Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SCHEME OF VALUATION
Marks Total
Q. No Key Points for Valuation
Allocation Marks
PART- A
Types of surface electrodes
Floating Electrodes
EEG
Physiological method of choice to record the electrical activity 2M
generated by the brain via electrodes placed on the scalp surface
The heart has its own system for generating and conducting action
potentials through a complex change of ionic concentration across
3 4M 4M
the cell membrane. Located in the top right atrium near the entry of
the vena cava, are a group of cells known as the sino-atrial node
(SA node) that initiate the heart activity and act as the primary pace
maker of the heart
(ii) The patient or the operator may not realize that a potential
hazard exists. This is because potential differences are small
and high frequency and ionizing radiations are not directly
indicated.
Characteristics Impedance
Absorption
PART-B
Static Characteristic
7(a) 5M 10M
5M
7(b) 10M
Galvanometric Recorder diagram and explanation
5M
Electrical activity of heart
The recording of the electrical activity associated with the
functioning of the heart is known as electrocardiogram. ECG is a
quasi-periodical, rhythmically repeating signal synchronized by the
function of the heart, which acts as a generator of bioelectric
events. This generated signal can be described by means of a
simple electric dipole (pole consisting of a positive and negative
pair of charge). The dipole generates a field vector, changing nearly
periodically in time and space and its effects are measured on the
surface. The waveforms thus recorded have been standardized in
terms of amplitude and phase relationships and any deviation from
this would reflect the presence of an abnormality. Therefore, it is
important to understand the electrical activity and the associated 7M
mechanical sequences performed by the heart in providing the
driving force for the circulation of blood.
The heart has its own system for generating and conducting action
potentials through a complex change of ionic concentration across
the cell membrane. Located in the top right atrium near the entry of
the vena cava, are a group of cells known as the sino-atrial node
(SA node) that initiate the heart activity and act as the primary pace
8(a) maker of the heart . The SA node is 25 to 30 mm in length and 2 to 10M
5 mm thick. It generates impulses at the normal rate of the heart,
Waveform
3M
Defibrillator circuit
8(b) 4M 10M
2M
Explanation
Ventricular fibrillation can be converted into a more
efficient rhythm by applying a high energy shock to the
heart. This sudden surge across the heart causes all muscle
fibers to contract simultaneously. Possibly, the fibers may
then respond to normal physiological pacemaking pulses.
The instrument for administering the shock is called a
defibrillator.
4M
During transthoracic defibrillation, the energy stored in the
capacitor is then delivered at a relatively rapid rate (in the
order of milliseconds) to the chest of the subject. For
effective defibrillation,it is advantageous to adopt some
shaping of the discharge current pulse. The simplest
arrangement involves the discharge of capacitor energy
through the patient’s own resistance (R). This yields an
exponential discharge typical of an RC circuit.
Gross Shock or macro shock
Gross shock is experienced by the subject by an accidental contact
with the electric wiring at any point on the surface of the body. The
majority of electric accidents involve a current pathway through the 5M
victim from one upper limb to the feet or to the opposite upper limb
and they generally occur through intact skin surfaces. In all these
cases, the body acts as a volume conductor at the mains frequency.
9(a) 10M
Micro Shock
The threshold of sensation of electric currents differs widely
between currents applied arm to arm and currents applied internally
to the body. In the latter case, a far greater percentage of the current 5M
may flow via the arterial system directly through the heart, thereby
requiring much less current to produce ventricular fibrillation. Such
situations are commonly encountered in hospitals equipments
Safety measures for patients
5M