STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ANALYSIS IN A BUILDING

Concrete reinforcement has a vital role in terms of construction nowadays. It is

very essential and used all over the globe. Although it resist compressive
stresses but weak in resisting tensional stresses. Hence to withstand the
tensional stresses, the use of steel comes into play. The reinforcement in
concrete may be simple bars or rods bend and tied. The nominal diameters of
steel essentially supplied base on the following categories;

1. The high yield steel (460N/mm2) and

2. Mild steel (250N/mm2).

BENDING SCHEDULE: Bar bending schedule and highly detailed reinforced

drawing is the most prominent requirement needed in the construction field
across the globe. With the its provision, the quality control at side will be
achieved as well as the other aspect of construction. In the modern construction
industry, the preparation of the bar bending schedule for the reinforcement work
is by site engineers or the supervisors which is being done in various countries
is referred to as bad practice. This is due to of the lack of quality supervisor’s
and untrained laborers. The quality control of the bar bending and laying is not
up to standard. Also, the proper cutting of bars is not done well which results in
cutting wastage. Thus, the site engineers or the supervisors are not fully aware
of all the design considerations that was made for the project, regarding the
anchoring, curtailment, and lapping of the reinforcement bars and their positions
particularly in the detailing for the earthquake resistance structures. that is only
prepared by the engineers in the design office only.

Bar schedule therefore, provide an authentic list that describe the location,
mark, type, size, length, number and the bending details of each bar or fabrics in
a reinforcement drawing in a structure. It’s also provides the reinforcement
calculations for reinforced concrete beam and detailed information of reinforced
cutting length type of bends and the bend length. It is a way of organizing bars
of each structural unit giving detailed reinforced requirement.

TIPS IN PREPARING BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

 The bars should be outlined in the schedule in numerical terms.

 The bar should be listed floor by floor in a structure.
 The bar mark reference is of importance on the label attached to the bars
which refer to a particular group or set of bars of definite length, sizw,
shape, and the type used.
 The bar should be grouped together to each structural unit i.e column,
beams or members.
 When cutting and bending is needed during construction, schedules
should be providing as separated differently using A4 sheets and not as
a part of the detailed reinforcement drawing.
 Note that is of importance as a bar mark reference can then point to a
class of a bar characteristics. This helps sheet fixers and the laborers to
keep track of the type and numbers of bars needed to complete the
required work giving out or designed.

THE USE OF BAR BENDING SCHEDULES

 Contractor who orders the reinforcement.

 The quantity surveyor.
 The clerk of work or other inspectors.
 The detailers.
 The steel fixer.

THE NECESSARY COLUMNS IN A BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

 The bar shape.

 The diameters.
 The spacing.
 The length of the bar.
  The number of bars.
 The bar mark reference or bar number.
 The cutting of length.

THE BENDING AND CUTTING OF BARS

The laborers uses the bar bending bench on which strong nails are fixes with GI
pipes with suitable length to bend the bars. This is often used for smaller
diameter bars. There is steel yard in the site for storing, cutting and bending of
bars. Reinforcement bars are cut into required length and bent into the required
shapes shown on the bar schedule either manually or by means of machinery.
For bending of larger diameter bars, bar bending machine is used. After banding
all reinforcement bars were bundled and clearly numbered according to the bar
mark so that steel fixers will not face any difficulty when fixing them.

The bar scheduling is prepared in a standard manner. The bar schedule should
be prepared and it should be submitted to the steel bar yard to cut and to bend
the bars for some purposes because, bar bending schedule is the simplest of
detailing what is in the drawings which can be easily to be understood for the
bar benders. It contains all the details needed for fabrication of steel. Those
details are the bar mark, bar type and size, number of units length of the bar,
shape code, distance between stirrups (columns, plinth, beam) etc.

THE MERIT OF BAR BENDING

 By preparing a bar schedule and arranging according to the lengths, it

will lead to an economical bar cutting, and reduces the bar cutting
wastages.
 It is easy to manage the reinforcement stock required for identified time
duration.
 It helps in the fabrication of R/F with structures.
 It improves the quality control at site as reinforcement is provided as per
bar bending schedule which is prepared using the provisions of respective
detailing standard codes.
  Using the bar schedule when use for Fe 500, it saves 10% more steel
reinforcement compared to Fe415.
 Bar bending is very much useful during auditing of reinforcement and
provides checks on theft and pilferage.
 Project time can be reduced as the bars can be cut and bend before form
work is done.
 It provides the better estimation of reinforcement steel requirement for
each and every structural member which can be used to compute the
overall reinforcement requirement for the entire project.

