Coal Analysis For vtps-500MW

A
Main Project Report

On
“STUDY OF VARIOUS SYSTEMS IN 500MW THERMAL POWER
PLANT”
Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements

For The Award of the Degree
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
by
G.RAVI KUMAR - 116U1A0213
R.TRIVENI - 116U1A0242
I.VENKATESWARLU - 116U1A0217
G.RAJASHEKAR REDDY - 116U1A0216
Under The Esteemed Guidance of

Sri. B.V.MURALI PRASAD
A.D.E/EM, Stage-4
Dr. NTTPS
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SREEKAVITHA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE–New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU-Hyderabad)
KRISHNAPURAM (V), MADHIRA (M), KHAMMAM-507203 (T.S)
MADHIRA (M), KHAMMAM-507203 (T.S)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere thanks to external project guides

Mr. B.V.MURALI PRASAD A.D.E/E.M/Stage-4,Dr. NTTPS, for his
magnificent guidance which enlighten us the thing “achievable” from
“inconceivable”.
We render our thanks to Chairman, Mr.P.USHA KIRAN KUMAR

M.Tech who encourage in doing this project.
We are indebted to our beloved Principal, Prof. V. CHINNIAH, Ph.d for

his kind consent in doing the course, project and incitement towards us.
We found immense pleasure in expressing our gratitude to

SRI.G.VENKAT, M.Tech HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT, department of
electrical engineering, for his timely help throughout the project schedule and
the course of study.
We would like to express our sincere thanks and heart full gratitude to
Mr. R.PRABHAKARA RAO, Chief Engineer/DR.NTTPS, for permitting us
to do this project work.
We feel extremely proud to thank all the staff members for their stunning
support during the course of our dissertation work.
Finally, We thank one and all who directly and indirectly helped us to
complete our project successfully.

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project report entitled “STUDY OF VARIOUS SYSTEMS
IN 500MW THERMAL POWER PLANT” Is done by us, submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of the degree in Bachelor of Technology in Electrical And
Electronics Engineering Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad.
PROJECT ASSOCIATIVES
DATE:
PLACE:
INDEX
NAME OF THE TOPIC PAGE.NO
List of the figures i
List of the tables iii
Abstract iv
Introduction v
About Dr .NTTPS vi
The Process of Power Generation vii
CHAPTER-1GENERALLAYOUT&BASICIDEA
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Fuel & Ash Circuit 2
1.3 Air and Gas Circuit 2
1.4 Feed Water And Steam Circuit 2
1.5 Cooling Water Circuit 3
1.6 Measurement Parameters In A Thermal Power Plant 4
CHAPTER-2 COALHANDLINGPLANT
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Wagon Unloading System 7
2.3 Crushing System 8
2.3.1Crusher House 8
2.3.2Construction & Operation 9
2.4 Conveying System 9
2.4.1 Stacker Re-Claimer 9
2.4.2 Conveyor Belt Specification of
Stacker / Re-Claimer 10
CHAPTER-3 ASHHANDLINGPLANT
3.1 Types of Plants 11
3.2 FuelAndAsh Plant 11
3.3 Air& GasPlant 11
3.4 Ash Disposal &DustCollection Plant 12
CHAPTER-4ELECTRO-STATICPRECIPITATOR
4.1 Introduction 13
4.2 Precipitator Components 13
4.3 Theory of Precipitation 14
4.4 Particle Charging 15
4.4.1 Corona Discharge-Free Electron Generation 15
4.4.2 Ionization of Gas Molecules 16
4.4.3 Charging of Particles 16
4.4.4 Particle Charging Mechanisms 17
4.5 Electric Field Strength 18
4.5.1 Particle Collection 18
4.5.2 Particle Removal 19
CHAPTER-5BOILER
5.1 Introduction 20
5.2 Boilers Classification 21
5.3 Furnace 22
5.4 Pulverised Fuel System 22
5.5 Fuel Oil System 23
5.6 Boiler Drum 24
5.7 Draft System 25
5.8 Draught Fans 25
5.8.1 Primary air fan(P.A. fan)or Exhauster fan 26
5.8.2 Forced draught fan(F.D. fan) 26
5.8.2 Forced draught fan(F.D. fan) 26
5.9 Economizer 27
5.10 Water Walls 27
5.11 Air-Pre Heaters 27
5.12 Super Heater 28
5.13 Re-Heater 29
5.14 Circulation System 29
5.15 Soot Blower 30
5.16 Start up Devices 31
5.17 Safety Valves 31
5.18 De-Aerator 31
5.19 Boiler Specifications 32
CHAPTER-6STEAM TURBINE
6.1 Introduction 37
6.2 Principal of Operation of Steam Turbine 38
6.3 Description of Steam Turbines 39
6.3.1 Steam flow 39
6.3.2 HP Turbine 39
6.3.3 IP Turbine 40
6.3.4 LP Turbine 40
6.3.5 Turbine Driven Boiler Feed Pump 40
6.4 Sectional Arrangement of 500mw Turbine Set 41
CHAPTER-7 GENERATOR
7.1 Introduction 42
7.2 Working Principle 42
7.3 Stator 43
7.4 Rotor 44
7.5 Generator Ratings 45
CHAPTER-8 CONDENSER AND COOLING TOWERS

8.1 Introduction 46
8.2 Condensers Specification Used In Dr.Nttps 46
8.3 Cooling Towers 47
CHAPTER-9 WATER TREATMENT PLANT

9.1 Introduction 48
9.2 D.M. Plant 48
9.3 C.W. Plant 49
9.4 B.C.W. Pump House 49
CHAPTER-10 TRANSFORMERS
10.1 Introduction 50
10.1.1 Basic Principle 50
10.1.2 Induction Law 51
10.2 Types of Transformer 53
CHAPTER-11 SWITCH YARD
11.1 Introduction 55
11.2 Switch Yard Circuit And Equipments 55
11.2.1 Creepage Distance 56
11.2.2 Clearence 56
11.2.3 Tasks of The Switch Yard 56
11.2.4 Classification of Switchyard 58
11.3 Components In 400kv(EHT) Electrical System 58

11.4 Circuit Breakers 61
11.4.1 Classifications of Circuit Breakers 61
11.5 SF6 Circuit Breaker 62
11.5.1 Construction and Operation 62
11.6 Instrument Transformers 64

11.6.1 Current Transformers 64
11.6.2 Potential Transformers 65
11.6.3 Differences Between C.T & P.T 66
11.7 Types of Voltage Transformers 66
11.7.1 Capacitor Voltage Transformers 66
11.8 PLCC 68
11.9SCADA 68
CHAPTER-12 Dr. NTTPS STAGE-4 PLANT START UP PROCEDURE

12.1 Cold Start up Procedure 70
12.2 Shut Down Procedure 71
CONCLUSION 73
REFERENCE 74
LIST OF THE FIGURES
NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE.NO
Figure: 1.1 Layout of 500MW PowerPlant 1
Figure: 1.2 Cross Sectional View of Four Major Part Form A Power Plant 3
Figure:2.1 WagonTripler 8
Figure: 2.2 Stacker / Re-claimer 10
Figure: 3.1 Ash Disposal & Dust Collection 12
Figure: 4.1 Typical Dry Electrostatic Precipitator 15
Figure:5.1 Furnace 22
Figure:5.2 PulverizedFuel System 23
Figure:5.3 Steam Drum 24
Figure:5.4 Economizer 26
Figure:5.6 Pressure Parts 30
Figure:5.7 De-aerator 32
Figure:6.1 Steam Turbine 37
Figure:6.2 Sectional Arrangement of 500mw Turbine Set 41
Figure:7.1 Cross section of Generator 42
Figure:7.2 Stator Frame 43
Figure:7.2 Rotor 44
Figure:8.1 Cooling Tower 47
Figure:10.1 Transformer 50
Figure:10.2 Ideal Transformer. 51
i
Figure:10.3 Mutual Induction 52
Figure:11.1 Single Line Diagram 57
Figure:11.2 Wave trap 60
Figure:11.3 SF6 Circuit Breakers. 63
Figure:11.4 Line DiagramofCT 64
Figure:11.5 Line DiagramofPT 65
Figure:11.6 Capacitor Voltage Transformer 67
ii
LIST OF THE TABLES
NAME OF THE TABLE PAGE. NO
10.1 Ratings of Different Transformers 54
11.1 Clearence For 400KV Lines 56
iii
ABSTRACT
The development of a country depends mainly on amount of power generation. We
have more established thermal power plants in India. In a thermal power plant, the energy from
the heat of coal is transferred to water to make it as steam.
To meet the variation of fluctuating demands of different consumers from time to

time, the power plants has to optimize their efficiency of its components like boiler, turbine etc.
The study of turbine operation and performance plays a vital role for different working
conditions of power plant. The source stem must be effectively delivered by the boiler to obtain
desired power.
The main the me of this project is to study the operation , maintenance and protection
of power transformer used in stage-IV , Dr.NTTPS
The power generated by generator is synchronized to grid through generator

transformed by stepping of the generator voltage 21KV to 400KV grid voltage in order to meet
the maximum load demand by reading the transmission losses.
iv
INTRODUCTION
Electricity is the only form of energy that can be easy to produce, easy to transport,
easy to use and easy to control. So, it is mostly the terminal form of energy for transmission and
distribution. Electricity consumption per capita is the index of living standard of people of a
place or a country.
The basic energy conservation cycle in Thermal Plant is as follows:
CHEMICAL THERMAL STEAM MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL

ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY
The thermal power plants are the major power generating source in India. Almost 70%
of the total generated electrical power comes from the thermal power plants. Any thermal power
plant is converting the chemical energy of coal or other fuel into electrical energy. The process
involved in this based upon the modified rankine cycle.
Any thermal power plant has three apparatus: Boiler, Turbine, and generator. Its
operation involves the production of the super heated steam in the boiler which rotates the
turbine where the mechanical energy gets converted into electrical energy. The basic raw
materials are coal and water.
The major reasons for the losses in power generation by thermal power plant are mainly
due to the reduction in boiler efficiency and inefficient ash disposal system. In the thermal power
stating major losses are occurred in condenser and it is about 44.3% and boiler losses are 14%
and remaining losses are occurred in turbine and auxiliary systems.So, the plant losses can be
reduced by decreasing the above losses.
v
ABOUT Dr .NTTPS
In these modern world electrical power plays an important and vital role for development
of any country. the power generation of such electrical power, many generating stations are
installed. There are several types of power stations already in existence they are:
1) Hydel 2) Thermal 3) Nuclear 4) Tidal 5) Wind power stations etc….
In Andhra Pradesh there are different power stations under the management of
APGENCO. The important power stations are as follows:
1. DrNarla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station (Dr.NTTPS), Ibrahimpatnam. (6x210MW,

