0.162 35 30 26 20 17 66 45 10,100
-HI31,H241,H341 Sheet 0.024-0.050 31 26 22 18 15 62 39 10,100
-HI51,H261,H361 Sheet 0.024-0.050 34 30 26 19 17 66 45 10,100
3005-H25 Sheet 0.013.0.050 26 22 20 15 13 49 35 10,100
5005-H12 Sheet & Plate 0.018-2.000 18 14 13 11 8 34 22 10,100
-H14 Sheet & Plate 0.009-1.000 21 17 15 12 10 40 25 10,100
-H16 Sheet 0.006-0.162 24 20 18 14 12 48 30 10,100
-H32 Sheet & Plate 0.017-2.000 17 12 11 11 7 34 20 10,100
-H34 Sheet & Plate 0.009-1.000 20 15 14 12 8.5 40 24 10,100
-H36 Sheet 0.006-0.162 23 18 16 13 11 48 29 10,100
12 <>
mechanical properties
TABLE 3.3.18 (cont'd)

COM- Compressive
PRES- Modulus of
Alloy Thickness TENSION SION SHEAR BEARING Elasticity+
And Range* Ftut Ftyt Fey Fsu Fsy Fbu Fby E
Temper Product* in. ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi
5050-H32 Sheet 0.017-0.249 22 16 14 14 9 44 27 10,100

-H34 Sheet 0.009-0.249 25 20 18 15 12 50 32 10,100
Drawn Tube
Drawn Tube
5052-H32 eheet & Plate ) All 31 23 21 19 13 60 39 10,200

Drawn Tube
-H36 Sheet 0.006-0.162 37 29 26 22 17 70 46 10,200
5083-H 111 Extrusions up thru 0.500 40 24 21 24 14 78 41 10,400

-Hlll Extrusions 0.501 and over 40 24 21 23 14 78 38 10,400
-H321 Sheet & Plate 0.188-1.500 44 31 26 26 18 84 53 10,400
-H323 Sheet 0.051-0.249 45 34 32 26 20 88 58 10,400
-H343 Sheet 0.051-0.249 50 39 37 29 23 95 66 10,400
-H321 Plate 1.501-3.000 41 29 24 24 17 78 49 10,400
5086-Hlll Extrusions up thru 0.500 36 21 18 21 12 70 36 10,400

-H112 Plate 0.250-0.499 36 18 17 22 10 72 31 10,400
-Hil2 Plate 0.500-1.000 35 16 16 21 9 70 28 10,400
-H112 Plate 1.001-2.000 35 14 15 21 8 70 28 10,400
-H112 Plate 2.001-3.000 34 14 15 21 8 68 28 10,400
-H32 (Sheet & Plate) All 40 28 26 24 16 78 48 10,400
-H34 Drawn Tube All 44 34 32 26 20 84 58 10,400
5454-Hl11 Extrusions up thru 0.500 33 19 16 20 11 64 32 10,400

-H1l2 Extrusions up thru 5.000 31 12 13 19 7 62 24 10,400
~H32 Sheet & Plate 0.020-2.000 36 26 24 21 15 70 44 10,400
-H34 Sheet & Plate 0.020-1.000 39 29 27 23 17 74 49 10,400
5456-Hlll Extrusions up thru 0.500 42 26 22 25 15 82 44 10,400

-HIll Extrusions 0.501 and over 42 26 22 24 15 82 42 10,400
-HI12 Extrusions up thru 5.000 41 19 20 24 11 82 38 10,400
-H321 Sheet & Plate 0.188-1.250 46 33 27 27 19 87 56 10,400
-H321 Plate 1.251-1.500 44 31 25 25 18 84 53 10,400
-H321 Plate 1.501-3.000 41 29 25 25 17 82 49 10,400
-H323 Sheet 0.051-0.249 48 36 34 28 21 94 61 10,400
-H343 Sheet 0.051-0.249 53 41 39 31 24 101 70 10,400
6061-T6,T651 Sheet & Plate 0.010-4.000 42 35 35 27 20 88 58 10,100

-T6,T651O** Extrusions up thru 3.000 38 35 35 24 20 80 56 10,100
-T6,T651 Rolled Rod & Bar up thru 8.000 42 35 35 27 20 88 56 10,100
-T6 Drawn Tube 0.025-0.500 42 35 35 27 20 88 56 10,100
-T6 Pipe up thru 0.999 42 35 35 27 20 88 56 10,100
-T6 Pipe over 0.999 38 35 35 24 20 80 56 10,100
6063-T5 Extrusions up thru 0.500 22 16 16 13 9 46 26 10,100

-T5 Extrusions over 0.500 21 15 15 12 8.5 44 24 10,100
-T6 Extrusions All 30 25 25 19 14 63 40 10,100
Pipe
* Most product and thickness ranges are taken from The Aluminum Association's 1968-1969 edition of "Aluminum Standards and
Data."
t F tu and Ft. are minimum specified values (except for Alclad 3004-H14, -H16 and Ft. for AlcIad 3003-H18) other strength prop-
erties are corresponding minimum expected values.
t For deflection calculations an average modulus of elasticity is used; numerically this is 100 ksi lower than the values in this
column.
** Values also apply to -T6511 temper. 13
COMPRESSION COMPRESSION COMPRESSION BENDING IN BENDING IN REC- SHEAR IN
Alloy IN COLUMNS IN FLAT PLATES IN ROUND TUBES ROUND TUBES TANGULAR BARS FLAT PLATES
And Be De Ce Bp Dp Cp B, D, C, Bib D'b C 'b Bb Db Cb Bs Ds C,
~ Temper Product ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi C"
"" C
1100-H12
-H14
Sheet, Plate)
Rolled Rod
11.0 0.044
14.5 0.067
165
144
12.8 0.056
17.0 0.086
153
133
12.7 0.372 607
16.7 0.536 461
19.1
25.1
0.875
1.260
160
133
17.0 0.085
22.6 0.131
133
115
8.5 0.030
10.6 0.042
188
168
n
(
Drawn Tube 25:
Sheet 68.6 0.544 52 79.1 0.674 48 74.3 3.132 94 109.5 8.754 39 119.4 1.530 52 44.4 0.283 64
S·
2014-T6 CC
-T651 Plate 67.3 0.529 52 77.7 0.656 48 73.0 3.059 95 109.5 8.754 41 117.1 1.486 53 45.8 0.297 63
-T6,T6510** Extrusions 63.6 0.486 54 73.3 0.602 50 69.1 2.841 100 99.7 7.724 39 110.3 1.360 54 41.5 0.256 66 m n
-T6,T651 Rolled Bar
Drawn Tube
61.1 0.458 55 70.5 0.567 51 66.5 2.699 103 99.7 7.724 44 105.9 1.278 55 42.9 0.269 65 c:
o o:3
~
Alc1ad
2014-T6
-T6
Sheet (0.039)'
Sheet (0.249)'
64.8
67.3
0.502
0.531
53
52
74.8
77.7
0.622
0.659
49
48
70.4
73.0
2.922
3.068
98
94
103.6
107.6
8.157
8.571
40
39
112.6
117.1
1.408
1.493
53
52
42.9 0.271
44.4 0.285
65 Z
C &
:3
64C)
-T651 Plate 64.8 0.502 53 74.8 0.622 49 70.4 2.922 98 105.6 8.363 42 112.6 1.408 53 44.4 0.285 64 fit
3003-H12
-H14
Sheet & Plate
Sheet & Plate
11.0
15.7
0.044
0.075
165
138
12.8 0.056 153
18.4 0.096 127
12.7 0.372 607
18.1 0.594 415
19.1 0.875
27.1 1.397
160
127
17.0 0.085
24.5 0.147
133
111
9.2
13.5
0.034
0.060
181 0 "'"
149 ;lJ
-H16 Sheet 20.4 0.112 121 24.20.145111 23.5 0.843 330 35.3 1.984 106 32.2 0.222 97 16.4 0.081 135 i:
-H18 Sheet 22.8 0.133 115 27.1 0.172 105 26.3 0.977 294 39.4 2.298 99 36.1 0.264 91 19.4 0.104 124 c:
3003-H12
-H14
Drawn
Drawn
Tube
Tube
12.2
18.0
0.052
0.093
157
129
14.2 0.065
21.3 0.120
145
119
14.1 0.424
20.8 0.715
506
365
21.1 0.999
31.2 1.683
150
115
18.8
28.3
0.100
0.183
126
103
9.2
13.5
0.034
0.060
181
149
~
-H16 Drawn Tube 21.6 0.123 118 25.7 0.159 108 24.9 0.909 310 37.4 2.140 102 34.1 0.243 94 16.4 0.081 135 o
-H18 Drawn Tube 24.0 0.144 112 28.6 0.187 102 27.7 1.046 279 41.5 2.461 96 38.1 0.286 89 19.4 0.104 124 0 ....
z»o
Alc1ad enm
3003-H12 Sheet & Plate 9.9 0.038 174 11.5 0.047 162 11.4 0.321 640 17.1 0.756 172 15.2 0.072 140 8.5 0.030 188 -ti
-H14 Sheet & Plate 14.5 0.067 144 17.0 0.086 133 16.7 0.536 461 25.1 1.260 133 22.6 0.131 115 12.0 0.051 158 »om
-H16 Sheet 19.2 0.103 125 22.8 0.132 115 22.2 0.779 342 33.2 1.832 111 30.2 0.202 100 16.4 0.081 135 Zw
-to
-H18 Sheet 21.6 0.123 118 25.7 0.159 108 24.9 0.909 310 37.4 2.140 102 34.1 0.243 94 17.9 0.093 129
en~
Alclad
.....
"'"0"
3003-H14
-H18
Drawn Tube
Drawn Tube
16.8 0.084
22.8 0.133
133
115
19.9 0.108
27.1 0.172
123
105
19.4 0.654
26.3 0.977
398
294
29.2
39.4
1.538
2.298
121
99
26.4
36.1
0.165
0.264
107
91
12.0 0.051
17.9 0.093
158
129
o
;lJ
3004-H32
-H34
Sheet & Plate
Sheet & Plate
20.4 0.112
25.3 0.155
121
109
24.2 0.145
30.1 0.201
111
100
23.5 0.843 330
29.0 1.116 271
35.3 1.984 106
43.6 2.626 92
32.2 0.222
40.0 0.309
97
86
16.4 0.081 135
19.4 0.104 124
»
i
-H36 Sheet 29.0 0.190 102 34.6 0.248 93 33.2 1.334 237 49.8 3.140 85 46.1 0.381 81 22.5 0.130 115 c:
i:
3004-H34 Drawn Tube 27.7 0.178 104 33.1 0.232 95 31.8 1.260 247 47.7 2.966 87 44.1 0.356 82 19.4 0.104 124 Z
-H36 Drawn Tube 31.4 0.215 98 37.7 0.282 89 36.0 1.486 220 54.0 3.497 80 50.1 0.433 77 22.5 0.130 115 c:
Alclad i:
3004-H32
-H34
Sheet
Sheet
19.2 0.103 125
24.00.144112
22.8
28.6
0.132
0.187
115
102
22.2 0.779
27.7 1.046
342
279
33.2 1.832
41.5 2.461
111
96
30.2
38.1
0.202
0.286
100
89
16.4
19.4
0.081
0.104
135
124
»
r
-H36 Sheet 27.7 0.178 104 33.1 0.232 95 31.8 1.260 247 47.7 2.966 87 44.1 0.356 82 22.5 0.130 115 r
-H14 Sheet 25.3 0.155 109 30.1 0.201 100 29.0 1.116 271 43.6 2.626 92 40.0 0.309 86 21.0 0.117 120 0
-H16 Sheet 30.2 0.202 100 36.1 0.265 91 34.6 1.410 229 51.9 3.317 82 48.1 0.407 79 24.1 0.144 112 -<
-H131,H241,H341
-H151,H261,H361
Sheet
Sheet
25.3 0.155 109
30.2 0.202 100
30.1
36.1
0.201
0.265
100
91
29.0 1.116
34.6 1.410
271
229
43.6 2.626
51.9 3.317
92
82
40.0
48.1
0.309
0.407'
86
79
21.0 0.117 120 en
24.1 0.144 112
3005-H25 Sheet 22.8 0.133 115 27.1 0.172 105 26.3 0.977 294 39.4 2.298 99 36.1 0.264 91 17.9 . 0.093 129
5005-H12 Sheet & Plate 14.5 0.067 144 17.0 0.086 133 16.7 0.536 461 25.1 1.260 133 22.6 0.131 115 10.6 0.042 168
-H14 Sheet & Plate 16.8 0.084 133 19.9 0.108 123 19.4 0.654 398 29.2 1.538 121 26.4 0.165 107 13.5 0.060 149
-H16 Sheet 20.4 0.112 121 24.2 0.145 111 23.5 0.843 330 35.3 1.984 106 32.2 0.222 97 16.4 0.081 135
-H32 Sheet & Plate 12.2 0.052 157 14.2 0.065 145 14.1 0.424 506 21.1 0.999 150 18.8 0.100 126 9.2 0.034 181
-H34 Sheet & Plate 15.7 0.075 138 18.4 0.096 127 18.1 0.594 415 27.1 1.397 127 24.5 0.147 III 11.3 0.046 163
-H36 Sheet 18.0 0.093 129 21.3 0.120 119 20.8 0.715 365 31.2 1.683 115 28.3 0.183 103 14.9 0.070 142
'Maximum thickness indicated in parentheses. See Table 3.3.1a for corresponding thickness range.
COMPRESSION COMPRESSION COMPRESSION BENDING IN BENDING IN REC- SHEAR IN
Alloy IN COLUMNS IN FLAT PLATES IN ROUND TUBES ROUND TUBES TANGULAR BARS FLAT PLATES
And Be De Ce Bp Dp Cp Bt Dt Ct Btb Dtb C tb Bb Db Cb B. Ds C,
Temper Product ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi
5050-H32 Sheet 15.7 0.075 138 18.4 0.096 127 18.1 0.594 415 27.1 1.397 127 24.5 0.147 111 12.0 0.051 158
-H34 Sheet 20.4 0.112 121 24.2 0.145 III 23.5 0.843 330 35.3 1.984 106 32.2 0.222 97 16.4 0.081 135
-H32 Rolled Bar 16.8 0.084 133 19.9 0.108 123 19.4 0.654 398 29.2 1.538 121 26.4 0.165 W7 12.0 0.051 158
Drawn Tube
-H34 Rolled Bar 21.6 0.123 118 25.7 0.159 108 24.9 0.909 310 37.4 2.140 102 34.1 0.243 94 16.4 0.081 135
Drawn Tube m
c::
5052-H32 Sheet & Plate) 24.0 0.143 112 28.6 0.186 103 27.7 1.042 281 41.5 2.453 96 38.1 0.285 89 17.9 0.092 130
o~
-H34 . Rolled Rod
( Drawn Tube
27.7 0.177 104 33.1 0.231 96 31.8 1.256 250 47.7 2.956 88 44.1 0.355 83 21.0 0.116 120 C
-H36 Sheet 30.2 0.201 100 36.1 0.263 91 34.6 1.405 230 51.9 3.306 83 48.1 0.405 79 24.1 0.143 112
Z
C)
5083-Hll1 Extrusions (All) 24.00.142113 28.6 0.184 104 27.7 1.036 286 41.5 2.437 97 38.1 0.282 90 19.4 0.103 126 'TI
-H321 Sheet & Plate
(1.500)"
30.2 0.199 101 36.1 0.261 92 34.6 1.396 235 51.9 3.285 84 48.1 0.401 80 25.6 0.156 110 o
::x:J
-H323 Sheet 37.7 0.278 90 45.5 0.367 82 43.0 1.867 192 64.6 4.394 73 60.5 0.565 71 28.8 0.185 104 s:
-H343
-H321
Sheet
Plate (3.000)-
44.1
27.7
0.352
0.175
84
105
53.2 0.466 76 50.1 2.289 166
31.8 1.248 254
75.2
47.7
5.386
2.937
66
89
71.0 0.718
44.1 0.351
66
84
33.5
24.1
0.233
0.142
96
113
c::
33.1 0.229 97 r-l
5086-Hlll 32.2 0.219 98 16.4 0.080 137
»»
Extrusions (All) 20.4 0.111 123 24.2 0.143 113 23.5 0.835 339 35.3 1.965 108
om
-H112
-HI12
Plate (0.500)-
Plate (1.000)*
19.2
18.0
0.101
0.092
127
131
22.8
21.3
0.130
0.118
116
120
22.2
20.8
0.771 351
0.708 375
33.2
31.2
1.814
1.667
113
118
30.2
28.3
0.199
0.181
101
104
13.5
12.0
0.059
0.050
151
160 or
Zm
-H112 Plate (2.000)" 16.8 0.083 135 19.9 0.106 125 19.4 0.647 406 27.1 1.384 109 26.4 0.163 108 10.6 0.041 171
-H112 27.1 1.384 109 26.4 0.163 108 10.6 0.041 171 (J)w
Plate (3.000)* 16.8 0.083 135 19.9 0.106 125 19.4 0.647 406 -I'
»~
-H32 Sheet & Plate) 30.2 0.199 101 36.1 0.261 92 34.6 1.396 235 51.9 3.285 84 48.1 0.401 80 22.5 0.128 117 Z...a.
-H34 ( Drawn Tube 37.7 0.278 90 45.4 0.367 82 43.0 1.867 192 64.6 4.394 73 60.5 0.565 71 28.8 0.185 104 -IC"
(J)n
5454·Hl11 Extrusions (All) 18.0 0.092 131 21.3 0.118 120 20.8 0.708 375 31.2 1.667 118 28.3 0.181 104 14.9 0.069 144
-H112 Extrusions 14.5 0.066 146 17.0 0.084 135 16.7 0.530 468 23.1 1.116 118 22.6 0.129 117 9.2 0.033 184
OaOa:
'TI
-H32
-H34
5456-Hlll
Sheet & Plate
Sheet & Plate
Extrusions, (All)
27.7 0.175
31.4 0.212
25.3 0.152
105
99
110
33.1
37.7
30.1
0.229
0.278
0.198
97
91
101
31.8
36.0
1.248 254
1.472 226
47.7 2.937
54.0 3.463
43.6 2.600
89
82
94
44.1
50.1
40.0
0.351
0.426
0.304
84
78
88
21.0 0.115
24.1 0.142
21.0 0.115
121
113
121
;0
»
r
c::
-
29.0 1.105 279
-H112
-H321
Extrusions
Sheet & Plate
22.8
31.4
0.131
0.212
116
99
27.1
37.7
0.170
0.278
107
91
26.3 0.967 301 37.4 2.119 93 36.1
50.1
0.260
0:426
92
78
14.9
27.2
0.069
0.170
144
107
s:
36.0 1.472 226 54.0 3.463 82
-H321 Plate (1.500)- 29.0 0.187 103 34.6 0.245 94 33.2 1.321 244 49.8 3.1 10 86 46.1 0.376 82 25.6 0.156 110 Z
-H321 Plate (3.000)- 29.0 0.187 103 34.6 0.245 94 33.2 1.321 244 49.8 3.110 86 46.1 0.376 82 24.1 0.142 113 c:: C"
-H323 Sheet 40.3 0.307 88 48.5 0.406 80 45,9 2.033 180 68.8 4.784 70 64.7 0.624 69 30.3 0.201 101 s: C
-H343 Sheet 46.7 0.383 81 56.4 0.509 74 53.0 2.464 157 79.5 5,799 63 75.3 0.784 64 35.2 0.250 94 » (')
1= 2S:
6061-T6,T651
-T6,T651O* *
Sheet & Plate
Extrusions
39.4
39.4
0.246
0.246
66
66
45.0
45.0
0.301
0.301
61
61
43.2
43.2
1.558
1.558
141
141
64.8
64.8
4.458
4.458
55
55
66.8
66.8
0.665
0.665
67
67
25.8 0.131
25.8 0.131
81
81 0 S·
-T6,651
-T6
Rolled Rod 39.4 0.246 66 45.0 0.301 61 43,2 1.558 141 64.8 4.458 55 66.8 0.665 67 25.8 0.131 81
81
-<
(J)
CC
Drawn Tube 39.4 0.246 66 45.0 0.301 61 43.2 1.558 141 64.8 4.458 55 66.8 0.665 67 25.8 0.131
-T6
-T6
Pipe (0.999)*
Pipe
39.4
39.4
0.246
0.246
66
66
45.0
45.0
0.301
0.301
61
61
43.2
43.2
1.558
1.558
141
141
64.8
64.8
4.458
4.458
55
55
66.8
66.8
0.665
0.665
67
67
25.8 0.131
25.8 0.131
81
81
8:J
6063-T5
-T5
Extrusions (0.500)*
Extrusions
17.3 0.072
16.2 0.065
99
102
19.5 0.086
18.2 0.078
93
96
19.2 0.529
18.0 0.484
275
289
28.8
26.9
1.513
1.384
95
99
28.3 0.183
26.4 0.165
103
107
11.0 0.036
10.4 0.033
124
128 ~
....
U'I
-T6 Extrusions
Pipe
27.6 0.145 78 31.4 0.175 73 30.5 0.978 188 45.7 2,800 70 46.1 0.381 81 17.6 0.074 98 ....
:J
en
* Maximum thickness indicated in parentheses. See Table 3.3.1a for corresponding thickness range.
** Values also apply to -T6511 temper.
welded properties
TABLE 3.3.2
MINIMUM MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR
WELDED ALUMINUM ALLOYSt
(Gas Tungsten Arc or Gas Metal Arc Welding With No Postweld Heat Treatment)
Product COM-
And PRES-
Alloy Thickness TENSION SION SHEAR BEARING
And Range Ftuwt Ftywt Fcyw t Fsuw Fsyw Fouw Foyw
Temper in. ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi
1100-HI2,HI4 All II 4.5 4.5 8 2.5 23 8
3003-H 12,H 14,H 16,H 18 All, 14 7 7 10 4 30 12
Alclad
3003-HI2,HI4,HI6,HI8 All 13 6 6 10 3.5 30 11
3004-H32,H34,H36 All 22 11 11 14 6.5 46 20
Alclad
3004-H3 2,H34,H 14,H 16 All 21 11 11 13 6.5 44 19
3005-H25 Sheet 17 9 9 12 5 36 15
0.013-0.050
5005-HI2,HI4,H32,H34 All 14 7 7 9 4 28 10
5050-H32,H34 All 18 8 8 12 4.5 36 12
5052-H32,H34 All 25 13 13 16 7.5 50 19
5083-Hl11 Extrusions 39 21 20 23 12 78 32
-H321 Sheet & Plate 40 24 24 24 14 80 36
0.188-1.500
-H321 Plate 39 23 23 24 13 78 34
1.501-3.000
-H323,H343 Sheet 40 24 24 24 14 80 36
5086-Hll1 Extrusions 35 18 17 21 10 70 28
-H112 Plate 35 17 17 21 9.5 70 28
0.250-0.499
-HIl2 Plate 35 16 16 21 9 70 28
0.500-1.000
-H112 Plate 35 14 14 21 8 70 28
1.001-2.000
-H32,H34 Sheet & Plate 35 19 19 21 11 70 28
5154-H38 Sheet 30 15 15 19 8.5 60 23
5454-Hlll Extrusions 31 16 15 19 9.5 62 24
-H112 Extrusions ~31 12 12 19 7 62 24
-H32,H34 Sheet & Plate 31 16 16 19 9.5 62 24
5456-Hll1 Extrusions 41 24 22 24 14 82 38
-H112 Extrusions 41 19 19 24 II 82 38
-H321 Sheet & Plate 42 26 24 25 15 84 38
0.188-1.500
-H321 Plate 41 24 23 25 14 82 36
1.501-3.000
-H323',H343 Sheet 42 26 26 25 15 84 38
6061-T6,T651 * All 24 20 20 15 12 50 30
-T6,T651** Over 0.375 24 15 15 15 9 50 30
6063-T5,T6 All 17 11 11 11 6.5 34 22
tFiller wires used are those recommended in Table 7.1.3.LValues of Ft • ., are ASME weld qualification test values.
W.2 percent offset in lOin. gage length across a butt weld.
*Values when welded with 5183, 5356, or 5556 alloy filler wire. Values also apply to -T6510, -T6511 extrusion tempers.
**Values when welded with 4043, 5154, 5254, or 5554 alloy 'filler wire. Values also apply to -T6510, -T6511 extrusion tempers.
16
factors of safety
TABLE 3.3.3
FACTORS OF SAFETY FOR USE WITH ALUMINUM
ALLOWABLE STRESS SPECIFICATIONS
Building Bridge
And And
Similar Type Similar Type
Tension Members Structures Structures
F.S. on tensile strength, nu................................................................ .......................... 1.95 2.20
F.S. on yield strength, ny............................................................................................. 1.65 1.85
Columns
F.S. on buckling strength, nu............ ............ ............... ..................... ...... ......... ............ 1.95 2.20
F.S. on crippling strength of thin sections, nu.................. ........................ ........................ 1.95 2.20
F.S. on yield strength for short columns, ny..................... ............................................. 1.65 \.85
Beams
F.S. on tensile strength, n".............................................................. ............................ 1.95 2.20
F.S. on tensile yield strength, n y...... ...... ...... ................................................ ............... 1.65 1.85
F.S. on compressive yield strength for short beams, fly...... ...... ...... ..................... ............ 1.65 1.85
F.S. on buckling strength, fly....................................................................................... 1.65 1.85
F.S. on crippling strength of thin sections, ny.......................................... ........................ 1.65 1.85
F.S. on shear buckling of webs, flo.............................................................................. 1.20 1.35
C oflnectiofls
F.S. on bearing strength .............................................................................. 1.2 x 1.95 = 2.34 2.64
F .S. on bearing yield strength, ny................................................................................. 1.65 1.85
F.S. on shear strength of rivets and bolts ......................................................... 1.2 x 1.95 = 2.34 2.64
F.S. on shear strength of fillet welds ............................................................... 1.2 x 1.95 = 2.34 2.64
F.S. on tensile strength of butt welds, nu..................................................................... 1.95 2.20
F.S. on tensile yield strength of butt welds, ny... ............... ........................... .................. 1.65 \.85
TABLE 3.3.4a
FORMULAS FOR BUCKLING CONSTANTS
For All Products Whose Temper DeSignation Begins With -0, -H, -T1, -T2, -T3, or -T4
Type of Member
and Stress Intercept, ksi Slope, ksi Intersection
Compression in Columns
and Beam Flanges Be = Fc y[ 1 + (I~O~)1/2] D = Bc(6Be) 1/2
c 20 E
C - 2Be
c - 3De
Compression in _ [ ffiyll/3] C p = 2Bp
Flat Plates Bp - Fey I + 7.6 L p =!b(§!&Y'2
20 E 3D))
Compression in Round
_ [ ffiyll/5] D =lli(BtY'3 Ct
Tubes Under Axial End B t - Fey I + 5.8 I 3.7 E *
Load
Compressive Bending
Stress in Solid Rec- Bb _- 1. 3Fcy [ffiyll/3]
1+ 7 D = Bb(6Bb)1/2 C - 2Bb
b 20 E b - 3Db
tangular Bars
Compressive Bending
Stress in Round _ [QjJl/5]
Bib - 1.5F y I + 5.8 D = Btb(Btby/3
Ib 2.7 E
C lb = (Blb-BIY
Dtb-D(
Tubes
Shear Stress in Flat B = F sy [I + (FSy)I/3] = Bs(6B'J/2 C - 2Bs
Plates s 6.2 Ds 20 E s - 3D s
Crippling of Flat Plates kl = 0.50 k2 = 2.04

in Compression or Bending
* CI can be found from a plot of the curves of allowable stress based on elastic and inelastic buckling or by a trial and error solution.
17
formulas for constants
TABLE 3.3.4b
FORMULAS FOR BUCKLING CONSTANTS
For Products Whose Temper Designation Begins With -T5, -T6, -T7, -Ta, or-T9
Type of Member
and Stress Intercept, ksi Slope, ksi Intersection
Compression in Columns
and Beam Flanges Be = Fc y[ 1 + (iz5~Y'Z] Dc
= Bc(BcY'Z
10 E C c = 0041 ~:
_ cy [ l+ ffiull /3] Y'z

