A Training and Internship

Report on
Networking- CCNA (R &S)
By Azure Skynet Solutions & ELAN &
NVISION IIT Hyderabad

Submitted By:
Sukeerth kumar
Email ID: sukeerthkumar666@gmail.com
College: NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte
Location: Mangalore
 Project 1
Packet Analysis using Wireshark software
Wireshark is a free and open-source packet analyser. It is used for network troubleshooting,
analysis, software and communications protocol development, and education. Originally
named Ethereal, the project was renamed Wireshark in May 2006 due to trademark issues.

Steps followed in the project:

1. With the PC connected to the Wi-Fi, open Wireshark software and double click on
Wi-Fi.

2. At first, we see the different stages of OSI model like application etc. Type
“Google.com” in web browser and observe standard query and http response.
3. In the above figure we can see that HTTP response is in the application layer, internet
protocol is in Network layer and TCP and UDP are in transport layer etc.

4. In the figure above we can see that there is a DNS query. This has used UDP.

5. The figure above shows the first step of DORA process in DHCP protocol which is
nothing but Discover. This also uses UDP protocol and the message type is boot request.
6. The above figure contains three remaining steps of DORA process which are Offer,
Request and Acknowledgement. Here the message type is boot reply.
 Project 2
Enabling DHCP Server Inside the Router
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol used
so that DHCP server automatically assigns the IP addresses. A DHCP server enables computers
to request IP addresses and networking parameters automatically from the Internet service
provider (ISP), reducing the need for a network administrator or a user to manually assign IP
addresses to all network devices. In the absence of a DHCP server, a computer or other device
on the network needs to be manually assigned an IP address, or to assign itself an APIPA
address, which will not enable it to communicate outside its local subnet.
Steps followed for enabling DHCP server:
1. At first, we design the following network in CISCO packet tracer as shown below.

2. In next step, open the Command line interface in the router and type ‘enable’ to go to the
privileged mode and ‘configure terminal’ to go to the Global configuration mode.

Create DHCP pool using the syntax ‘ip dhcp pool name-pool’. Here, name can
be anything. If it is successful it enters into the dhcp-config mode.

Attach the network which is directly connected to the router along with its subnet
mask. Syntax for this is network ‘ip address subnet mask’.

Create a default gateway for the network and exclude that IP address from the
DHCP server. These steps have the syntax as shown below:
‘default-router ip-address’
‘ip dhcp excluded-address ip address’

With the above steps enabling dhcp server is complete.

3. If we click on any PC and go to desktop → IP configuration → DHCP. This, requests for
IP address from the DHCP server and it shows the success message along with
automatically assigned IP address as shown below.
 Project 3
Static IP Routing
As we know, the work of the router is to forward packets from the source device to the
destination device. In between there may be several routers. The router uses a database known
as the routing table to forward these packets. The routing table is the database that contains
information about various networks and these remote networks may either be learnt through
routing protocols or manually configured routes.
Static routes are one way we can communicate to remote networks. In production networks,
static routes are mainly configured when routing from a particular network to a stub network.
Steps followed during Static IP routing:
1. Following network is constructed using CISCO packet tracer.

2. All the interfaces are assigned with IP addresses in global configuration mode as shown in
below.
3. All connected devices are assigned with IP addresses and the default gateway as shown
below.

4. Finally static IP routing is done. Here, we have to tell the router the indirectly
connected networks. Syntax for static IP routing is given below.
"ip route indirectly_connected_network subnet_mask
next_interface_from_where_the_network_is_coming"
 Project 4
Routing Information Protocol v1

RIP (Routing Information Protocol): It's an only type of distance vector routing protocol. It
uses port no 520. In RIP hop count is the only matric. Hope count number of jumping from
one network to another. Maximum hope count limit in RIPv1 is 15.
If more than 15 routers are there in a network RIP works. RIP uses broadcast mechanism
and full routing tables are sent in updates.
Routers will always trust on routing information received from neighbour router. RIPv1
only supports classful networks.
Steps followed during RIPv1:
1. Construct the following networks in CISCO packet tracer.

2. All the interfaces and all the devices are assigned with the IP addresses as shown below.
3. Finally, RIP is enabled in all the routers as shown below.

4. Troubleshooting commands are used to check and verify the RIP implementation.
 Project 5
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

It is an advanced distance vector routing protocol. It uses some features from Link state
routing protocol also that's why it's a hybrid protocol. It uses IP protocol no 88. EIGRP is a
classless protocol.
The AD value of EIGRP is 90 (Internally) and 170 (Externally). It uses some
messages to communicate with the neighbour devices
First message is hello message. These messages are kept alive messages which
are exchanged between two devices operating EIGRP.
These messages are used for neighbour discovery and recovery.
It uses a multicast address of 224.0.0.10. It contains value like AS number and K-
values.

Steps followed during EIGRP:

1. Following network is constructed in CISCO packet tracer.

2. All the interfaces are assigned with the IP addresses as done in the previous projects.
Now EIGRP is implemented as shown below.

3. If any error or to verify trobleshooting commands can be used as shown below.

 Project 6
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

It's an Open-Standard Protocol. It is classless, so supports CIDR (Subnetting and VLSM).

Works on basics of areas.
Hop count limit is not pre-set.
Uses two multicast address => 224.0.0.5 (Used to exchange LSP and Routing Info)
224.0.0.6 (DR-Designated Router and BDR-Backup Designated Routed election)
It works on Dijkstra's Algorithm.

Steps followed for OSPF implemetation:

1. Design the following network in the CISCO packet tracer.

Networks in the entire figure is divided into three areas called area 0, area 1 and area 2.

2. Now OSPF is implemented on all the routers and all the adjacent networks are given to the
router.
3. Loop back addresses are also added to the routers as shown below.
4. Troubleshooting commands are used for verifying the functionality of OSPF
implementation as shown below.
 PROJECT 7
Configuring Vlan on cisco switches
A VLAN is a group of devices on one or more LANs that are configured to communicate as if
they were attached to the same wire, when in fact they are located on a number of different
LAN segments. Because VLANs are based on logical instead of physical connections, they are
extremely flexible.

The switch port can be one of the two modes

1. Access mode: A switch port in access mode belongs to one specific vlan and sends and
receives regular ethernet frames in untagged form. The switch port connected to devices
such as laptop, desktop, printers etc. are typically configured as access ports.
Command used for access mode :” switchport mode access”
To assign a VLAN to network the command is:
“switchport access vlan vlan_ID”

2. Trunk mode: These types of ports carry traffic from multiple VLANs at the same
time. Such interfaces are mostly configured between two switches but they can be configured
between a switch and a router.
● There are two ways a switch port can settle down into one of these two modes.
● These are static or manual and dynamic (Dynamic trunking protocol -DTP).
Command used in trunk mode:”switchport mode trunk”
To assign a VLAN to the network the command is:
“Switchport trunk allowed vlan vlan_ID”

To make two computers in different networks communicate we have to use a

router.Connections are of two different ways either by connecting two different
interfaces with the switch for two different VLANs or by a single physical
interface with two different sub-interfaces.
Steps to be followed during vlan implementation:

1. At first, construct the network in cisco packet tracer as shown below.

2. Encapsulate the vlans to the sub interface(a single interface is divided into two
subinterfaces)as shown below:

3. Initialize the IP address to the computer separately for vlan10 and vlan20 as shown
below:
4. Finally specify the switch port mode in the switch as shown below and the vlan is
implemented: