Soc101

Q. Define the concept of closed Social System” in

context of Pakistani society
Ans. A closed class system exists when a group of
people are given different opportunities, depending
on the characteristics they were born with, such as
color, gender, or the economic situation of their
parents. In a closed class system, you are stuck at
your level. You can't marry people from
other classes.

Q. Durkheim said deviance is functional, in that

context, describe anyone function of deviance.
Ans.
Deviance promotes social unity
In addition to clarifying the moral boundaries of
society, deviant behavior can also promote social
unity by creating an “us-versus-them” mentality in
relation to different individuals. Finally, deviance is
actually seen as one means for society to change
over time.

Q. Social status is a recognized social position that

an individual occupies in a social situation

Q. What is meant by normative organizations?

Give at least two examples of normative
Organizations functioning in Pakistan.

Ans. Normative organizations are those

organizations in that people join to promote some
important social issue or cause.
Because membership in a normative organization is
completely voluntary, normative organizations are
also referred to as voluntary organizations.
Examples
1. Shaukat Khanum Memorial Trust
2. Edhi trust
Q. In the light of “Understanding the
Socialization Process” discuss the Charles H.
Cooley’s theory of looking Glass Self in context of
your local social settings.
Ans. Cooley used the phrase looking glass self to
mean a self-image based on how we think others see
us.
Our sense of self develops from interaction with
others. The term looking glass self was coined by
Cooley to describe the process by which a sense of
self develops. The looking glass self contains three
elements:.
Q. what is culture?
Ans. culture refers to the ways of life of the
members of society, or of groups within a society. It
includes how they dress, their marriage customs,
language and family life, their patterns of work,
religious ceremonies and leisure pursuits.

Q. Name any three characteristics of scientific

methods.
Ans.
Statistical Generalization
Statistics is a device for comparing what is observed
and what is logically expected. They are subjecting
information to statistical analysis.

Rationalism
The collected facts have to be understood with
arguments. Therefore the scientists try to employ
difficult rule of logic in their research work.
Empirical
The focus of attention is that phenomenon which is
observed by using five senses by the human beings.
If one person has observed others can also make that
observation which denotes that it is repeatable as
well as testable.

Q. What is the difference between society and

culture?
Ans.
culture Society
Beliefs, values and practices of a People who share common beliefs
group. and practices.

Rules that guide the way people live. Structure that provides the way
people organize themselves.

fashion, lifestyle, tastes & Economy, village, city etc.

preferences, music, art, etc.

Q. What is the difference between society &

culture?
Ans. society is nothing but an organized group of
people who live together and are connected with one
another. ... Culture has certain values, custom,
beliefs and social behavior,
whereas society encompasses people who share
mutual beliefs, values and way of living.

Q. According to George Herbert Mead, there are

three emerging stages of self. Name them.
Ans.
1. The self develops only with social experience.

2. Social experience is the exchange of symbols.

3. Understanding intention requires imagining the

situation from the other’s point of view.

Q.

How you as a sociologist see the relevance of

these two concepts of stratification in the society.
Ans.

Q. Ahmad is a member of primary group. What

kind of relationship he shares with other group
members. Give two examples of primary groups?
Ans. Ahmad will share close relationship with other
group members. For example: family groups, love
relationships, crisis support groups.

Q. Give any three examples of white collar crime

from your daily observation.
Ans.
1. Fraud
2. money laundering
3. copyright infringement

Q. How social ranking can be explained?

Ans.
Q. how social ranking can be explained?
Ans. Social ranking is an important feature found to
one degree or another in all societies. The degree to
which societies rank individuals however varies and
results in varying amounts of inequality to be found
in the world.

Q. What is sociology?
Ans. Sociology is defined as the study of human
values, relationships, beliefs and society. It is a
social science that uses various methods of
empirical investigation and critical analysis to
develop a body of knowledge about social order,
acceptance, and change or social evolution

Q. How do sociologists do their research?

Ans.
Sociologists do research in basically one of two
ways:
Qualitatively and quantitatively
Doing research qualitatively means one would get
data by observing human interaction, doing
interviews, or studying documents or other sources
of immediate data.
Quantitative work involves using statistical
procedures and mathematical programs to solve
various numerical measures of the issue one is trying
to analyze.