Compression in Flat
Plates B p -F I 1.4
D p -10
B (BE
-~~
Cp = OAI~p
Compression in Round
c /
B t = Fey [ 1 + Dt --~(Btr3
Tubes Under Axial End ffiull
8. 7 5] 4.5 E Ct *
Load
Compressive Bending
Stress in Solid Rec- Bb = 1.3 F cy[1 + (F.?)1/3] D =Bb(6B bY'Z C - 2Bb
b 20 E b - 3Db
tangular Bars
Compressive Bending
Stress in Round _ [ifull/5]
Btb - 1.5F y 1+ 8.7 D = Btb(BtbY/3
tb 2.7 E C tb -_ (Btb-Bty
Dtb-D t
Tubes
/3]
Shear Stress in
Flat Plates
B. = F. y[ 1+ ffiull
9.'3 D. = fO(~'Y'2 C. = 0041 Z:
Crippling of Flat kl = 0.35 kz =2.27
Plates in Compression
Crippling of Flat kl = 0.50 k2 =2.04
Plates in Bending
* C t can be found from a plot of the curves of allowable stress based on elastic and inelastic buckling or by a trial and error solution.
TABLE 3.3.5 Methods of Rounding Off Numbers in Tables 3.3.6

to 3.3.27
VALUES OF COEFFICIENTS k t and Icc * The allowable stresses in Specifications 1-6 and
for slenderness;;;; S, in Specifications 7-21 are ob-
tained by rounding off stresses below 5 ksi to the
Non-welded nearest 0.1 ksi; stresses between 5 and 15 ksi to the
or nearest 0.5 ksi; and stresses over 15 ksi to the near-
Regions Farther Than Regions Within 1.0 in. est 1.0 ksi. To obtain allowable stresses for slender-
1.0 in. From a Weld ofa Weld ness between S, and S2, the constant is rounded
Alloy and Temper kt ke ktf kct off to the nearest 0.1 ksi. The coefficient of the
slenderness ratio is rounded off according to the
2014-T6, -T65U 1.25 1.12 rule: for numbers between 2 x IOn and 2 x 10n+1,
Alclad 2014-T6, -T65l 1.25 1.12 round off to nearest 0.1 x lon, where n is any posi-
6061-T6, -T65U 1.0 1.12 1.0 1.0 tive or negative integer. This same rule is.applied
to the coefficients in the expressions for allowable
6063-T5, -T6, -T83 1.0 1.12 1.0 1.0 stresses for slenderness ;;;; S•.
All Others Listed in Slenderness limits S, and S2 are based on the
Table 3.3.1 1.0 1.10 1.0 1.0 rounded off expressions for allowable stress ob-
tained as described above. Values of S, and S2 be-
* These coefficients are used in the formulas in Table 3.3.6. tween 10 and 250 are rounded off to the nearest
t If the weld yield strength exceeds 0.9 of the parent metal yield strength, 1.0. Smaller values are rounded off to the nearest
the allowable compressive stress within 1.0 in. of a weld should be 0.1, and larger values to the nearest 10. If S 2 is not
taken equal to the allowable stress for non-welded material. more than 5 per cent larger than S" the allowable
* Values also apply to -T6510, -T6511 extrusion tempers. stress for slenderness between S, and S2 is taken
to be the same as the allowable stress for slender-
ness;;;; St. In this case there is no value for S, and
the value of S2 is recalculated by equating the allow-
able stress for slenderness less than S2 to the
allowable stress for slenderness ;;;; S., using
rounded off values.
18
Type of Stress Type of Member or Component
Spec. Allowable Stress, Table 3.3.6
No. ksl
TENSION. axial.
Any tension member:
net section 1
Rectangular tubes. structural

shapes bent about strong axis -J-[}- 'F ~ 2 General Formulas for
TENSION IN Determining Allowable
BEAMS.
extreme fiber.
Round or oval tubes -o-{)o- 3 Stresses
net section Rectangular bars. plates.
shapes bent about weak axis 4
On rivets and bolts

5 F•• /n. or F'u/(1.2nu)
BEARING
On flat surfaces and pins 6 F..HI.5n.) or F,u/(1.8nu)
AUowable Stress, Allowable Stress, ksi AUowable Stress,

Slenderness Slenderness
ksI, Slenderness ksI
Limit, S, Limit, S,
Slenderness oS S, Between S, and S, Slenderness ;;" S.
COMPRESSION
B _nuF('y
IN COLUMNS.
All columns L ' ken.
axial, gross 7 -;:=--0-,--
section
Outstanding
flanges and legs 8
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
Flat plates with ~ B _nllFcy
OF COLUMNS.
both edges
supported H r\1r 9 b
I=~
p ken.
gross -hI-
section
Curved plates
B' _ nuF,y)' '/T'E
supported on both
10 R ken, !!.=c,
edges. walls of i= ( --0-,- I
round or oval tubes
Single web beams

bent about strong
axis
-I-r-E- 11 L"
ry
I.2(B, - F,.)
Dc
--'-(B
ny r:
_O,L,,)
1.2ry
~=
r.
I.2C,
'/T'E
n.(L,/I.2r.)'
Same as Specifica-
Round or oval tubes 12 tion 10 (See Par.
COMPRESSION 3.4.12)
IN BEAMS.
extreme
fiber. gross 1-11-
section Solid rectangular
13 <!. I-,-L.c= cB-='-=---,I:..:.3:..:F,-,,-,,-. d~L,)
- I ( Bo - 2.30,- .-
'/T'E
beams
-I=:E I'V d 2.30, ny t d 5 .29n.(d/I)' (L,,/d)
Rectangular tubes
and box sections -0- 14 LoS, = (B, - Fey)'
ly 1.60,
L,S,
I.
= (C')'
1.6
'/T'E
COMPRESSION b-j I- -I j-b

IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS.
(component
Outstanding
flanges
I [r0F 15 -!-.y(B"
n
- 5.lD/2t )
"
£=
I
k,Bp
5.lDp
under uniform Flat plates with

!!..=Bp-Fcy
compression). both edges 16 I t:6lJ;;-
gross section supported
Flat plates with
compression edge b B, - 1.3F"
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
free. tension 17 I 3.50,
--'-(B'
ny
- 3.50b!!.)I
edge supported
OF BEAMS.
(component Flat plates with
k,yB;i
under bending
in own
both edges
supported
18 h
I
Bo - 1.3F,.
0.670 0
~(B'
n,
- 0.670b~)I n.(O.67h/t)
plane),
Flat plates with
gross
horizontal stiffener, h Bo - l,3F,y
~(Bb - 0.2900~)I !'.= k,Bo k,YB.E
section
both edges 19 I 0.290 0 n. I 0.290. n.(O.29h/l)
supported
U nstiffened
20 --'-(B, - l,250 •.!'.)I !'.= c, '/T'E
SHEAR flat webs ny I Us n.(l.25h/I)'
IN WEBS.
gross .fT;!=,. -~
section Stiffened flat webs r=tLlJE'lL...JJ}' 21
F.,y
--'-(B' - 1.25D,'3!!) 9!=~!.. '/T'E
a.: o,/v, + 0.7(0,/0.>"
ny n. I I 1.25 n.~ l,25a,/I)'
19
Spec. Allowable Stress,
No. ksi
Table 3.3.7
Allowable Stresses for
TENSION. axial,
net section
Any tension member: 1 8 2.7 BUILDING and Similar
Type Structures
Rectangular tubes, structural
shapes bent about strong axis -I -[}- I V'\- 2 8 2.7 1100-H14
TENSION IN
BEAMS, Round or oval tubes -o-{}O- 3 10 3.2
Sheet and Plate
extreme fiber,
net section
Rolled Rod and Bar
Rectangular bars, plates.
shapes bent about weak axis I - I--i 4 II 3.5 Drawn Tube
i,
On rivets and bolts

5 12.5 4.8
BEARING
On ftat surfaces and pins 6 8.5 3.2
Allowable Stress, Allowable Stress, ksi Allowable Stress,

ksi, Slenderness ksi
Limit, 51 Limit, S2-
Slenderness :s SI Between S, and S2 Slenderness ~ S 2
COMPRESSION
IN COLUMNS,
7 ~= 12 7.4-0.034!::
L
-= 144
r
51,000
(Llr)2
r r
axial, gross
All columns
7 ~=U7 51,000
section
2.7
"
--- '"
' 2.7
r ",'(L/r;'JZ ,,/>
1,970
Outstanding --1 b I- -l b I- -jbi 7
b
-= 7.7 8.7-0.2z!~ t= 26
I I I (bll)2
8
flanges and legs
I I-f-! p , --- "
. 2.7~ """
£;"27
t
1,970
(bit),
;/(
COMPRESSION 270
IN COMPONENTS
Flat plates with f-Ll 7 t= 24
I
8,7-0.07l t
I
t=62
I (bit)
r\1r 9
OF COLUMNS,
gross
section
both edges
supported H ...jbi-
2.7 I,
.-::'" . ',' 2~? i '
b
1= 100,
' ','
"
270
(bit)
3,200
i "'. i1.
/
R R
Curved plates 7 -= 35 8.6-0.27~7 -=460
~Ocp
supported on both I I (Rlt) (I + VRlt/35)2
10
edges, walls of
round or oval tubes
;,
2.7 !!.';';i.s
,f, i
,·'·····i
2.•8-0.063. ~
t'
!!~1160
t
3,~"i
(RitHI ;-'\;/jfjj!3Si', ".
L,o
Single web beams 8 -=24 8,8-0.034~ ~= 173
87,000
bent about strong -I-'f-E- 11
ru ry ry
'r;" , i',
(Lbl ry)2
axis
#> .,1-;";+· .. '
2.7' ~=180
ry
87;000.,
(Lolr.), '. "
Same as Specifica-
15.2-0.76~~
Rio Rb
9 -=67 - = 181
~
t tion No. 10
.,
I
Round or oval tubes l2
COMPRESSION
IN BEAMS,
....•....... 3.2
"
.
R,,'. ' . ' ,
'1'",,106
'
'" .vII.
...•.
...... S.()..O;17S '7
. '-7
!l! ... :wo
t
Sallie .'asS~·
tion No,lO. . . . ' "
extreme
13 . 7-0 . 183<!.~!:".
11,400
fiber, gross
Solid rectangular
'--H- ID <!.l:::".=20
I d I d <!.~!:".=50
I d (dlt)'(Lbld)
13
section
beams -I:J : ..... .............' -- ..... 3;? '•
"
~~~=5'
.' 11;400
"
'/*<,
..I. d.,'i"; .' (d/t),(Lbld)
8 8-0 065~LbS,
L,S,· L"S, = 8100 24,000
8 -=151 .. I,
Rectangular tubes
and box sections -0- 14
.~.7, ."
. ;
II/
·.i ;,"" l 2.7

.
Iy
r;"S,;=~~·
ly . .... L
(LbSdly)
· 24,1lOO
(L'S,IIi)" ····,~iZ~,.~
COMPRESSION b--j r- -I r- b 8
b
-= 8.5 1O.3-0.27t
b
-= 19
100
(bll)
Outstanding I
I [ r'\J b-j [- I I
IN COMPONENTS IS · . lilO .'.
OF BEAMS,
(component
flanges
2.7 , ·1,- , 2.7. .., ,
' !!,=37
t . (wi: ....•... :
under uniform Flat plates with --j b r---I b r- t= 28 10.3-0.083t t= 62
320
Trv
8 I (b(i)
I I
compression), both edges 16 b" .' 320
."
:1.:7
" -, i'''' ; ... 2/~'. " , 7",,119: •.. • ..... >(b/fi
.!
Flat plates with 4,900
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS,
compression edge
free, tension
edge supported
-LJR=+ 17 I
, . . .··,3.5.
10 t= 13
.··.~7~/ ..·
13.7-0.28t
'; .·•.. 3,5

I
....
t= 33
I
k.:":37
it. ' ,<.
(bll)'.
4,900 //
;:
(bit)' •....... '!

880
(component
under bending
in own
Flat plates with
both edges
supported
I} ~ \.-
18
I'
10
'3.S.,
':.= 70
t
,'.". "
..
13.7-0.053':.
t
r,
':.= 129
I
l~.'~·,;';, I.,j
(hit)
,880.
(hltL
EI1J:'
plane),
Flat plates with d 2,000
gross 10 ':.= 161 13.7-0.023':. ':.=300
horizontal stiffener, (hll)
~~~70'; J
I
section
both edges , 19 " c"•.•.. ,;;,:,'1 ,1;:20000
supported I
3;5"'. ;~;;-.-:.i • ........ 3.5 i,',
L·· i" : '.(mfJ.
";;);'>
39;000
4.8 ':.= 50 6.4-0.032':. ':.= 134
SHEAR
IN WEBS,
U nstiffened
flat webs I II
{ 20
1:5 {'i; i,--:
. /: ..•"'#
} f~;';'
I .••.
I
i
I
'.It' •....•. ". '
"t."" ~~li'"
(hit)'
39;000
· (hit),
gross
r=tTTt ~}, ~ 4.8 ~=91 8.8-0.044~ ~= 134
53,000
I,L=~'i<
section Stiffened flat webs I (a,II)'
. . ·t:s><.'> .~Ifl~:/ ,
21 ..•.... 53,000, . '/>';;>:1
20
00" 0,;<;I+O.7(O,/0 2)! . ".1.5>;', ;~'"
WHITE BARS apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld. k.~l.!~'R;~~A 'I~'·':
apply within 1.0 in. of a weld.

Spec. Allowable Stress, Table 3.3.8*
No. ksi
TENSION. axial.
Any tension member: 1 25
BUILDING and Similar
net section
Type Structures
shapes bent about strong axis -l -[}- 'f V\- 2 25 2014-T6, -T651
TENSION IN Sheet and Plate
BEAMS,
extreme fiber,
R~und or oval tubes -0{}O- 3 31
2014· T6,-T6510,· T6511
net section Re.ctangular bars, plates,
shapes bent about weak axis I - ..--. 4 35
Extrusions
Alclad 2014 - T6, - T651
Op rivets and bolts
5 49 Sheet and Plate
BEARING
On flat surfaces and pins 6 32

Limit, 51 Limit, S~
Slenderness :$ S 1 Between S, and S, Slenderness ~ S2
COMPRESSION
IN COLUMNS, 55,000
axial, gross
All columns
7 30 ~= 10 32.6-0.25~ !o= 54
r (L/r) 2
r r
section
Outstanding -I b r---1 i b r---1 b

8
2,100
flanges and legs
I IT 30 £=4.8
I
37.6-1.57£
I
£=9.8
I (bit) 2
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
Flat plates with f-LI 650
37.6-0.4~ ~= 27
OF COLUMNS,
gross
both edges
supported H r\l.r
-h~
9 30 £= 16
I I I (b/I)
section
Curved plates
~Ocp 35.4'1.46~~
supported on both 3,400
edges, walls of 10 30 !!.= 14
I
!!.= 100
I (R/I) (I + VR/I/35),
round or oval tubes
Single web beams

bent about strong
axis
-I-i-E- 11 33 0.= 22
ry
38.5-0.25~
ry
0.= 65
ry
94,000
(L,/r,)2
~ 60.4-4.7~~
Same as Specifica-
Round or oval tubes 12 39 liE. =
I
21 l5J..= 60
I tion No. 10
COMPRESSION
IN BEAMS,
extreme
fiber, gross '-H-
<!~~= d~L. <!~~=23
Solid rectangular 12,300
section
beams
-I=t 13 43
I d
13 66.8-1.9~ d I d (d/I),(L,/d)
Rectangular tubes
and box sections -0- 14 33 L,S, = 137
/,
38 . . 47 ~L'S,
5-0 /,
L,S, = 1140
/y
25,000
(L,s,/ly) 2
COMPRESSION b-j r -I I-b
[ I"'\Jr-
Outstanding 240
IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS,
(component
flanges
I b
b-j
15 33 £=6.1
I
44.4-1.8~
I
£= 8.4
I 7J;ii)
under uniform Flat plates with r--jbr-

Trv
--1
compression), both edges 16 33 £ = 20 44.4-0.58£ ~= 27 770
I I I (b/I)
Flat plates with

COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
compression edge
free, tension
edge supported
- ,-
U-R-t- 17 43 £=8.2
I
66.8-2.9£
I
£= 15
I
5,300
(b/I)'
OF BEAMS,
(component
under bending
in own
Flat plates with
both edges
supported I} ~ "I-
18 43 --- 43 ~= 47
I
2,000
Thii)
plane),
gross
section
Flat plates with
horizontal stiffener,
both edges
supported
Er1]:,d, 19 43 --- 43 ~=
I
109
4,700
Thii)
SHEAR
IN WEBS,
Unstiffened
flat webs I f }I 20 19 ~= 32
I
25.2-0.194~
I
~=53
I
42,000
(h/t)'
gross ..... ,1- --L., t-
section Stiffened flat webs I tl 1+I·otl It I 21 19 --- 19 ~=55

57,000
I (a,/1)2
0.= o,/lt + 0.7(0, /02)!
21
• Alloy 2014 is generally not welded. Data in this table apply to nonwelded members.
No. ksl
TENSION, axial,
net section
Any tension member:
1 10.5 ,~2
Type Structures
,'"
shapes bent about strong axis -l-[l- 'f ~ 2 10.5 4.2., 3003-H14
TENSION IN
BEAMS,
extreme fiber,
net section
Round or oval tubes -oDo- 3 12 5
Sheet and Plate
Rolled Rod and Bar,
shapes bent about weak axis I - 1--1
4 13.5 5,.5
Drawn Tube
On rivets and bolts 5 15

., 7;5
BEARING
On flat surfaces and pins 6 10 :4.8 '

Limit, 51 Limit, 5:1
Slenderness !S: SI Between S I and S 2 Slenderness ~ 52
COMPRESSION L 51.000
IN COLUMNS,
7.5 -= 16
r
8.1-0.038~ ~= 138
r r (L/r)'
axial, gross
All columns
7 L, " L, ' 51,000
8.1.M~
"
: 4.2 -"" -;-= 138

section r, 103 r. , r (L/r)' :,
b b 1,970
Outstanding --1 bI- -i b I- -ibi 7.5 (= 7.6 9.4-0.25~ -= 25
I I (b/I)'
8
flanges and legs
I IT 4.2 ,,' I:
f;/.
,"",21 ': 9A,0.2s!i ' '!.=25
t
" 1,970
(bit)' " '
,:
COMPRESSION f-Lj b 280
IN COMPONENTS
Flat plates with 7,5 (= 24 9A-0.07~ £= 60
Tbif)
I I
OF COLUMNS,
both edges
supported H ~ 9
4,2 " "~-: :4,.2. '!.=67
280 ':
gross -hI- : t '"
(b/t)
section R 'R R 3,200
Curved plates 7,5 -=36 9,3-0.30~t -=410
~Ocp
supported on both I I (R/I)(I +VR/I/35)'
edges, walls of 10
~;,§.7 . ""'l ~=810 3,200
round or oval tubes 4,2 4:~0;116,-
'., ' t ! , (lIlt)(l + v'lIlt/3S)' ','.,
Single web beams 8,5 ~=Z6 9.5-0.Q38~ ~= 166
87,000
bent about strong
axis
-I-i-E- II
4~2
.'
r.
L; .....
-=139
" .L
9,S.O.O~
ry
,
r.
!::!= 166
(L,/r.),
87,000
r. T. r~ (L,lr.)'
R, R, Same as Specifica-
10 -=57
l't - = 167
~
I 16.4-0.85 I tion No. to
Round or oval tubes 12 Same· as Speciliea-
COMPRESSION
IN BEAMS, ~ &=88
t 8JJ.,O,32~&
'. ,. t
&=290
t lion No. 10
extreme 11,400
fiber, gross '--11-
II ,d l'd=
' 19 14.8-0.24~~ <!.~~=48
I d (d/I)'(L,/d)
Solid rectangular
13
section
beams
-I=:t 5.S ---
' ..
5.5 ~~~=46
t d
_ 1l,400 ..
(dlt),(L./d)
..
24,000
9,5-0.073 ~L.S,
8,5 L,S, = 188 L"S, = 7440
-,;;
Rectangular tubes
4.2
/.
L;,8'=S270
Iv .. f~O.o73~L;Sr
.
/.
L,S,= 7440
1.
(L,s,H.)
24,000
(L.S,/l.t
r
"
COMPRESSION b-j -I I-b 8.5
b
,=9.0 li.2-0,3~I ~= 19
105
Outstanding b-H- I (bit)
IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS,
(component
flanges
I [ r- /\.J
15
4.2
..
b
~-- ':',
I
4.2
...
£;=25
I
' "
lOS.
(bit)
I L2-0,093~ ~= 60
under uniform Flat plates with -jbl--j b
330
8,~ -= 29
compression),
gross section
both edges
supported
Flat plates with

Trv- 16
4.2
I
---
I
:. 4.,2 . ,
b
I
7=;'J,
Tbif)
330
(bit)
:'
14.8-0,31~ ~= 4,900
:rR=+
b
-t..~..
II -= IZ 32
compression edge I I I (b/t)'
COMPRESSION
free. tension 17
~4,8-0~1%
IN COMPONENTS b ' 4,900 ;
edge supported S.~ ,=3() .
'!.""32
t ; : (bit)'
OF BEAMS,
(component Flat plates with l.- II ~= 63 14.8-0,06~I ~= 124
920
under bending both edges
Ii ~ 18 I I (h/t)
,
r -,-- 920
in own supported 5.5
'"
.. : 5.S . !!.::
t
167 (hit) .
plane),
E 1J:,d,
"
Flat plates with

gross II ~ = 146 14.8-0.0Zr:. ~= 290
2,100
horizontal stiffener, I I I (h/I)
section 19 ....
It. ",
both edges
supported
5.5 .,' :-;~ " ., t~ ;. . . . . . , ~='J80·
t
2,100
(1I/t)
6 ~= 49 8.2-0.045~ '!.= 119

39,OlX)
I f [E
Unstiffened I I I (hi!)'
SHEAR fiat webs
20 ,: h; 39,000
IN WEBS, I
2.4
"", ' .. ' ,
:1:4 , -= 127
t. .. . (11/1)' . .... ,.'
gross
section Stiffened flat webs r=t1TIO}, ~
21
6
':
:!!.= 83
I
I.
I 1,2-0,06311c
I
lie = 119
I
53,O()()
(a,,fl)'
53,000
22
0.' 0';";1+0,7(0./0 2)2 .,'
2:4' . ... -~ " '"
~.4, !!!;.',c 149
t • (".-It)' :.
WHITE BARS apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1,0 in. from a weld, IS~~P':B.~.I apply within 1,0 in, of a weld.
Type of Stress Type of Member or Component Spec. AUowable Stress,
. IIsI
Table 3.3.10
No.
TENSION, axial,
net section
Any tension member: 1 12.5 BUILDING and Similar
Type Structures
shapes bent about strong axis -I -0- I V"\-
2 12.5 3003-HI6
TENSION IN
BEAMS,
Round or oval tubes -o-(}o- 3 15
Sheet
extreme fiber,
net section
Rolled Rod and Bar
Rectangular bars, plates,
shapes bent about weak axis 4 17 Drawn Tube
On rivets and bolts