In calculating the weight of the steel while preparing the bar schedule, we use
the unit of weight of the reinforcement bar.

TABLE OF THE UNIT WEIGHT OF THE BAR

SN THE UNIT WEIGHT (kg/m) NOMINAL DIAMETER

1. 0.222 R6
2. 0. 610 R10
3. 0.617 T10
4. 0.888 T12
5. 1.580 T16
6. 2.469 T20
7. 3.858 T25
8. 6.313 T32

It is necessary to be careful about length when preparing bar schedules. In case

of bending, bar length will increased at the bending positions. Minimization of
the bar cutting wastage, in the site several steps were adopted for that purpose.
Those are; use of 12m long r/f bars rather than using shorter bars. For example,
6m bars of cuts of 12m bars were used to prepare stools, separators etc. The cuts
of larger diameter (25mm) bars for spacer bars of cuts of smaller diameter
(10mm) bars foe stool.
Bond: This is the grip due to adhesion or mechanical interlock and baring in
deformed bars between the reinforcement and the concrete.

Anchorage Bond: This is the embedment of bar in concrete so that it can carry
load through bond between steel and concrete. If the length is sufficient, the full
strength of the bar can be developed by bond.

Anchorage of longitudinal Reinforcement: Methods;

 Straight
 Bend

Hooks and Bends: Where it is impracticable to provide the necessary

anchorage length for the bars in tension, the designer may use hooks or
bends. The hooks or bends are used to shorten the length required for
anchorage.

Laps and Joints: Length of the reinforcement bars are joints by lapping,
mechanical couplers or by butt or lap welded joints. This ensures the transfer
of forces from one bar to another in the same line of action.

1. Lap Joint: the rules are;

i. The lap should preferably be staggered and away from
sections with high stress.
ii. The minimum lap length should be less than the grater of
150mm or 300mm for bars and 250mm for fabrics.
iii. Tension laps should be equal to at least the design tension
anchorage length.
 2. Mechanical Joints: foe the bars in tension or compression, the point may
be made with propriety connectors where the force is then transmitted
through the connectors.

3. Welded Joints: welded joints are either butt welded with bars in line or
else the bars are placed side by side and connected by fillet weld.

 Lw = Length of weld
 Lg = Length

For the proportions off hooks and bends in the reinforcement bars, these are
standard proportions that are adhered to;

i. Length of one hook = 4d + (4d + d ) where (4d + d ) refers to the

curved portion = 9d
ii. The additional length (La) that is introduced in the sample, straight
end to end length of the reinforcement bar due to being bent up at Ө◦
say 30◦ to 60◦, but generally 45◦.
 La = L1 – L2
 Where D/L2 = tan Ө and D/L1 = sin Ө
Therefore, the additional length = D/L2 – D/L1

Giving different values to Ө (30◦ 45◦ and 60◦), we get different values of La, as
tabulated below;

s/no Ө◦ D/Sin Ө D/tan Ө Additional length of bent up to bar, La

(mm).
1 30◦ D/0.5 D/0.5773 0.27D
2. 45◦ D/0.707 D/1.0 0.414D

3. 60◦ D/0.866 D/1.732 0.577D

COVER BLOCKS: This are often made up of 1:3 of cement mortar. Cover
blocks should be immersed fully in water for 28 days to get the maximum
strength. All the beams were checked to ensure adequate cover blocks are
provided to the bottom and sides of the beam reinforcement. Main bars of the
columns were adjusted to ensure the covering requirements before concreting.
Stools of concrete height were used to maintain the gap between top and bottom
reinforcement nets and cover blocks were also provided to bottom
reinforcement.

LAPPING: This is required when a bar isn’t long enough or when a joint is
required. Bars may be deliberately left short for constructability and
transportation concerns. The preferred method f lapping here is when the two
bars bars overlaps each other for some minimum distances. This distances is
called Lap Length. These two bars are in physical contact and wired together. If
it does not represent an actual bend in the bar. Thus, the other material used in
reinforcement works binding wires R/F are jointed with using wires which is
called the Binding wires.

STIRRUPS: In areas of a very high shear, this is required such as the bearing
points and below large point loads. Thus increasing the concrete beam spans
and to reduce the need for additional piers has resulted in the need for the use of
steel stirrups. Concrete beam vary in depth. The deeper the beam, the more
shear capacity. When the depth is not adequate, steel stirrups must be added to
increase the shear capacity of the beam. Stirrups are usually one piece of steel
that is bent into a rectangular shape. The stirrup typically wraps around the
bottom and top bars of the beams. A designer should specify the size, spacing
and location along the length of the beam where the stirrups are required.

STOOLS: This are commonly used to separate the top reinforcement mesh and
bottom reinforcement mesh. Dimension of the stools could be change as
required. Those should be strength enough to bear the loads without changing
the gap of the two layers. 12mm and 16mm bars used to make the stool. Some
important points to be checked are;

 Location of the bar

 Numbers of the bar
 Size of the bar
 Length of the bar
 Position of the bar
 The lap length
 Correct cover of the reinforcement and cover blocks
 Spacing (in slab reinforcement and stirrups)
 The direction of the bar in slab
 The columns, beams and slab reinforcement.
 The bottom bars where ‘’d’’, ‘’ø’’ is the diameter of the bar. The
anchorage length calculation e.g. 40 mm diameter bars.

GENERAL NOTES;

1. The drawing shall be read in conjunction with the relevant architectural

and the drawings and specification.
2. All dimensions are to be read and not scaled.
3. All dimensions are in millimeters
 4. The contractor shall be responsible for the accuracy of all levels and
dimensions and setting out of the work on site.
5. Reinforcement concrete materials;
 Steel reinforcement shall be free from impurities.
 Fine aggregate shall be river sand free.
 Coarse aggregate shall be clear and drinkable
 Steel reinforcement characteristics strength will be;
a) Mild steel FYV = 250N/mm2
b) High tensile steel FY = 410N/mm2.
 Concrete;
a) Concrete to be 1:1.5:3 mixture and shall have a minimum
crushing strength of 25N/mm2 at 28 days.
6. Cover to main reinforcement shall be as follows unless otherwise stated.
a) Floor slab/ staircase = 20mm
b) Beams and lintels = 25mm
c) Column = 40mm
d) Base = 50mm
e) Wall = 40mm
7. Concrete blinding shall be 50mm
8. Allowable bearing pressure of 150kN/mm2
It is accepted that no liability for job not supervised.

PART OF THE STRUCTURE; THE FOUNDATION FOOTING

S/ MEMBER BAR SHAPE DIAMETE LENG No: TOTAL WEIGH TOTAL

N S MAR R TH OF OF LENG T OF WEIGHT
K (mm) BAR BAR HT BAR (Kg)
(m) S (Kg/m)
1 BASE 01 Y16 1.54 210 323.4 1.58 510.972
TYPE 1 120 120

1300
2 02 Y16 1.54 210 323.4 1.58 510.972
120 120

1300
3 03 Y16 2.984 84 250.6 1.58 396.036
600
1184 450

750

4 COLUMN 04 2700 Y16 3.9 60 234 1.58 269.620

TYPE 1 450
750

5 05 2475 Y16 3.085 60 185.1 1.58 292.458

450
85

6 01 150 Y10 0.76 405 307.8 0.62 190.836

150 150
150

8 BEAM 01 180 Y10 1.32 70 92.4 0.62 59.288

400 400

180

9 02 2905 Y16 3.925 2 7.85 1.58 12.403

400 120
500

10 03 Y16 3.28 3 10.62 1.58 16.78

120

3455
11 04 Y16 1.812 3 5.436 1.58 8.588

1812

12 05 1955 Y16 3.755 2 7.51 1.58 11.866

400 400
500 500

13 COLUMN 01 150 Y10 0.76 162 123.1 0.62 76.334

TYPE 2 2
150 150
150

14 04 2700 Y16 3.9 24 93.6 1.58 147.888

450
750

15 05 2475 Y16 3.1 24 72.24 1.58 114.392

450
85
16 06 Y16 3.719 2 7.438 1.58 11.752

3719

17 07 2955 Y16 3.975 2 7.95 1.58 12.561

400
500 120

18 08 Y16 4.57 3 13.71 1.58 21.662

230
400 120
3940

19 09 Y16 6.766 3 20.29 1.58 32.071

200 8
400
6136

20 BEAM 01 180 Y10 1.32 17 22.44 0.62 13.913

TYPE 2
400 400

180
21 03 5180 Y16 3.573 2 7.146 1.58 11.291

120 120

22 02 Y16 3.573 3 10.71 1.58 16.936

120 120 9

5180

23 BEAM 01 180 Y10 1.32 26 34.32 0.62 21.278

TYPE 3
400 400

180

23 02 Y16 5.42 2 10.84 1.58 17.127

5180

120 120

24 03 Y16 5.42 3 16.26 1.58 25.691

120 120

5180
25 BEAM 01 180 Y10 1.32 64 84.48 0.62 52.378
TYPE 4
400 400

180
26 02 Y16 3.893 2 4.013 1.58 6.341
2873
400 120
500

30 03 Y16 4.066 3 12.19 1.58 19.273

120 8

3946

31 04 Y16 2.29 3 6.87 1.58 10.855

2290
32 05 3943 Y16 4.843 4 19.37 1.58 30.605
400

500

33 06 5489 Y16 6.509 2 13.02 1.58 20.586

400 120

500

34 07 Y16 6.31 5 31.9 1.58 50.402

230
400 120
5630

35 08 Y16 3.995 3 11.98 1.58 18.936

500 5
400
3095

36 BEAM 01 180 Y10 1.32 56 73.92 0.62 45.830

TYPE 5
400 400

180

37 02 3885 Y16 4.905 2 9.81 1.58 15.499

400 120
500

38 03 Y16 5.3 5 26.5 1.58 41.870

120

5180
39 04 Y16 4.173 4 16.69 1.58 26.373

4173
40 05 2993 Y16 4.13 2 8.03 1.58 12.679
400 120

500
41 06 500 Y16 7.04 3 21.13 1.58 33.369
400 120
6020
42 BEAM 01 180 Y10 1.32 3 40.92 0.62 25.370
TYPE 6
400 400

180

43 02 2168 Y16 3.188 2 6.376 1.58 10.074

400 120
500

44 03 Y16 6.401 3 19.20 1.58 30.341

120 120 3

6161
45 04 Y16 1.504 3 4.621 1.58

1504

44 05 2138 Y16 3.158 2 6.15 1.58 9.978

500 400
120

45 Beam 7 01 180 Y10 1.32 39 51.48 0.62 31.918

400 400

180

46 02 3903 Y16 4.023 3 12.068 1.58 19.067

180

47 03 120 120 Y16 8.23 5 41.15 1.58 65.017

7990
48 04 500 Y16 4.733 2 9.465 1.58 14.955
400 3713
180

49 Beam 8 01 180 Y10 1.32 70 92.4 0.62 57.288

400 400

180
50 02 1908 Y16 2.928 2 5.856 1.38 9.252
120 400

500
51 03 120 Y16 3.28 9.84 1.58 15.547

3160
52 04 Y16 1.547 3 4.641 1.58 7.333

1547

53 05 810 Y16 2.61 2 5.22 1.58 8.248

400 400
500 500

54 06 Y16 4.623 2 9.245 1.58 14.607

1547

55 07 3713 Y16 4.733 2 9.465 1.58 14.955

400
500 120

56 08 Y16 5.795 5 28.975 1.58 45.781

230
400 120

57 09 Y16 6.06 3 18.165 1.58 28.701

230
400
5425

58 Beam 9 01 180 Y10 1.32 53 69.96 0.62 43.875

400 400

180
59 02 2338 Y16 3.358 2 6.716 1.58 10.611
120 400

500
60 03 Y16 11.06 3 33.174 1.58 52.415
120 120

1081

61 04 Y16 5.36 2 10.72 1.58 16.938

5360

62 05 2370 Y16 3.39 2 6.78 1.58 10.712

400
120 500

63 Beam 10 01 180 Y10 1.28 28 33.6 0.62 20.832