1x500MW)
2. Rayalaseema Thermal Power Project, Muddanur, Kadapa (5x210 MW)
3. Sri DamodaramSanjeevaiah Thermal Power Project, Krishnapatnam (SDSTPS)
4. Srisailam Right Power House (7x110MW, Hydel)
Among all such types of power stations, the most reliable and uninterrupted power supply
is from Thermal power station. Dr.Narla Tata Rao thermal power station which is the largest
installed capacity in AP GENCO.
Dr.NTTPS is located 16Km away from Vijayawada on the bank of river Krishna at
Ibrahimpatnam village. Dr.NTTPS now has a installed capacity of 1760MW at Generated
voltages of 15.75KV and 21KV. Since the generator is driven by steam turbine as prime mover,
it is called turbo generator. The excitation and protection of such huge capacity drive is very
critical and is quite interesting to study its aspects. It consists of turbine on the front side of as
prime mover and exciter on the back side providing necessary excitation to the generator field.
Dr.NTTPS has become a prestigious power station in the country and bagged many awards and
rewards. The construction of 4 stages of the Dr. Narla Tata Rao thermal power station was
commenced in 1978 and was completed in the year of 2009.
vi
THE PROCESS OF POWER GENERATION
Water from the river enters into demineralization water plant. The hard water is
purified and tend becomes as soft water after removal of impurities in water in D.M.plant. The
purified water flows into low pressure heater of heating water. After LPH the water enters into
the De-aerator and water is supplied to the economizer after passing through the high pressure
heater with help of boiler feed pump.
The main fuel in thermal power stations is the coal . The coal from the mines (major
portion of the coal comes from Thalcheru, Orissa) is brought to the plant mainly through
Railway wagons and the conveyor belt to the main plant and stored in the bunkers. The
controlled amount of coal is sent to the Ball/bowl mills where the coal is crushed into fine
powder. The coal powder is then filtered by using very fine filters (200mesh). The tempered
pressured primary air blown into the mills to carry the coal powder from the mills to the
combustion chamber at all four corners and at 6 levels of each corner of the boiler. Also, the
preheated secondary air blown into the furnace through all four corners for proper combustion of
the fuel. In between the coal elevations in each corners, oil guns in 3 elevations are provided to
inject the fuel oil into the furnace if necessary. Injection of the fuel to the furnace is tangential
and proper combustion of the fuel depends on the time of stay, turbulence and temperature of the
injected fuel air mixture.
By burning of coal in the furnace the flue gases are evolved due to combustion. These
gases heat the water in the economizer. The heated water enters into the drum from there it flows
through down comers and enters into the walls. There the water is evaporated and forms the wet
steam. This wet steam is again supplied to the drum, the water particles separated from the
vapors with the help the stem separators. The boiler drum is made up of carbon steel SA210
Grade C.
The boiler drum contains water at the bottom portion and steam will be in the upper
portion. The bottom portion temperature will higher than that of upper portion. That’s the reason
the thickness of bottom portion of the boiler should be more than the upper portion. The vapor
vii
again flows into the low temperature super heater (LTSH), Intermediate temperature super heater
(ITSH) and High pressure super heater (HTSH) forms super heated steam and supplied to high
pressure turbine.
In this turbine the steam expands after work done, the exhausted steam from this turbine
consists of low temperature and pressure. Such a steam again reheated in re-heaters like LTRH
and HTRH. The heated steam again forms as a super heated steam.
The main steam thus obtained has a temperature of 5400C and at a pressure of 150
KG/cm2. The main steam is allowed to expand through the fixed and moving blades of high
pressure turbine. The expanded steam comes out of HP turbine is called COLD REHEAT
STEAM has a pressure of only 35 Kg/cm2 and temperature 3400c only. Due to high moisture
content in this steam which causes serious erosion of the moving blades and to increase the
enthalpy of the steam, it is reheated in reheaters located in the boiler at constant pressure to the
temperature of 5400c by availing the flue gas heat in the Boiler.
This reheated steam is supplied to the intermediate pressure turbine and to low pressure
turbine. The steam is extracted from HP, IP and LP turbines is blended and is used for the
purpose of heating the feed water in HP, LP heaters and de-aerator. While super heated steam
flows onto the HP, IP & LP turbines. This expands continuously by the expansion of steam, the
velocity changes both in magnitude and direction, this creates change in momentum develops a
centrifugal force, which acts at the periphery of the turbine wheel. So the turbine wheel gets
rotated. This heat energy of steam is converted into mechanical energy.
Since the turbine shaft is coupled to the generator, by the rotation of generator shaft,
electrical power is generated. Such a power is supplied to national grid from there it was
supplied to the place of use. The existed steam from the turbine is cooled in condenser, by
external circulation of raw water. This raw water heats up; such heated water is cooled in the
cooling tower.
viii
STUDY OF VARIOUS SYSTEMS IN 500MW THERMAL POWER PLANT
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A control system of station basically works on Rankin Cycle. Steam is produced

in Boiler is exported in prime mover and is condensed in condenser to be fed into the boiler
again. In practice of good number of modifications are affected so as to have heat economy
and to increase the thermal efficiency of plant.
Figure: 1.1 Layout of 500MW PowerPlant
DEPT OF EEE, SKIT. Page 1

The Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station is divided into four main circuits :
1.Fuel and Ash Circuit.

2.Air and Gas Circuit.
3.Feed water and Steam Circuit.
4.Cooling Water Circuit.
1.2 FUEL & ASH CIRCUIT
Fuel from the storage is fed to the boiler through fuel handling device. The fuel used
in NTTPS is coal, which on combustion in the boiler produced the ash. The quantity of
ash produced is approximately 35-40% of coal used. This ash is collected at the back of
the boiler and removed to ash storage tank through ash disposal equipment.
1.3 AIR AND GAS CIRCUIT
Air from the atmosphere is supplied to the combustion chamber of Boiler through the
action of forced draft fan and induced draft fan. The flue gas gases are first pass around the
boiler tubes and super heated tubes in the furnace, next through dust collector (ESP) & then
economizer. Finally, they are exhausted to the atmosphere through fans.
1.4 FEED WATER AND STEAM CIRCUIT
The condensate leaving the condenser is first heated in low pressure (LP) heaters
through extracted steam from the lower pressure extraction of the turbine. Then its goes to
dearator where extra air and non-condensable gases are removed from the hot water to
avoid pitting / oxidation. From deaerator it goes to boiler feed pump which increases the
pressure of the water. From the BFP it passes through the high pressure heaters. A
small part of water and steam is lost while passing through different components therefore
water is added in hot well. This water is called the make up water. Thereafter, feed water
enters into the boiler drum through economizer. In boiler tubes water circulates
because of density difference in lower and higher temperature section of the boiler.
The wet steam passes through superheated. From superheated it goes into the HP turbine
after expanding in the HP turbine. The low pressure steam called the cold reheat steam

(CRH) goes to the reheater (boiler). From reheater it goes to IP turbine and then to the LP
turbine and then exhausted through the condenser into hot well.
1.5 COOLING WATER CIRCUIT
A large quantity of cooling water is required to condense the steam in

condenser and marinating low pressure in it. The water is drawn from reservoir and after
use it is drained into the river.
Figure: 1.2 Cross Sectional View of Four Major Part Form A Power Plant

1.6 MEASUREMENT PARAMETERS IN A THERMAL POWER

PLANT
PARAMETERS MEASURING POINTS / LOCATIONS
1. Pressure
Boiler drums.
Turbine 1st stage & turbine throttle.
Primary air line (header)
De-aerator
Furnace.
2. Temperature
Steam at mains super heater inlet and outlet.
High pressure bypass steam.
Auxiliary steam (header).
Feed water at economizer inlet point.
Water at condenser inlet.
De-aerator.
Air pre-heaters.
Primary and secondary air.
Flue gas super heater.
Flue gas re-heater.
Bearings of turbine and generator.

Bearings of FD, ID Fans, and Boiler feed

pumps, condensate pumps, various mills.
3. Flow
High pressure steam.
Feed water inlet.
Condensate.
Heaters drain lines.
Primary and secondary air.
4. Level
Boiler drum.
Condensate tanks.
De-aerators.
Heaters (water line).
Bearings and shafts of ID, FD, PA Fans, Boiler

Feed pumps, condensate pumps.
Turbine and generator shaft & bearings, shells

and casings.
Turbine shaft & casings.
Heated lines.
5. Analyzers
a. Steam
Conductivity saturated and main line steam
Silica of main steam.

Sodium at super heater inlet.
b. Water
Conductivity of makeup water, feed water at

economizer inlet, boiler feed pump inlet, Boiler
drum, condenser, condensate pump discharge.
Silica in feed water at economizer inlet, boiler

drum and condensate pump outlet.
Sodium in condensate, makeup water,

Dematerializes unit outlet.
PH of feed water at Economizer, Boiler drum.
Dissolved oxygen at condensate pump inlet and

boiler feed pump inlet.
Turbidity of condenser outlet.
Hydrazine at economizer.
c. Flue gas
Oxygen in flue gas duct between economizer

and air preheater.
CO2 at air heaters inlet and outlet.
CO at stack.
SO2 at stack.
Nitrogen oxides at stack.
Dust concentration at stack (SPM).

2.1 INTRODUCTION
It can be called the heart of thermal power plant because it provided the fuel for
combustion in boiler. The coal is brought to the NTTPS through rails there are fourteen
tracks in all for transportation of coal through rails. Everyday 6 to 7 trains of coal are
unloaded at NTTPS. Each train consists of 58 wagons and each wagons consists of 60 tones
of coal. The approximate in NTTPS coal required for a 500 MW plant per day= 6720 MT
(approx. if C grade coal is used, Coal calorific value: 4400 Kcal/Kg ). It costs approximate
4.5 crores of rupees per day including transportation expenses. The coal is firstly
unloaded from wagon by wagon triplers, then the coal is being fed through conveyers (1200
tonnes per hour)at a speed of 2.5m/s to crusher house. Their the coal is crushed to a size of
below 50mm then fed to coal bunkers . The whole transportation of coal is through conveyor
belt operated by 3-Ø Induction motor of HT and LT system depending upon the size of the
conveyer.
The coal supply to the bunkers is being fed to mills / pulverized through belt feeders.
In the pulverized the coal is crushed into fine power and the coal power is supplied to boiler
through conveying air by means of primary air fans.
The coal handling plant can broadly be divided into three sections
1) Wagon Unloading System.
2) Crushing System.
3) Conveying System.
2.2 WAGON UNLOADING SYSTEM
It unloads the coal from wagon to hopper. The hopper, which is made of Iron
, is in the form of net so that coal pieces of only equal to and less than 200 mm. size pass
through it. The bigger ones are broken by the workers with the help of hammers. From
the hopper coal pieces fall on the vibrator. It is a mechanical system having two rollers each
at its ends.
The rollers roll with the help of a rope moving on pulley operated by a slip ring
induction motor with specification:

Figure:2.1 Wagon Tripler
Rated Output. :71 KW.