5 19
BEARING
On fiat surfaces and pins 6 12.5
Allowable Stress,
Slenderness
ksi
Limit, S.
COMPRESSION
IN COLUMNS,
All columns
axial. gross 7
section
Outstanding
flanges and legs 8
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
Flat plates with f-Ll
OF COLUMNS,
gross
section
both edges
supported H 9
Curved plates
supported on both
edges, walls of 10
round or oval tubes
Single web beams

bent about strong
axis
-I-T-E- n
Round or oval tubes 12

COMPRESSION
IN BEAMS,
extreme
fiber, gross t---jl-
Solid rectangular
section
beams
-I=t 13
5.5
12 4-0 109 /LoSe LoSe = 5720

. . V /.
Rectangular tubes
4.2
/,
L~, =5710.
I,
COMPRESSION 14.7-0.45£
IN COMPONENTS Outstanding t
OF BEAMS, flanges 15
4.2
(component
under uniform Flat plates with 14.7-0.141£
t
compression), both edges 16
compression edge 14
COMPRESSION
free. tension 17
IN COMPONENTS 5.5
edge supported
OF BEAMS,
(component
. h
Flat plates with \9.5-0.09QC'
t
under bending both edges 18
plane),
gross 19.5-0.03~t
section 19
7.5
SHEAR
IN WEBS,
U nstiffened
fiat webs I fL...-.---..lfI 20
2.4 2.4
gross
7.5 ~=74 13.7-0.084~ ~= 108
section t t t
1.4 2.4 ~=149

o.=o,/'\/I'1"J.fIO,.'O.,,-
~--______~____~~______________L-~~~__~~~~__~____~~__~~~~~~-J23
WHITE BARS apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld. SHADED BARS I apply within 1.0 in. of a weld.
Type of Stress Spec. Allowable Stress,
Type of Member or Component
No. ksi Table 3.3.11
TENSION. axial, Allowable Stresses for
Any tension· member: 1 18 6,5
net section BUILDING and Similar
Type Structures
shapes bent about strong axis -I-[}-I ~ 2 18 6;5
TENSION IN Alclad 3004-H16
BEAMS,
extreme fiber,
Round or oval tubes -o-{)o- 3 21 Sheet
net section Rectangular bars, plates,
shapes bent about weak axis I - I--t
4 24 8:5,
On rivets and bolts

5 27 11.5
BEARING
On flat surfaces and pins 6 18 7.5,

Limit, 8, Limit, S~
Slenderness .:::;; S I Between S 1 and S, Slenderness ~ 52
COMPRESSION
IN COLUMNS,
14.5
L
-=9.6 15.5-0.I04~r ~= 100
51,000
r r (L/r)'
All columns
axial, gross 7 L "','
16.5 !:;"87 lS.s.,O;l~ -=,100
51,01/0
section '~'
" ". / r , .• ,T , r
'.' (Llr)'
••
Outstanding i
-I b f---1 b f---1 b
8
14.5
b
-= 5.8
I
18.5-0.#
I
b
-= 18
I
1,970
(b/I)'
flanges and legs
I IT "
"
,6;5 ,
!!.··*'~7
t
.<. b
18.5-1!~69j • .... ,!!.•. ;"'18
t .'; I
' 1,970
',' '. (bit)', .• .>3
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
Flat plates with f-!'-1 14.5
b
-= 18 18.5-0.2i!
I
~=43 390
(bfi)
OF COLUMNS,
both edges
supported H r\1r 9
6:5
I
6.5
., b
I
1 390
......
gross ....jbi- '.
.' .,' 7=60 • (bit),
section 3,200
17.7-0.72~7
Curved plates R R
14.5
~Ocp
(=20 -= 229
supported on both I (R/I) (I + vRJi/35)2
edges, walls of 10 3,200
,.
I -
6;5 l!";io ./",.".
l! ;",~io
round or oval tubes
.. 7·2;O·2iV? . ' t . ". ; (RJt)(l + valil3s)!..: .
.
,
L" L" L" 120 87,000

Single web beams 16 -=23 18.3-0.102- -=
bent about strong
axis
-I-T-E- 11 ,
6.5
r,
...•..•........
r, r,
~=l1fi.
IL,,/r,)2
87,000,
'.
' .. "
-:- ;6;5.. ..... ••
T, '.' (L.IT,)"
,
18 ~=46 R"= 116

-
Same as Specifica-
~
I 31.5-2.0/ff;- I tion No. 10
Round or oval tubes 12 8" •.... ~am:e.... SpeciIica-
COMPRESSION
lz.tW.6lV~ ~;'~06
'.'
8 7.,,:,62. 1 tionNo.10· . .
IN BEAMS, . ;'. "i,
•• t. .....
extreme 11,400
fiber, gross '-H- 20 !!.~~=
I d
16 29.2.0.57/ d
dl" !!.~~=
I d
34
(d/I)2(L./d)
Solid rectangular
section
beams -I:J 13
; •.. 8.5 .... ,:-,,-:-->./. 8~, ...• 1 t!:~b'7~~
t d
. .,:' n,400 .
(dlt)2(~4cf}·:· .
, :'
24,000
. . 196~L.S,
L.S" LISe
16 -=138 18 3-0 -=3910
Rectangular tubes
6:5
..
/,
L,S,;",
I,
. . '7-'.;.
3riJ.l. .1~.3-0.196VL;:~ .
/, /,
L.s.:,.; 3910
1•...
.
1.<
~
(L,S,/I,)
24,000
COMPRESSION b-; r- -I I-b 16

b b b
-= I3
146
Outstanding r- (= 7.2 21.9-0.82( (bfi)
I [
IN COMPONENTS b-j I
flanges 15 b. .... .' 146
OF BEAMS, r\.J 6.5. --- 6:5· .' . (=22 .•... I (bIt) '.
(component
b 470
Flat plates with -jbl--jbr
Trv
under uniform 16 Q.= 23 21.9-0.2# -=43
I I I (b/I)
compression), both edges 16 470
gross section supported 6.5 .::- , .....•. :6.5 ~=72
t
,
(bit)
...
Flat plates with b ~= 23 4,900

COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS,
compression edge
free, tension
edge supported
-L£R=* 17
....
20
8.5 '•.
- = II
I
::-:-- .... '

29.2-0.8#
8.5
I I
!!.=24
t
.'
(b/I),
4,!)IIO
(bit)' .:
1,290
(component Flat plates with \- 20 . '2 = 56 29.2-0.165'2 '2=88
under bending
in own
plane),
both edges
supported
Flat plates with
II ~ 18
"
8:5
I
--- , .8.5
I
.'
h
I
11:= 152 ..
Th0
1;290
(hIt)
3,000
.
El~]:·d'
gross 20 '2= 128 29.2-0.072'2 '2= 204
section
19 I I I Th0
both edges ..... '
8.5
h 3,000
supported U -,,--'
'.' . .,: 't",350 ,< (hit)
h 39,000
10.5 -= 38 14.6-0.IO<t '2=90
I f fI
U nstiffened I I I (h/t)'
20
SHEAR
IN WEBS,
flat webs
3.9 ';'::-'::- ',.'. . f·
' ".
3.9 "
,h ...
"iF 100 .·.1
39,000
,(hit)' ... .
gross 53,000
section Stiffened flat webs 1=[fiO
~ }, 21
10.5 ~=64
I
20.I-O.15~
I
~=90
I (a,/I)'
0.j.;I+O.7(01/02)~
53,000
24
0." 3.9 .-":'';' ... I' .. .
3:9 ,
7=1l7 •• (0 iN
WHITE BARS 1apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld. ISHAJ)E~BARSI apply within 1.0 in. of a weld,
Type of Stress Type of Member or Component Table 3.3.12
No. ksi
TENSION, axial,
net section
Any tension member:
1 14.5 6.5 BUILDING and Similar
Type Structures
shapes bent about strong axis -I -[]-l' V'\- 2 14.5 Alclad 3004 - H34
TENSION IN
BEAMS,
Round or oval tubes -o-(}o- 3 17
Sheet
extreme fiber,
net section
shapes bent about weak axis
I -I-i
4 19 8.5
On rivets and bolts

5 23 1~.5
BEARING
On flat surfaces and pins 6 15 7.5
Allowable Stress, ksi Allowable Stress,
Slenderness ksi
Limit, SI Limit, S2
Between S I and S2 Slenderness 2 S2
COMPRESSION
IN COLUMNS,
12.3-0.074~ ~= 112
All columns r r
axial, gross 7
section U;;J:.O.O,l'
,'," r:
b
Outstanding 11.5 -= 6.5
flanges and legs 8 I
6.5 !!7" 17
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
Flat plates with ~ 11.5
OF COLUMNS,
gross
section
both edges
supported H 9
,6.5
Curved plates R
11.5 -=25
supported on both I
edges, walls of
round or oval tubes 6.5
Single web beams 12.5
bent about strong
axis
-I-r-E- 11
6.5
15
COMPRESSION SBlJie 'as' .Speeilka,
8
IN BEAMS, lion No, 10
extreme
11,400
fiber, gross
Solid rectangular
1-11- 17
(d/t)2(L,/d)
-I~ 13
section
beams
8.5
12.5
Rectangular tubes
6.5
COMPRESSION b--j r -I I-b 12.5

IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS,
(component
Outstanding
flanges
I [~ 15
6,5 --;;.;
under uniform Flat plates with 12.5 '!.= 27

I
gross section supported 6.5
compression edge 17
COMPRESSION
free, tension 17
IN COMPONENTS 8.5
edge supported
OF BEAMS,
(component Flat plates with 17 !!.=
I
53
plane),
gross 17
section 19
8,5 8.5
h
8.5 -=42 11.8-0.07¢
U nstiffened I I
SHEAR flat webs
20
3.9 3,9
IN WEBS,
gross
section Stiffened flat webs
[[IIE4tJtr' 21
8.5 ~=71
I
16.2-0.108':<:
I
L-____________~______
a._=~y'~~':~~~'~.~~c.~-
~---,.....
____________ _L____L_~3_9_.~__~______~__~_3_9
____~~~~____~~__~~____ __J25
WHITE BARS apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld. SHADED' BARS apply within 1.0 in. of a weld.
Sp..,. Allowable Stress,
No. ksi
Table 3.3.13
TENSION. axial.
net section
Any tension member: 1 10.5 ;/~: ~,l BUILDING and Similar
Type Structures
2 C{~.~i
-I-[}-}' ~ 5005-814
'., ~c!
10.5
shapes bent about strong axis
TENSION IN
BEAMS.
-o-(}o- 3 Sheet and Plate
f~'
extreme fiber.
~~~<0
shapes bent about weak axis I -1--1
4 13.5
c~:;~:
On rivets and bolts
S 15
BEARING
Allowable Stress. Allowable Stress, ksi Allowable Stress,

Limit, S, Umit. S,
Slenderness ::.; S 1 Between 5, and 5, Slenderness '" S.
COMPRESSION 51,000
..
8.5 !::. = 2.3 8.6-0.043!::. !::.= 133
IN COLUMNS. r r r (Llr)'
All columns 7 b' . .... ... , •... L' "',£c
axial, gross
section
>:/4.~ < ....... ~=·lO2
r .'.
"S,to:oo; ' .E.,r ... OJ" c;'- ;
,-,.,\,
',,(5.,000
·'(L/r;,.,·
1O.2-0.28~ b 1,970
Outstanding -jbl- -j b I- -jbi 8.5 ~= 6.1 I
-=24
I (bll)'
8 I
...
flanges and legs
I IT c>{.~;q .
b ..
-;:=21
••..• b·
JO.2-0.28,
'. /. !~i{'
t
't'~i .i
. ; (b/t)' •... ;.
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
Flat plates with f--Lj 8.5 ~= 19 1O.2-0.08~I ~= 58 290
I (bll)
OF COLUMNS.
gross
both edges
supported H rYY- -ib\-
9
4;2
I
,,''';'''--
. '.' '·'i' 4.2..• ,;
b.' ·t;· .. ".;
i<=~i •.. ~ .• >
.. 2,0 ..•.
;'(blt»
,{;<
"
section 3,200
9.9-0.34~7
Curved plates R
!i= 17
~Ocp
8.5 -=400
supported on both t I (RII) (I + VRII/35)'
10
l~810~i·.•• 3,200. . .
edges. walls of
round or oval tubes 4.2 !!t = 6.7 4.5.0;iI6~R
. ' . t .. (JI/t)(1:tVJ(lt/35»
Single web beams 9 ~=29 1O.2.0.042~ ~=I60
87,000
bent about strong
axis
-I-r'E- 11
4.2'
ry
~=143 .. lO.2-0:iJ42~'
r,
.';-,
r,
~;';i~
(L.lr.)'
87,000 ,.
Ty Ty Tu" (L.tT.), •.
17.7-0.93~~
R.
10.5 ~=60 - = 175 Same as Specifica·
~
I I tion No. 10
Round or oval tubes 12 ...... '~R. Sao;., ... Specllica:;
COMPRESSION
~=88 . 8.0-0.32:- ' !!t=290
IN BEAMS.
extreme
..... '. 5 t .... . . . t ". t· tion No. 'to
.;'
7~~= 17 . 23'!.~~
11,400
fiber. gross
Solid rectangular
'-H- 12 0-0
16. I d td /d=47
,
(dll)'(L.ld)
13
section
beams
-I=t 5.5 ---
.
5:5
~~~=46
11.400
(dlt)'(L./d)
24.000
9 L.S, = 219 1O.2_0.081~L"s, L.S,. = 6910
Rectangular tubes
, 4.2
I,
L,S'=i'5491i
1.
lo.2-0.081l;:e
I, I,
L.Se ";~10
I.. ,. . '
(L"s,II,)
24.000
(L.SeII.)
"
COMPRESSION b-j r -I I-b 9
b
-=9.4 12.1.0.33~ ~= 18
109
Outstanding (bll)
I [ /\....r
b-U- I t I
IN COMPONENTS
flanges 15 109
OF BEAMS.
(component
4.2 --- 4.2 !!.=16
t . (Wi
under uniform Flat plates with --1 b I---j b r-- 9 !:= 30 12.1-0. 105~ !:= 58
350
compression).
gross section
both edges
supported
Flat plates with

Trv 16
.'
,..i
'I
--- . !., ..... 4~2

I I
b
-=83
t .'.
(bll)
3SO
(bit) .
16.0-0.35~ ~=31 4,900
-t-:-~IR=t
12 !:= II
compression edge I I I (bll)'
COMPRESSION 17 4,900
IN COMPONENTS
free. tension
I 5.5 --- S.s .'.
!!..; :Jo ,;
OF BEAMS.
edge supported .... '; t (bIt)!
950
(component Flat plates with \- 12 !!.=60 16.0-0.067!!. !!.= 119
11 ~ 18 I t I (hll)
Ir1
,
.9SO'
!!.=173
in own
plane).
supported
Flat plates with

.. . S.S
.i i.e
5.5
t .,,':' . {hit) .
16.0-0.02~I
gross 2.200
section
horizontal stiffener.
both edges
]:'d. 19
12 !!.= 138
I
!!.= 280
I (hll)
2,200
,
supported
5.5 '.. : ..... i 5,5 !!.t,·
. ,;; 400
,. .. (hIt)
39,000
6 !!.=49 8.2.0.045!!. !!.= 119
SHEAR
IN WEBS.
U nstiffened
flat webs I { tI 20
2.4
t
.~~
.'
2.4
I
':.'
t
~-=I17
t " . . < 39.000
(hIt),
(hll)'
.
gross 53,000
section St1ffened flat webs 1=ttfiJt::fi
~ }. 21
6 '!.'.= 83
I
11.2-0.063'!.'.
I
'!.'.= 119
I (aell )'
53,000
Oe" 0.j..;1 + 0.7(0,/0 2)2 . 2.4 "'~.'i 2.4. .<. ~<= 149 : .
26 I; '. t . ..•. (am
WHITE BARS apply to non welded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld. ISII.wEI)B~.1 apply within 1.0 in. of a weld.
No. ksi
TENSION, axial, BUILDING and Similar
Any tension member:
net section 1 12
Type Structures
2 12 5050-H34
TENSION IN
BEAMS, Round or oval tubes 3 Sheet
14
extreme fiber.
shapes bent about weak axis 4 16
On rivets and bolts

5 19
BEARING
On flat surfaces and pins 6
Allowable Stress,
Slenderness
ksi
Limit, S.
COMPRESSION
IN COLUMNS.
All columns
axial. gross
section
Outstanding -ibl---Ibl---Ibi
flanges and legs
I I-t-J
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
Flat plates with f-Ll
OF COLUMNS,
both edges
supported H r\1r
gross --lbl-
section
Curved plates
~Ocp
supported on both
edges. walls of
round or oval tubes
Single web beams

bent about strong
axis
-I-i-E-
COMPRESSION
IN BEAMS,
Round or oval tubes
~ 12
extreme
fiber, gross '---H-
Solid rectangular
-I~ 13
section
beams
Rectangular tubes
COMPRESSION b--j r -I I-b

Outstanding b-l I-
IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS,
<(component
flanges
I [ /\J
15
under uniform Flat plates with -jbl--jbi-
compression),
gross section
both edges
supported Trv- 16
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS.
-LfR4 17
(component
under bending
in own I} ~ \-
18
EI 1J:.
plane).
gross d
section •
SHEAR
IN WEBS.
<
U nstiffened
flat webs I {
gross
section
WHITE BARS apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than LO in. from a weld. ISIIAl?~,~~1 apply within 1.0 in. of a weld.
Spec, Allowable Stress, Table 3.3.15
No. ksi
TENSION, axial,
net section
Any tension member:
1 16 ;i:i
;,;:
Type Structures
~
shapes bent about strong axis -I -[}-I V'\- 2 16 5052-H34
TENSION IN
Sheet and Plate
BEAMS,
extreme fiber,
Round or oval tubes -0-00- 3 18 ;~i~;;:! Rolled Rod and Bar
net sectiol) Rectangular bars, plates.
I Drawn Tube
shapes bent about weak axis - I---I 4 20 i~:;'
"~'ii,
?l~~~;
On rivets and boils
5 27
BEARING
On flal surfaces and pins 6 18
;I
.ksi, Slenderness ksi
Limit, S, Limit, S~
Slenderness::; 8 1 Between S I and S, Slenderness ~ S,
COMPRESSION 52,000
IN COLUMNS,
13 !:, = \3 14.2-0'<l91~, ~=
, 104
(Llr)'
All columns
7 ",,! .r"
I~l';;:
:';
',~i~,!"
axial, gross 52,000
LI04
section
13
'I'
b
-=6.7 17.0-0.~I
'> T'
~=
""'I
19
,<":c" (LIT)"
1.980
it;,'"
Outstanding -jb/- -I b /- -Ibr I
8 (btt)'
flanges and legs
I IT I:;',··,·." ."i,,;,,' r:,~~}S:,i~' ;,,!i'c/'/(,!;:'
1'7~~O:~,!
'>." -=
li'·/
19 .•
t , ",
'~r : 1,9IlO·'.
(bit),
h~;;
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
Flat plates with f-!!-.j 13 ~=21 17.0-0.19~ ~=45
380
I (bll)
H r\1.r "v;:;ll;.,t'8'~~ ",),,;,",;, ' ~:~~

both edges 9 I
. ",; /(:):;;~;
OF COLUMNS, r',) '.:;,;'
gross
supported
-hI- ,<;;,:~,:." '_:,:;":':,;",,; 5.
section 3,200
Curved plates 13 16.3-0.64~~
'!..= 27
R
-=250
supported on both
edges, walls of
round or oval tubes
r00c$ 10
';i!::/i;~:,.c"
I I
I;ft~~ . . <; h;,;,',;.: .tiL ,:., ' ,~";;'466
,
(RII) (I + VRii/35)'
3,2!10 .'.'
i~~:rk" •·.. r-::;~;~·,':it;,;; 't",'", ", .'. <BltXt i'v1iii/3S-,.;C,
"jc
Single web beams 14.5 ~=26 Lb
16.8-0.089-
Lb
- = 125
88,000
bent abOut strong
axis
-I-r-E- 11
I~<~/II .':/,'. ,'•.,t:• .~•.99··•···> ,. \,~6c~0,~
. ',;.-r,,,:'
'Y '.
... 1:;,;,,'"':'. "'
==1%5 .;......', .
(Lb/r,)'
88;000 ." /
r",,·.· ' •... (Li/rv)', '.
17
Rb
28.9-1.79~~ ~=120 Same as Specifica-
~
-=44
I I tion No. 10
12
Ib;);;:~;':c('.':~, !*~~rZ;
Round or oval tubes
i,,,:; ,~;G Ic;".""'tit" . . . . '.,".", s~asS~fic",
~.~~81; ."'"
COMPRESSION
IN BEAMS, ''C,'' tlODJi,tO;.~~ ':;>':'~
extreme
~~~= ~~~=36 11,500
fiber, gross '--11-- 19 16 26 . 7-0 . 4rj!.~~
I d (dll)'(Lbld)
Solid rectangular I d I d
section
beams
-I:l 13
1{~.;:!::1~i.i2~ ';.! ~Jt.~~
I.d:.:, ,t :d'; 'r~~:d~
"?6.i,0.1~~~;;··:. ." ",,i •. ......:. (d/t)'(L,Jd)
,., It,500'C: i<
24,000
. . 172~L.s,
L,S, = 179 16 8-0 L.s, = 4220
14.5
Rectangular tubes
/.
t-i;·~:~i0,~!::,:,.~,';i. " , ~:~~~;;' i:t6;t!l;.~:~Vl!,;::,

",:;',", ..
/.
j
/.
LbS~ '~' 4220

1..; "
..
(LbS,I/.)
. 24,000
'(Lb~,II.) ..
COMPRESSION b-j I- -I I-b 14.5 ~= 7.9 b
20.1-0.71- ~= 14
141
Outstanding b-j I-
I
(bll)
[
I I
IN COMPONENTS 15
r::::';,,~;;·"i:~c:>' .1-':"'
.....
flanges
OF BEAMS,
(component
I\....r '>:' I , ;.>;:, .',. £dJ8
t .'. .';;'
141
(bit) .',
under uniform Flat plates with -ibl--jbi- 450
14.5 !'.= 25 20.I-O.22!'. !'.= 45
compression),
gross section
both edges
supported
Flat plates with

TI\.J 16
i'" II;,' .. ;i'
I
.·.-:--:-':"i ." .'"

,
. 8//
I
.'
b
I
-.=56
"
.'.
'.'; . (bJi)
(bll)
.450
't
:
~= 26.7-0.75~ ~= 24 5,000
-L~fR=t
compression edge 19 10
I t I (bll)'
COMPRESSION 17 ",..' 'b
IN COMPONENTS
free, tension
io '. '!!~:i2 •. ~r7'0,"1~.
b" . '
7'7;24
. 5,000
,
edge supported I .. , '0: 1 (b{i)!'" "
OF BEAMS,
~= 53 26. 7-0.144~
1,240
(component
under bending
in own
Flat plates with
both edges
supported I} ~ \..
18
1:;,
19
10
I
--- ... I··· ./ 10'

I
.:,
!'.= 93
I
'II' '
7 = 12.4 ii.
(hll)
1,240
(hit> ...
",
tl1]:d'
plane), "
gross
horizontal stiffener, 19 !'.= 124 26.7-0.062!'. ~= 214 (hjt)
I I I
section
both edges 19 I.J'. ......
supported 10 . '.
,
1
C;. : ;:
~;;, 29tl .'
2,900
(hit). "
."
t
39,000
9 !'.= 42 12.7-0.088!'. !'.=96
SHEAR
IN WEBS,
U nstiffened
flat webs I { tI 20
1 i~;S
..... I
--- .)
1/•... ;,).5: . . .
I
,
h
t
.7",,93 ;. 1 i"
(hit)'
39,000
(hit), ..
gross 54,000
section Stiffened flat webs 1=[ f~i n}. 21
9 '!!=70
I
17.5-0.12I'!!
I
'!! = 96
I (a,It)'
28
ae" a,;VI+ o.7(a,/0 2)! ", .4.5 .... --- 1;>:4,5 , ~=ilO
t
i
i . . .•.•.
54,000
(QJi5i ....
••
WHITE BARS apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld. ~H~ED l'~d apply within 1.0 in. of a weld.
Type of Stress Type of Member or Com(lonent
No. ksi
TENSION, axial,
Any tension member:
1 14.5 lis BUILDING and Similar
net section
Type Structures
shapes bent about strong axis -l -[J- I V"\- 2 14.5 12$ 5083-H111
TENSION IN
BEAMS, Extrusions
extreme fiber,
Round or oval tubes -0-00- 3 17
net section Rectangular bars, plates.
On rivets and bolts

5 23
BEARING

Slenderness ksi
Limit, 8, Limit, Sa
Between S 1 and S 2 Slenderness 2:: 52
COMPRESSION
IN COLUMNS,
12.3-0.073~r
All columns
axial, gross
section
Outstanding -jbl---Ibl---Ibi
flanges and legs
I IT
COMPRESSION
Flat plates with f-!!--j
IN COMPONENTS
OF COLUMNS,
gross
both edges
supported H r\lr
-hI-
section
Curved plates
~bCP
supported on both
edges, walls of
round or oval tubes
Single web beams

bent about strong
axis
-I-i-E- 11
COMPRESSION
IN BEAMS,
Round or oval tubes
~ 12
extreme
fiber, gross I-jf-
Sol id rectangular
section
beams
-EE
Rectangular tubes
and box sections -0-
Outstanding I-
I [ I"""\....r
IN COMPONENTS b-j
flanges
OF BEAMS.
(component
under uniform -jbl--jb/-
Trv
Flat plates with
compression), both edges
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
U=R=}
OF BEAMS,
(component
under bending
in own
plane),
I} ~ \-
gross
section tiiJ;,d'
SHEAR
IN WEBS,
U nstiffened
flat webs I
gross
section
WHITE BARS apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld. 1~14J)EJ)B~.1 apply within 1.0 in. of a weld.
Spe<. Allowable Stress, Table 3.3~17
No. ks!
TENSiON, axial,
net section
Any tension member:
1 19 ,~~ BUILDING and Similar
; ,~,;
Type Structures
shapes bent about strong axis -I -[}- 'f :v-\- 2 19 5083-9321
TENSiON IN
BEAMS, Round or oval tubes -o-(}O- 3 22
Sheet .and Plate
extreme fiber,
net section
(Thickness - 0.188
to 1.500 in.)
On rivets and bolts 5 32

BEARING

Limit, SI Limit, S,
Slenderness S S 1 Between SI and S. Slenderness ~ S,
COMPRESSION L
-= 101
IN COLUMNS,
All columns ~".",
axial, gross ",0" ",..,:,.
section "7 ";)oJ,;/;;;,; 1;;)',,:;;;';:,;

Outstanding
flanges and legs
COMPRESSION
Flat plates with
IN COMPONENTS
both edges
OF COLUMNS,
supported
gross
section
Curved plates
supported on both
edges, walls of
round or oval tubes
Single web beams

bent about strong
axis
Round or oval tubes

COMPRESSION
IN BEAMS,
extreme
fiber, gross
Solid rectangular
'-11-
section
beams -I:l
Rectangular tubes
COMPRESSION b--j I- -I I-b b

21.9-0.81/
IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS,
(component
Outstanding
flanges
I [~ 15
~1.,.~;81!!;",.:<
,;,:."d '
", ~
.j
gross
section
U nstiffened
SHEAR flat webs
IN WEBS,
gross
section
WHITE BARS apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld. 1'~~R~~::~~:il apply within 1.0 in. of a ,weld.
Type of Stres<i Type of Member or Component Spec. Allowable Stress, Table 3.3.18
No. ks;
TENSION. axial. BUILDING and Similar
Any tension member:
net section 1 12.5 11
Type Structures
shapes bent about strong axis -I -[} 'f :v\- 2 12.5 5086-Hll1
TENSION IN
BEAMS. Extrusions
extreme fiber.
net section
Rectangular bars. plates,
shapes bent about weak axis I - 1--1
4 17
On rivets and bolts

S 21
BEARING
On flat surfaces and pins 6 13.5

ksi, Slenderness ks;
Limit, S, Limit, Sl
Slenderness S S Between S, and S, Slenderness 2: S 2
COMPRESSION
IN COLUMNS. 10 1O.5-0.057!:: !::= 123
All columns r r
axial, gross 7
section
Outstanding -jbl--l b I- -lbi

8
ftanges and legs
I IT
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
Flat plates with f-----!1-.1
r\1r 9
OF COLUMNS.
gross
section
both edges
supported H -hI-
Curved plates
~0CP
supported on both
edges. walls of 10
round or oval tubes
Single web beams

bent about strong
axis
-I-i-E- n
COMPRESSION
IN BEAMS,
extreme
Round or oval tubes
~ 12
12 ~""$4
t
~=1S4
t
fiber. gross
Solid rectangular
I-li- 14 <!~~=43
t d
section
beams -E} 13
!!~~;,
t .d
43
L.S, = 168
Rectangular tubes
Iy
COMPRESSION b-j I- -I I-b

Outstanding
IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS.
(component
flanges
I [ /"'\J b-Jr-
15
under uniform Flat plates with -jbl--jbr-
compression).
gross section
both edges
supported Trv 16
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS U=R=} 17 5,100
(bIt)'
OF BEAMS,
1.070
Il~
(component
(IJi)
under bending
in own
18
plane).
gross
section Ef~]:'d' 19
SHEAR
IN WEBS.
U nstiffened
ftat webs I { [E 20
gross
[[IIE·t:::itr, 21
0.=
31
WHITE BARS apply to non welded members and to welded members at locations farther than I. 0 in. from a weld. tSHAI>~()'B~~1 apply within 1.0 in. of a weld.
Type of Stress Spec. Allowable Stress, Table 3.3.19
Type of Member or. Component
No. ksi
TENSION, axial,
net section
Type Structures
2 21 5086-H34
TENSION IN
BEAMS,
Round or oval tubes 3 24
Sheet and Plate
extreme fiber,
net section
Drawn Tube
On rivets and bolts

5 35
BEARING
On Hat surfaces and pins 6 23
Allowable Stress, AUowable Stress,

Slenderness
ksi, ksi
Limit, S~
Slenderness ::$ S t Slenderness'" S,
f-Lj
90,000
-I-r-E- 11
(L,/ry)'
~.j)oo
(Liil¥y~:
'---H-
-E} 13
Rectangular tubes

IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS,
(component
Outstanding
flanges
I [r0-t 15
under uniform Flot plates with
Flat plates with

compression edge
COMPRESSION
free, tension 17
IN COMPONENTS
edge supported
OF BEAMS,
(component Flat plates with
in own supported
plane),
Flat plates with
gross
section
both edges 19
supported
U nstiffened
SHEAR Hat webs
20
IN WEBS,
[BTtJ~O} 21
gross
section Stiffened Hat webs
32 L-______________L-______a:._=~a~v<~V~~I+~O:.~7~(Q~,~/a~2~)·______________L-__~lJlJlJ~lJ~lJlJlJlJ~lJlJlJlJlJ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
WHITE BARS apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld.
No. ksi
,
TENSION, axial,
Any tension member:
1 115 ~.5
net section
Type Structures
shapes bent about strong axis -I -[}- l' :v\- 2 11.5 9;S 5454-Hlll
TENSION IN
BEAMS,
extreme fiber,
Round or oval tubes -0-0 0 - 3 13.5 U.5
Extrusions
shapes bent about weak axis I - t---I
4 15 U;S
On rivets and bolts

5 18 14.5,
BEARING
On flat surfaces and pins 6 12 9.5

Limit, SI Limit, S~
< S, Between S, and S2 Slenderness 0> S2
COMPRESSION 53,000
IN COLUMNS, 9 !:=4.3 9.2.0.047~ ~= 131
All columns r r r (L/r)'
axial. gross 7
.9.:t-O,04~
'L 53,000
section 9 ~:=4.3 !:= 131 ,
r (Llr)'
Outstanding ...,bl---I b I- --Ibi 9 £=6.1 10.9-0.31£ ~= 24 2,000

I I I (bll)'
8
flanges and legs
I IT <)
b
t ' 6.1 10.9,0.31; ,
b
£=24
t
,,~
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
Flat plates with f--Lj 9 ~=20 1O.9-0.097~ ~= 56
310
I I (bll)
OF COLUMNS,
gross
both edges
supported H r\J.r
...jbi-
9
9 ¥~20 10.9.0.007i
b
I
b
i=56 ",~
section 3,300
R R
1O.7-0.36~~
Curved plates
-= 370
~Ocp
9 -=22
supported on both I I (R/O (l + YR/I/35)2
edges, walls of 10 I 3;300
round or oval tubes 9 ~=74
t • 9,i).0.33~~ ~=410 ,<
t <R/t)(l lif,i/35r
Single web beams
bent about strong
axis
-I-i-E- II 1
9.5
9.5
115
L,
-=30
r,
B-30
r .. -
R,
InQnnA~
~~:..
~i-
~R.
!::.'!.= 157
r,
L"
r;; = 157 :
Same as Specifica-
~'." ',"
~
-=54 18.9-1.01 T &= 159
I I tion No. 10
17.7:0,92~~
COMPRESSION SaiDeas Speeilica-
IN BEAMS,
10.5 &~61 RJ>
T=175 lion No. 10
t
extreme
25<!.~'!;. <!.~'!;.=45
II ,800
fiber, gross
Solid rectangular '-11-- 12.5 <!.~!::.'!.=19
I d
17 . 2-0 . I d I d (dll)'(L,ld)
section 13
beams
-I=:E 12 d~r. ,21 17.;0.z4~~ ~~~'45
11,800
t d
24,000
9.5 L,,5'=247 10 9.0 089~L,,5, L,S, = 6700
Rectangular tubes
9.S
Iy
¥=247
.. I,
ORhhftAn[r;I;. ·.¥~.67oo
. VI.
I, (L,S,/I.)
.~.~
COMPRESSION b-j r -I I-b 9.5 ~=9.4 12.9.0.3~I ~= 18
114
Outstanding b---l I- (bll)
I [
IN COMPONENTS I I
15
~
flanges b
OF BEAMS, /\...J 9.5 ;=9.4 lZ:9.0.~
b b
i=18
(component
360
under uniform Flat plates with -jbf--jbr- 9.5 L30 12.9-0.114£ ~=56
compression),
gross section
both edges
supported
Flat plates with

Trv- 16
9.5
b
I
i,,"30 12.9--0.1147
'b
I I
b
,=56
(b/I)
360
(bji)
5,100
17.2.0.38~ ~= 30
-L.~IR=t
compression edge 12.5 LIZ
(bll)'
COMPRESSION
free, tension 17 I I I
~=30 ~
IN COMPONENTS b b.
edge supported 12 i=14 17.l-.0.~
OF BEAMS,
1,000
(component
under bending
in own
Flat plates with
both edges
supported I} N{ \-
18
12.5 !'.=64
h
I
17.2-0.073!'.
3'ht
I
!'.= 117
I
~=1l7
Wi)
~
r
12 ,=71 .
17.2-0.07
plane),
t-Iat plates with d 2,300
gross
section
both edges
supported
E fJ:' • 19
12.5
12
'l:= 147
I
!!=162
t
17.2-0.032'l:
17.2-0.032i
t
h
'l:= 270
I
h
i=270
(h/I)
.~
40,000
6.5 !'.=48 9.0-0.052!'. !'.= 115
SHEAR
IN WEBS,
U nstiffened
flat webs II I { 20
6
I
h
t=58 . 9.o..0.0S2~
I
~=115
t
(hll)'
~ ~.
gross ~
section
[fITrE4t:::ilf'
Stiffened flat webs 6.5 ~=82 12.4-0.072~ ~= 115
~
~~.
I I I
21
0.= -Iv
a" a".
·O.71~I,u2)2 6 7",89 lZ.4'CI.07Z7 7=llS
33
WHITE BARS apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at Jocations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld. SHADEDUARS I apply within 1.0 in. of a weld.
Type of Stress Type of Member or Component Table 3.3.21
No. ksl
TENSION, axial,
Any tension member:
1 IS
net section
Type Structures
shapes bent about strong axis -I -[J-1' V'\- 2 IS 5454-H34
TENSION IN
Sheet and Plate
BEAMS,
extreme fiber,
Round or oval tubes
-0-00- 3 21
net section
I -1-1
4 23
On rivets and bolts

5 30 14~
BEARING
On ftat suIfaces and pins 6 20 .··?,:S
ksi, Slenderness ksl
Limit, SI Limit, S~
Slenderness $ S I Between S I and S 2 Slenderness ~ S 2
COMPRESSION 53,000
IN COLUMNS,
!::=99
All columns (Llr)'
7
axial, gross
section i,;QQ . . . . . 1<," 53,000
(L/r)"
b b 2,000
15 '!.=5.9 19.3-0.73/ -= IS
Outstanding I (bll)'
8
1({.9;$'; ...·¥L(i~,~ .' /19~O.;~~
Ranges and legs b " ' .... :.. 2,000
.>·t.· t,;.18~ (bit'!
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
Flat plates with f-----L1
OF COLUMNS,
gross
section
both edges
supported H 9
3,300
IS.5-0.75~~
Curved plates R R
15 -=22 -=226
supported on both I I (RII) (I + VRII/35)'
edges, walls of 10 I. .. ' . 3.3®.
round or oval tubes
I... •·· .• '(ltJt1(1 ~ \lR/t/3fo)"•
90,000
Single web beams 19.0-0.1070.
bent about strong
axis
-I-r-E- 1~.O:D.J6b
r. (L.lr,,)'
90,~
", ry ~-:: . (4r.)'
19 ~=43 32.7-2.1O~~ R.
-=111
Same as Specifica-
I I tion No. 10
•...~•.... ~ . •. SpeclOea:.
~,;~.
COMPRESSION
IN BEAMS, " . lis .... ,. ",'. .A~nj..jO,·lO .
extreme
II,SOO
fiber, gross '--H- 21 . . IV10.
304-05rf!- <!. 10. = 34
Solid rectangular d /'1 d (dll)2(L.ld)
section
beams
-I:l 13
3jI.4-0,s~l€t
16 L,S, = 204 19.0-0.21~Lt, L.S, = 3830 24,000
Rectangular tubes
and box sections -0- 14 f.
. ... -'-
~9.0-0;ul;:~ . IJ.-
f.
L.S,~JiiJo
(L,S,lf.)
24,000
, ........,.. (L,Se/I.) ...• ••
COMPRESSION b-j r -I r- b 16
b
-=7.9 22.S-0.Sd!.
152
IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS,
(component
Outstanding
Ranges
I [r0I 15 I I (bll)
(~:)
4S0
.•...::/..
under uniform Flat plates with 16 '!.=42
I (bit)
compression), both edges 16 .480'
gross section supported !!""
t
51
•(b/t)
compression edge
21 30.4-0.~I ~= 22 (bit)'
r .' ..
I
COMPRESSION 17
IN COMPbNENTS
OF BEAMS,
free, tension
edge supported 3Q.4-MO ~Si2.: "...,. S;IOO'
(bit'!.
1,330
(component Flat plates with 21 !!= 54 30.4-0.173!! !!=SS
I I I (hll)
in own supported
h··.· . ···· .
-.t ?1~
:'.
...
..., '.330
(hlt)~'
plane),
Flat plates with
gross
section
both edges 19
supported
40,000
U nstiffened (hll)'
20 40,000
nlo-
SHEAR ftat webs
IN WEBS, ::' .,. (hit'!
1-ftIJ.1::.1:.t'
gross a, a 55,000
.o!· ...
10.5 ---' = 65 20.1-0.148....!: ~=90
section Stiffened flat webs _ ~ . 21 I I I (a,·II),
34 '--_ _ _ _ _-J.._ _ _oe_=_o!.."A..;V_,_+_O._7_(O_"_02_)Z_ _ _ _ _- L_ _L.""-.,.....!i'"-'..."",'",,-

.L ....·,;J,I..;;.:-l.,;;I"""-": ':..;..;,;,j,.-L:.,':'_.""-,,,,-6,"-'",,-,"-,'..i;.':'
.."""-,, ·_'L.':.-.!.*" ,.:=" ,9:i .'~:" ;:' :.:L,.;""-""-;.l:'~~~;~~iji;~'.:. ""'.'(.::...;".,;;J
';:,;,"'..i;.'. ..o
••••
;'
WHITE BARS apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld. IS~RE~.~~~I apply within 1.0 in. of a weld.
No. ksi
TENSION, axial,
Any 'tension member:
1 16 14.5
net section
Type Structures
shapes bent about strong axis -I .[]- 'f V"\- 2 16 14,5 5456-Hl11
TENSION IN
Extrusions
BEAMS,
extreme fiber,
Round or oval tubes -0-00- 3 IS 17
shapes bent about weak axis 4 20 19
On rivets and bolts

5 25
BEARING
On flat surfaces and pins 6 17 IS

Limit, 5, Limit, S'1.
Slenderness:::; S I Between S I and S:.I Slenderness;;::: 52
53,000
COMPRESSION
12 !::~ 13 13,O-0.07S!:: , !::~11O
,
IN COLUMNS, r (LI')'
All columns
axial, gross 7 L L 53,000
section 12 !:~I3 13.0-0.078; -~ 110
T T (LIT)'
Outstanding 12 ~~ 6.5 15.4-0.52~I ~~ 20

(
I
flanges and legs 8
12 ,,,,,,6.5
'b
15,.4-0.52,
b b
1~20
COMPRESSION
Flat plates with 12 !'.~21 b
15.4-0.162,
370
IN COMPONENTS I (bit)
OF COLUMNS,
both edges 9 b b
supported
gross 12 ,=21 15.4-0.162/
Tt!Tk
section 3,300
Curved plates
12 li~ 26 14.9.0.57~7
R
-~ 280
supported on both I I (Rlt) (I + VR1(135) ,
edges, walls of 10 3,300
round or oval tubes 12 !!.~26
t
14.9.0.S7~~ !!.~280
t (Rlt)(1 + VRji/3S)'
Single web beams 13.5 0:. ~ 23 15.3.0.0770:. 0:.~132 90,000

bent about strong
axis
-I-r-E- 11
13.5
"
~~23 15.3-0.077;;-
"
Lb
ry
,t~ 132
(L,lr,)'
90,000
T. (t;;fr;j2
R, R,
26.4-1.58~~
Same as Specifica·
16 -~43 -~ 130
I t tion No. 10
COMPRESSION
IN BEAMS,
16 !!!'=43
t
26.4-1.S8~~ !!!'~ 130
t
Same as Specifica-
tiOIl No. 10
extreme
fiber, gross '-II- 17 24.2.0.42,'1 d
d fL, <!. 10:. ~ 38 11,800
Solid rectangu lar tV d (dlt)'(L,ld)
section
beams
-I:l 13
17 24.2-0.42N~ <!.
tV
it;;, =
d
38 11,800'.
(dlt'f(L,/d)
L,s, ~ 150 15 3.0 147 IL,s, L,S, ~ 4730 24,000

13.5 . , V I.
Rectangular tubes
13.5
4
I,
L,S, ~ ISO Is.io.147 ILr'S,

V.
I,
L,S, ~ 4730
4 .
(L,s,Il,)
24,000
(L-;sJiJ,
13.5 !'.~7.7 18.2.0.61~ ~~15 136
IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS,
(component
Outstanding
flanges
I [rV-F 15
13.5
I
~ ~ 7.7 18.2-0.61~
t I
~ ~ IS
(bit)
.~
under uniform
compression),
Flat plates with
both edges 16
13.5 7~ 24 18.2.0. 192 7 7~ 48
gross section supported l3.5 !? ~ 24 ... ..1> L 48

t t
rlat plates with
compression edge 17 7~ 11 24.2.0.64
7 7~ 25
COMPRESSION
free, tension 17 b b b
IN COMPONENTS 17 , ~ 11 24.2-0.64, , ~ 2S
e<llle su pported
OF BEAMS,
(component Flat plates with h h h 1,190
17 ,~ 59 24.2.0.123-/ ,~98 Thfi)
in own supported ~7 't!:=;,59 24 2-0
• .12:3ih '!:=
t
98 1(1,19
M
plane), ",'
gross
section
Hat plates with
19
17 ~ ~ 136 24.2.0,053~ ~ ~ 227 7.i*
both edges h h h
supported
17 t = 136 24.2-0.053;' t ~ 227 (hit)
h h h 40,000
,~43 ,~97
SHEAR
IN WEBS,
U nstiffened
flat webs I { tI 20
8.5 ~=48
12,7.0.087,
lZ.7-0.0s7~ ~=97
(hll)'
~
gross ...., ... ..... ., ... a a 55 000
Ill. -" ~ 71 '!.:. ~ 97
section Stiffened Hat webs I 11
11
1•.11
I T j"'11
I.L f.,
11 j"'
9
I
17.5.0,120=-:
I I
'
(a,II)'
~__________~______o_••~.~,~~/v~~I~~~~~'U~~'~"::2~1~~W~~_L__W~_-_~~_'~__~_2_1~~_8_.5~__~~~_~_,~s__~_,_~_c___
nl~_~~
t ~~~~'~~,9_7__~__~_~~~____~35 __
WHITE BARS apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld. SHADED BARS I apply within 1.0 in, of a weld.
No. ksi
, Allowable Stresses for
Any tension member: 1 20 c1
net section
Type Structures
shapes bent about strong axis -I -[]- I :.v\- 2 20 5456-H321
TENSION IN
Sheet and Plate
-0-00- ~"
BEAMS,
extreme fiber,
Round or oval tubes 3 23
net section
(Thickness-0.188
Rectangular bars. plates,
to 1.250 in.)
~
On rivets and bolts 5 34 ; i"
BEARING
~j t:i
Limit, SI Limit, S~
Slenderness :s: S I Between S, and S, Slenderness '" S,
Outstanding
flanges and legs 8
COMPRESSION f-Lj 410
Flat plates with
IN COMPONENTS (bll)
OF COLUMNS,
both edges
supported H rYl:r 9 410 .
gross -hI- (bit)'
section
Curved plates
supported on both
edges, walls of 10
round or oval tubes
Single web beams 16 ~=28

bent about strong -1-1-[- n r.
axis
i./.)14~:/ ;~~~~
19
COMPRESSION
IN BEAMS, '; .
extreme
~~~= 16 . . I"VI~d 1~=34 11,800
fiber, gross
Sol id rectangu lar
'--H- 21 304-0 59'!. <!.
I"V d (dll)'(L.ld)
-I=t .. - ,
~:1:1xl~~01~
section
13.: "~.",.'~ ~')'C.4/'f.·d···.·;.

beams
~/Y;;;'34 U,800
' j
i'"•. .'. ·.''..o•..t"Vi
........ t "V.d' ... ; . (d!t)"([;.,jlil>
L,s, = 204 L,s,. = 3830 24,000
16
Rectangular tubes
and box sections -0- 14 .; ..
i·i ...
14$
f. f,
Lt2~~
I.; . . . I '.'
(L,s,lf,)
24,00\).
;(4$.;/1.),
b 152
COMPRESSION 16 -= 13
Outstanding I .. (bit)
IN COMPONENTS
flanges 15 152 ; .;
OF BEAMS,
(component
'1~;~ .
'!!=13
t' . ' ( b J j ) ' "......
under uniform Flat plates with 16
b
- = 25 22.8-0.27~ ~=42 480
(bll)
0~}3i;i.i
I I
gross section supported 16 i>14.5.,.;;
; .;.;!".,;
2~!!r°'~i .
, b
't""42 :. ....~ . •:./it;j
compression edge 21
(bll)'
COMPRESSION 17 .' . .'.
IN COMPONENTS
free, tension
I' 19.' ,.
5;100
(bit)" : .'.;
OF BEAMS,
edge supported '.
(component Flat plates with 21 30.4-0.173~ ~=88 1,330
(hji)
. I I
under bending both edges 18 :ii··h
in own supported 19. ..
- 8li,. .'
3OA.O.I?=) .. ". .. ' !!t-; 1,330
.
.
plane), I (/.lt)
Flat plates with
gross 21 ~=203 3,100
horizontal stiffener. I (hji)
section 19
~";'203
both edges i.
3,100
supported t . .. 7iJi) ....... ;
~= 86 40,000
SHEAR
IN WEBS,
U nstiffened
flat webs I { }I 20
11.5
9
I
!!",,86
t
(hll)'
:40,000
(hlt)~
....
.......
gross
section Stiffened flat webs r=B TtEO} 11.5 ~ = 63 22.7.0.177~ ~ = 86
55,000
(a,ltl:
~_____o._:_a~,;<~V_I_+_O_.7_(O_'/_O_2)_2 ~ 2_1~~~9~~.~:. <~~,¥~t~~""~:n:~.~·.;:~,~·~;~22_1~~~:1_V_7~1:~._. .~;~~~t~.~_,86~·__~~~~~~~~~

'.;
36L-____________ __________ __ .... 55,000
~/tl;
WHITE BARS I apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld. I S~DEDB;,\RSI apply within 1.0 in. of a weld.
Type of Stress Type of Member or Component' Spec. Allowable Stress, Table 3.3.24
No. ksi
Any tension member:
net section 1 25
Type Structures
shapes bent about strong axis -I -[}- I =\;A 2 25 5456-H343
TENSION IN
BEAMS,
extreme fiber,
Round or oval tubes -0-0 0 - 3 29
Sheet
On rivets and bolts

5 42
BEARING
Allowable Stress,
Slenderness
ksi
Limit, SI
COMPRESSION
IN COLUMNS,
All columns
axial, gross 7
section
Outstanding
flanges and legs 8
COMPRESSION
Flat plates with
IN COMPONENTS
OF COLUMNS,
both edges 9
supported
gross
section
Curved plates
supported on both
edges, walls of 10
round or oval tubes
Single web beams

bent about strong
axis
-I-r-E- 11
COMPRESSION
IN BEAMS,
extreme
fiber, gross '-II---
Solid rectangular
-I~ 13
section
beams
Rectangular tubes
COMPRESSION b-j r- -I I-b

IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS,
(component
Outstanding
flanges
I [rJt 15

COMPRESSION 17
IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS,
(component
under bending 18
in own
plane),
gross
section 19
U nstiffened
SHEAR flat webs 20
IN WEBS,
gross
~---=~...I--'-L.L...-.LJ -'- 21
~::::::::::~__~________a._._a~';(~V_'_+_O_._7_(a_,_/_a2~)_2______________L-____L-__~9______~__________~~____~~::::~::::~--~------~~------~37
WHITE BARS apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld. Is""m;:J)BAR~1 apply within 1.0 in. of a weld.
Type of Stress Type of Member or Component Spec.
No.
Allowable Stress, Table 3.3.25
ksi
TENSION, axial,
net section
Any tension member: 1 19 ~10 BUILDING and Similar
<
Type Structures
shapes bent about strong axis -i -[]- 'f =\A 2 19 6061-T6, -T651, -T6510,
TENSION IN
-T6511
BEAMS,
extreme fiber,
Round or oval tubes -0-00- 3 24 13.50
net section Extrusions, Sheet and
shapes bent about weak axis I - I--f 4 28 160 Plate, Standard Structural
-:c
Shapes, Rolled Rod and Bar
On rivets and bolts 5 Drawn Tube, Pipe
34 18<ll
BEARING
On flat surfaces and pins 6 23 1~®

Limit, SI Limit, S2
Slenderness ::;; S I Between S I and S2 Slenderness ~ S2
COMPRESSION 51,000
IN COLUMNS,
19 ~=9.5 20.2-0.12~r ~=66
(Llr)'
All columns r r
axial. gross 7 .> ,
section 12® .. --- 12® ~=6S(j) 51,000
r (Llr),:
Outstanding i
-lbl--1 b l--1 b
8
19
b
-= 5.2
I
b
23.1-0.79t ~= 12
1,970
(bll)'
flanges and legs
I IT ...... 12®
...
1,l2® ~t. ~· l3@. . I·,·
1,970
(bit),: ....
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
Flat plates with f--!!-1 19 ~= 16 23.1-0.25~I ~= 33 490
(bll)
~ 9 I
H
both edges I
OF COLUMNS, ... I. 490
gross
supported
-hI- . '. . ' 12(j) --- .. ' 12<ll £=41<ll
t ... (bit) ,
section R 3.200
Curved plates /R R
19
~Ocp
, = 16 22.2-0.80\1, -= 141
supported on both I (RII) (I + VRiI/35)'
edges, walls of 10 ..
round or oval tubes
Single web beams

12(j)
. .. •• !!=9.0<ll
L"
t ..... 13;~0~~~
L,
!;'290
t
L,
..... (R/t)(l+
3,200
Viiii/3s)':
87,000
21 -=23 23.9-0.124- -=79
bent about strong
axis
-I-r-E- 11
I, 120
.
rll
---
ry
12(j)
r,
~=85<;1
(L,lr,)'
87,000 ...
rJ (L,lry)'
R, R, Same as Specifica-
25
l't -=81
~
(=28 39.3-2.7 I tion No. 10
COMPRESSION
IN BEAMS,
14(j) ~=SI<ll
t 23.9.t;39li: !!!=
t
137
Same as Spmflca-:
liOn No. 10 <>
extreme 11,400
fiber, gross
Solid rectangular
'-il- 28
td ld=
' 13 40.5-0.937~~ <!'~0.=
I d
29 (dlr),(Lbld)
13
section
beams
-I=r '
16m
....
,d~iJ
1;'26<ll
....• '
dl
4O,5.0.9~ (j'
: ...:... ..
~~'§·';'
t d
•• 29
11,400
(dlt)'(L,Jd)
...
L,Se 24,000
21 L,Se = 146
23.9-0.24l;~e -=1700
Rectangular tubes
t2(j) ... ;
I.
U(j)
.: ..
I,
L oSe.".2000<ll
I. .
(L,Sdl,)
24,000
(L,SclI.r ...'>
..•.....
COMPRESSION b-j r -I I-b 21 ~= 68 27.3-0.93~

b
-= 10
182
Outstanding I- I . r (bll)
I
b-j
IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS.
(component
flanges [ /\..J
15
:.
. tZ eD ..... .
12<D
I
b.····
,"'~<ll .. ' :.
18Z
(bit) i' . . , :
Flat plates with --jbl--jbl- ~= 22 27.3-0.29~ ~= 33 580
Trv
under uniform 21
I r r Tbii)
compression), 16 .....
gross section
both edges
supported 1 .. <J2(i) I· ·....12(j) L_
t :.
580
_(bfi) .>• <;
Flat plates with
~=89 40.5-1.41~ ~= 4,900
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
compression edge
free, tension
edge supported
-L:fR=f 17
li'.I~\D'i ......'
28 I
b'
.
,.",,~7<ll 1 40.5-1.41, .....

I
b
I
£=1'.)
t
19
... ,
(bll)'
4,900
. (ijffli .,>
11 rw:
OF BEAMS,
1,520
(component Flat plates with 28 !'.=46 40.5-0.27!'. ~= 75
I !hll)
under bending both edges 18 .:>
I
I ....
•........·,l~:<D·>ii.· I;· '" 1,520
in own supported .. r)<16(j). . ~=9~$ < ... .. (hit) .i<
El i }:'d'
.
plane),
gross
28 !'.= 107 4O.5-0.117!'. ~= 173
(hit)
I I
section 19 I ...
both edges
supported
1·· .... :.l~<1>.:..; . . <-:i:"'-:< > 16$> ....... h
,"" ~~(i) •• I......
3,500
0Jii . \.'
."
39,000
12 !'.= 36 15.6-0.o<¢ !'.=65
SHEAR
IN WEBS,
U nstiffened
ftat webs I f 11 20
t···;;::·f~~i}<,!. 1·,-;-;.. ...•..•. . .~ <
. .. '.,.
i.' ~i
I
.. ::' ~"i'72«>i
.1.
1
Ii i
(hll)',
39,000
(hit)': c, •
Iii
gross
section Stiffened flat webs r=ruO}. ~
21 I·
12 ---
I.:...:....::.. ...........:.• • 1> ......
12
,.
~=66
I
53,000
(a.II)'
;";.+
0,= 0 1 O.7(0,/oz)! <7~~~/; .tem .•• ¥-;'~
53,0lIl)
(am
38 •
I WHITE BARS I apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld. I>~.%J)~J).>~~.J apply within 1.0 in. of a weld.
(j) For all thicknesses with filler alloys 5356 or 5556. With filler alloys 4043 or 5554, val~es apply to $ For all thicknesses with filler alloys 5356 or 5556; for metal
metal "10 in. or less in thickness; for greater thicknesses multiply allowable stresses by 0.8. "Is in. or less in thickness with filler alloys 4043 or 5554.
No. ksi
Any tensjon member:
net section 1 9.5
Type Structures
shapes bent about strong axis -I-n-I ~ 2 9.5 6;5 , 6063-T5
TENSION IN
BEAMS,
extreme fiber,
net section
Round or oval tubes -0-0 0 - 3 11.5 8.0
Extrusions, Pipe
(Thickness up thru
I -1-1
4 0.500 in.)
12.5
On rivets and bolts

5 16 13.5,·
BEARING
Allowable Stress,
Slenderness
ksi
Limit, S,
Slenderness ~ S2
COMPRESSION
IN COLUMNS.
All columns
axial, gross 7
section
Outstanding -ibl--j.b I- --jbi

flanges and legs
I IT
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
Flat plates with f--l!-1
OF COLUMNS.
gross
both edges
supported H r:&- ...jb~
section
Curved plates
~bCP
supported on both
edges, walls of
round or oval tubes
Single web beams

bent about strong
axis
-I-i-E-
COMPRESSION
IN BEAMS,
Round or oval tubes
~
extreme
fiber, gross '-11-
Solid rectangular
section
beams
-I=t
Rectangular tubes
and box sections -0-
COMPRESSION b-j I- -I I--b
Outstanding r-
I [
IN COMPONENTS b--j
flanges
OF BEAMS, /\....r
(component
under uniform Flat plates with --jbj---jbj--
compression),
gross section
both edges
supported Trv-
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS.
compression edge
free, tension
edge supported
U=R=f
(component
under bending
jn own
plane),
Flat plates with
both edges
supported I} ~ \-
El~~f'
gross
section
SHEAR
IN WEBS,
U nstiffened
flat webs I
gross
section Stiffened Hat webs
L-____________-1______~a:.~=:av<~v~i2+~O~.7j(~a~,~/:a~2~I_z~_~_~L_.~~_-_-_~_J~i_ _1____Jl~s:~~~L:~!:~:l~1Z~~~~:lJi21~~_1~~~~~~~~39
WHITE BARS apply to nonweided members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld. ,~~ij~)~~ apply within 1.0 in. of a weld.
Type of Stress Type of Member or Component Spec. Allowable Stress, Table 3.3.27
No. ksi
TENSION. axial,
net section
Any tension member:
1 15 i"~ ~,;": BUILDING and Similar
>"'~ Type Structures
shapes bent about strong axis -I -[}- I V"\- 2 15
;!~l?:rh 6063-T6
~j
TENSION IN
BEAMS, Round or oval tubes -o-{)O- 3 Extrusions, Pipe
extreme fiber,
18
;;~
net section
ii~ ~'~.
shapes bent about weak axis I - t---i
4 20
;; .,'ii;;j
:~ !~;i
On rivets and bolts
5 24
BEARING
On flat surfaces and pins 6 16 .) Ii

Limit, 5, Limit, S~
Slenderness :5 S 1 Between S I and S 2 Slenderness ~ S2
COMPRESSION L
IN COLUMNS, 13.5 ,
-= 9.5 14.2-0.074~ ~=78
,
51,000
All columns r (Llr)'
axial, gross 7 '.
2';)i~'/
'; £ SI;OOO ~;;<
section •••.•.. ~~~t;- .. , ii" .•...... <i~.i .'. i"':.",89
r .i : ·.. ··.i··· (LI")~
b b b 1,970
Outstanding -jbf---lbl--jbi 13.5 -=5.7 16.1-0.46- -= 15
(bll)'
8 I I
flanges and legs
I IT ;'!/ ti.s.~ .ii r; li;/7·~."! "'i.i. 6;5
'i
'b".
,=17
i'.
i
I.
;.
'1,970
(blt)2. '.
COMPRESSION
Flat plates with ~ 13.5 ~= 18 16.I-O.I44~ ~= 39
410
H rw-
IN COMPONENTS (bll)
OF COLUMNS.
both edges 9 I I
V.i';' .410::
gross
supported
-hI- !;~·f. I. : 'i-i' ;., .... ..' 6:5 ! ..0:"=63·
/
......•• l
(bIt) . ,"'.
section R 3,200
15.6-0.50~!f
Curved plates R
~0CP
13.5 -= 18 -= 188
supported on both I I (RII) (J + VRii/35)'
edges, walls of 10
round or oval tubes
r.; ii... 1;7= It ··i. 10. ii.' I. .·i 1.z.o:ii?~
''''i f.;
.'
!,.=516
t"i
! 3;200
(R/t){1+vRii/3Sf
Single web beams L"
-=23
L.
16.7-0.073- ~=94 87,000
bent about strong -I-r-E- 11
15
'11 'Y 'Y (L.I,y)'·
87,000
.'
axis .. ·.• 6:5 .... .-':r !.> '. <' 6.5 ....•.. . H=116
r . (4fT )' : ..
27.7-1.70~~ ~= 102
R. Same as Specifica-
18
~
-=33
I I tion No. JO
~~62 .......•
COMPRESSION '. 1l. ..... "/.'\ '. . . ~lfi. Same" as S~
1.2.8 6.61 .e- ~,;;,.~
IN BEAMS, .; •.....•;8 •. i . '.. t
0
t. . . ". tiOD No. 10

extreme
11,400
fiber, gross
Solid rectangular '--II- 20 t!.~r;;,=
I d
15 27 . 9-0 . 53t!.~lJ
I d t!.~r;;,=35
I d (dll)'(L.ld)
section 13
beams
-I=:E ......~:s ••..... ! ..... '. 8~S i!:~'b"'37
.... 11,400
.
"'r
i •• '
.t d . (dlt)'(L.Itl!
L.S,
. 141~L.S,
LoS, 24,000
15 -=145 16.
7-0 -=2380
Rectangular tubes
•...
6.S
'.
Iy
..•....
,"
".
\"
".
Iy
6;5
Iy
LbS'=36~
Ii;
....
(4S,ll y)
24,000
. (£.Scllul
COMPRESSION b-j r -I I-b 15
b
-= 7.4
b
19.0-0.54-
b
-= 12
152
Outstanding I-
I [
IN COMPONENTS b--j I I t (bll)
flanges 15 .'
':
/\.....r 152
t""~
OF BEAMS, <-'~...;
•.. 6.5 ...6,?
(component '. .' (bTi)
under uniform Flat plates with r-
--i b I---j b 15 ~=24 19.0-0.17# ~= 39
480
compression),
gross section
both edges
supported
Flat plates with

Tf\f 16
. . li.? I
·1
-'~:;:.\.<, "
. 6.5
I
b
I
1""74
(bll)
480
Wt) ....
~=9.8 27.9-0.81~I ~= 23
4,900
-L~JR~
compression edge 20
I (bll)'
COMPRESSION
free, tension 17 .
I
IN COMPONENTS :ii .. ~';;'24 4,900

.' S'L<
edge supported
o'
8:5 ·f t . (bIt)' .. '
OF BEAMS,
I} ~
1,260
27.9-0. 155~
(component Flat plates with \.- h
20 .!!=51 -=90
I I 7.hii)
under bending both edges 18 I
1,260
in own supported
... g;s. 'f
-~- .;'
I· 8.5 ~=148
t (hit) i .
plane),
Flat plates with
El~]:,d'
2,900
gross
horizontal stiffener, 20 .!!= 118 27 .9-0.067~ ~=209 7.hii)
I I
section
both edges 19 i
I
h.' . 2;900
supported 8.5
'.,.,'" 8:S -=340
t '." '. <hii)' '.~
8.5 .!!= 39 1O.7-0.05~I ~=78 39,000
SHEAR
IN WEBS,
Unstiffened
flat webs I II{ 20
'3.9 .'
I
.
>il
t
.I!t =100
(hi!)'
39,000
(W
gross 53,000
section Stiffened flat webs 1=tITtO
:E; }. 21
8.5 --- 8.5 ~=79
I (a,II)'
'''. . ~o:i1l7
S3,Ooo.· .'
40
c.' CvV1+O.7(C,/C2)! 3.~ --.,., .iii.
"
~,9i. . ' . ' t (am . . . '.
WHITE BARS apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld. ISjl~l>ED'B~J apply within 1.0 in. of a weld"
tension, bearing/allowable stresses
3.4 Allowable Stresses. Allowable stresses for alu- 3.4.7 Compression in Columns, Axial, Gross Section.
minum alloy members shall be determined in accor-
dance with formulas listed in Table 3.3.6. Allowable (a) F - Fey
e - kcny
stresses in building and similar type structures are
given in Tables 3.3.7 to 3.3.27 for some commonly For L/r below slenderness limit S 1.
used alloys. This value of Fc is the basic allowable compres-
The following explanations correspond with these sive design stress. Values of ke can be determined
formulas. When two formulas are given, the smaller from Table 3.3.5. The quantity ke adjusts the factor
of the reSUlting stresses should be used. of safety on compressive yield strength in order to
3.4.1 Tension, Axial, Net Section. provide a range of slenderness ratios in the short
column range for which the allowable stress is in-
dependent of the slenderness ratio.
3.4.2 Tension in Extreme Fibers of Beams - Rec- (b) Fe = .l(Be - De 1::..)

tangular Tubes, Structural Shapes Bent About Strong nu r
Axis. For L/r between SI and S2.
F = Fty/n y or F = Ftu/(ktn u) -rr2E
(c) Fe = nu(L/r)2
3.4.3 Tension in Extreme Fibers of Beams - Round or
Oval Tubes. For L/r above S2.
F = 1.17 Fty/n y or F = 1.24 Ftu/(ktnu) In Formulas (b) and (c), the factor of safety nu is
applied to the calculated strength of pinned-ended
The allowable tensile stress for round or oval tubes columns. The use of nu and the neglect of end re-
SUbjected to bending is somewhat higher than for straint compensate for the possible weakening
structural shapes. Analysis and tests have demon- effects of accidental eccentricity and crooked-
strated that yielding or failure of. tubular beams ness in columns.
does not occur until the bending moment consider-
ably exceeds the value predicted by the ordinary 3.4.8 Compression in Components of Columns - Out-
flexure formula. The constants of 1.17 and 1.24 standing Flanges and Legs.
were developed on this basis. The factor k t provides
an additional factor of safety on tensile strength for (a) F - Fey
some alloys that do not develop sufficiently high C - keny
tensile properties in the presence of stress concen-
trations. Applicable values for k t are listed in Table For bit below slenderness limit SI.
3.3.5.
3.4.4 Tension in Extreme Fibers of Beams - Rec- (b) Fe = .l(Bp - 5.1
nu
Dp~)
t
tangular Bars, Plates, Shapes Bent About Weak Axis.
For bit between SI and S2.
F = 1.30 Fty/n y or F = 1.42 Ftu/(ktnu)
-rr2E
As in the case of round tubes, theory and tests have (c) Fe = nu (5.1 b/t)2
shown that aluminum alloy members of these
shapes can undergo bending moments that are For bit values above 52.
considerably higher than those predicted on the
basis of the ordinary flexure formula. k t values are It is assumed that the strength of columns with out-
listed in Table 3.3.5. standing flanges or legs will be limited by the local
buckling strength of the legs. No allowance is made
3.4.5 Bearing on Rivets and Bolts. for postbuckling strength in such members. Note
that the formulas (b) and (c) above are in the same
F = Fby/n y or F = Fbu/(1.2 nu) form as the formulas of 3.4.7 (b) and (c). In for-
mulas 3.4.8 (b) and (c), the equivalent slenderness
This value shall be used for a ratio of edge distance to ratio for plate buckling is assumed to be 5.1 bit,
fastener diameter of 2 or greater. For smaller ratios where the coefficient 5.1 is the value that applies to
this allowable stress shall be multiplied by the ratio: a plate free on one edge and simply supported on
(edge distance)/(2 x fastener diameter). Edge distance the other. Open section members that are unsym-
metrical about one or both principal axes may be
is the distance from the center of the fastener to the
subject to failure by combined torsion and flexure.
edge of the material in the direction of the applied load. For single or double angles and tee sections an
adequate factor of safety against this type offailure
3.4.6 Bearing on Flat Surfaces and Pins. is provided. Other unsymmetrical, open shapes,
F = Fby/(1.5 ny) or F = F bu/(1.8 nu) such as channels, lipped angles or hat shapes
.:ihould not be used as columns unless a special
This allowable stress is equal to two-thirds of the analysis is made of the resistance to buckling by
allowable bearing stress on fasteners. combined torsion and flexure.
41
allowable stresses/compression
3.4.9 Compression in Components of Columns, Gross The allowable compressive stresses in single web
Section - Flat Plates With Both Edges Supported. structural shapes and built-up sections bent about
the strong axis are based on the lateral, torsional
buckling strength of beams with the appropriate
factor of safety applied. Allowable stresses in the
(a) Fe = Fey inelastic stress range for beams are based on the
keny straight line approximation to the tangent modulus
For bIt less than slenderness limit SI. buckling curve that is also used for columns. In
deriving the allowable stresses for beams, it was
assumed that the beam is held in an upright posi-
tion at the supported ends. The strengthening effect
of any restraint against rotation of the flanges at
For bIt between SI and S2. the supports was neglected. The factor of safety
on yielding, ny, is applied to the calculated buckling
The equivalent slenderness ratio is considered to be strength of beams, since experience has indicated
1.6 bIt, the value that applies to a plate simply sup- this practice to be conservative.
ported on both longitudinal edges. In this range of
2
bIt values, the local buckling strength is essentially 7r E
the same as the ultimate or "crippling" strength. (c) Fe = ny (Lbl1.2 ry )2
_ k2VB,;E For Lblry greater than S2.

(c) Fe - nu (1.6 bIt) This is based on a conservative approximation to
the elastic buckling strength of beams, with Lblry
For bIt greater than S2. replacing a more complicated function of the length
Values of k 2 , and also kl which appears in the ex- and cross section properties. See Section 4.9.
pressionforS2, are given in Tables 3.3.4aand 3.3.4b. 3.4.12 Compression in Beams, Extreme Fiber, Gross
This formula is based on the crippling strength of a Section - Round or Oval Tubes.
plate simply supported on both longitudinal edges.
This strength may be appreciably greater than the
(a) Fe = 1. 17Fey
local buckling strength for thin sections. See Sec- ny
tion 4.7.
For Rblt below slenderness limit St.
3.4.10 Compression in Components of Columns, Gross
This allowable stress is increased over the basic
Section-Curved Plates Supported on Both Edges, allowable compressive design stress for single web
Walls of Round or Oval Tubes. beams owing to the fact that tests have demon-
strated a shape factor of 1.17 for yielding of round
(a) F - Fey and oval tubes.
C - keny
For Rlt below slenderness limit SI. (b) Fe = :JBtb - Dtb ~]
For Rblt between SI and S2.
(c) For Rblt values greater than S2, the allow-
For Rlt between SI and S2. able bending stress shall be determined
7r 2E
from the formulas for tubes in compression
(c) F = --------==-- in Section 3.4.10 using the formula that is
e 16 nu(~)[ 1 + ~r appropriate for the particular value of
Rblt. Note that in this case Rblt may be
For Rlt greater than S2. either less than or greater than the value
Formulas (b) and (c) are based on the local buckling of S2 for tubes in compression.
strength of tubes in direct compression. 3.4.13 Compression in Beams, Extreme Fiber, Gross
Section - Solid Rectangular Beams.
3.4.11 Compression in Beams, Extreme Fiber, Gross
Section - Single Web Beams Bent About Strong Axis. (a) Fe = 1.30Fey
ny
(a) Fe = Fey
ny
For Lblry below slenderness limit SI.
For 1.Jli. below slenderness limit SI.
(b) Fe = ~(Be _ DeLb)

ny 1.2ry
(b) Fe = ~J Bb - 2.3 Db 1.Jli.]
42
For Lblry between SI and S2. For 1.Jli. between SI and S2.
compression / allowable stresses
3.4.16 Compression in Components of Beams (Com-
(c) Fe ponent Under Uniform Compression), Gross Section-
5.29 ny (dlt)2 (Ldd)
Flat Plates With Both Edges Supported.
{L;,
For td V([ values greater than S2.
(a) Fe = Fey
ny
The above formulas for allowable stresses in rec-
tangular beams are based on the lateral, torsional For bIt below slenderness limit S I.
buckling strength of such beams.
3.4.14 Compression in Beams, Extreme Fiber, Gross (b) Fe = ~JBp - 1.6 Dp (~)]
Section - Rectangular Tubes and Box Sections.
For bIt between SI and S2.
(a) Fe = Fey
ny _ kz VB;:E
(C) Fe - ny (1.6 bit)
For L~~c below slenderness limit SI. For bit greater than Sz.
~JBe - ~L~~e]
Values of kl and k2 are given in Tables 3.3.4a and
(b) Fe = 1.6 De 3.3.4b. Formulas (b) and (c) are based on the crip-
pling strength of a plate simply supported on both
edges. See Section 4.7.
For L~Se between SI and Sz.
y 3.4.17 Compression in Components of Beams (Com-
7[2E ponent Under Bending in Own Plane), Gross Section-
(c ) F - ------'-'--=-::----=--:-- Flat Plates With Compression Edge Free, Tension
e- 2.56ny(L~~e) Edge Supported.
LbSe (a) Fe = 1.3 Fey

For -]- greater than S2. ny
y
The above formulas for allowable stresses in box For bIt below slenderness limit St.
beams are based on the lateral, torsional buck-
ling strength of such beams. In deriving these
formulas, use was made of the fact that lateral (b) Fe = ~J Bb - 3.5 Db (~)]
buckling will govern the design only for relatively
deep, narrow box beams and for these members For bIt between SI and Sz.
the torsion constant J is roughly proportional to I y. The coefficients in the formula for inelastic buck-
3.4.15 Compression in Components of Beams (Com- ling strength were assumed to be the same as for
rectangular beams because calculations and tests
ponent Under Uniform Compression), Gross Section- have shown that the apparent stress (Mel I) at
Outstanding Flanges. which the yield strength is reached in the outer
fiber of sections such as tees, angles and channels is
(a) Fe = Fey even higher than for rectangular beams. The equiv-
ny alent slenderness ratio was assumed to be 3.5 bit,
which implies partial restraint against rotation at
For bit below slenderness limit St. the supported edge.
(b) Fe = ~J Bp - 5.1 Dp (~)] (c) Fe

7[2E
= ny (3.5 blt)2
For bit between St and S2. For bit greater than S2.
( ) F - k2 VB;E This is based on elastic buckling strength. This
c e - ny (5.1 bit) type of component is assumed to have negligible
postbuckling strength.
For bit greater than S2.
Values of k2, and also kl which appears in the ex-
pression for S2, are given in Tables 3.3.4a and
3.3.4b. Formulas (b) and (c) are based on the
crippling strength of an outstanding flange simply
supported on one edge. See Section 4.7.
43
allowable stresses/compression, shear
3.4.18 Compression in Components of Beams (Com- Allowable shear stresses in un stiffened flat webs are
ponent Under Bending in Own Plane), Gross Section- determined by applying the basic factor of safety to
Flat Plates With Both Edges Supported. the calculated buckling strength for a web with
partial restraint against rotation at the attachment
(a) Fe = 1.3 Fey to the flanges. The corresponding value of the
ny equivalent slenderness ratio is 1.25 hIt.
For hIt below slenderness limit St. 3.4.21 Shear in Webs-Stiffened Flat Webs.
(a) Fs = Fsy
ny
For hit between St and S2. For aelt below slenderness limit St,
The equivalent slenderness ratio used in this form- where:
ula is 0.67 hIt, which applies to a plate in bending,
simply supported on both edges. at
a = ---r==::::::::::==:::::::
e VI + 0.7 (at/az)2
F - kz VB;;E
ny (0.67 hit)
(c) e -
(b) Fs = :JBs -1.25 Ds (~e)J
For hIt greater than S2.
Values of kl and k2 are given in Tables 3.3.4a and For aelt between St and S2.
3.3.4b. This formula is based on crippling strength. 7('2E
See Section 4.7. (c) Fs = na (1.25 ae lt)2
3.4.19 Compression in Components of Beams (Com-
For aelt greater than S2.
ponent Under Bending in Own Plane), Gross Section-
Flat Plates With Horizontal Stiffener, Both Edges Allowable stresses for stiffened flat webs are deter-
mined on the basis of assumptions similar to those
Supported. used for un stiffened webs except that a factor of
safety (na = 1.2 for building structures) is applied to
(a). Fe = 1.3 Fey the buckling strength of stiffened beam webs. Tests
ny have demonstrated that shear stresses in such webs
For hIt below slenderness limit St. can considerably exceed the calculated buckling
strength without appreciably affecting the behavior
(b) Fc= ~JBb-O.29Db (~)J of the beam.
For hit between Sl and S2.

