Characterizing Fluid Flow in a Technovate System

Danielle Reviere, Patrick Ryan, Morgan Walli

Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
Spring 2019
Laminar Flow
Ideal System Real System
The Fundamentals of Fluid Flow Bernoulli’s Equation - No energy losses Major Losses: Energy lost due to friction as fluid
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 interacts with rough surface of pipe
𝑷𝟏 + 𝑽𝟏 + 𝒑𝒈𝒉𝟏 = 𝑷𝟏 + 𝑽𝟏 + 𝒑𝒈𝒉𝟏

AFA Stainless. AFA Stainless Double Bowl 33” Dual Mount Kitchen
𝟐 𝟐 Minor Losses: Energy lost as fluid expands, contracts,
and transforms as it moves through pipe fittings Turbulent Flow

Diffzi. Laminar Flow vs. Turbulent Flow, 2018.

Same
District Noir. Pipes & Valves, 2019.

Height
Sink & Faucet Combo, 2019.
Major and minor losses vary with:
Pressure and velocity account for energy at constant height • Pipe and pipe fitting characteristics
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 • Flowrate and mixing
𝑷𝟏 + 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷𝟏 + 𝑽𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
ε Not all energy can be accounted for using Develop experimental coefficients that
Overall Objective: Bernoulli’s Equation account for energy losses in the pipe
Investigate friction losses associated with flowmeters, pipe flow, and
valves across a Technovate system Relate pressure drop and flowrate Minor Losses Major Losses

Specific Objectives: Boyle, M. Flow through a pipe, 2001.

• Determine discharge coefficients for venturi and orifice flowmeters Discharge coefficient (CV and CO) Loss coefficient (KL) Friction Factor (f)
• Calculate friction factors across 1”, ¾”, and ½” diameter pipes g = Acceleration due to gravity
V = Velocity
• Discern loss coefficients for an elbow, T-junction, and valve
P = Pressure ρ = Density of fluid 𝟏 𝟐 𝝆𝒇𝑳𝑽𝟐𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝝆𝑲𝑳 𝑽𝟐𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝟏 𝟐
𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑽𝟏 − − = 𝑽𝟐
h = Height ε = Surface roughness 𝟐 𝟐𝑫 𝟐 𝟐
L = Length D = Diameter (Major) (Minor)

Determine friction
The Technovate System factor (f) and Reynolds
number (Re) for each

Green Mechanic. Graphic comparison of

pipe (1”, ¾” and ½” ID)

Venturi and Orifice flowmeters, 2016.

Determine experimental
Calibrate 𝐷
relationship between flowrate Δ𝑃( )
Pressure Drop 𝐿
and pressure drop 𝑓=
Readings Collect 0.5𝜌𝑉 2
pressure Orifice Meter
drop data 2(𝑃1 − 𝑃2 ) 𝜌𝑉𝐷 Venturi Meter
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉 𝐴 𝑇 𝑅𝑒 =
for each 𝑑 𝜇
𝜌(1 − ( )4 )
flowmeter 𝐷
using 𝜇 = viscosity
various D = entrance diameter Calculate KL associated with P1
flowrates d = throat diameter each fitting
AT = cross-sectional area 2𝑔
Cv = discharge coefficient
Q = volumetric flow rate
Collect pressure drop data for each
𝐾𝐿 = ℎ𝐿 2
𝑉
P1 P2
+ P1
P2
+ P2
Δ𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔Δℎ fitting using various flowrates 𝑃1 −𝑃2
ℎ𝐿 = head loss =
𝜌𝑔
IndiaMART. PVC Pipe T Elbow, for Structure Pipe, 2019. Charlotte Pipe. Charlotte Pipe 10-in x 10-in dia 90-Degree
Cleaning Technologies Group. Gate-valve3-1024x669.ipg / Gate valve schematic, 2019.
PVC Schedule 40 Hub Vent Elbow Fitting, 2019.