Rated Voltage. : 415 V.
Rated Current. :14.22Amp.
Rated Speed. : 975 rpm.
No. of phases. :3
Frequency. :50 Hz.
No. of Wagon Tripler :6
The four rollers place themselves respectively behind the first and the last pair of
wheels of the wagon. When the motor operates the rollers roll in forward direction moving
the wagon towards the “Wagon Table”. On the Wagon table a limit is specified in which
wagon to be has kept otherwise the triple would not be achieved.
2.3 CRUSHING SYSTEM
2.3.1 Crusher House

It consists of crushers which are used to crush the coal to 50 mm. size. There are 2
Coal Crushers houses (each crusher house consisting of four crushers) in N.T.T.P.S. The
crushers working in NTTPS are ring granulator.

Basically there are four ways to reduce material size : impact attrition , Shearing and
Compression. Most of the crushers employ a combination of three crushing methods.
Ring granulators crush by compressing accompanied by impact and shearing.The unique
feature of this granulator is the minimum power required for tone for this type of material
to be crushed compared to that of other type of crushers.
2.3.2 Construction & Operation
Secondary crushers are ring type granulators crushing at the rate of 550 TPH/750
TPH for input size of 250 mm. and output size of 50 mm. The crusher is coupled with motor
and gearbox by fluid coupling. Main parts of granulator like break plates, cages, crushing
rings and other internal parts are made of tough manganese (Mn) steel.
The rotor consists of four rows of crushing rings each set having 20 Nos. of toothed
rings and 18 Nos. of plain rings. In CHP Stage 1 & 2 having 64 Nos. of ring
hammers. These rows are hung on a pair of suspension shaft mounted on rotor discs.
Crushers of this type employ the centrifugal force of swinging rings stroking the
coal to produce the crushing action. The coal is admitted at the top and the rings stroke the
coal downward. The coal discharges through grating at the bottom.
2.4 CONVEYING SYSTEM
2.4.1 Stacker Re-Claimer
The stacker re-claimer unit can stack the material on to the pile and reclaim the
stack filed material and fed on to the main line conveyor. While stacking material is being
fed from the main line conveyor via Tripler unit and vibrating feeder on the intermediate
conveyor which feds the boom conveyor of the stacker cum re-claimer. During
reclaiming the material discharged on to the boom conveyor by the buckets fitted to
the bucket wheel body and boom conveyor feeds the material on the main line conveyor
running in the reverse direction.

Figure: 2.2 Stacker / Re-claimer
2.4.2 Conveyor belt Specification of Stacker / Re-claimer
Belt width. : 1400 mm.
Speed. : 2.5m /second.
Schedule of motor : All 3-Ø induction motors.
Bucket wheel motor : 90 KW.
Boom Conveyor motor : 70KW.
Intermediate Conveyor Motor : 90 KW.
Boom Housing Motor : 22 KW.
Slewing assembly. : 10 KW.
Travel Motor : 7.5 KW.
Vibrating Feeder. : 2x6 KW.
Total installed power. : 360 KW.

3.1 TYPES OF PLANTS

This plant can be divided into 3 sub plants as follows:-
1) Fuel and Ash Plant.
2) Air and Gas Plant.
3) Ash Disposal and & Dust Collection Plant.
3.2 FUEL AND ASH PLANT
Coal is used as combustion material in NTTPS, In order to get an efficient utilization

of coal mills. The Pulverization also increases the overall efficiency and flexibility of
boilers. However for light up and with stand static load , oil burners are also used. Ash
produced as the result of combustion of coal is connected and removed by ash handling
plant. Ash Handling Plant at NTTPS consists of specially designed bottom ash and fly
ash in electro static precipitator economizer and air pre-heaters hoppers.
3.3 AIR & GAS PLANT
Air from atmosphere is supplied to combustion chamber of boiler through the action
of forced draft fan. In NTTPS there are two FD fans and two ID fans available for draft
system per unit. The air before being supplied to the boiler passes through preheater
where the flue gases heat it. The pre heating of primary air causes improved and
intensified combustion of coal.
The flue gases formed due to combustion of coal first passes round the boiler tubes
and then it passes through the super heater and then through economizer . In re-heater the
temperature of the steam (CRH) coming from the HP turbines heated with increasing the
number of steps of re-heater the efficiency of cycle also increases. In economizer the
heat of flue gases raises the temperature of feed water. Finally the flue gases after passing
through the Electro-Static Precipitator is exhausted through chimney.

3.4 ASH DISPOSAL &DUST COLLECTION PLANT
NTTPS has dry bottom furnace. Ash Handling Plant consists of especially designed
bottom and fly ash system for two pass boiler. The system for all units is identical and
following description is applied to all the units the water compounded bottom ash
hopper receives the bottom ash from the furnace from where it is stores and discharged
through the clinker grinder. Two slurry pumps are provided which is common to the units
& used to make slurry and further transportation to ash dyke through pipe line.
Dry free fly ash is collected into number of 72 fly ash hoppers which are handled
by two independent fly ash system. The ash is removed from fly ash hoppers in dry state
is carries cylos (tubular concrete tank) to the collecting equipment from their it dry ash
collect into to tankers and open trucks.
Figure: 3.1 Ash Disposal &Dust Collection

4.1 INTRODUCTION
As you may know, particulate matter (particles) is one of the industrial air pollution
problems that must be controlled. It's not a problem isolated to a few industries, but pervasive
across a wide variety of industries. That's why the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) has regulated particulate emissions and why industry has responded with various
control devices. Of the major particulate collection devices used today, Electro Static
Precipitators (ESPs) are one of the more frequently used. They can handle large gas volumes
with a wide range of inlet temperatures, pressures, dust volumes, and acid gas conditions.
They can collect a wide range of particle sizes, and they can collect particles in dry and wet
states. For many industries, the collection efficiency can go as high as 99%. ESPs aren't
always the appropriate collection device, but they work because of Electro Static Attraction
(like charges repel; unlike charges attract). Let's see how this law of physics works in an ESP.
4.2 PRECIPITATOR COMPONENTS
All electrostatic precipitators, regardless of their particular designs, contain the

following essential components:
1. Discharge electrodes
2. Collection electrodes
3. High voltage electrical systems
4. Rappers
5. Hoppers
6. Shell
1.Discharge electrodes
These are either small-diameter metal wires that hang vertically (in the electrostatic
precipitator), a number of wires attached together in rigid frames, or a rigid electrode- made

from a single piece of fabricated metal. Discharge electrodes create a strong electrical field
that ionizes flue gas, and this ionization charges particles in the gas.
2. Collection electrodes
These are collect charged particles. Collection electrodes are either flat plates or tubes
with a charge opposite that of the discharge electrodes.
3. High voltage equipment
It provides the electric field between the discharge and collection electrodes used to
charge particles in the ESP.
4. Rappers
These are impart a vibration, or shock, to the electrodes, removing the collected dust.
Rappers remove dust that has accumulated on both collection electrodes and discharge
electrodes. Occasionally, water sprays are used to remove dust from collection electrodes.
5. Hoppers
These are located at the bottom of the precipitator. Hoppers are used to collect and
temporarily store the dust removed during the rapping process.
4.3 THEORY OF PRECIPITATION
Every particle either has or can be given a charge—positive or negative. Let's suppose
we impart a negative charge to all the particles in a gas stream. Then suppose we set up a
grounded plate having a positive charge. What would happen? The negatively charged
particle would migrate to the grounded collection plate and be captured. The particles would
quickly collect on the plate, creating a dust layer. The dust layer would accumulate until we
removed it, which we could do by rapping the plate or by spraying it with a liquid. Charging,
collecting, and removing—that's the basic idea of an ESP, but it gets more complicated. Let's
look at a typical scenario using a common ESP construction.

4.4 PARTICLE CHARGING
Our typical ESP as shown in Figure 4.1 has thin wires called discharge electrodes,
which are evenly spaced between large plates called collection electrodes, which are
grounded. Think of an electrode as something that can conduct or transmit electricity. A
negative, high-voltage, pulsating, direct current is applied to the discharge electrode creating
a negative electric field. You can mentally divide this field into three regions. The field is
strongest right next to the discharge electrode, weaker in the areas between the discharge and
collection electrodes called the inter-electrode region, and weakest near the collection
electrode. The region around the discharge electrode is where the particle charging process
begins.
Figure: 4.1typical Dry Electrostatic Precipitator
4.4.1 Corona Discharge-Free Electron Generation
Several things happen very rapidly (in a matter of a millisecond) in the small area
around the discharge electrode. The applied voltage is increased until it produces a corona
discharge, which can be seen as a luminous blue glow around the discharge electrode. The
free electrons created by the corona are rapidly fleeing the negative electric field, which
repulses them. They move faster and faster away from the discharge electrode. This
acceleration causes them to literally crash into gas molecules, bumping off electrons in the