The equivalent slenderness ratio in this formula is
0.29 hIt, based on simple support at the edges and Section 4. Special Design Rules
at the stiffener.
4.1 Combined Compression and Bending. A member
kz VB;;E subjected to axial compression and carrying a bend-
(c) Fe = ny (0.29 hIt)
ing moment due to lateral or eccentric loads shall
For hIt between Sl and S2. be proportioned in accordance with the following
formulas:
Values of k\ and kz are given in Tables 3.3.4a and
3.3.4b. This formula is based on crippling strength. 4.1.1 Bending Moment at Center Equal to or Greater
See Section 4.7. than 0.9 of Maximum Bending Moment in Span:
3.4.20 Shear in Webs- Unstiffened Flat Webs.
fa + fb ~I
(a) F" = Fsy
Fa Fb (I - f,IIFee)
ny where:
For hIt below slenderness limit St. fa = average compressive stress on cross-
'section produced by axial compressive load
(b) Fs = ~JBs - 1.25 Ds (~) ] Fa = allowable compressive stress for member
considered as an axially loaded column
For hIt between Sl and S2. it, = maximum bending stress (compression)
7('2E caused by transverse loads or end moments
(c) F! = -~"...:::::.-:-:-:--::: F b = allowable compressive stress for member
, ny (1.25 hlt)2
considered as a beam
For hIt greater than S2. Fee = 7('2E/[nu (L/r)2]
44
special design rules
4.1.2 Bending Moment at Center Equal to or Less than where
0.5 of Maximum Bending Moment in Span: rL = radius of gyration of lip or bulb about the
midthickness of the flange from which lip
fa+fb::S;I
Fa F b - projects, in.
4.1.3 Bending Moment at Center Between 0.5 and 0.9 b = clear width of flange, in.
of Maximum Bending Moment in Span: For simple rectangular lips having the same thick-
ness as the flange, as in the case of formed sheet
i.E:.. + fb ::s; 1
where:
Fa Fb [1 _(2MmMe -1) i.E:..
Fec
-
construction, the preceding requirement can be ex-
pressed as:
Me = bending moment at center of span .. where:
M m = maximum bending moment in span. bL = clear width of lip, in.
4.2 Torsion and Shear in Tubes. Allowable shear Allowable stresses for flanges with lips or bulbs meet-
stresses in round or oval tubes due to torsion or trans- ing the foregoing requirements shall be determined
verse shear loads shall be determined from Section from Sections 3.4.15 and 3.4.16 (Specifications 15
3.4.20 (Specification 20 in Tables 3.3.6 to 3.3.27) and 16 in Tables 3.3.6 to 3.3.27). The area of stiffen-
with the ratio hit replaced by an equivalent hit given ing lips or bulbs may be included with the area of
by the following: the rest of the section in calculating the stresses caused
by the loads.
Equivalent ~ = 2.9 (~r8 (~)l/4 4.5 Horizontal Stiffeners for Shear Webs. If a hori-
where: zontal stiffener is used on a beam web, it shall be
R = outside radius of round tube or maximum located so that the distance from the toe of the com-
outside radius of oval tube, in. pression flange to the centroid of the stiffener is 0.4
t = thickness of tube, in. of the distance from the toe of the compression flange
L t = length of tube between circumferential to the toe of the tension flange. The horizontal stiffener
stiffeners, in. shall have a moment of inertia, about the web of the
Equivalept (hit) = value to be substituted for hit in beam, not less than that given by the expression:
Section 3.4.20 (Specification 20 in Tables 3.3.6 to h = 2af th 3 [(1 + 6tt)(~)2 + 0.4] 10- 6
3.3.27).
where:
4.3 Combined Shear, Compression and Bending.
Ih = moment of inertia of the horizontal stiffener
Allowable combinations of shear, compression and
about the web of the beam, in.4
bending, as in the web of a beam column or the wall
a = 1, for stiffener consisting of equal members
of a tube, shall be determined from the following
on both sides of the web
formula:
a = 3.5, for stiffener consisting of member on
only one side of web
h = clear height of web between flanges, in.
where:
t = thickness of web, in.
fa = average compressive stress produced by
axial compressive load, ksi
f = compressive stress at toe of flange, ksi
s = distance between vertical stiffeners, in.
Fa = allowable compressive stress for member
Ah = gross area of cross section of horizontal
subjected to compression only, ksi
stiffener, in. 2
fb = maximum bending stress (compression)
For a stiffener consisting of equal members on both
produced by applied bending moment, ksi
sides of the web, the moment of inertia I h shall be the
Fb = allowable bending stress (compression) for
sum of the moments of inertia about the centerline
members subjected to bending only, ksi
of the web. For a stiffener consisting of a member on
Is = shear stress caused by torsion or trans- one side only, the moment of inertia shall be taken
verse shear loads, ksi
about the face of the web in contact with the stiffener.
Fs = allowable shear stress for member subjected
only to torsion or shear, ksi 4.6 Vertical Stiffeners for Shear Webs. Stiffeners
applied to beam webs to resist shear buckling shall
4.4 Stiffeners for Outstanding Flanges. Outstanding
have a moment of inertia not less than the value given
flanges stiffened by lips or bulbs at the free edge shall
by the following expression:
be considered as supported on both edges if the radius
of gyration of the lip or bulb meets the following re- ~ ~ 0.4, Is = ~,~~~ (~)
quirement:
~ ~ 0.4, Is = 1~f,~~ (~)

45
special design rules/thin sections
where: to either thin or heavy gage construction. In some
Is = moment of inertia of stiffener, in.4 cases, however, special consideration should be
V = shear force on web at stiffener location, kips given to the design of thin gage sections, as indicated
h = clear height of web, in. in the following paragraphs.
s = stiffener spacing, in. 4.7.1 Appearance of Buckling. For very thin sections
na = factor of safety on appearance of buckling, the allowable compressive stresses given in Sections
equal to 1.2 3.4.9, 3.4.15, 3.4.16, 3.4.18, and 3.4.19 (Specifica-
When a stiffener is composed of a pair of members, tions 9, 15, 16, 18 and 19 of Tables 3.3.6 to 3.3.27) may
one on each side of the web, the stiffener spacing s result in visible local buckling, even though an ade-
shall be the clear distance between the pairs of stiffen- quate margin of safety is provided against ultimate
ers. When a stiffener is composed of a member on failure. In applications where any appearance of
one side only of the web, the stiffener spacing s shall buckling must be avoided, the allowable stresses for
be the distance between rivet lines or other connecting thin sections shall not exceed the value of F ab given
lines. by the following formulas:
For a stiffener composed of members of equal size
on each side of the web, the moment of inertia of the Section Allowable Stress, F ab , ksi
stiffener shall be computed about the centerline of . 1T"2E
the web. For a stiffener composed of a member on 3.4.9,3.4.16 Fab = na (1.6b/t)2
one side only of the web, the moment of inertia of the
stiffener shall be computed,about the face of the web 1T"2E
3.4.15
in contact with the stiffener.
In the determination of the required moment of 1T"2E
inertia of stiffeners, the distance h shall always be 3.4.18 Fab = na (O.67h/t)2
taken as the full clear height of the web regardless of
whether or not a horizontal stiffener is present. 3.4.19
Stiffeners shall extend from flange to flange but need F ab = na (O.29h/t)2
nt>t be connected to either flange. 4.7.2 Weighted Average Allowable Compressive Stress.
Unless the outer edge of a stiffener is continuously The cross section of a compression member may be
stiffened, its thickness shall not be less than lh2th composed of several thin elements, for which allow-
the clear width of the outstanding leg. able stresses are given by Sections 3.4.8, 3.4.9, or
Vertical stiffeners shall, where possible, be placed in 3.4.10. The allowable compressive stress for the
pairs at end bearings and at points of support of con- section as a whole may be considered to be the
centrated loads. They shall be connected to the web weighted average allowable stress for the individual
by enough rivets, or other means, to transmit the load. elements, where the allowable stress for each element
Such stiffeners shall be fitted to form a tight and uni- is weighted in accordance with the ratio of the area
form bearing against the loaded flanges, unless welds, of the element to the total area of the section. The
designed to transmit the full reaction or load, are pro- allowable compressive stress for the section as a
vided between flange and stiffener. whole used as a column must not exceed that given
Only that part of a stiffener cross section which lies by Section 3.4.7. (Specification 7 of Tables 3.3.6 to
outside the fillet of the flange angle shall be con- 3.3.27).
sidered as effective in bearing. Bearing stiffeners shall Weighted average allowable compressive stresses
not be joggled. for beam flanges may be calculated in the same way,
The moment of inertia of the bearing stiffener shall where the allowable stresses for individual elements
not be less than that given by the following expression: are determined from Sections 3.4.15 through 3.4.19
2
I b = I s + Ph nu
1T"2E
(Specifications 15 through 19 of Tables 3.3.6 to
3.3.27). The beam flange may be considered to con-
where:
h = required moment of inertia of bearing sist of the flange proper plus one sixth of the area of
stiffener, in.4 the web or webs.
Is = moment of inertia required to resist shear 4.7.3 Trapezoidal Formed Sheet Beams. The weighted
buckling, in.4 average allowable compressive stress for a trapezoidal
P = local load concentration on stiffener, kips formed sheet beam, calculated according to Section
h = clear height of web between flanges, in. 4.7.2, is:
nu = factor of safety
E = compressive modulus of elasticity, ksi
4.7 Special Provisions For Thin Sections. All the
allowable stresses listed in these specifications apply
46
thin sections/special design rules
where: Section 3.4.9 takes advantage of the postbuckling
F ba = weighted average allowable compressive strength of plate elements supported on two ed~es,
stress for beam flange, ksi because in general such elements may buckle With-
out causing failure of the member. However, there
FbI = allowable stress for flange proper based on are cases where the reduced stiffness that accom-
Section 3.4.16 (Specification 16 of Tables panies local buckling of these elements may neces-
3.3.6 to 3.3.27), ksi sitate a reduction in the allowable coillmn stress
F bh = allowable stress for webs based on Sec- determined from ~ection 3.4.7, as provided in the
tions 3.4.18 or 3.4.19 (Specification 18 or foregoing paragraph. Sections 3.4.8 and 3.4.10 do
not take advantage of postbuckling strength, so no
19 of Tables 3.3.6 to 3.3.27), ksi provision is needed for any additional effect
h = height of shear web, in. (see sketch, Specifi- of local buckling of the types of elements covered
cation no. 18, Table 3.3.6). by Sections 3.4.8 and 3.4.10.
b = clear width of compression flange, in. 4.7.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Beam Strength. The
The foregoing equation may also be applied to the allowable compressive bending stress for single web
allowable tensile stress in trapezoidal formed sheet beams whose flanges consist of thin, flat elements
beams, if the dsigner wishes to take full advantage of supported on one edge shall also be reduced in the
the strength of the section. In this case, Fha is the case where the value of bIt for the flange is greater
weighted average allowable tensile stress, FbI is deter- than the value of S2 from Section 3.4.15 (Specifica-
mined from Section 3.4.2 (Specification 2 in Tables tion 15 of Tables 3.3.6 to 3.3.27) and also greater
3.3.6 to 3.3.27) and Fbh is given by Section 3.4.4 than 0.16 (Lblry). In this case, the allowable beam
(Specification 4 in Tables 3.3.6 to 3.3.27). stress shall not exceed
For trapezoidal formed sheet beams with tension
flanges wider than the compression flange, the allow-
able tensile stress on the tension flange shall not ex-
ceed the compressive stress that would be allowed if where:
the same flange were in compression. This provision is F rb = reduced allowable compressive bending
stress in beam flange, ksi
required to take account of the effects of "flange curl-
ing", the tendency of the tension flange to bend toward Lblry = slenderness ratio for beam
the neutral axis.
bIt = width to thickness ratio for beam flange
E = compressive modulus of elasticity, ksi
4.7.4 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength. An ny = factor of safety on yielding 0.65 for
additional limitation must be placed on the allowable building structures).
stress for very thin walled columns whose cross sec-
Section 3.4.15 takes advantage of postbuckling
tion is a rectangular tube or a formed sheet shape such strength of thin elements, just as Section 3.4.9 does
that the flanges' consist of flat elements supported on for columns. The provisions of the foregoing para-
both edges. If the bIt for the flange of such a column is graph take account of the effect that the reduced
less than the value of S2 in Section 3.4.9 (Specifica- stiffness due to local buckling may have on the
tion 9 of Tables 3.3.6 to 3.3.27) or is less than 0.6 lateral buckling strength of single web beams. Any
such effects on multi web beams are considered to
of the maximum slenderness ratio (Llr) for the col- be negligible because of the high torsional stiffness
umn, no additional reduction in allowable stress is of these members.
necessary. However, if the maximum bIt for the flange
4.7.6 Effective Width for Calculation of Deftection of
is greater than the value of S2 from Section 3.4.9
Thin Gage Sections. As noted in Section 4.7.1 the allow-
(Specification 9 of Tables 3.3.6 to 3.3.27) and also
able compressive stresses given in Sections 3.4.9,
greater than 0.6 of the maximum slenderness ratio
3.4.15,3.4.16,3.4.18 and 3.4.19 (Specifications 9,15,
for the column, the allowable column stress shall not
16 18 and 19 of Tables 3.3.6 to 3.3.27) may result in
exceed the value given by
so:Oe l~cal buckling at design loads for very thin sec-
tions, even though an adequate margin of safety is pro-
F rc = nu (Llr)2/3 (1.6blt)4/3 vided against ultimate failure. This local buckling may
result in increased deflections for sections containing
where:
thin elements with bIt values exceeding 1.65 S2, where
F rc = reduced allowable stress on column, ksi
L/r = maximum slenderness ratio of column the value of S2 is obtained for the element in question
bIt = width to thickness ratio for column flange from Sections 3.4.9,3.4.15,3.4.16,3.4.18, or 3.4.19.
E = compressive modulus of elasticity, ksi (Specifications 9, 15, 16, 18, or 19 of Tables 3.3.6 to
nu = factor of safety on ultimate strength (1.95
3.3.27).
for building structures). Where deflection at design loads is critical, the effec-
The allowable stress shall also not exceed the value tive width concept may be used to determine an
given by Section 3.4.9 (Specification 9 of Tables 3.3.6 47
to 3.3.27).
special design rules
effective section to be used in deflection calculations. more complicated expression involving several differ-
The. effective width, be, of a thin element sUhjected ent properties of the beam cross section. Because of
to direct compression stresses is: this approximation, the formulas give very conserva-
tive results for certain conditions, namely for values of
Iffa ~ naFab, b e = b
Lb/ry exceeding about 50; for load distributions such
If fa > nafab, be = b V naFab/fa that the bending moment near the center of the beam
where: is appreciably less than the maximum bending moment
be = effective width of flat plate element to be in the beam; and for beams with transverse loads
used in deflection calculations, in. applied to the bottom flange. If the designer wishes
b = clear width of element, in. to compute more precise values of allowable compres-
na = factor of safety on appearance of buckling sive stress for thes~ cases, the value of ry in Section
F ab = allowable stress for element from Section 3.4.11 (Specification 11 of Tables 3.3.6-3.3.27) may
4.7.1, ksi be replaced by an "effective ry" given by one of the
fa =' compressive stress on element due to ap- following formulas:
plied loads, ksi Beam spans subjected to end moment only or to
The same expression may be used to calculate the transverse loads applied at the neutral axis of the
beam:
effective width on the compression side of a web in
bending, with the compressive bending stress due to
the applied loads, fi" replacing fa. Effective ry = 1~;~!f~ 1 + 0.152£(; r
4.8 Fatigue. For up to 100,000 repetitions of maxi- Beams subjected to transverse loads applied on the
mum live load, if non-welded, and 20,000 repetitions top or bottom flange (where the load is free to move
of maximum live load if welded, allowable stresses laterally with the beam if the beam should buckle):
shall be determined in accordance with Sections
3 and 4 provided that the structural members are free Effective ry =
of re-entrant corners and other unusual stress
raisers. For repetitions of loads in excess of these ~ I~[± 0.5 + 'V11.25 + 0. 152..L(Lb)2]
l.iV Sc /y d
values allowable stresses shall be determined by a
special analysis. The plus sign in front of the term "0.5" applies if
the load is on the bottom flange; the minus sign if the
20,000 repetitions of maximum live load represent load is on the top flange.
10 loading cycles every day for over 5 years.
100,000 repetitions of maximum live load repre- The terms appearing in the above formulas are de-
sent 50 loading cycles every day for over 5 years or fined as follows:
10 loading cycles every day for over 27 years.
Effective ry = value to be substituted for ry in
The maximum design loading rarely occurs in Section 3.3.11 (Specification 11 of
the life of a structure. Where, however, a struc- Tables 3.3.6-3.3.27).
tural member is subject to a very large number of
/ y = moment of inertia of beam about
fluctuations or reversals the possibility of its failure
arises at a stress, usually tensile, lower than that axis parallel to web, in.4
permissible for static loading. Fatigue cracks may Sc = section modulus of beam, compres-
originate at a point of high stress, such as a re- sion side, in. 3
entrant corner or a weld bead. J = torsion constant of beam, in.4 (An
To design against fatigue calls for good practice approximate value of J may be cal-
based upon experience and testing. Careful detail- culated by assuming the section to
ing and fabrication are important. Whenever pos- be composed of rectangles and let-
sible, prototype testing under the variable load pat- ting J equal the sum of the terms
terns expected to occur in service should be con-
ducted or expert advice based on relevant research bt3 /3 for each rectangle.)
should be sought. Lb = length of beam between points at
Further information on allowable stresses for re- which the compression flange is
peated loads for some alloys is given in ASCE supported against lateral movement,
Structural Division Proceedings Papers 3341 and or length of cantilever beam from
3342. free end to point at which the com-
pression flange is supported against
4.9 Compression in Single Web Beams. The formulas lateral movement, in.
of Section 3.4.11 (Specification 11 of Tables 3.3.6-
3.3.27) for single-web beams and girdiJrs are based on Values of the coefficient kb are tabulated on the
an approximation in which the term Lb/ r y replaces a following page.
mechanical connections
Beams Restrained Against Lateral Value of 5.1.4 Bearing Area. The effective bearing area of
Displacement at Both Ends of Span Coefficient rivets or bolts shall be the effective diameter multiplied
kb by the length in bearing except that for countersunk
Uniform bending moment, uniform trans- rivets, half of the depth of the countersink shall be
verse load, or two equal concentrated deducted from the length.
loads equidistant from the center of the 5.1.5 Arrangements and Strength of Connections. In-
span ................................................... 1.00 sofar as possible connections shall be arranged so
Bending moment varying uniformly from that the center of resistance of the connection shall
a value of Ml at one end to M2 at the coincide with the resultant line of action of the load.
other end Where eccentricity exists members and connections
MIM2 = 0.5 .......................................... 1.14 shall be proportioned to take into account any eccen-
MdM2 = 0 .......................................... 1.33 tricity of loading at the connections.
MdM2 = -0.5 ....................................... 1.53
5.1.6 Net Section. The net section of a riveted or bolted
MdM2 = -1.0....................................... 1.60
tension member shall be determined as the sum of the
Concentrated load at center of span.. . . . . . . ... . 1.16
net sections of its component parts. The net section
Cantilever Beams of a part is the product of the thickness of the part
Concentrated load at end of span.. .... .. .... ... 1.13 multiplied by its least net width. The net width for a
Uniform transverse load........................... 1.43 chain of holes extending across the part in any straight
or broken line shall be obtained by deducting from the
gross width the sum of the diameters of all the holes
in the chain and adding s2/4g for each gage space in
the chain. In the correction quantity s2/4g, s denotes
Section 5. Mechanical Connections spacing parallel to the direction of the load (pitch) of
any two successive holes in the chain, in inches, and g
5.1 Riveted and Bolted Connections. Aluminum
refers to gage, the spacing perpendicular to the
alloys used for rivets and bolts shall be those listed in
direction of the load of the same holes, in inches. '
Tab'le 5.1.1 b. Nuts for 1/4" bolts and smaller shall be
The net section of the part shall be obtained from
2024-T4. Nuts for larger diameter bolts shall be
that chain which gives the least net width. The hole
alloy 6061-T6 or 6262-T9. Flat washers shall be
diameter to be deducted shall be the actual hole diam-
Alclad 2024-T4. Spring lock washers shall be alloy
eter for drilled or reamed holes and the hole diameter
7075-T6. For improved corrosion resistance, an .0002
plus Ij32 inch for punched holes.
inch minimum thickness anodic coating may be
applied to alloy 2024 bolts. For angles, the gross width shall be the sum of the
widths of the legs less the thickness. The gage for
5.1.1 Allowable Loads. The allowable loads on rivets holes in opposite legs shall be the sum of the gages
and bolts shall be calculated using the allowable from the back of the angles, less the thickness.
bearing stresses in Table 5.1.1 a and the allowable For splice members, the thickness shall be only that
shear stresses in Table 5.1.1 b. The allowable bearing part of the thickness of the member that has been de-
stress depends on the ratio of edge distance to rivet veloped by rivets or bolts, beyond the section con-
or bolt diameter where the edge distance is the dis- sidered.
tance from the center of the rivet or bolt to the edge of
5.1.7 Effective Sections of Angles. If a discontinuous
the load carrying member toward which the pressure
angle (single or paired) in tension is connected to one
of the rivet or bolt is directed (See Section 3.4.5).
side of a gusset plate, the effective net section shall
Allowable bearing stresses on bolts apply to either
be the net section of the connected leg plus one-third
threaded or unthreaded surfaces.
of the section of the outstanding leg unless the out-
5.1.2 Effective Diameter. The effective diameter of standing leg is connected by a lug angle. In the latter
rivets shall be taken as the hole diameter, but shall case, the effective net section shall be the entire net
not exceed the nominal diameter of the rivet by 4% section of the angle. The lug angle shall be designed
for cold driven rivets and 7% for hot driven rivets. to develop at least one-half the total load in the
The effective diameter of bolts shall be taken as the member and shall be connected to the main member
nominal diameter of the bolt. by at least two fasteners.
5.1.3 Shear Area. The effective area of a rivet or bolt For double angles placed back-to-back and con-
in any shear plane shall be based on the effective diam- nected to both sides of a gusset plate, the effective
eter except that for bolts with threads included in the net section shall be the net section of the connected
shear plane, the effective shear area shall be based legs plus two-thirds of the section of the outstanding
on the root diameter. legs.
49
For intermediate joints of continuous angles, the 5.1.9 Spacing of Rivets and Bolts. Minimum distance
effective net area shall be the gross sectional area of rivet centers shall be 3 times the nominal rivet
less deductions for holes. diameter; minimum distance of bolt centers shall be
21f2 times the nominal bolt diameter. In built-up com-
5.1.8 Grip of Rivets and Bolts. If the grip (total thick- pression members the pitch in the direction of stress
ness of metal being fastened) of rivets or bolts carry- shall be such that the allowable stress on the individual
ing calculated stress exceeds four and one-half times outside sheets and shapes, treated as columns having
the diameter, the allowable load per rivet or bolt a length equal to the rivet or bolt pitch exceeds the
shall be reduced. The reduced allowable load shall calculated stress. The gage at right angles to the direc-
be the normal allowable load divided by [1f2+G / (9D) ] tion of stress shall be such that the allowable stress
in which G is the grip and D is the nominal diameter in the outside sheets, calculated from Section 3.4.9
of the rivet or bolt. If the grip of the rivet exceeds exceeds the calculated stress. In this case the width b
six times the diameter, special care shall be taken to in Section 3.4.9 may be taken as O.Ss where "s" is
insure that holes will be filled completely. the gage in inches.
TABLE 5.1.1a
ALLOWABLE BEARING STRESSES
FOR BUILDING TYPE SmUCTURES
(Fby From Table 3.3.1a Divided By 1.65 Factor of Safety or Fbu Divided By 1.2 x 1.95)
Allowable Allowable
Alloy Bearing Alloy Bearing
And Stress* And Stress*
Temper ksi Temper ksi
1100-HI2 ...................................................... 11.0 5050-H32 ...................................................... 16

-HI4 ...................................................... 12.5 -H34 ...................................................... 19
2014-T6 Sheet ............................ 53 5052-H32 ...................................................... 24
-T651 Plate .......................... 54 -H34 ...................................................... 21
-T6,T651O,T6511 Extrusions ............. 49
5083-Hl11. ..................................................... 25
-T6, T651 Rolled Bar. ................................ 53
Drawn Tube -H321 (0.188 to 1.500)* .............................. 32
-H321 (1.501 to 3.000)* .............................. 30
Alclad -H323 ...................................................... 35
2014-T6 Sheet (up to 0.039)* .............................. 53.4 -H343 ...................................................... 40
-T6, T651 Sheet, Plate .............................. 55.2 5086-Hl11 ...................................................... 22
3003-HI2 ...................................................... 11.5 -H112 (0.188 to 0.499)* .............................. 19
-HI4 ...................................................... 15 -H112 (0.500 to 3.000)*.............................. 11.0
-HI6 ...................................................... 19 -H32 ...................................................... 29
-HI8 ...................................................... 21 -H34 ...................................................... 35
Alclad 5454-Hlll. ..................................................... 19
3003-HI2 ...................................................... 11 -HI12 ...................................................... 14.5
-HI4 ...................................................... 14.5 -H32 ...................................................... 21
-HI6 ...................................................... 18 -H34 ....................................................... 30
-HI8 ...................................................... 19
5456-H 111...................................................... 21
3004-H32 ...................................................... 22 -HI12 ...................................................... 23
-H34 ...................................................... 24 -H321 (0.188 to 1.250)* .............................. 34
-H36 ...................................................... 21 -H321 (1.251 to 1.500)* .............................. 32
Alclad -H321 (1.501 to 3.000)* .............................. 30
-H323 ...................................................... 31
3004-H32 ...................................................... 21
-H343 ...................................................... 42
-H34 ...................................................... 23
-HI4 ...................................................... 24 6061-T6,T651 Sheet & Plate ................. 35
-HI6 ...................................................... 21 -T6,T651,T651O,T6511 Other Products .... 34
5005-HI2 ...................................................... 13.5 6063-T5 (up to 0.500)* ... '" .............................. 16
-HI4 ...................................................... 15 -T5 (Over 0.500)* ... '" .............................. 14.5
-H32 ...................................................... 12 -T6 ......................................................... 24
-H34 ...................................................... 14.5
* Thickness in inches to which the allowable stress applies. Where not listed, bearing stress applies to all thicknesses.
50
TABLE 5.1.1b
ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR RIVETS
FOR BUILDING TYPE STRUCTURES
Allowable *
Minimum Shear
Expected Stress on
Designation Designation Shear Effective
Before After Strength Area
Driving Driving Procedure Driving ksi ksi
1100-H14 Cold, as received 1100-F 9.5 4

2017-T4 Cold, as received 2017-T3 34 14.5
2117-T4 Cold, as received 2117-T3 29 12
5056-H32 Cold, as received 5056-H321 26 11
6053-T61 Cold, as received 6053-T61 20 8.5
6061-T4 Hot, 990° to 1,050°F 6061-T43 21 9
6061-T6 Cold, as received 6061-T6 26 lIt
t Also applies to 6061-T6 Pins.