400 400

180

64 02 5810 Y16 6.05 2 12.10 1.58 19.118

120 120
65 03 Y16 6.05 2 30.25 1.58 47.795
120 120

5810
66 Beam 11 01 180 Y10 1.32 26 34.32 0.62 21.278
400 400

180

67 02 5360 Y16 5.60 2 11.20 1.58 17.696

120 120

68 03 Y16 5.60 5 2.81 1.58 44.240

120 120

5360

69 Beam 12 01 180 Y10 1.32 20 26.4 0.62 16.368

400 400

180
70 02 4080 Y16 4.32 2 8.64 1.58 13.550
120 120

71 03 Y16 4.32 3 12.96 1.58 20.479

120 120

4080
72 Staircase 01 410 Y12 2.22 12 26.64 0.89 23.710
190 120

1500
73 02 Y12 2.092 18 37.71 0.89 33.562
110 110

1875
74 03 Y12 4.925 12 59.1 0.89 52.599
120

4805
75 04 Y12 3.48 12 41.76 0.89 37.166
120

3360
76 05 4020 Y12 4.24 12 50.88 0.89 45.233
110 110

77 06 Y12 4.24 12 5088 0.89 45.283

110 110
4020
78 07 Y12 2.092 18 37.71 0.89 33.562
110 110

1875
79 08 3360 Y12 3.48 12 41.76 0.89 37.166
120

80 09 Y12 4.925 12 59.1 0.89 52.599

120

4805
81 10 Y12 1.096 12 13.14 0.89 11.695

1096

TOTAL = 4329.472kg

Reference Calculate Output

01 Base type 1 (BT1)
21 No. Thus,
Cutting length = 1400 − 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟) +
2 (𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)
= 1400 − 2 (50) + 2 (37 × 16)
= 1400 − 100 + 592 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝟐 𝒎

𝛷2 162 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝒈/𝒎
Weight = = =
162 162

Total weight (10Y1601)

𝟐𝟗. 𝟖𝟗𝟒 𝒌𝒈
= 10 × 1.892 × 1.58 =
02 Cutting Length = 1400 − 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟) +
2 (𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)
= 1400 − 2 (50) + (37 × 16)
= 1400 − 100 + 592 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝟐 𝒎
 𝛷2 162 1.58 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
Weight = = =
162 162

Total weight (10Y1601)

𝟐𝟗. 𝟖𝟗𝟒 𝒌𝒈
= 10 × 1.892 × 1.58 =
Total No. of Total No. of BT1 = 21
BT1 Total weight of Y1601 @ 200 c/c
= 29.894 × 21 = 627.774 kg
Total weight of Y1602 @ 200 c/c
= 29.894 × 21 627.774 kg

CT1 EXTERNAL COLUMN TYPE 1 (15 No.) OUTPUT

01 Cutting length
= 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
= 4 [(230 − 8 (40) + 2 (2𝑑 + 6𝑑)]
= 920 − 320 + 2 (80) 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 𝒎

Weight of 13Y1001 = 0.62 × 13 × 0.76 𝟔. 𝟏𝟑𝟒 𝒌𝒈

𝛷2 102 100
Weight = = =
162 162 162
0. 𝟔𝟐 𝒌𝒈/𝒎

Weight of 13Y1001 = 0.62 × 13 × 0.76

6. 𝟏𝟑𝟒 𝒌𝒈
04 Cutting length = 3150 − 75 + 75 + 750 𝟑. 𝟗 𝒎

𝛷2 162
Weight = = =
162 162
𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝒈/𝒎

Weight of 4Y1604 = 1.58 × 4 × 3.9

𝟐𝟒. 𝟔𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝒈
05 Cutting length = 3000 − 75 + 80 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒎
 𝛷2 162 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝒈/𝒎
Weight = = =
162 162

𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝒈
Weight of 4Y1605 = 3.005 × 4 × 1.58 =

Total number of External column Type 1 (CT1)

Type equation here. 𝟏𝟓
⸫ Total weight of Y1001 = 6.13 × 15 𝟗𝟏. 𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒈
Total weight of Y1604 = 24.648 × 15 𝟑𝟔𝟗. 𝟕𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝒈
Total weight of Y1605 = 18.992 × 15 284.88 kg

INTERNAL COLUMN (CT2) (6 No.)