molecules. As a result of losing an electron (which is negative), the gas molecules become
positively charged, that is, they become positive ions. So, this is the first thing that happens
gas molecules are ionized, and electrons are liberated. All this activity occurs very close to
the discharge electrode. This process continues, creating more and more free electrons and
more positive ions. The name for all this electron generation activity is avalanche
multiplication.
The electrons bump into gas molecules and create additional ionized molecules. The
positive ions, on the other hand, are drawn back toward the negative discharge electrode.
The molecules are hundreds of times bigger than the tiny electrons and move slowly, but they
do pick up speed. In fact, many of them collide right into the metal discharge electrode or the
gas space around the wire causing additional electrons to be knocked off. This is called
secondary emission. So, this is the second thing that happens. We still have positive ions
and a large amount of free electrons.
4.4.2 Ionization of Gas Molecules
As the electrons leave the strong electrical field area around the discharge electrode,
they start slowing down. Now they're in the inter-electrode area where they are still repulsed
by the discharge electrode but to a lesser extent. There are also gas molecules in the inter-
electrode region, but instead of violently colliding with them, the electrons kind of bump up
to them and are captured. This imparts a negative charge to the gas molecules, creating
negative gas ions. This time, because the ions are negative, they too want to move in the
direction opposite the strong negative field. Now we have ionization of gas molecules
happening near the discharge electrode and in the inter-electrode area, but with a big
difference. The ions near the discharge electrode are positive and remain in that area. The
ions in the middle area are negative and move away, along the path of invisible electric field
lines, toward the collection electrode.
4.4.3 Charging of Particles
These negative gas ions play a key role in capturing dust particles. Before the dust
particles can be captured, they must first acquire a negative charge. This is when and where it
happens. The particles are traveling along in the gas stream and encounter negative ions
moving across their path. Actually, what really happens is that the particles get in the way of
the negatively charged gas ions. The gas ions stick to the particles, imparting a negative

charge to them. At first the charge is fairly insignificant as most particles are huge compared
to a gas molecule. But many gas ions can fit on a particle, and they do. Small particles (less
than 1 mm diameter) can absorb “tens” of ions. Large particles (greater than 10 mm) can
absorb "tens of thousands" of ions. Eventually, there are so many ions stuck to the particles,
the particles emit their own negative electrical field. When this happens, the negative field
around the particle repulses the negative gas ions and no additional ions are acquired. This is
called the saturation charge. Now the negatively-charged particles are feeling the inescapable
pull of electrostatic attraction. Bigger particles have a higher saturation charge (more
molecules fit) and consequently are pulled more strongly to the collection plate. In other
words, they move faster than smaller particles. Regardless of size, the particles encounter the
plate and stick, because of adhesive and cohesive forces.
Let's stop here and survey the picture. Gas molecules around the discharge electrode
are positively ionized. Free electrons are racing as fast as they can away from the strong
negative field area around the discharge electrode. The electrons are captured by gas
molecules in the inter-electrode area and impart a negative charge to them. Negative gas ions
meet particles and are captured .And all this happens in the blink of an eye. The net result is
negatively charged particles that are repulsed by the negative electric field around the
discharge electrode and are strongly attracted to the collection plate. They travel toward the
grounded collection plate, bump into it, and stay there.
4.4.4 Particle Charging Mechanisms
Particles are charged by negative gas ions moving toward the collection plate by one
of these two mechanisms: field charging or diffusion charging. In field charging (the
mechanism described above), particles capture negatively charged gas ions as the ions move
toward the grounded collection plate. Diffusion charging, as its name implies, depends on the
random motion of the gas ions to charge particles.
In field charging, as particles enter the electric field, they cause a local dislocation of
the field. Negative gas ions traveling along the electric field lines collide with the suspended
particles and impart a charge to them. The ions will continue to bombard a particle until the
charge on that particle is sufficient to divert the electric lines away from it. This prevents new
ions from colliding with the charged dust particle. When a particle no longer receives an ion
charge, it is said to be saturated. Saturated charged particles then migrate to the collection
electrode and are collected.

Diffusion charging is associated with the random Brownian motion of the negative
gas ions. The random motion is related to the velocity of the gas ions due to thermal effects:
the higher the temperature, the more movement. Negative gas ions collide with the particles
because of their random thermal motion and impart a charge on the particles. Because the
particles are very small (sub-micrometer), they do not cause the electric field to be dislocated,
as in field charging. Thus, diffusion charging is the only mechanism by which these very
small particles become charged. The charged particles then migrate to the collection
electrode.
Each of these two charging mechanisms occurs to some extent, with one dominating
depending on particle size. Field charging dominates for particles with a diameter >1.0
micrometer because particles must be large enough to capture gas ions. Diffusion charging
dominates for particles with a diameter less than 0.1 micrometer. A combination of these two
charging mechanisms occurs for particles ranging between 0.2 and 1.0 micrometer in
diameter.
4.5 ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH
In the inter-electrode region, negative gas ions migrate toward the grounded collection
electrode. A space charge, which is a stable concentration of negative gas ions, forms in the
inter-electrode region because of the high electric field applied to the ESP. Increasing the
applied voltage to the discharge electrode will increase the field strength and ion formation
until spark over occurs. Spark over refers to internal sparking between the discharge and
collection electrodes. It is a sudden rush of localized electric current through the gas layer
between the two electrodes. Sparking causes an immediate short-term collapse of the electric
field. For optimum efficiency, the electric field strength should be as high as possible. More
specifically, ESPs should be operated at voltages high enough to cause some sparking, but
not so high that sparking and the collapse of the electric field occur too frequently. The
average spark over rate for optimum precipitator operation is between 50 and 100 sparks per
minute. At this spark rate, the gain in efficiency associated with increased voltage
compensates for decreased gas ionization due to collapse of the electric field.
4.5.1 Particle Collection
When a charged particle reaches the grounded collection electrode, the charge on the
particle is only partially discharged. The charge is slowly leaked to the grounded collection

plate. A portion of the charge is retained and contributes to the inter-molecular adhesive and
cohesive forces that hold the particles onto the plates. Adhesive forces cause the particles to
physically hold on to each other because of their dissimilar surfaces. Newly arrived particles
are held to the collected particles by cohesive forces; particles are attracted and held to each
other molecularly. The dust layer is allowed to build up on the plate to a desired thickness
and then the particle removal cycle is initiated.
4.5.2 Particle Removal
Dust that has accumulated to a certain thickness on the collection electrode is

removed by one of two processes, depending on the type of collection electrode. As described
in greater detail in the next section, collection electrodes in precipitators can be either plates
or tubes, with plates being more common. Tubes are usually cleaned by water sprays, while
plates can be cleaned either by water sprays or a process called rapping.
Rapping is a process whereby deposited, dry particles are dislodged from the
collection plates by sending mechanical impulses, or vibrations, to the plates. Precipitator
plates are rapped periodically while maintaining the continuous flue-gas cleaning process. In
other words, the plates are rapped while the ESP is on-line; the gas flow continues through
the precipitator and the applied voltage remains constant. Plates are rapped when the
accumulated dust layer is relatively thick (0.08 to 1.27 cm or 0.03 to 0.5 in.). This allows the
dust layer to fall off the plates as large aggregate sheets and helps eliminate dust re-
entrainment. Most precipitators have adjustable rappers so that rapper intensity and frequency
can be changed according to the dust concentration in the flue gas. Installations where the
dust concentration is heavy require more frequent rapping.
Dislodged dust falls from the plates into the hopper. The hopper is a single collection
bin with sides sloping approximately 50 to 70 to allow dust to flow freely from the top of
the hopper to the discharge opening. Dust should be removed as soon as possible to avoid
(dust) packing. Packed dust is very difficult to remove. Most hoppers are emptied by some
type of discharge device and then transported by a conveyor.
In a precipitator using liquid sprays to remove accumulated liquid or dust, the sludge
collects in a holding basin at the bottom of the vessel. The sludge is then sent to settling
ponds or lined landfills for proper ultimate disposal.

5.1 INTRODUCTION
A boiler (steam generator) is a closed vessel in which water, under pressure is

converted into steam. It is one of the major components of a thermal power plant. A boiler
is always designed to absorb maximum amount of heat released in process of combustion.
This is transferred to the boiler by all the three modes of heat transfer i.e. conduction,
convection and radiation.
1. Radiation- Which is the transfer of heat from hot body to cold body without medium.
2. Convection- The transfer of heat through a conveying medium, such as air or water.
3. Conduction- The transfer of heat by an actual physical contact. Heat transfer in the
boiler takes place through radiation and convection processes.
There are two types of boiler based upon the construction and the number of the
steam passes they are:
1. Tower type boiler

2. Two pass boiler
1.Tower type boiler

In a tower type boiler the steam parts are mounted inside a single boiler vessel one
above the other. It is simple in construction and has less steam pressure content.
2.Two pass boiler
In a two pass boiler the steam is allowed in two passes it gains a lot of pressure by
entering into the heating elements. Generally a boiler is made up of thousands of tubes called
water walls. These walls are insulated by insulating material and water flows through these
tubes. The height of the boiler is approximately 85-90 meters. The plant efficiency depends
upon the boiler efficiency.
The thermal efficiency of the boiler is defined as the % of the heat input that is
effectively utilized to generate steam

5.2 BOILERS CLASSIFICATION
A)Fire tube boiler -

In this type the products of combustion pass through the tubes which are
surrounded by water. These are economical for low pressure only.
B)Water tube boiler
In this type of boiler water flows inside the tubes and hot gases flow outside the
tubes. These tubes are interconnected to common water channels and to steam outlet.
1. The water tube boilers have many advantages over the fire tube boilers
2. High evaporation capacity due to availability of large heating surface.
3. Better heat transfer to the mass of water.
4. Better efficiency of plant owing to rapid and uniform circulation of water in tubes.
5. Better overall control.
6. Easy removal of scale from inside the tubes.
In NTTPS, Natural circulation, tangentially fired, over hanged type, Water tube
boilers are used. Oil burners are provided between coal burners for initial start up and
flame stabilization. Firstly, light oil (diesel oil) is sprayed for initialization then heavy
oil (high speed diesel oil) is used for stabilization of flame. Pulverized coal is directly fed
from the coal mills to the burners at the four corners of the furnace through coal pipes with
the help of heated air coming from PA fan. Seven nos. of bowl mills of 50MT/hr.
capacity each have been installed for each boiler. The pressure inside boiler is -ve so as
to minimized the pollution and looses & to prevent the accidents outside the boiler.
For ensuring safe operation of boilers, furnace safe guard supervisory system (FSSS)
of combustion engineering USA designed has been installed. This equipment
systematically feed fuel to furnace as per load requirement. The UV flame scanners

installed in each of the four corners of the furnace, scan the flame conditions and in case of
unsafe working conditions trip the boiler and consequently the turbine. Turbine - boiler
interlocks safe guarding the boiler against possibility furnace explosion owing to flame
failure.
5.3 FURNACE
Figure:5.1 furnace
Furnace is primary part of the boiler where the chemical energy available in the
fuel is converted into thermal energy by combustion. Furnace is designed for
efficient and complete combustion. Major factors that assist for efficient combustion
are the temperature inside the furnace and turbulance, which causes rapid mixing of fuel
and air. In modern boilers, water-cooled furnaces are used.
5.4 PULVERISED FUEL SYSTEM

The boiler fuel firing system is tangentially firing system in which the fuel is
introduced from wind nozzle located in the four corners inside the boiler.