• Minimum expected shear strength divided by 2.34. See Table 3.3.3.
ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR BOLTS

FOR BUILDING TYPE STRUCTURES
Allowable *
Minimum Shear Allowable
Expected Stress on Tensile
Alloy Shear Effective Stress on
And Strength Area Root Area
Temper ksi ksi ksi
2024-T4 37 16 26
6061-T6 27 12 18
7075-T73 40 17 28
'Values apply to either turned bolts or unfinished bolts in holes not
more than llts in. oversized.
5.1.10 Stitch Rivets and Bolts. Where two or more web 5.1.12 Blind Rivets. Blind rivets may be used only
plates are in contact, there shall be stitch rivets or when the grip lengths and rivet-hole tolerances are
bolts to make them act in unison. In compression as recommended by the respective manufacturers.
members, the pitch and gage of such rivets or bolts
shall be determined as outlined in Section 5.1.9. In
tension members, the maximum pitch or gage of such 5.1.13 Hollow-End Rivets. If hollow-end rivets with
rivets or bolts shall not exceed a distance, in inches, solid cross sections for a portion of the length are used,
equal to (3 + 20t) in which t is the thickness of the the strength of these rivets may be taken equal to the
outside pla~es, in inches. strength of solid rivets of the same material, provided
that the bottom of the cavity is at least 25 percent of
5.1.11 Edge Distance of Rivets or Bolts. The distance the rivet diameter from the plane of shear, as measured
from the center of rivet o~ bolt under computed stress toward the hollow-end, and further provided that they
to the edge of the sheet or shape toward which the are used in locations where they will not be subjected
pressure is directed shall be twice the nominal diam- to appreciable tensile stresses.
eter of the rivet or bolt. When a shorter edge distance
is used, the allowable bearing stress as shown in Table
5.1.1a shall be reduced by the ratio: actual edge dis- 5.1.14 Steel Rivets. Steel rivets shall not be used in
tance/twice rivet or bolt diameter (See Section 3.4.5). aluminum structures unless the aluminum is to be
The edge distance shall not be less than 1.5 times the joined to steel or where corrosion resistance of the
rivet or bolt diameter to sheared, sawed, rolled or structure is not a requirement, or where the structure is
planed edges. to be protected against corrosion (See Section 6.6.1).
51
fabrication
5.1.15 Lockbolts. Lockbolts may be used when in- drilled. Punching shall not be used if the metal
stalled in conformance with the lockbolt manufac- thickness is greater than the diameter of the hole.
turer's recommended practices and provided the body The amount by which the diameter of a sub-
diameter and bearing areas under the head and nut, or punched hole is less than that ofthe finished hole
their equivalent, are not less than those of a conven- shall be at least If4 the thickness of the piece and
tional nut and bolt. in no case less than If32 in.
5.1.16 Steel Bolts. Hot-dip galvanized, electro-gal- b. The finished diameter of holes for cold-driven
vanized, or aluminized steel bolts, 300 series stain- rivets shall be not more than 4% greater than the
less steel bolts and double cadmium plated AN bolts nominal diameter of the rivet.
may be used instead of aluminum bolts. c. The finished diameter of holes for hot-driven
5.2 Thread Forming (Tapping) Screws and Metal rivets shall be not more than 7 per cent greater
Stitching Staples. If joints carrying calculated loads than the nominal diameter of the rivet.
are to be made with thread forming screws or metal d. The finished diameter of holes for bolts shall
stitches, allowable strength values for these connec- be not more than 1116 in. larger than the nominal
tions shall be established on the basis of specific bolt diameter.
acceptable tests. e. If any holes must be enlarged to admit the rivets
Thread forming (tapping) screws and metal stitching or bolts, they shall be reamed. Poor matching of
staples find an increasing application in joining of holes shall be cause for rejection. Holes shall not
light gage structures. In view of the wide variance be drifted in such a manner as to distort the metal.
of joint strength obtainable with these fastening All chips lodged between contacting surfaces
methods, no standard or uniform load allowables
are recommended.
shall be removed before assembly.
6.5 Riveting.
Section 6. Fabrication 6.5.1 Driven Head. The driven head of aluminum alloy
6.1 Laying Out. rivets shall be of the flat or the cone-point type, with
a. Hole centers may be center punched and cutoff dimensions as follows:
lines may be punched or scribed. Center punch- a. Flat heads shall have a diameter not less than 1.4
ing and scribing shall not be used where such times the nominal rivet diameter and a height not
marks would remain on fabricated material. less than 0.4 times the nominal rivet diameter.
b. A temperature correction shall be applied where b. Cone-point heads shall have a diameter not less
necessary in the layout of critical dimensions. than 1.4 times the nominal rivet diameter and a
The coefficient of expansion shall be taken as height to the apex of the cone not less than 0.65
0.000012 per degree Fahrenheit. times the nominal rivet diameter. The included
6.2 Cutting. angle at the apex of the cone shall be approxi-
a. Material may be sheared, sawed, cut with a mately 127°.
router, or arc cut. All edges which have been cut 6.5.2 Hole Filling. Rivets shall fill the holes completely.
by the arc process shall be planed to remove Rivet heads shall be concentric with the rivet holes
edge cracks. and shall be in proper contact with the surface of the
b. Cut edges shall be true and smooth, and free metal.
from excessive burrs or ragged breaks. 6.5.3 Defective Rivets. Defective rivets shall be re-
c. Re-entrant cuts shall be avoided wherever pos- moved by drilling.
sible. If used, they shall be filleted by drilling 6.6 Painting. Structures of the alloys covered by
prior to cutting. these specifications are not ordinarily painted (with
d. Oxygen cutting of aluminum alloys shall not be the exception of 2014-T6 when exposed to corrosive
permitted. environments). Surfaces shall be painted where:
6.3 Heating. Structural material shall not be heated, 1. The aluminum alloy parts are in contact with, or
with the following exceptions: are fastened to, steel members or other diSsimilar
a. Material may be heated to a temperature not ex- materials.
ceeding 400°F for a period not exceeding 30 2. The structures are to be exposed to extremely
minutes in order to facilitate bending. Such heat- corrosive conditions, or for reason of appearance.
ing shall be done only when proper temperature Painting procedure is covered in the following
controls and supervision are provided to insure Sections 6.6.1 and 6.6.2, and methods of cleaning
that the limitations on temperature and time are and preparation are found in Section 6.7. (Treat-
carefully observed. ment and painting of the structure in accordance
6.4 Punching, Drilling, and Reaming. The following with United States Military Specification MIL-T-
rules for punching, drilling, and reaming shall be 704 is also acceptable.)
observed: 6.6.1 Contact with Dissimilar Materials. Where the
a. Rivet or bolt holes may be either punched or aluminum alloy parts are in contact with, or are fas-
52
welded construction
tened to, steel members or other dissimilar materials, 6.6.2 Over-All Painting. Structures of the alloys
the aluminum shall be kept from direct contact with covered by these specifications are either not ordi-
the steel or other dissimilar material by painting as narily painted for surface protection (with the excep-
follows: tion of 2014-T6 when exposed to corrosive environ-
1. Aluminum surfaces to be placed in contact with ments) or are made of prepainted aluminum com-
steel shall be given one coat of zinc chromate ponents. There may be applications where the struc-
primer in accordance with Federal Specification tures are to be exposed to extremely corrosive condi-
TT-P-645, or the equivalent, or one coat of a suit- tions. In these cases over-all painting shall be specified.
able nonhardening joint compound capable of ex- 6.7 Cleaning and Treatment of Metal Surfaces. Prior
cluding moisture from the joint during prolonged to field painting of structures, all surfaces to be painted
service. Where severe corrosion conditions are shall be cleaned immediately before painting, by a
expected, additional protection can be obtained by method that will remove all dirt, oil, grease, chips,
applying the joint compound in addition to the zinc and other foreign substances.
chromate primer. Zinc chromate paint shall be Exposed metal surfaces shall be cleaned with a
allowed to dry hard (air dry 24 hours) before as- suitable chemical cleaner such as a solution of phos-
sembly of the parts. The steel surfaces to be placed phoric acid and organic solvents meeting United
in contact with aluminum shall be painted with States Military Specification MIL-M-I0578. If the
good quality priming paint, such as zinc chromate metal is more than !fa in. thick, sandblasting may be
primer in accordance with Federal Specification used.
TT-P-645, followed by one coat of paint consist-
ing of 2 lb. of aluminum paste pigment (ASTM
Section 7. Welded Construction
Specification 0962-66, Type 2, Class B) per gallon
of varnish meeting Federal Specification TT-V -81 d,
7.1 Allowable Stresses for Welded Parts.
Type II, or the equivalent. Stainless steel, or alumi-
nized, hot-dip galvanized or electro-galvanized 7.1.1 General. Most of the structural aluminum alloys
steel .placed in contact with aluminum need not attain their strength by heat treatment or strain harden-
be painted. ing. Welding causes local annealing which produces a
2. Aluminum surfaces to be placed in contact with zone of lower strength along both sides of the weld
wood, concrete, or masonry construction, except bead. The resulting variation in mechanical properties
where the aluminum is to be embedded in concrete, in the vicinity of a weld is illustrated by the typical
shall be given a heavy coat of an alkali-resistant distribution of yield strength in Fig. 7.1.1. When de-
bituminous paint before installation. The bitu- signing welded load carrying members this decrease
minous paint used shall meet the requirements of in strength shall be taken into consideration in addi-
United States Military Specification MIL-P-6883. tion to the design rules as outlined in Section 3.
The paint shall be applied as it is received from the 7.1.2 Allowable Stresses for Welded Members. Allow-
manufacturer without the addition of any thinner. able stresses for welded members shall be determined
3. Aluminum surfaces to be embedded in concrete from the same formulas that are used for nonwelded
ordinarily need not be painted, unless corrosive members. These formulas are given in Table 3.3.6.
components are added to the concrete or unless In applying these formulas to welded structures, the
the concrete is subjected for extended periods to tensile ultimate strength, F tuw , shall be 90 percent of
extremely corrosive conditions. In such cases, the ASME weld qualification test value of ultimate
aluminum surfaces shall be given one coat of suit- strength given in Table 3.3.2. The yield strengths,
able quality paint, such as zinc chromate primer F tyw and F cyw , shall be the tensile and compressive
conforming to Federal Specification TT-P-645 or yield strengths, given in Table 3.3.2.
equivalent, or shall be wrapped with a suitable In general, welds have little effect on buckling
plastic tape applied in such a manner as to provide strength except in the range of slenderness ratios
adequate protection at the overlap. where the allowable stress is controlled by the
4. Water that comes in contact with aluminum after welded yield strength. Parent metal values of the
buckling formula constants are then used for welded
first running over a heavy metal such as copper may members. An exception is the case of welded tubes,
contain trace quantities of the dissimilar metal or its Sections 3.4.10, 3.4.12, for which the buckling
corrosion product, which will cause corrosion of formula coefficients are determined from the for-
the aluminum. Protection shall be obtained by mulas in Table 3.3.4a, using the lO-in. gage length
painting or plastic coating the dissimilar metal or compressive yield strength Fcyw from Table 3.3.2.
Another exception is a column with welds at loca-
by designing the structure so that the drainage from tions other than the ends (or a cantilever column
the dissimilar metal is diverted away from the with a weld at the end). This exception is dis-
aluminum. cussed in Section 7.1.5 below.
53
welded construction
:r:
f-<
0
Z
~
~
f-< ACTUAL
r/)
DISTRIBUTION L
Cl
I V
...l
~
:;::
~
0 I
:r: DISTRIBUTION
f-< CENTER-LINE
0 ASSUMED FOR
Z DESIGN OF WELD
~
~
f-<
r/)
~
...l
Vi
Z
~
f-<
3 2 o 2 3
DISTANCE FROM CENTER-LINE OF WELD- INCHES
Figure 7.1.1 Distribution of Mechanical Properties in the Vicinity of a Weld
7.1.3 Filler Wire. The choice of filler metal for general of that portion of the member further than
purpose welding shall be those alloys listed in Table 2e/3 from the neutral axis, where e is the
7.1.3.1; the allowable shear stresses in fillet welds distance from the neutral axis to the
shall be those listed in Table 7.1.3.2. extreme fiber.)
The amount of loss of properties depends to a 7.1.5 Columns And Single-Web Beams With Welds at
large extent on the alloy and temper of the com- Locations Other Than Ends, And Cantilever Columns
ponents involved. The filler wire used also in-
fluences the strength of the weld, especially the And Single Web Beams. The allowable stresses in
shear strength. Section 3 apply to members supported at both ends
7.1.4 Cross Section With Part of Area Affected by Heat with welds at the ends only (not farther from the sup-
of Welding. If less than 15% of the area of a given ports than 0.05 L from the ends).
cross section lies within 1 in. of a weld, regardless of For columns with transverse welds at locations
material thickness, the effect of welding may be other than the supports, cantilever columns with trans-
neglected and allowable stresses calculated as out- verse welds at or near the supported end and columns
lined in Section 3. If Aw is equal to or greater than 15% with longitudinal welds having Aw equal to or greater
of A the allowable stress shall be calculated from than 15% of A, the effect of welding on column
strength shall be taken into account by using an in-
F[lw=Fn-~w (Fn-Fw) creased slenderness ratio Lwlr, in the column formula,
as follows:
where:
F [lW = allowable stress on cross section, part of
If ~:> ~250000 . Lw = ~
r Fcyw' r r
whose area lies within 1.0 in. of a weld
Fit = allowable stress for cross section 1.0 in. If ~ ~ ~250000 ;
or more from weld r Fcyw
F w = allowable stress on cross section if entire
area were to lie within 1.0 in. of a weld 1 + 100 Lh
Lw=~ L
Aw= area of cross section lying within 1.0 in. of r r
a weld
A = net area of cross section of a tension mem-
ber or tension flange of a beam, or gross where:
area of cross section of a compression Lh = total length of portion of column lying within
member or compression flange of a beam, 1.0 in. of a weld (excluding welds at ends of
in. 2 (a beam flange is considered to consist columns that are supported at both ends)
54
welded construction
TABLE 7.1.3.1
GUIDE TO THE CHOICE OF ALUMINUM FILLER ALLOYS
FOR GENERAL PURPOSE WELDING
1100
3004 3003
Base Metal-----'> 6061 5456 5454 5154 5086 5083 5052 5005 Alclad
Welded To 6063 5050 3004
Alclad
Base Metal-l 3003
1100.3003
Alclad 3003 4043 5356 b 4043 a 4043 a 5356 h 5356 b 4043 a 4043 a 4043 a 1100 b
3004,
Alclad 3004 4043" 5356" 5356 a 5356 a 5356 a 5356 a 5356 ab 4043 a 4043 a
5005,5050 4043" 5356 a 5356 0b 5356 ab 5356" 5356 a 4043 a 4043 ad
bo
5052 5356 b" 5356 a 5356 bc 5356° 5356 a 5356" 5356
5083 5356 a 5183 a 5356 a 5356 a
5356 a 5183 a
5086 5356 a 5356" 5356° 5356° 5356 a

5154 5356 bc
5356° 5356° 5356"
5454 5356 bc 5356 5554ab
5456 5356 a 5556 a
6061,6063 4043 ce
a-5356, 5183 or 5556 may be used.

b-4043 may be used for some applications.
c- 5154, 5254, 5183, 5356 and 5556 may be used. In some cases they provide: (I) improved color match after anodizing treatment, (2) highest
weld ductility and (3) higher weld strength. 5554 is suitable for elevated temperature service.
9-FiIIer metal with the same analysis as the base metal is sometimes used.
e-4643 may be used and is often desirable so as to provide highest strength in postweld heat-treated assemblies.
TABLE 7.1.3.2
ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESSES IN FILLET WELDS-ksi*
(Shear Stress Is Considered To Be Equal To The Load Divided By The Throat Area)
Filler Alloy:j: 1100 4043 5356 5556

5554
Parent Alloy
1100 3.2 4.8t
3003 3.2 5
Alclad 3004 5 7 8t
5052 5 7
5083 8.5
5086 7 8.5
5454 7 8.5
5456 8.5
6061 5 7 8.5
6063 5 6.5t 6.5t
* Allowable stresses for building structures.

t Values controlled by the shear strength of the parent metal.
:j: Minimum expected shear strengths of filler alloys are:
Alloy 1100 7.5 ksi
4043 11.5
5356 17
5554 17
5556 20
55
testing
where: to be established from Table 3.3.2. In addition to the
Fcyw =compressive yield strength across a butt tensile test, side-bend, or face-bend and root-bend
weld (0.2 percent offset in 10 in. gage tests (either longitudinal or transverse) are required.
length) Operators shall be qualified on the basis of bend tests
Lw = increased length to be substituted in col- and a fillet weld soundness test.
umn formula to determine allowable 7.2.5 Rewelding Defects. Portions of joints that have
stress for welded column. been rejected on inspection because of defects may be
The above formulas assume that the entire cross repaired only by rewelding. The defective area shall
section within the length Lh is affected by the heat of be removed by chipping or machining. Flame cutting
welding. If only part of the cross section is so affected, shall not be used. Before rewelding, the joint shall be
the allowable stress based on Lw/r shall be substituted inspected to assure that all of the defective weld metal
for F w in the formula in Section 7.1.4. has been removed and that the joint is accessible so
7.2 Welding Fabrication. that the welding operator can obtain full penetration
7.2.1 General. These specifications are proposed for
through the joint.
application to both field and shop welding operations.
The general recommendations and regulations shown Section 8. Testing
in the American Welding Society Specifications 8.1 General
D2.0-66 "Welded Highway and Railway Bridges" Testing shall be considered an acceptable method
1966 and 01.0-66 "Code for Arc and Gas Welding for substantiating the design of aluminum alloy load
in Building Construction" 1966 shall apply as well to carrying members. Tests shall be conducted by an
welded aluminum structures. Detail requirements in independent testing laboratory or by a manufacturer's
the above specifications apply only to steel structures. testing laboratory.
Detail requirements for welded aluminum alloys
are given in the following paragraphs. 8.2 Test Loading and Behavior
In order to test a structure or load carrying member
7.2.2 Preparation for Welding. Dirt, grease, forming
adequately, the loading shall be applied in a fashion
or 'machining lubricants, or any organic materials that reasonably approximates the application of the
shall be removed from the areas to be welded by clean- loading during service. Further, the structure or mem-
ing with a suitable solvent or by vapor degreasing.
ber shall be supported in a manner that is no more sus-
The oxide coating shall be removed just prior to weld- taining to the structure than will be the supports
ing. This may be done by etching or scratch brushing.
available when the structure is in service.
Suitable edge preparation to assure 100% penetra-
Determinations of allowable load-carrying capacity
tion in butt welds shall. be used. Oxygen cutting shall
shall be made on the basis that the member, assembly,
not be used. Sawing, chipping, machining, shearing, or
or connection shall be capable of sustaining during
arc cutting may be used. (See also Section 6.2) the test without failure a total load, including the
7.2.3 Welding Procedure. Parts shall be welded with weight of the test specimen, equal to twice the live
an inert gas shielded arc or resistance welding process. load plus one-and-one-half the dead load. Further-
No welding process that requires a welding flux shall more, harmful local distortions shall not develop dur-
be used. The filler metal shall be an aluminum alloy as ing the test at a total load, including the weight of the
listed in Table 7.1.3.1. Other filler metal alloys may test specimen, equal to the dead load plus one-and-
be used provided that they are capable of meeting the one-half times the live load.
qualification test requirements, and result in welds Where practicable, evaluation of test results shall
having resistance to corrosion equal to or greater than be made on the basis of the mean values resulting
welds made with the listed filler alloys. Preheating for from tests of not fewer than three identical specimens,
welding is permissible, provided the temperature provided the deviation of any individual test result
does not exceed 400°F for a total time of 30 minutes. from the mean value obtained from all tests does not
7.2.4 Qualification of Welding Procedure and Welding exceed ± 10%. If such deviation from the mean ex-
Operators. The welding process and welding operators ceeds 10%, at least three more tests of the same kind
shall both meet a qualification test. The method of shall be made. The average of the three lowest values
qualification shall be mutually established by the in- of all tests made shall then be regarded as the result
specting agency and the contractor or shall conform to of the series of tests.
the method described in the ASME Boiler and Pres- In evaluating test results, due consideration must
sure Vessel Code, Section IX, "Welding Qualifica- be given to any differences that may exist between the
tions," Part B, 1965. Aluminum alloys as required yield strength of the material from which the tested
shall be used for the qualification test plates. sections are formed and the minimum yield strength
The minimum required tensile strength of reduced specified for the material which the manufacturer
section specimens in the procedure qualification test is intends to use.
56
bibliography
BIBLIOGRAPHY
These specifications have their ongms in many 6. "Engineering Design Considerations of Alumi-
places. This bibliography is intended for those who num", by Dale D. Doerr, Proceedings of the
want to find out more about some of the specific struc- Aluminum Welding Seminar, The Aluminum
tural design situations covered in the body of these Association, February, 1966.
specifications. 7. "Design of Welded Aluminum Structures and
Rather complete bibliographies through 1962 are Choice of Filler Metal", by John W. Clark, Pro-
given in the following ASCE papers: " ceedings of the Aluminum Welding Seminar, The
1. "Suggested Specifications For Structures of Aluminum Association, February, 1966.
Aluminum Alloys 606J-T6 and 6062-T6", Report 8. "Design of Aluminum Tubular Members", by J.
of The Task Committee on Lightweight Alloys, W. Clark and R. L. Rolf, Journal of the Structural
Committee on Metals, Structural Division, Pro- Division, Proceedings of the American Society of
ceedings of the American Society of Civil En- Civil Engineers, December, 1964.
gineers, Paper No. 3341, Journal of the Structural 9. "Fatigue of Joints in Aluminum Alloy 606J-T6",
Division, December, 1962. by G. E. Nordmark andJ. W. Clark, Proceedings
2. "Suggested Specifications For Structures of of the American Society of Civil Engineers, J our-
Aluminum Alloy 6063-T5 and 6063-T6", Report nal of the Structural Division, December, 1964.
of The Task Committee on Lightweight Alloys, 10. "Longitudinal Stiffeners for Compression Mem-
Committee on Metals, Structural Division, Pro- bers", by M. L. Sharp, Proceedings, the American
ceedings of the American Society of Civil En- Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Struc-
gineers, Paper No. 3342, Journal ofthe Structural tural Division, October, 1966.
Division, December, 1962. 11. "Buckling of Aluminum Columns, Plates, and
Works of interest published since that time include Beams", by J. W. Clark and R. L. Rolf, Proceed-
the following: ings of the American Society of Civil Engineers,
3. "Handbook of Design Stresses For Aluminum", Journal of the Structural Division, June, 1966.
Aluminum Company of America, 1966. 12. "Bending Strength of Aluminum Formed Sheet
4. "Shear Strengths of Aluminum Alloy Fillet Members", by John R. Jombock and John W.
Welds", by F. G. Nelson and R. L. Rolf, Welding Clark, American Society of Civil Engineers
Journal Research Supplement, February, 1966. Structural Engineering Conference, Seattle,
5. "Selection of Structural Aluminum Alloys Based Washington, May, 1967, Conference Preprint
Upon Welded Properties", by Karl Angermayer, 487.
Proceedings of the Aluminum Welding Seminar,
The Aluminum Association, February, 1966.
57
appendix/bridge structures
APPENDIX
Allowable Stresses for Bridge and Similar Type Structures
The Tables on the succeeding pages follow the

formulas in Table 3.3.6 and are based on the basic
factors of safety for bridge structures of nu = 2.20
and ny = 1.85 given in Table 3.3.3.
58
Type of Stress Type of Member or Component Spec. Allowable Stress, Table A.l
I-_ _ _ _ _+ _____________+_N_O_.+-______ks_i ----;0----;0----;0---1 Allowable Stresses for
TENSION. axial, Any tension member: 1 17 BRIDGE and Similar
net section
I--_ _ _ _ _!--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-+_-+_______~~--__; Type Structures
Re~tangular tubes, structural

shapes bent about strong axis -l -G-l' ::v\- 2 17 6061- T6, - T651, - T6510,
TENSION IN
- T6511 Extrusions,
BEAMS,
extreme fiber,
Sheet and Plate,
net section Rectangular bars, plates. Standard Structural
Shapes, Rolled Rod and
~------------+-0--n-ri-ve-ts-a-n-d-b-ol-ts------------------~~-5--~--------------~~~----~Bar, I)rawn Tube, Pipe
30
BEARING
Allowable Allowable Stress, ksi Allowable Stress,

Limit, S. Limit, S~
Between 8 1 and S2 Slenderness ~ S-.t
COMPRESSION
IN COLUMNS,
All columns
17 ,
1:.=8.0
axial, gross 7
section
Outstanding
flanges and legs 8
COMPRESSION L b _I
IN COMPONENTS Flat plates with H'-------' 9 17
gross
OF COLUMNS,
section
lib:o~th~e:d:ge~S~
supported ________ ~===!~~~~~~b~~1_-=_l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;jJt~~~~~~~~~~~-J
--l I- b
Curved pl"tes
17
supported on both
edges, walls of 10
round or oval tubes
Single web beams

bent about strong
axis
-I-r-E- 11

COMPRESSION
IN BEAMS,
extreme
fiber, gross '--11-
Solid rectangular
section
beams
-El 13
Rectangular tubes
COMPRESSION b-j r- -I t--- b

IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS,
(component
Outstanding
flanges
I [rVt
COMPRESSION 1- I
L::....:..::l -_R--..L,b 17
25
f-'~~~~~~----------~--~~--J_---Jj8~~j8j8~~~j8~~~~~j8~Wl:l~~~~~~~~~il~
IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS,
(component
under bending
I 1: r\\.- r ~ 18
in own 1 \
plane),
!:~:i~n Eri]:,d' 19
SHEAR
IN WEBS,
U nstiffened
flat webs I {'-----If I 20
gross
section
21
WHITE BARS I apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in, from a weld. I:,S,HA,D~;~~;J apply within 1.0 in, of a weld.
<D For all thicknesses with filler alloys 5356 or 5556. With filler alloys 4043 or 5554, values apply to (j) For all thicknesses with filler alloys 5356 or 5556; for metal
metal 3/. in. or less in thickness: for greater thicknesses multiply allowable stresses by 0.8. 0/. in. or less in thickness with filler alloys 4043 or 5554.
No ..
Table A.2
ksi
l Allowable Stresses for
TENSION, axial,
net section
Any tension member:
1 8.5 6 BRIDGE and Similar
Type Structures
shapes bent about strong axis -I -0- I ='loA- 2 8.5 6063-T5
TENSION IN
Extrusions, Pipe
BEAMS,
extreme fiber,
Round or oval tubes -0-00- 3 10 ,7
(Thickness up thru
net section
shapes bent about weak axis I -1-1
4 II 7.5 0.500 in.) 'J.
."
On rivets and bolts

5 14 12
BEARING
On flat surfaces and pins 6 9.5 ~

ksi, Slenderness 'Limit, S,. ksi
Limit, S,
Slenderness s 51 Between S I and S, Slenderness 2: S2
COMPRESSION L
IN COLUMNS,
7.5 -= 12
r
7.9-0.Q33~ ~=99
r
45,000
r (Llr)'
All columns 7
axial, gross '. L ·t
section
!:=S8 7.9,.0.033=
. f
-=99
y. ...... 4S,OOj} •••'~.'
y (LIT),"
b b b 1,740
Outstanding -jbl---lbl---jbi 7.5 -=7
I
8.9-0. 19 9t -= 18
I (bit)'
8
flanges and legs
I l-r ; ·6:
.
. b' • . '
t",l~ ~,?-~,l~
. "b
."
b.·'
-=18
t· '.
. 1,140.
• (bIt)'
. ....
.
COMPRESSION 290
IN COMPONENTS
Flat plates with f--Ll 7.5 '2= 22
I
8.9-0.063'2
I
'2= 50
I (bll)
OF COLUMNS,
gross
section
both edges
supported H r\l.r
-h~
9
'.: .
b
'i~;'6 . ".: b.
8.9.,o;06~ ." •... ~=SO
t • ;
290
(bIt) '.'
R 2,800
8.7-0.24~~
Curved plates R
-=25
~Ocp
7.5 -=270
+ YRII/35)'
..
supported on both I I (Rlt) (I
edges, walls of 10 ......
.' 6.+0.~~~~~
2,800
;
round or oval tubes i
....: : .. '
!,;,~.3 ".
t ....• 'o' ·.!=51.0
t.
'.
(Rlt)(l'+ YRrtl35».
78,000
Single web beams 8.5 L"
-=28 9.4-0.032~ L"
- = 119
bent about strong -I-r-E- 11 '.; r"
!:.~""
. ' : ...... t.
rlf r,
'~';'119
(L,lr,)'
78,00j} ' .
axis ,..6 .;.' T,·. 106 ~1;4"O.03~
r '.,
·(4/r». . '.;.
15.6-0.82~~
R,
10 -=47 ~=142 Same as Specifica-
~
I I tion No. 10
·.~e··.;W· . S~.··'
COMPRESSION
IN BEAMS,
'.:, • &=66 ~:' '
11,4-0.s4~~
~" . ".. ·t.: ~ '.'
.. ~=ios"
t.· . .'. lkItINo:l0 .
extreme
fiber. gross '--II- 11 <!'~0.=
t d
19 153-023<!'.,fj
.. t d <!'~0.=45
t d
10,200
(dll)'(u,ld)
Solid rectangular
section
beams -I:l 13 - .......... " .'.
'd~L.~
1·•.···)·5 ..•..... 'tii""~ il~.3-0;~~~. . . '!:~!:2=4's
'
td" : (.
lO;2!lO
(dlt),(1:;,It,W
8.5
L"S"
-=211 9.4-0.062~L1' LS.. = 3830 21,000
Rectangular tubes
and box sections -0- 14 '."
.;.
i. . . . 6: .•.•
f"
1:;'#':""3010. '9.+0.062~LI;Sc
{,< .: : ' . >.,: .• lg. .
.~'~'.=363fI
h· .. ·:".L
II I,
:zI,OOj)
,.< . ' (1..S</I.)'
(LS"lf,)
COMPRESSION b-j r-I I-b 8.5

b
-= 8.3
b
10.5-0.24-
b
-= 16
107
Outstanding b-jj-- (bll)
I
. '1-
[ I I
IN COMPONENTS 15 L. I ·i. .... ioi
~}.".·.6 .•·•.".i'i·
flanges b .•
OF BEAMS. I\..f 'i' I> .:.
-=.18
t . C:.'i
(component
under uniform Flat plates with -jb(---jbr b
.'.;'. ' j .
J". (bli!
340
8.5 -= 27 10.5-0.074'2 '2=50
compression),
gross section
both edges
supported
Flat plates with

Trv 16
10'.>6:) ..• ' .'''j--
1
b
i •.
" . 1:.- •.
I
i
I
b·· .•
-c=.S7
Ii
I
i
'.' (bIt).
4,400
(bll)
34i1'o '.: :.:
.
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
compression edge
free, tension
edge supported
-l:..;-:fR=t 17
II
F.7,~· . •:· · .
-= 12
I
'b:',
-=~22
b
t . ~ • . · ... Il~.3,Cl'~ :
15.3-0.35'2
I
...
'2= 29
l';"19 ':".~" 1)1··.

(bll)'
'4;400
. (bit)' ..•..
.
OF BEAMS,
h 880
(component Flat plates with \- 11 -=65 15.3-0.06# ~=m
11 ~ 18
...::,;~
I I
i~~""'<"
•.....
(hji)
880, .
tr1J:. ; •. :",_,,,:,:<'. . 7.5: ...... '.: «.;
in own supported :
plane), . t . .. "'';.'' (lilt)
gross d
II ~= 148 15.3-0.02~ ~=270
section
• 19
I
.(hit)
both edges
•... :.7~; <.::: • :i'. : .•.•.•..7f/··/:· .~";l70':.•
.2,00j}
supported
j
: ifliit'i
34,000
~= 42 5.9-0.024~I ~=99
SHEAR
U nstiffened
flat webs I { tI 20
;'~i
4.9
3.~J· . .: I
i..:. . . . . . ; : i. 34,000."'· >,-.
(hll)'
.. "
IN WEBS, . i'. :":': i':~.s,,:·· ...••. ~=.99·.

t. . ':'. I.:. ";.' (hlt'~ '.
gross
section Stiffened flat webs r=[fiO}. ~
21
4.9 ---
••":;~"jJ!
4.9 ~=98
I
47,000
(a.II)'
60
0." 0.).;1+0.7(0,'0 2)2 ;.~;:;j.5·.··:.~· 1-" .;Ci,•. .
2 f !··· ••···;t?,S;·,; . ·: laV·~""·.
"<47,oOOi' ·.;·i•. ::
··.Ca;,/t)·,;";
WHITE BARS apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld. ,. s~~~:.~~J apply within 1.0 in. of a weld.
Type of Stress Type of Member or Component Table A.3
No. ksi
TENSION, axial,
net section
Any tension member:
1 13.5 6 BRIDGE and Similar
Type Structures
shapes bent about strong axis -i-[J-1' V\ 2 13.5 II 6063-T6
TENSION IN
BEAMS,
e"treme fiber,
Round or oval tubes -0-0 0 - 3 16 .7
Extrusions and Pipe
""shapes bent about weak axis 4 18 7~5
On rivets and bolts

5 22 ]2
BEARING
On flat surfaces and pins 6 14.5 .8

Slenderness ksi
Limit, 51 Limit, S~
Between S I and S'l Slenderness ~ S 2
COMPRESSION
1::.=78
IN COLUMNS, r
All columns
axial, gross 7
section
!::=87
r
Outstandin~ -oj b I- -j b I- -j bi
8
flanges and legs
I IT
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
Flat plates with ~
OF COLUMNS,
gross
both edges
supported H rW-
--jbi-
9
section
Curved plates
~Ocp
supported on both
edges, walls of 10
round or oval tubes
Single web beams

bent about strong
axis
-I-i-E- 11
24.7-I.51~~
COMPRESSION
IN BEAMS,
Round or oval tubes
~ 12
U.4-0:S4y~
extreme
fiber. gross '--11-
Solid rectangular
section 13
beams
-I=r
Rectangular tubes

Outstanding b....Jr-
IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS,
(component
flanges
Flat plates with

I [ r'\.f
---ibl---jbl-
15
Trv
under uniform
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS
OF BEAMS,
-L.:fR=f 17
(component
under bending
in own I} ~ \-
18
tl i ]:d'
plane),
gross
section 19
SHEAR
IN WEBS.
U nstiffened
flat webs I { II 20
gross
21
0.= 0,jvI+O.7(O,/0 2)Z
61
WHITE BARS apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld. SIIAJ)ED.~AJ{S apply within 1.0 in. of a weld.
) ADDENDUM
As additional alloys and tempers are approved for BRIDGE and similar type structures because of their
inclusion in these specifications they may be incorpor- prevalent use for such applications.
ated in this Addendum until the next revision of the Data shown below are for future inclusion in Tables
publication. 3.3.1a and 3.3.1b and should also be used for determin-
Included in this second printing are alloys 5154-H38 ing allowable stresses for these alloys for BUILDING
sheet, 6351-T5 extrusions, and 6005-T5 extrusions. and similar type structures in accordance with Tables
Allowable stress tables A4 for alloy 5154-H38 and 3.3.3, 3.3.5, and 3.3.6.
A5 for alloys 6351-T5 and 6005-T5 are given for
TABLE 3.3.1a (addendum)

MINIMUM MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
FOR ALUMINUM ALLOYS
Values Are Given in Units of ksi (1000 Ib/in2)
COM- Compressive
PRES- Modulus of
Alloy Thicknes~ TENSION SION SHEAR BEARING Elasticity+
And Range Ftut Ftyt Fey F.u F. y F.u F. y E
Temper Product in. ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi
5154-H38 Sheet 0.006-0.128 45 35 33 24 20 81 56 10,300
6005-T5 Extrusions up thru 0.500 38 35 35 24 20 80 56 10,100
6351-T5 Extrusions upthru 1.00 38 35 35 24 20 80 56 10,100
t Ftu and Fty are minimum specified values. Other strength properties are corresponding minimum expected values.
:j: For deflection calculations an average modulus of elasticity is used; numerically this is 100 ksi lower than the values in this column.
TABLE 3.3.1b (addendum)

BUCKLING FORMULA CONSTANTS FOR ALUMINUM ALLOYS
COMPRESSION COMPRESSION COMPRESSION
Alloy IN COLUMNS IN FLAT PLATES IN ROUND TUBES
And Be Dc Ce Bp Dp CP Bt D. C.
Temper Product ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi
5154-H38 Sheet 39.0 0.294 89 46.9 0.388 81 44.4 1.956 185

6005-T5 Extrusions 39.4 0.246 66 45.0 0.301 61 43.2 1.558 141
6351-T5 Extrusions 39.4 0.246 66 45.0 0.301 61 43.2 1.558 141
BENDING IN BENDING IN REC- SHEAR IN

ROUND TUBES TANGULAR BARS FLAT PLATES
B •• D•• Ct. B. D. C. B, D. C.
ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi
5154-H38 Sheet 66.7 4.602 71 62.6 0.597 70 28.8 0.186' 103
6005-T5 Extrusions 64.8 4.458 55 66.8 0.665 67 25.8 0.131 81

6351-T5 Extrusions 64.8 4.458 55 66.8 0.665 67 25.8 0.131 81
62
Spec.
No.
Allowable Stress,
ksi
Table A.4
TENSION, axial,
net section
Any tension member 1 19 BRIDGE and Similar
Type Structures
Rectangular tubes, structural shapes
2 19 SlS4·H38
TENSION IN
bent about strong axis
-I -[}- l' V"\
BEAMS,
extreme fiber.
net section
Round or oval tubes
Rectangular bars, plates, shapes

-0-0 0 -
3 22 9.5. Sheet
bent about weak axis I _ 1--1 4 25 10.5 ,
On rivets and bolts 5 30 u.s

BEARING
On flat surlaces and pins 6 20

ksi Slenderness ksi
Limit, S, Limit, S2 Slenderness,:::: 52
Slenderness:::; Sl Between 8 1 and 52
46,000
COMPRESSION 16 17.7-0.134~ (L/,)2
IN COLUMNS, All columns
axial, gross 46,000
section j(Ll,)~
Outstanding -ibi- -l b f- -lbi

flanges and legs
I IT
COMPRESSION
Flat plates with f--L1
H
OF COLUMNS. both edges
gross supported
section
Curved plates
~Ocp
supported on both
edges, walls of
found or oval tubes
Single web beams

bent about strong
axis -I-T-E-
~
COMPRESSION Round or oval tubes
IN BEAMS,
extreme
fiber, gross
section
'-II-
-I~
Solid rectangular
beams
Rectangular tubes
and box sections
-0-
COMPRESSION
b-j r -I I-b
Outstanding f-
I [
IN COMPONENTS
b-j
flanges
OF BEAMS. r'\.J
(component
under uniform Flat plates with -Ibl---jbt-
compression) .
gross section
both edges
supported Tf\J
COMPRESSION
Flat plates with
compression edge
free, tension
edge supported
-LJR=t
OF BEAMS,
(component Flat plates with "-
under bending
in own
plane),
both edges
supported 11 ~
El~a:d'
gross Flat plates with
section horizontal stiffener.
both edges
supported
SHEAR
IN WEBS,
Unstiffened
flat webs
I { II
gross
section Stiffened flat webs I
00' O,;VI+O.7(O,;OZ)2
NONSHADED BARS I apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld. I. SHADE/J»).lA,RS ,I.apply within 1.0 in. of a weld.
63
No. ksi
Table A.5
TENSION, axial,
net section
BRIDGE and Similar
Type Strnctures*
TENSION IN
shapes bent about strong axis -1 -[}- 'f :v-\ 2 17
6005-T5
BEAMS, Extrusions
extreme fiber,
Round or oval tubes
-0-00- 3 21
net section
Rectangular bars, plates, 6351-T5
shapes bent about weak axis I - 1--1 4 25
Extrusions
BEARING
On rivets and boIts 5 I 30
On fiat surfaces and pins 6 20

ksi Slenderness ksi
Limit, S1 Limit, S2
Slenderness < 81 Between Sl and S2 Slenderness> 52
COMPRESSION
IN COLUMNS, 45,000
All columns 7 17 1,=8.0 17.9-0. 112f. 1:.=66
axial, gross r r r (Llr)2
section
Outstanding -jbf----Ibf----Ibi 1,740

8 17 £=5.0 20.5-0.70£ £=12
flanges and legs
II+ I I I (bll)'
COMPRESSION
IN COMPONENTS Flat plates with f-Lj
430
both edges
r\1.r 9
OF COLUMNS,
gross
section
supported
H --ib~
17 l!=16
I
20.5 -0.22£
I
l!=33
1 (bit)
Curved plates
00q)
2,800
supported on both
edges, walls of 10 17 R=13
I
19.6-0.71~ !i= 141
I (Rlt) (1 + V RII/35)2
round or oval tubes
Single web beams

78,000
bent about strong
axis -I-i-E- II 19 b.=21
r,
21.3-0.111~
r,
.b.=
r,
79
(L.lr,)2
~ 35.0-2.4~
Same as Specifica-
COMPRESSION Round or oval tubes 12 22 .fu = 29 .fu = 83 tion No. 10
I t
IN BEAMS,
extreme
fiber, gross '--11--
section Solid rectangular
beams -I] 13 25 !!Ib"= 13
t d
361-083!!~
. . 1 d !!0J=29
t d
10,200
(dlt)2(L.ld)
Rectangular tubes
and box sections -0- 14 19 L.S, = 120
I,
213-021I
. .
L •S ,
III
L.S, =1700
I
21,000
(L.5,I1,)
b--j r -I I-b
COMPRESSION Outstanding I- 162
I [ b-j 15 19 £=6.4 24.3 - 0.83£ £=10

(bii)
IN COMPONENn
OF BEAMS,
flanges
n.....r t I I
(component
--jbl--jbj-
Trv
compression), 520
both edges 16 19 £=20 24.3 - 0. 26 i: £=33
gross section I t I (bii)
supported
Flat plates with
--U~R=*
compression edge 4,400
COMPRESSION free, tension 17 25 £=8.8
I
36.1- 1.261>
I
!=19
I (bll)2
IN COMPONENT~ edge supported
OF BEAMS,
(component
under bending
in own
Flat plates with
both edges
supported I} ny \.
18 25 "'=46
t
36.1 - 0.24'"
t
!!.=75
I
1,350
(bii)
plane),
gross
section
Flat plates with
both edges
Ei1J :,d,
19 25 "'=107
I
36.1-0.104'"
I
"'= 173
I
3,100
(1t)1)
supported
34,000
I f fI
Unstiffened
SHEAR flat webs 20 11 !!.=33
I
13.9 - 0.089'"
I
"'=65
I (hll)2
IN WEBS,
gross
section Stiffened fiat webs
[TIQ}I
I~ ~
21 11 --- 11 ~=65
47,000
0." O~I+ 0.7(0,/0,)2 I (a,II)'
* Apply to nonwelded members and to welded members at locations farther than 1.0 in. from a weld.
64

Aa Construct Manual 1967

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By Authority Of

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

CFR Section(s): 24 CFR 200, Subpart S

Standards Body: Aluminum Association

The Aluminum Association

C. M. TYLER, JR., Chairman R. F. GAUL

Section 2 Design Procedure

Section 3 Allowable Stresses

Section 4 Special Design Rules

Section 7 Welded Construction

Section 1. General 2.2 Procedure. Computations for forces, moments,

1100-H12 Cheet, Plate ) All 14 11 10 9 6.5 28 18 10,100

2014-T6 Sheet 0.040-0.249 66 58 59 40 33 125 93 10,900

3003-H12 Sheet & Plate 0.017-2.000 17 12 10 11 7 34 19 10,100

3003-H12 Drawn Tube All 17 12 10 11 7 34 19 10,100

3004-H32 Sheet & Plate 0.017-2.000 28 21 18 17 12 56 36 10,100

3004-H34 Drawn Tube 0.018-0.450 32 25 24 19 14 64 40 10,100

TABLE 3.3.18 (cont'd)

5050-H32 Sheet 0.017-0.249 22 16 14 14 9 44 27 10,100

5052-H32 eheet & Plate ) All 31 23 21 19 13 60 39 10,200

5083-H 111 Extrusions up thru 0.500 40 24 21 24 14 78 41 10,400

5086-Hlll Extrusions up thru 0.500 36 21 18 21 12 70 36 10,400

5454-Hl11 Extrusions up thru 0.500 33 19 16 20 11 64 32 10,400

5456-Hlll Extrusions up thru 0.500 42 26 22 25 15 82 44 10,400

6061-T6,T651 Sheet & Plate 0.010-4.000 42 35 35 27 20 88 58 10,100

6063-T5 Extrusions up thru 0.500 22 16 16 13 9 46 26 10,100

1100-HI2,HI4 All II 4.5 4.5 8 2.5 23 8

3003-H 12,H 14,H 16,H 18 All, 14 7 7 10 4 30 12

3004-H32,H34,H36 All 22 11 11 14 6.5 46 20

5050-H32,H34 All 18 8 8 12 4.5 36 12

5052-H32,H34 All 25 13 13 16 7.5 50 19

6063-T5,T6 All 17 11 11 11 6.5 34 22

Crippling of Flat Plates kl = 0.50 k2 = 2.04

_ cy [ l+ ffiull /3] Y'z

TABLE 3.3.5 Methods of Rounding Off Numbers in Tables 3.3.6

Rectangular tubes. structural

On rivets and bolts

AUowable Stress, Allowable Stress, ksi AUowable Stress,

Single web beams

COMPRESSION b-j I- -I j-b

under uniform Flat plates with

On rivets and bolts

Allowable Stress, Allowable Stress, ksi Allowable Stress,

..I. d.,'i"; .' (d/t),(Lbld)

·.i ;,"" l 2.7

'; .·•.. 3,5

(bit)' •....... '!

apply within 1.0 in. of a weld.

Allowable Stress, Allowable Stress, ksi Allowable Stress,

Outstanding -I b r---1 i b r---1 b

Single web beams

COMPRESSION b-j r -I I-b

under uniform Flat plates with r--jbr-

Flat plates with

gross ..... ,1- --L., t-

section Stiffened flat webs I tl 1+I·otl It I 21 19 --- 19 ~=55

On rivets and bolts 5 15

Allowable Stress, Allowable Stress, ksi Allowable Stress,

: 4.2 -"" -;-= 138

Flat plates with

Flat plates with

6 ~= 49 8.2-0.045~ '!.= 119

On rivets and bolts

~_____o._:_a~,;<~V_I_+_O_.7_(O_'/_O_2)_2 ~ 2_1~9.~:. <~~,¥~t~~""~:n:~.~·.;:~,~·~;~22_1~~~:1_V_7~1:~._. .~;~~~t~.~_,86~·__~~~~~~~~~