Beruflich Dokumente
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Chapter 8
WATER TREATMENT
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Persistent Organic Pollutants
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8.1 Water Treatment and Water Use
Three Major Categories
• Purification for domestic use
• Treatment for specialized industrial applications
• Treatment of wastewater to make it acceptable for release
or reuse
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8.3 Treatment of Water for Industrial Use
Examples of industrial uses requiring water treatment
Cooling water
• Minimal treatment required
Boiler feed water
• Removal of corrosive and scale-forming substances
Food processing
• Must be free of pathogens and toxic substances
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8.4 Sewage Treatment
Sewage contains many things such as organics, grit, grease
Three phases of treatment
• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary or advanced
A major objective of all three levels of treatment is removal
of biochemical oxygen demand, BOD
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Wastewater Treatment Processes
Preliminary Primary Secondary
Treatment Treatment Treatment
Screening Sedimentation and Flotation Biological Treatment
Grit removal Sedimentation
Pre-Aeration
Flow Metering and Sampling
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Rectangular tanks
• Rectangular sedimentation tanks may use
either chain‐and‐flight solids collectors or
traveling‐bridge‐type collectors
• Both collector types scrape settled solids to
collection hoppers located at the bottom of
the tank
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Actiflo® Process Diagram (US Filter Kruger)
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Secondary Waste Treatment by Biological
Processes
Major objective is to remove BOD, {CH2O} that would
consume oxygen in receiving waters
Biochemical reaction is: {CH2O} + O2 CO2 + H2O
Devices with fixed films of active biomass
• Rotating biological contactors (rotating disks)
Figure 8.2 Trickling filter
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Figure 8.3 Activated Sludge Process
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Tertiary (Advanced) Waste Treatment
Performed on effluent from secondary waste treatment
Generally removes
1. Suspended solids
• Responsible for most BOD in effluent
2. Dissolved inorganics
• Generally algal nutrients, N and P
3. Dissolved organics
• Toxic substances • Personal care products
• Pharmaceuticals and their metabolites
Pathogens may require removal
See also reuse and recycling of wastewater on a later slide
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8.6 Removal of Solids
Relatively large particles removed by settling and filtration
Colloidal particles usually require coagulation.
Salts of Al&Fe are the coagulant that most often used in wastewater treatment.
• Filter alum, Al2(SO4)3•18H2O, most commonly used
• Forms gelatinous Al(OH)3 precipitate and carries suspended material
with it. Al(H2O)63+ + 3HCO3- Al(OH)3(s) + 3CO2(g) + 6H2O
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Flotation
• Flotation is used to separate solid or liquid
particles from a liquid phase
• Separation is brought about by introducing
fine gas (usually air) bubbles into the liquid
phase
• The bubbles attach to the particulate matter,
and the buoyant force of the combined
particle and gas bubble is great enough to
float the particle
Applications
• Dissolved‐air flotation – injection of air while
the liquid is under pressure, followed by
release of the pressure
• Dispersed‐air flotation – aeration at
atmospheric pressure
Dissolved‐air flotation
• In small pressure systems, the entire flow may
be pressurized by means of a pump to 275 to
350 kPa
• The entire flow is held in a retention tank
under pressure for several minutes to allow
time for the air to dissolve
• It is then admitted through a pressure
reducing valve to the flotation tank
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Table 8.5 Membrane Processes in Water Treatment
Microfiltration, removes suspended solids, emulsified
Increasing pressure, decreasing size removed
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8.7 Removal of Calcium and Other Metals
Ca2+ and Mg2+ are water hardness
• Form precipitates with soap making it ineffective
• Deterimental to synthetic detergents
• Produce scale in plumbing, hot water systems, boilers
Deposit formation in hard water
• Occurs when water is heated driving off CO2 gas
Ca2+ + 2HCO3- CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O
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8.8 Removal of Dissolved Organics
Many kinds including
• Disinfection byproducts
• Humic substances
Standard removal process is with :
activated carbon
• Activated by high-temperature reaction with H2O (steam)
or CO2
Some organic resins remove dissolved organics
Oxidation
• Oxidizing agents such as ozone, O3
• May be augmented photochemically with ultraviolet
radiation, h
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Reverse Osmosis, Figure 8.10
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8.10 Sludge
Sludge consists of solids left over from water treatment
• Biosolids is a term given to sludge from biological
treatment
• High water content (typically 85%)
• Disposal is a problem
• Secondary wastewater treatment sludge usually treated
by anoxic biodegradation, which generates methane used
for fuel
• Sometimes pathogens in sludge cause problems
Chemical sludges contain residues from the addition of
Ca(OH)2 (lime) and also contain Al(OH)3 or Fe(OH)3 added as
precipitants
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8.11 Water Disinfection
1. Most common : chlorine or hypochlorite salts such as Ca(ClO)2
• Cl2 in water produces HClO and ClO- ion• Free available chlorine = HClO + ClO-
• Combined available chlorine consists of chloramines produced by reaction of Cl2
and hypochlorite with NH4+: NH2Cl, NHCl2, NCl3
• A drawback of water chlorination is the formation of low molecular wt
chlorohydrocarbon such as CH2Cl2 & CH Cl3(Not easy to remove with activated carbon).
2. Chlorine dioxide, ClO2, used for water treatment to avoid formation of toxic
trihalomethanes, such as HCCl3
•(very reactive) ,produced on-site by reaction
2NaClO2(s) + Cl2(g) → ClO2(g) + 2NaCl
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8.13 Green Water
Much of the world suffers from water deficiency
Water may be available from desalination of sea water or
brackish groundwater
• 70% of Saudi Arabia water
• Multistage flash evaporation
• Reverse osmosis
Water reuse and recycling
• Recycling before water is ever discharged
• Reuse when another consumer uses discharged water
Current major systems for water reuse
• Irrigation
• Cooling water
• Groundwater recharge
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Figure 8.13 Injection of reclaimed water to underground
aquifers to prevent seawater intrusion
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