Figure:5.2 Pulverized Fuel System
The crushed coal from the coal crusher is transferred into the unit coalbunkers where
the coal is stored for feeding into pulverizing mill through rotary feeder. The rotary feeders
feed the coal to pulverize mill at a definite rate. Then coal burners are employed to fire the
pulverized coal along with primary air into furnace. These burners are placed in the corners
of the furnace and they send horizontal streams of air and fuel tangent to an imaginary circle
in the center of the furnace.
5.5 FUEL OIL SYSTEM

The functional requirement of the fuel burning system is to supply a controllable and
uninterrupted flammable furnace input of fuel and air and to continuously ignite and burn
the fuel as rapidly as it is introduced into the furnace. This system provides efficient
conversion of chemical energy of fuel into heat energy. The fuel burning system should
function such that fuel and air input is ignited continuously and immediately upon its entry
into furnace.
The Fuel air (secondary air) provided FD fan, surrounds the fuel nozzles. Since this
air provides covering for the fuel nozzles so it is called as mantle air. Dampers are provided
so that quantity of air can be modulated. Coal burners distribute the fuel and air evenly in
the furnace.
Ignition takes place when the flammable furnace input is heated above the ignition
temperature. No flammable mixture should be allowed to accumulate in the furnace.

Ignition energy is usually supplied in the form of heat. This ignition energy is provided by
oil guns and by igniters.
5.6 BOILER DRUM
The drum is a pressure vessel. Its function is to separate water and steam from
mixture (of steam & water) generated in the furnace walls. It provides water storage for
preventing the saturation of tubes. It also houses the equipment needed for purification of
steam. The steam purification primarily depends on the extent of moisture removal, since
solids in steam are carried by the moisture associated with it. The drum internals reduce
the dissolved solids content of the steam to below the acceptable limit. drum is made up of
two halves of carbon steel plates having thickness of 133 mm.
The top half and bottom half are heated in a plate heating furnace at a very
high temperature and are pressured to form a semi cylindrical shape. The top and
bottom semi cylinders with hemispherical dished ends are fusion welded to form the
boiler drum. The drum is provided with stubs for welding all the connecting tubes
i.e. down comer stubs, riser tubes stubs and super-heater outlet tube stubs.
Boiler drum is located at a height of 70m from ground. The drum is provided
with manholes and manhole covers. Manhole is used for facilitating the maintenance
person to go inside the drum for maintenance.
Figure:5.3 Steam Drum

The drum form the part of boiler circulating system i.e. movement of fluid from the
drum to the combustion zone and back to boiler drum. Feed water is supplied to the drum
from the economizer through feed nozzles. Water from the drum goes to water walls
through six down comers.
Main parts of boiler drum are:-
1. Feed pipe
2. Riser tube
3. Down comer
4. Baffle plate
5. Chemical dosing pipe
6. Turbo separation
7. Screen dryer
8. Drum level gauge
5.7 DRAFT SYSTEM
The combustion process in a furnace can take place only when it receives a steady
flow of air and has the combustion gases continuously removed. Theoretically balanced
draft means keeping furnace pressure equal to atmospheric pressure, but in practice the
furnace is kept slightly below atmospheric pressure. It ensures that there is no egress of air
or hot gas and ash into boiler house.
5.8 DRAUGHT FANS
A fan can be defined as volumetric machine which like pumps moves quantities of
air or gas from one place to another. In doing this it overcomes resistance to flow by
supplying the fluid with the energy necessary for contained motion. The following fans are
used in boiler house.

5.8.1 Primary air fan (P.A. fan) or Exhauster fan
Pulverized coal is directly fed from coal mills to the burners at the four corners of
the furnace through coal pipes with the help of heated air coming from PA fan. Secondly,
this fan also dries the coal. Usually sized for 1500 RPM due to high pressure.
5.8.2 Forced draught fan (F.D. fan)
The combustion process in the furnace can take place only when it receives a steady
flow of air. This air is supplied by FD fan. Thus FD fan takes air from atmosphere at
ambient temperature & so provides additional draught. Its speed varies from 600-
1500RPM.
5.8.3.Induced Draught fan (I.D. fan)
The flue gases coming out of the boiler are passed to the ESP & then dust free gases
are discharged up by the chimney to the atmosphere through the ID fan.
5.9 ECONOMIZER
. Figure:5.4 Economizer

The flue gases coming out of the boiler carry lot of heat. An economizer extracts a
part of this heat from the flue gases and uses it for heating the feed water before it enters into
the steam drum. The use of economizer results in saving fuel consumption and higher boiler
efficiency but needs extra investment. In an economizer, a large number of small diameter
thin walled tubes are placed between two headers. Feed water enters the tubes through the
other. The flue gases flow outside the tubes. Earlier the economizers are introduced mainly to
recover the available heat in the flue gas that leaves the boiler and provision of this additional
heating surface increase the efficiency of the heat generation, saving in fuel consumption,
thus the name economizer christened. In the modern boilers used for power generation feed
water heaters are used to increase the efficiency of the turbine unit and feed water
temperature and hence the relative size of the economizer is less than the earlier units.
5.10 WATER WALLS

The walls of the furnace are made up with the water tubes. These tubes are
connected to the headers and feed water is circulated through them. While water passes
through the tubes, heat is absorbed from the furnace.
Almost all modern power boilers are equipped with water walls. In large boilers,
water walls cover completely the interior surface of the furnace providing practical complete
elimination of exposed refractory surface. Water walls serves as the only means of heating
and evaporating the feed water supplied to the boiler from the economizers. Water walls
usually consist of tangential vertical tubes and are connected to top and bottom of the
headers. These tubes receive water from the boiler drum by means of down comers between
drum and water walls lower header.
5.11 AIR-PRE HEATERS
Air-pre heaters are employed to recover the heat from the flue gases leaving the
economizer and are used to heat the incoming air for combustion. This raises the
temperature of the furnace gases, improves combustion rates an efficiency and lowers the
stack (chimney) temperature, thus improving the overall efficiency of the boiler.
Cooling of flue gases by 20% raises the plant efficiency by 1%.

Figure:5.5 Air Pre-Heater
In NTTPS regenerative type of pre heater is used. They use a cylindrical rotor
made of corrugated steel plate. The rotor is placed in a drum which is divided into two
compartments, i.e. air compartment (primary air coming from primary air fan and
secondary air for air coming from FD fan with +ve pressure) and flue gases (from
economizer with – ive pressure) compartments. To avoid leakage from one compartment
to other seals are provided.
The rotor is fixed on an electrical shaft rotating at a speed of 2 to 4 rpm. As

the rotor rotates the flue gases, are pass through alternatively gas and air zone. The rotor
elements are heated by flue gases in their zone and transfer the heat to air when they are
in air zone. The air temperature required for drying in the case of coal-fired boiler decided
the size of the air heaters.
5.12 SUPER HEATER
Superheated steam is that steam, which contains more heat than the saturated
steam at the same pressure i.e. it, has been heated above the temperature corresponding
to its pressure. This additional heat provides more energy to the turbine and thus the
electrical power output is more.

A super heater is a device which removes the last traces of moisture from the
saturated steam leaving the boiler tubes and also increases its temperature above
the saturation temperature.
The steam is superheated to the highest economical temperature not only to

increase the efficiency but also to have following advantages –
1. Reduction in requirement of steam quantity for a given output of energy owing to

its high internal energy reduces the turbine size.
2. Superheated steam being dry, turbine blades remain dry so the mechanical
resistance to the flow of steam over them is small resulting in high efficiency.
3. No corrosion and pitting at the turbine blades occur owing to dryness of steam.
5.13 RE-HEATER
Re-heaters are provided to raise the temperature of the steam from which part of
energy has already been extracted by HP turbine. This is done so that the steam remains dry
as far as possible through the last stage of the turbine. A re-heater can also be convection,
radiation or combination of both.
5.14 CIRCULATION SYSTEM

In natural circulation system, water delivered to steam generator from header, which
are at a temperature well below the saturation value corresponding to that pressure. After
header, it is delivered to economizer, which heated to above the saturation temperature.
From economizer the water enters the drum and thus joins the circulation system
through down covering water wall tubes. In water wall tubes a part of the water is
converted to steam due to boiler and the mixture flows back to the drum. In the drum,
the steam is separated out through the steam separators and passed to the super heater.
After the super heater when the steam temperature becomes high and pressure upto 175
Kg./cm 3 steam is allowed to enter the turbine to convert potential energy to kinetic energy.

Figure:5.6 Pressure Parts
5.15 SOOT BLOWER

The boiler tubes are cleaned with the help of steam by the process called soot
blowing. We are well known that a greater no. of tubes are presented inside the boiler.
Slowly and slowly the fine ash particles are collected on the tube surface and from a layer
this is called soot. Soot is a thermal insulating material.
There are mainly three types of soot blower are used in NTTPS
1. Water wall soot blower
2. Super heater soot blower
3. Air pre heater soot blower

5.16 STARTUP DEVICES
This is provided on each boiler and is operated when the boiler is being lighted up and
to gain or achieve the required values of pressure and temperature and to stabilize the
chemical values of boiler water before changing the system lines or HP/LP bypass even.
Safety valve of the boiler is supposed to close after certain pressure drop. If it is not
closing at a particular pressure, by opening startup vent valve, the pressure can be dropped to
the lower value and safety valve closing is achieved. If the safety valve is allowed to
continuously blow the seat of the safety valve gets damaged and may create a problem in
running the boiler. Startup vent is operated from the control room. It is a puffing type valve.
5.17 SAFETY VALVES
Safety relief equipment is present in any pressurized system, and boilers are no
exception. Boilers have safety valves that can relieve the entire generating capacity of the
boiler if the pressure goes above a limit and are provided in the drum, super heater and re-
heater.
Boilers are high pressure and temperature systems used for generating steam to drive
steam turbine for electricity generation. If due to any reason of malfunction in one of the
controls, the operating pressure goes above the limit and can cause a huge damage. To
prevent such things safety valves are provided in the boilers.
5.18 DE-AERATOR
The function of the de-aerator is to remove dissolved non-condensable gases

and to heat boiler feed water. It consists of a pressure vessel in which the water and steam are
mixed in controlled manner. When this occurs the all non-condensable dissolved gases are
separated and removed and the effluent water may be considered corrosion free from oxygen
or carbon di oxide stand point.
A de-aerator protects the feed pumps, piping, boiler and any other piece of equipment
that is in the boiler feed and return cycle from the effects of corrosive gases i.e., oxygen and
carbon dioxide, to a level where they are no longer a corrosion factor.

Figure:5.7 De-aerator
5.19 BOILER SPECIFICATIONS
PLANT NAME : VIJAYAWADA THERMAL POWER STATION STG-4
PROPOSED FUEL : Sub bituminous coal
FC% 28.7, VM% 28.3, M% 9, Ash%34, S%0.5
Ash fusion Temperature: 1400oc
HHV 4400 Kcal/Kg
Grindability 52 HGI
FUEL BURNING EQUIPMENT:
Main burners Stabilization burners Mills

Type Tilting tangential low NOx XRP 1003
Make &No’s BHEL, 28 BHEL, 12 BHEL, 7
Control Air damper Air damper capacity: 65 t/h
Capacity 65*106 Kcal/h 30.3*10 6Kcal/h motor525 KW
Speed 600RPM
Disposition corners corners system: cold PA

FURNACE:
Type : Balanced draft furnace with fusion welded water walls
Width : 18034mm
Depth : 15797mm
Volume : 14272m3 (as per specification)
Fuel heat I/P : 11981.9*10power6 Kcal/h
BOILER:
Type : Controlled circulation with rifled tubing(cc+)
Pressure : 209Kg/Cm (g)
Drum Design : 178.0Kg/Cm2 (g)- BMCR
Super Heater Outlet : 540 Deg c
SUPER HEATER:
Type H.S. Area (m2)
Stage1: LTSH Horizontal and pendant 10843
Stage 2: SH Division Panellette (tube projected) 1319
Stage3: SH Finish Platen (tube projected) 1330
ATTEMPERATOR:
Type : Spray
No. of Stages : Single
Medium of spray : Feed water

REHEATER:
Type : Front pendant platen
Rear pendant spaced
Total H.S Area m2 : 6298
Control : Burner tilt and Excess air
ECONOMIZER:
Type : Plain tube
Total H.S Area m2 : 19050
No. of blocks : 2
AIR HEATER:
Type : Tri-sector 31.5 VIT 2000
Total H.S area m2 : 86000
No’s : 2
Motor KW : 18.5
BOILER AUXILIARIES SPECIFICATIONS:
Fans Type No’s Flow Pressure Temp Drive Speed Motor Control
M3/s mmwc0C rpm KW
FD Fan Axial 2 218 845 50 motor 990 1025 Blade
FAF pitch
PA Fan Axial 2 156 1320 50 motor 1490 2650 Blade

PAF pitch
ID Fan NDZV 47 2 526 1420 150 motor 580 3000 Inlet
S DOR Damper
SOOT BLOWERS:
Type No’s Medium
Furnace : Wall blowers 88 steam
SH panel : Long retractable 40 steam
SH platen LTSH : Soot blowers
Dust concentration at inlet: 536gm/Nm3
Flue Gas Flow : 519.7Nm3/sec
Combined Efficiency : 99.82% (one field out of service)
PIPE LINES MAIN STEAM HOTREHEAT COLDREHEAT FEEDWATER
Size mm*mm 406.4*42 711.2*40 660*20 508*71
NO.OF 2 2 2 1
Material SA 335P91 SA 335P22 SA106GR.C SA 106GR.C

DETAILS OF THE SAMPLE: SPECIALR COAL SAMPLE
LOAD PARAMETER UNIT 100%TGMCR (500MW)
FUEL ANALYSIS:
Proximate analysis- as fired basis
Moisture % 4.00
Ash % 42.40
Volatile matter % 29.40
Fixed Carbon % 24.20
Ultimate analysis-as fired basis
Carbon in fuel % 34.60
Hydrogen in fuel % 2.60
Sulphur in fuel % 0.40
Nitrogen in fuel % 0.80
Oxygen in fuel % 11.00
Moisture in fuel % 4.00
Mineral matter % 46.60
Gross CV HGI Kcal/Kg 32

6.1 INTRODUCTION
Turbine is a machine in which a shaft is rotated steadily by impact or reaction of

current or stream of working substance (steam, air, water, gases etc) upon blades of a wheel.
It converts the potential or kinetic energy of the working substance into mechanical power by
virtue of dynamic action of working substance. When the working substance is steam it is
called the steam turbine.
Figure:6.1 Steam Turbine

6.2 PRINCIPAL OF OPERATION OF STEAM TURBINE
Working of the steam turbine depends wholly upon the dynamic action of Steam. The
steam is caused to fall in pressure in a passage of nozzle: doe to this fall in pressure a certain
amount of heat energy is converted into mechanical kinetic energy and the steam is set
moving with a greater velocity. The rapidly moving particles of steam, enter the moving part
of the turbine and here suffer a change in direction of motion which gives rose to change of
momentum and therefore to a force. This constitutes the driving force of the machine. The
processor of expansion and direction changing may occur once or a number of times in
succession and may be carried out with difference of detail. The passage of steam through
moving part of the commonly called the blade, may take place in such a manner that the
pressure at the outlet side of the blade is equal to that at the inlet inside. Such a turbine is
broadly termed as impulse turbine. On the other hand the pressure of the steam at outlet from
the moving blade may be less than that at the inlet side of the blades; the drop in pressure
suffered by the steam during its flow through the moving causes a further generation of
kinetic energy within the blades and adds to the propelling force which is applied to the
turbine rotor. Such a turbine is broadly termed as impulse reaction turbine.
Energy in the steam after it leaves the boiler is converted into rotational energy as it
passes through the turbine. The turbine normally consists of several stages with each stage
consisting of a stationary blade (or nozzle) and a rotating blade. Stationary blades convert
the potential energy of the steam (temperature and pressure) into kinetic energy(velocity) and
direct the flow into the rotating blades. The rotating blades convert the kinetic energy into
forces, caused by pressure drop, which results in the rotation of the turbine shaft. The turbine
shaft is connected to generator, which produces the electricity.
The majority of the steam turbine have, therefore two important elements, or
Sets of such elements . These are (1) the nozzle in which the system expands from high
pressure end a state of comparative rest to a lower pressure end a status of comparatively
rapid motion.
The blade or deflector , in which the steam particles changes its directions and hence
its momentum changes . The blades are attach to the rotating elements are attached to the
stationary part of the turbine which is usually termed the stator, casing or cylinder.

Although the fundamental principles on which all steam turbine operate the same, yet
the methods where by these principles carried into effect very end as a result, certain types of
turbine have come into existence.
1. Simple impulse steam turbine.

2. The pressure compounded impulse turbine.
3. Simple velocity compounded impulse turbine.
4. Pressure-velocity compounded turbine.
5. Pure reaction turbine.
6. Impulse reaction turbine.
6.3 DESCRIPTION OF STEAM TURBINES
6.3.1 Steam flow
500 MW steam turbine is a tandem compound machine with HP, IP & LP parts. The
HP part is single flow cylinder and HP & LP parts are double flow cylinders. The individual
turbine rotors and generator rotor are rigidly coupled. The HP cylinder has a throttle
control. Main steam is admitted before blending by two combined main stop and control
valves. The HP turbine exhaust (CRH) leading to reheated have tow swing check valves that
prevent back flow of hot steam from reheated, into HP turbine. The steam coming from
reheated called HRH is passed to turbine via two combined stop and control valves. The IP
turbine exhausts directly goes to LP turbine by cross ground pipes.
6.3.2 HP Turbine
The HP casing is a barrel type casing without axial joint. Because of its rotation
symmetry the barrel type casing remain constant in shape and leak proof during quick change
in temperature. The inner casing too is cylinder in shape as horizontal joint flange are
relieved by higher pressure arising outside and this can kept small. Due to this reason barrel
type casing are especially suitable for quick start up and loading.The HP turbine consists of
25 reaction stages. The moving and stationary blades are inserted into appropriately shapes
into inner casing and the shaft to reduce leakage losses at blade tips.

6.3.3 IP Turbine
The IP part of turbine is of double flow construction. The casing of IP turbine is split
horizontally and is of double shell construction. The double flow inner casing is supported
kinematiccally in the outer casing. The steam from HP turbine after reheating enters the inner
casing from above and below through two inlet nozzles. The centre flows compensates the
axial thrust and prevent steam inlet temperature affecting brackets, bearing etc. The
arrangements of inner casing confines high steam inlet condition to admission branch of
casing, while the joints of outer casing is subjected only to lower pressure and temperature at
the exhaust of inner casing. The pressure in outer casing relieves the joint of inner casing so
that this joint is to be sealed only against resulting differential pressure.
The IP turbine consists of 20 reaction stages per flow. The moving and stationary
blades are inserted in appropriately shaped grooves in shaft and inner casing.
6.3.4 LP Turbine
The casing of double flow type LP turbine is of three shell design. The shells are
axially split and have rigidly welded construction. The outer casing consist of the front and
rear walls , the lateral longitudinal support bearing and upper part.
The outer casing is supported by the ends of longitudinal beams on the base plates of
foundation. The double flow inner casing consist of outer shell and inner shell. The inner
shell is attached to outer shell with provision of free thermal movement. Steam admitted to
LP turbine from IP turbine flows into the inner casing from both sides through steam inlet
nozzles.
6.3.5 Turbine Driven Boiler Feed Pump
Turbine driven BFP uses a turbine of 14 stage connected to condenser Turbine is

coupled with a main pump having an engage /disengage unit called power pack unit using oil
pressure for above function. Between turbine and booster pump gear assembly is present. In
500 MW unit , there are two TDBFPs present in addition to a MDBFP. TDBFPs have a big
LCP (Local control panel) having facility for all operations of TDBFP from local. Motor
driven BFP (MDBFP) is used for startup operations of an unit.