01 Cutting length
= 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
= 4 (230) − 8 (40) + 2 (2𝑑 + 6𝑑)
= 920 − 320 + 160 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 𝒎

Weight of 13Y1001 = 0.62 × 13 × 0.76

𝛷2 102 100
Weight = = = =
162 162 162
𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 𝒌𝒈/𝒎

Weight of 13Y1001 links @ 200 c/c

= 0.62 × 13 × 0.76 =
𝟔. 𝟏𝟑 𝒌𝒈
04 Cutting length = 3150 − 75 + 75 + 750 = 𝟑. 𝟗 𝒎

𝛷2 162
Weight = = =
162 162
𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝒈/𝒎

Weight of 4Y1604 = 1.58 × 3.9 × 4 =

𝟐𝟒. 𝟔𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝒈
05 Cutting length = 3000 − 75 + 80 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒎

𝛷2 162
Weight = = =
162 162
𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝒈/𝒎

Weight of 4Y1605 = 1.58 × 3.005 × 4 =

𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝒈
Total number of internal column (6 No.)
Total weight of Y1001 = 6.13 × 6 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝒈
Total weight of Y1604 = 24.648 × 6 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕. 𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒈
Total weight of Y1605 = 18.992 × 6 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟓𝟐 𝒌𝒈

BEAM
Width of beam = 230 𝑚𝑚
Depth of beam = 450 𝑚𝑚
Length of beam = 2𝑑 + 5𝑑 = 115 (𝑚𝑚)
But 120 used
Hooks for links/stirups = 2𝑑 + 6𝑑 = 80 𝑚𝑚
Length of intermediate lap = 500 𝑚𝑚
Length of bend for lap = 400 𝑚𝑚
Cover to concrete = 25 𝑚𝑚
01 Beam 7 (1 No.)
Cutting length
(𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ × 2) + (𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ × 2) + (ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑘 × 2)
− (𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒)
= (400 × 2) + (180 × 2) + (80 × 2) = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐 𝒎

𝛷2 102 100
Weight = = = =
162 162 162
𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 𝒌𝒈/𝒎

Total number of 01 required = 𝟑𝟗

 Total length of 01; = 1.32 × 39 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟒𝟖 𝒎
Total weight of 01; = 51 × 0.62 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 𝒌𝒈
02 Cutting length
5320 𝟒. 𝟎𝟑𝟐 𝒎
120 + + 2480 + 115 − 25 =
4

Total number of 02 required = 𝟑

Total length of 02 required = 4.023 × 3 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟔𝟖 𝒎
𝛷2 162 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝒈/𝒎
Weight = = =
162 162

𝟏𝟗. 𝟎𝟎𝟕 𝒌𝒈
Total weight of 02 required = 1.58 × 12.068 =
03 Cutting length
240 + 2480 + 5330 + 230 − 50 = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟑 𝒎
Total number required = 𝟓
Total length required = 5 × 8.23 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎
𝛷2 162 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝒈/𝒎
Weight = = =
162 162

𝟔𝟓. 𝟎𝟏𝟕 𝒌𝒈
Total weight required = 1.58 × 12.068 =
04 Cutting length
120 + 5330 − 1333 + 500 + 400 + 115 − 25 = 4.71 m
Total number of 04 required = 𝟐
Total length required = 2 × 4.71 = 𝟗. 𝟒𝟐 𝒎
𝛷2 162 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝒈/𝒎
Weight = = =
162 162

𝟏𝟒. 𝟖𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝒈
Total weight of 04 = 1.58 × 9.42 =
Beam 12 (1 No.)
01 Cutting length
(400 × 2) + (180 × 2) + (80 × 2) = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐 𝒎

𝛷2 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 𝒌𝒈/𝒎
Weight = =
162
 Total number of 01 beam 12 required = 𝟐𝟎
Total length required = 1.32 × 20 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟒 𝒎
Total weight of 04 = 26.4 × 0.62 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑𝟔𝟖 𝒌𝒈
02 Cutting length
240 + 230 + 3900 − 50 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟐 𝒎

𝛷2 162 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝒈/𝒎
Weight = = =
162 162

Total number required = 𝟐

Total length required = 4.32 × 2 = 𝟖. 𝟔𝟒 𝒎
Total weight required = 8.64 × 1.58 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒈
03 Cutting length
240 + 230 + 3900 − 50 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟐 𝒎

𝛷2 162 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝒈/𝒎
Weight = = =
162 162

Total number required = 𝟑

Total length required = 4.32 × 3 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟗𝟒 𝒎
Total weight required = 12.94 × 1.58 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝒈

Staircase (No. 1) Thus required

05 Cutting length
3830 + 230 − 40 = 4020
4020 + 220 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟒 𝒎
Total number 05 required = 𝟏𝟐
Total length 05 required = 12 × 4.24 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 𝒎
𝛷2 122 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝒈/𝒎
Weight = = =
162 162
Total weight of 05 required = 0.89 × 50.88 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟐𝟖𝟑𝒌𝒈