Calibration Friction Factors Characteristics of Pipe Flow

Overall Relationships:
0.05 • All fittings, flowmeters, and pipe diameters caused a pressure drop
• Orifice meters create larger discharge coefficients
0.04
0.01 • Loss coefficients vary slightly with flowrate
• Averages are suitable for modeling
• Pipe diameter influenced friction factor
Relative Roughness (ε/D)

0.03 0.005
Friction Factor, f

0.002

0.02 0.001 Potential sources of error:

0.0005 • Erosion of the interior wall of the pipe
1" Diameter Pipe • Error in the calibration of pressure transducers
Discharge Coefficient for Discharge Coefficient for 3/4" Diameter Pipe
0.0002 • Error in the calibration of flowmeters
Source f = 64/Re for 0.0001
Venturi Meter Orifice Meter 1/2" Diameter Pipe 0.00005
laminar flow
Expected Range Smooth
Experimental 1.03 ± 0.04 0.66 ± 0.04
Literature ~0.985 ~0.63 0.01
1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06
Reynolds Number, Re (Function of Fluid Velocity)
Conclusions:
• Experimental discharge coefficients are consistent with literature Type equation here.

• Discharge and loss coefficient values fit with theoretical

Parameter Absolute Roughness, ε (ft) expectations
1" 0.00029
Loss Coefficients ¾” N/A • Discrepancy between experimental friction factors and
½” N/A physically-obtainable values
Average Experimental Average Literature Literature 0.0000077
Fitting KL Value KL Value • Areas for future work
1” Elbow Long Radius 0.80 ± 0.032 0.7 • Characterization of more flow system components
1” T-Junction Line Flow 1.45 ± 0.073 • Roughness values obtained experimentally deviate from literature
0.9 • Diverging T-junction, different valves, etc.
1” T-Junction Branch Flow 1.14 ± 0.046 1
• Experimental roughness is comparable to commercial steel pipe • Work to eliminate error
Ball Valve Half Open 2.5 ± 0.056 2.1
Ball Valve Fully Open 0.32 ± 0.023 0.15 (ε = 0.00015 to 0.00029 ft)
• Loss coefficient values obtained experimentally are • Losses are an important consideration of system design
consistent with literature values • Values for the ¾" and ½" pipe were below smooth curve, making • Values obtained here can be used to make predictions
it impossible to determine roughness about this system and to model and design similar
• Poor comparison for T-junction systems
• Experiment is converging T-junction • Friction factors varied with pipe size and flow rate
• Literature is diverging T-junction

References: 4.) “Minor or Dynamic Loss Coefficients for Pipe or Tube System Components,” Engineering ToolBox, 2004. Accessed on March 19, 2019. https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/minor-loss-coefficients-pipes-d_626.html

5.) B.R. Munson, T.H. Okiishi, W.W. Huebsch, and A.P. Rothmayer, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2013.
1.) “Energy Equation - Pressure Head Loss in Ducts, Tubes and Pipes,” Engineering ToolBox, 2003. Accessed on March 19, 2019. https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/major-loss-ducts-tubes-d_459.html
7.) “Technovate: Fluid Circuit System Experiments,” Cable Technova, Pompano Beach, Florida, 1976.
6.) D. Accessed on March
Kalika, “Technovate,” 19,
University 2019. Department
of Kentucky, https://uk.instructure.com/courses/1937761/files/folder/Technovate?preview=91072943
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, 2019. Accessed on March 19, 2019. https://uk.instructure.com/courses/1937761/files/folder/Technovate?preview=91073013
2.) “Orifice, Nozzle and Venturi Flow Rate Meters,” Engineering ToolBox, 2004. Accessed on March 19, 2019. https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/orifice-nozzle-venturi-d_590.html
7.) “Technovate: Fluid Circuit System Experiments,” Cable Technova, Pompano Beach, Florida, 1976. Accessed on March 19, 2019. https://uk.instructure.com/courses/1937761/files/folder/Technovate?preview=91072943
3.) M. J., Reader-Harris, “Venturi Meters,” Thermopedia, 2011. Accessed on March 19, 2019. http://www.thermopedia.com/content/1241/