6.4 SECTIONAL ARRANGEMENT OF 500MW TURBINE SET
Figure:6.2 Sectional Arrangement of 500mw Turbine Set

7.1 INTRODUCTION
In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts mechanical

energy to electrical energy. A generator forces electrons in the windings to flow through the
external electrical circuit. Generators produce almost all of the electricity used by people.
They supply the electrical power that runs machines in factories, provide lighting and operate
appliances at home. There are two types of generators – alternating current (AC) generators
and direct current (DC) generators. The source of the mechanical energy may be a
reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling on a turbine, wind turbine or any other
source of mechanical energy.
Figure:7.1 Cross section of Generator
7.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE
The A.C Generator or alternator is based upon the principle of electromagnetic

induction and consists generally of a stationary part called stator and rotating part called
rotor. The stator housed the armature windings. The rotor houses the field winding to which
the D.C voltage is supplied from permanent magnet exciter.
When the rotor is rotated, the lines of magnetic flux cut through the stator windings.
This induces an electromagnetic force (e.m.f) in the stator windings. The magnitude of the
generated e.m.f is given by following expression:
E=4.44* *f*t

The main parts of a turbo generator are STATOR and ROTOR
7.3 STATOR
A)Stator Frame
The stator frame is a welded steel frame construction, which gives sufficient and
necessary rigidity to minimize the vibrations and to withstand the thermal gas pressure.
Heavy end shields enclose the ends of the frame and form mounting of generator bearing and
radial shaft seals stator body.
Figure:7.2 Stator Frame
 Stator body is a robust totally enclosed gas fabricated structure.

 Designed mechanically to withstand high internal pressure of explosion of oxygen.
 Air mixture of hydrogen gas coolers are housed longitudinally inside stator body.
 The end shields are made in two halves for ease in assembly.
B)Stator core
 Made up of segmental, varnished insulated bushings of CRGO silicon steel

laminations.
 Built in several packets separated by steel spacers for radial cooling of the core by
Hydrogen.
 Core is held firmly by means of Heavy non-magnetic steel press rings bolted
thoroughly with ends of core bars.

C)Stator Winding
 Three phase double layer short chorded bar type windings with two parallel paths.
 Each coil consists of gas insulated solid and hollow copper conductors.
 The elementary conductors are Roebel transposed in the slot portion to minimize eddy
losses.
 Coils are held in the slots firmly by fibrous wedges.
7.4 ROTOR
 The rotor shaft is a forged from one single piece from Chromium, Nickel,
Molybdenum and Vanadium steel.
 It under goes all types of series of mechanical tests to ensure any internal flaws.
 Rotor is dynamically balanced to a high degree of accuracy.
Figure:7.2 Rotor
A)Field Windings
 Field windings are made up of hard driven silver bearing copper.
 It is held in position against centrifugal forces by means of duralumin wedges in the
slot portion.
 Over hanging portion is held by the non-magnetic steel retaining ring
 Several ventilation ducts are milled on the slots for hydrogen gas cooling of the rotor.

B)Terminal bushing
 Porcelain insulators are used to insulate the terminal bars from the stator
body
 Terminal bushings are situated in the lower part of the stator casing (slip
ring side).
 Sealing is provided between bushings and stator body to avoid possibility
of leakage of hydrogen gas.
 Three phase and six neutral bushings are available.
7.5 GENERATOR RATINGS
Power : 500 mw
voltage : 21000v
current : 16200a
power factor : 0.85 lag
phase : 3 phase
frequency : 50 hz
winding : y-y
cooling type : hydrogen and purified primary water

8.1 INTRODUCTION
Exhaust steam from the L.P turbine enters into the condenser, where it condenses into
water by exchanging its heat energy into the cooling water. Cold water from the river, water
from the cooling tower is circulated through the tubes in the condenser and as the steam in
the condenser passes around them it is rapidly condensed into water. Because the water has a
much smaller comparative volume than steam, a vacuum is created in the condenser. This
allows the steam to reduce down in pressure below that of normal atmosphere and more
energy can be utilized. For this reason it is the largest and most important of the heat
exchanger in the power station.
8.2 CONDENSERS SPECIFICATION USED IN DR.NTTPS

In Dr.NTTPS surface type condensers are used, which are completely welded
construction and consists of two paths called A&B, Which are interconnected by a bypass
pipe. Each condenser path has an separate inlet and outlet for cooling water. This
arrangement allows cleaning of one of the condensers while the turbo set is operating with 50
to 60% load.
Both the condensers are supported on springs to allow for expansion along the height.
End covers of water boxes are detachable for facilitating repairs and replacement of the
cooling tubes.
There is a provision for adding make up water in condenser. The upper limits of
parameters for make up water are as follows.
Pressure : 5kg/cm2(abs).
Temperature : 400C
Quantity : 30 Tonnes per hour.

8.3 COOLING TOWERS
Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer waste heat to the atmoshere.
Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the
working fluid to near the wet bulb air temperature, in the case of closed circuit dry cooling
towers, rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature.
Figure:8.1 Cooling Tower
Common applications include the circulating water used in oil refineries,

petrochemical and other chemical plants, thermal power stations for cooling buildings. The
main types of cooling towers are natural draft and induced draft cooling towers. The
classification is based on the type of air induction into the tower.

9.1 INTRODUCTION
The principle problem in high pressure boiler is to control corrosion and steam
quality. Internal corrosion costs power station crores of rupees in repair without strict control
impurities in steam also form deposit over turbine blades and nozzles. The impurities
present in water are as follows
1) Un-dissolved and suspended solid materials.

2) Dissolved slats and minerals.
3) Dissolved gases
4) Other minerals ( oil, acid etc.).
5). a) Turbidity & Sediment.
b) Silica.
c) Micro Biological.
d) Sodium & Potassium Salt.
e) Dissolved Sales Minerals.
6). a) O2gas.
b) CO2 gas.
9.2 D.M. PLANT
In this plant process water is fed from all these dissolved salts. This plant consists of
two streams each stream with activated carbon filter, weak acid , cation exchanger and mixed
bed exchanger. The filter water to DM plant through 250 dia. header from where a heater top
off has been taken to softening plant. Two filtered water booster pumps are provided on
filtered water line for meeting the pressure requirement in DM Plant.
Sodium Sulphate solution of required strength is dosed into different filtered

water by mean of dosing pump to neutralize chlorine prior to activated carbon filter. When
water passed an activated carbon filter will remove residual chlorine from water. Provision
is made for back washing the activated carbon filter. When pressure drop across filter
exceeds a prescribed limit from the activated carbon filter the works acid cation unit. The
deception water the weak base anion exchanger unit water then enters de-gasified unit where
free CO2 is scrubbed out of water by upward counter flow of low pr. air flow through
degasified lower and degassed water is pumped to strong base exchanger ( anion exchanger).

Arrangement for dosing ammonia solution into de-mineralized water after mixed bed
unit has been provided p+1 correction before water is taken in de-condensate transfer pump
the DM water to unit condenser as make up.
9.3 C.W. PLANT
Circulating water pump house has pumps for condensing the steam for condenser.
Five pumps are used for condensing Unit No.1 & 2 and after condensing this water is
discharged back into the river. Each pump has capacity of 8275 /Hr, and pressure about
1.94 Kg./ . Three seal water pump are used for sealing circulating water pump shaft at pr.
4.5 kg./ .
Two pump for unit 1 & 2 with one standby is used for supplying raw water to
chlrofied chemical dosing is tone between and chlorified water is taken through main line.
From main line water passes through filter bed to filter the water. Chlorified water is pumped
to 42 m elevation by two pumps of capacity 270 M3/Inch at discharge pressure of 6.9
Kg./ . At 42 M elevation the water is stored in tank and used for cooling the oil coolers
and returned back to river. Oil coolers are situated on ground and there are no. of tress for
each unit.
9.4 B.C.W. PUMP HOUSE
Filter water after demineralization is used for bearing cooling from BCW pump
house after passing through strainer and heat exchanger it enters at 30-32oC and leave
exchanger at 38oC. The raw water used in ash handling plant and remaining quantity is
stored in sumps of BCW Pump House. From here the water is pumped to CW Pump by
TWS (Traveling water screens) pumps are run by motors of 90 KW and has a capacity of 240
Cum/hr/pump at pressure of 5 kg/cm2. BCW here stand for water used for cooling oil used
for cooling the bearing. In CW pump house water is discharged from nozzle and impinged for
traveling water screens for cleaning it.

10.1INTRODUCTION
Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer

hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used
to interconnect portions of national power grids. All operate with the same basic
principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated
the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in nearly
all electronic devices designed for household ("mains") voltage. Transformers are
essential for high voltage power transmission, which makes long distance transmission
economically practical.
Figure:10.1 Transformer
10.1.1 Basic Principle
The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current can
produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic field

within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic
induction).
Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is
developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
Figure:10.2 Ideal Transformer.
An ideal transformer is shown in the adjacent figure; Current passing through the
primary coil creates a magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are
wrapped around a core of very high magnetic permeability, such as iron, so that most of
the magnetic flux passes through both primary and secondary coils.
10.1.2 Induction law
The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from
Faraday's law of induction, which states that, where VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS
is the number of turns in the secondary coil and Φ equals the magnetic flux through
one turn of the coil. If the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic
field lines, the flux is the product of the magnetic field strength and the area A
through which it cuts. The area is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of
the transformer core, whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the
excitation of the primary.

Figure:10.3 Mutual Induction
Since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils
in an ideal transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals
Taking the ratio of the two equations for VS and VP gives the basic equation for stepping
up or stepping down the voltage Ideal power equation The ideal transformer as a circuit
element.
If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow, electrical
power is transmitted from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit. Ideall y, the
transformer is perfectly efficient; all the incoming energy is transformed from the
primary circuit to the magnetic field and into the secondary circuit. If this condition is
met, the incoming electric power must equal the outgoing power.
Giving the ideal transformer equation Transformers are efficient so this formula is
a reasonable approximation. If the voltage is increased, then the current is decreased by the
same factor. If an impedance ZS is attached across the terminals of the secondary coil, it
appears to
the primary circuit to have an impedance of ZS = (VS/IS).

10.2 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
The different types of transformers present in the 4th stage of Dr. NTTPS are:
1. Generator transformers
2. Station transformers
3. Unit transformers
4. Unit auxiliary and station auxiliary transformers
5. LT transformers.
1. Generator Transformer
The main purpose of this transformer is to step up the generated voltage from 21KV to
400KV so as to synchronize this voltage to grid voltage.
2. Station Transformer
The main purpose of this transformer is to receive power from grid. If there is any
problem occurred or trips in unit the power is taken from grid. Here we use two station
transformers there are station transformer-6 and station transformer-7.
3 Unit Transformer (2Nos)
The main purpose of this transformer is to tap the power from generated power i.e., from
Isolated Phase Bus Duct for11KV unit auxiliaries like ID fans, PA fans, CW pumps and
MDBFP etc.
4 Unit auxiliary and Station auxiliary transformers
The main purpose of unit auxiliary and station auxiliary transformers are for
supplying power to 3.3KV HT drives i.e. FD fans, Mill motors, BCW pumps and ACW
pump and etc.
5 LT Transformers
There are different types of LT transformers connected to the station transformers or

unit auxiliary transformers they are 2MVA and 1.6MVA transformers. These transformers
are known as service transformers, which are used to supply power to 415volts LT motors of
LT station axuliarys like ESPs AHP , CHP, PTP ,Switch yard.