Q. What is status quo?

Ans. The existing conditions or circumstances.
There are always those who are interested in
maintaining the status quo since they are doing well
due to it and others who compete against the status
quo since it tends to abuse them or puts them in a
disadvantaged position.

Q. What is meant by stereotypes? Give example.

Ans.
Q. type of social group, and explain the
secondary group.
Ans.
Type of group:
1. primary group
2. secondary group
3. in- group
4. out-group
5. group size
6. reference group
7. Stereotypes
8. Social distance
9. Networks
Secondary groups:
Secondary groups are large groups whose
relationships are impersonal and goal oriented.
People in a secondary group interact on a less
personal level than in a primary group, and their
relationships are generally temporary rather than
long lasting.
Q. slapper and tombs have listed six type of
violations explain them.
Ans.
Slapper and Tombs (1999) have listed six types of
violations by corporations:
 Administrative (non-compliance of rules).
 Environmental (pollution, permits violations
resulting in disasters. Victims).
 Financial (tax violations, permits violations).
 Labor (working conditions, hiring practices).
 Manufacturing (product safety, labeling).
AEFLMU
 Unfair trading practices (anti-competition, false
advertising

Q. What is corporate crime?

Ans. A crime committed by a corporation or
business entity or by individuals who are acting on
behalf of a corporation or business entity. Most
commonly corporate crimes will involve fraud or tax
evasion (avoidance), they don’t permit legal license.
Pollution, mislabeling, violations of health and
safety regulations affect much larger number of
people than irrelevant criminality.
OR
In criminology, corporate crime refers
to crimes committed either by a corporation (i.e., a
business entity having a separate legal personality
from the natural persons that manage its activities).
Example: fraud , street crimes.
Q. what are type of norms?
Ans.
Proscriptive norms: Instructing what we should not
do. Forbidding from certain actions.
Prescriptive norms: What we should do.

Q. Explain type of George Herbert Mead: The

Social Self
Ans.
1. The self develops only with social experience
2. Social experience is the exchange of symbols
 3. Understanding intention requires imagining the
situation from the other’s point of view

Q. what is the Theory of Differential Association

by E. Sutherland
Ans. E. Sutherland proposed that basically criminal
behavior is learned by associating with others
criminal individuals. Sutherland stressed that
people learn deviance.
Learning deviance is like learning anything else, and
this approach goes directly against the thinking that
deviance is biological or due to deep personality
needs.

Q. structural function theory

Ans. It is a framework for building theory that sees
society as a complex system whose parts work
together to promote solidarity and stability. The
model is based on the idea that:
1. Our lives are guided by social structure i.e.
relatively stable patterns of social behavior. Social
structure gives our lives shape, whether it be in
families, the workplace, or the classroom.
2. Social structures can be understood in terms of
their social functions, or consequences for the
operation of society as a whole. All social structures
– from simple handshake to complex religious
rituals – function to keep society going. All social
structures contribute to the operation of society.

Q. why sociology is imp in our Daily life?

Ans.
 Sociology increases the power of social action
 Sociology studies society in a scientific way
 Sociology has great importance in the solution
of social problems
 Sociology has great importance in the solution
of international problems
 Sociology is useful as a teaching subject

Q. gender and relationship crime.

Ans,
 National and international data show that:
 Crimes are highly concentrated among men.
 There is an imbalance in the ratio of men to
women in prison.
 There are contrasts between the types of
crimes men and women commit. (Women are
rarely involved in violence. Petty thefts,
prostitutions are typical female crimes).
 Female lawbreakers often escape because they
are able to persuade the police and other
authorities. They try to get special treatment
under “gender contract’

Q. what are ascribed and achieved status.

Ans.
An ascribed status is involuntary, something we
cannot choose. Race, ethnicity, and the social class
of our parents are examples of ascribed statuses.
-
An achieved status is something we accomplish in
the course of our lives. To some extent, achieved
status reflects our work and effort.

Q. what is life course? explain.

Ans. Life course is a biological process. In this
process there is a personal change from infancy
through old age and death brought about as a result
of the interaction between biographical events and
social events. The series of major events, the stages
of our lives from birth to death, may be called life
course. . As such life course is biological process,
which has been divided into four distinct stages:
childhood,
adolescence,
adulthood, and
old age.