The ratings of the above transformers are as follows:
TABLE -1
10.1 Ratings of Different Transformers
GT ST-7 ST-6 UT UAT SAT LT

Transfor
(03no) (01no) (01no) (02no) (02no) (02no)
mers
(10+6no)
Type of ONAN ONAN ONAN ONAN ONAN ONAN ONAN

cooling /ONAF/ /ONAF/ /ONAF/ /ONAF /ONAF /ONAF
OFAF OFAF OFAF
Rating 124.2/ 48/ 30/ 20/ 10/ 10/12.5 1600KVA/

165.6/ 2000KVA
MVA 207 64/ 40/ 25 12.5
80 50
No load 400/√3 400 220 21 11 11 11

voltage
(HV)
KV
No load 21 11.5 - 11.5 11.5 3.6 3.6 0.433

voltage
11.5
(LV) KV
LV1&L
V2
HV line 537.8/ 115.5 131.22 549.86/ 524.86/ 524.86/ 84/105

current
717.1/ 687.32 656.08 656.08
Amps
896.3
LV line 5914.2/ 2008.2 - 2510.22 1004.09/ 1603.75/ 1603.75/ 2133.4/

current
7885.7/ 2008.2 1255.11 2004.69 2004.69 2666.75
Amps
9857.1 LV1&L
V2
Phase 1 3 3 3 3 3 3

11.1 INTRODUCTION
A 400kv switch yard shall be provided for evacuation of power generated in the
500MW generation plant through two numbers parallel buses and two(2) double circuit
400kv transmission lines to Nunna, sattenapalli and malkaram by making LILO arrangement
of existing 400kv nunna to Srisailam double circuit line. The start up power for the plant shall
be drawn from 200kv existing switch yard of Vijayawada thermal power station(Dr.NTTPS)
through 220/11.5kv station transformer which was extension in the existing 220kv switch
yard.
The existing 220kv switch yard is having two main and one transfer bus arrangement
it will be added with two new bays one will be for 220/11.5kv station transformer and other
for 400/220kv ICT(Inter Connecting Transformer ).The new 400kv switch yard shall have
one and half breaker(1 1 2) switching scheme and four CT method, the enclosed main single
line diagram shows the arrangement of circuits.
11.2 SWITCH YARD CIRCUIT AD EQUIPMENTS
The 400kv switch yard shall have for six diameter bays and nine circuits as the
following:
1) Inter connecting Transformer –one(1)

2) Generator Transformer –one(1)
3) Line feeders –six(6)
4) Tie bays-six(6)
5) Station Transformer –one(1)
6) 420kv circuit breaker, disconnector, current Transformer and capacitor voltages
transformers (Instrument Transformers)
7) Power line carries communication (PLCC) system, wave trap etc….
8) 360kv lighting arrestors
9) Bus Bar materials and accessories ,insulators
10) Switch yard (SRP) relay and control panel, Computer – based SCADA system (for
control metering and synchronizing)

11) Backup control panel for control of switch yard equipments.
11.2.1 Creepage Distance
Considering the location of switchyard,the creepage distance of 25mm/KV shall be

provided for the following equipment:
 Circuit breakers,
 Bus post insulators,isolaters and lighting Arrestors,
 Insulators strings and transformer bushings,
 Current and voltage Transformers
11.2.2 Clearence
In line with the recommended insulation level above,the following minimum

clearences are proposed for 400kV.
TABLE -2
11.1 Clearence For 400KV Lines
S.NO Clearence Distance

1. Phase to Phase 4100mm
2. Phase to width 3500mm
3. Live part to ground 8000mm
4. Section Clearence 6500mm
 11.2.3 Tasks of The Switch Yard
 Protection of trasmissoin system (to isolate false networks from the healthy network)
 Controlling the exchange of power i.e., to control the power transmission to load
points as for requirements.
 Maintanance of system frequency with in targeted limits. This can be done by raising
lowering of generation or load shedding.
 Determination of power transfer through transmission lines.
 Fault analysis and subsequent improvements.
 Communication via power line carrier communications for the purpose of network
monitoring,controlling and protection.

Figure:11.1 Single Line Diagram

11.2.4 Classification of Switchyard
In our project we studied about three types Switchgears.
 Switchgear at 400KV level (EHT system)

 Station Switchgear at 11KV/3.3KV level(HT systems)
 Station auxillaries Switchgear at 415KV level(LT systems)
11.3 COMPONENTS IN 400KV(EHT) ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
A)Bus Bars
Bus bars are connecting bars to which a member of incoming or outgoing circuits are
connected. The choice of the bus scheme for a substation depends upon the degree of
reliability and economic justification. The degree of reliability is evaluated by determining
the continuity of service and possible faults. The bus bar can be of QUAD MOOSE ACSR
for 220KV AND TABULAR HALLOW ALLUMINIUM pipes for 440KV systems
according to standard mentionised A1 pipes (ips) of 4 inches dia’’ in size.
B)Bus Structures
 IPBD-Isolated Phase Bus Duct-21KV

 SPBS-Segregated Phase Bus Duct-11KV&13.3KV
 NSPBD-Non-Segregated Phase Bus Duct-415V
C)BusBar Arrangement in 400KV Switch Yard
The choice of bus bar scheme for a switchyard depends upon the degree of reliability
and economic justification. The degree of reliability is evaluated by determining the
continuity of service and possible faults.
D)One&Half Breaker With 4 CTs Method
Generally the 400KV substations are provided with one&half breaker arrangement. In
breaker half scheme five CT’s&4CT’s method will be adopted for protection. It is important
for 400KV substations where higher flexibility is required. Cost is higher for this
arrangement.

Bus bar protection schemes should be
 Completely reliable
 Absolutely stable for heavy through faults
 Selectivity
 Accurate and fast operating
 For feeder both bus&opposite tie breaker CT will be summated and connected to the
relay(CT1&CT4 for feeder-1,CT2&CT3 for feeder-2)
 Bus side CT’s will be utilized for bus bar protection.
E)Double Bus Bar With Tie Bus
This system has additional flexibility for operation. We can take shut down on a
breaker without interrupting the transmission line. It is used for critical 220/400KV
substations.
F)Isolators
An isolator disconnects two electrical circuits in power system networks. They are
three types:
1.Horizontal rotating center break type
2.Horizontal rotating double break type
3.Vertical pantograph type.
Isolators at 400KV switch yard are HCB(Horizontal center break) type these are
disconnecting switches which can be used for disconnecting the circuit under no load
conditions either electrically or manually. They are generally installed along with the circuit
breaker. An isolator can be open after tripping of the circuit breaker and vice-versa. After
opening the isolator,the earth switch should be closed to discharge the trapped electrical
charges to the ground while doing maintenance works etc.
G)Wave Traps
Wave trap is used to trap high(carrier communication) frequency signal of the order
of KHz from entering the switch yard. It allows only power signals i.e.,50HZ.

Figure:11.2 Wave trap
H)Lightening Arresters(Surge Arresters)
Lightening arrestors are the instruments that are used in the incoming feeders so that
to prevent the high voltage entering the main station. This high voltage is very dangerous to
the instruments used in the substation. Even the instruments are very costly, so to prevent
any damage lightening arrestors are used. The lightening arrestors do not let the
lightening to fall on the station. If some lightening occurs the arrestors pull the lightening
and ground it to the earth. In any substation the main important is of protection which is
firstly done by these lightening arrestors. The lightening arrestors are grounded to the earth
so that it can pull the lightening to the ground. Lightening arrestor has Non-linear
resistance(Phase to ground) and offer low resistance to high voltages and high resistances to
normal voltages
These arresters are gapless,consisting of Metal Oxide elements(ZnO,CoO,MnO and

BiO2) with contact plates between discs held rigidly by tie rod assembly in series. ZnO
arresters superior V/I characteristics and higher energy absorption levels. These are having
specials type of characteristics. They offer high resistance for normal frequency and low
resistance for high frequency currents. The V/I characteristics is given by I=kVn,where n is
above 40. For normal voltages,leakage current is low.
Surge monitor is connected in series with the arrester (in the earth lead). It houses
pulse counter and ammeter associated with zener diodes. The discharge counter records the
number of operations the surge arresters performed. The ammeter scale is classified into two
states:

 The slightly non-linear green band-this is operating region for grading current under
normal phase to ground voltage and indicates a healthy arrester.
 A highly non linear red band-this indicates pollution on external housing or
deterioration of blocks at normal phase to ground voltage.
I)Earthing
In EHT switch yard earthing observation is one of the important aspect. The
resistance should be maintained below 0.5Ohm in the EHT stations(above 220KV), below
1.0 Ohm in 132KV substations and below 5.0 Ohm in 33KV substations.
11.4 CIRCUIT BREAKERS
These are the devices for switching ON/OFF during normal conditions and also
current interrupting devices during abnormal conditions such as earth faults or short circuits
etc. Basically, a circuit breaker is an isolated chamber and comprises a set of fixed and
movable contacts. As soon as the moving contact separates from the fixed contact, a heavy
arc is drawn between fixed and moving contacts. It is necessary to quench he arc as soon as
possible i.e., all the factors contributing towards the maintenance of the arc must be
eliminated by the insertion of high resistance or grading capacitors. The arc can also be
extinguished by the use of a suitable medium such as Transformer oil,vaccum,air,sf6 gas etc.
11.4.1 Classifications of circuit breakers
A)Based on voltage
 Low voltage circuit breaker-<1KV

 Medium voltage circuit breaker-1KV to 52KV
 High /Extra High voltage circuit breaker -66KV to 765KV
 Ultra High voltage circuit breaker ->765KV
B)Based on interrupting medium
 Air Break Circuit Breaker(ACB)

 Air Blast Circuit Breaker(ABCB)
 Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker(BOCB)
 Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker(MOCB)
 SF6 Circuit Breaker(GCB)

 Vaccum Circuit Breaker(VCB)
In this switch yard SF6 circuit breakers are used because of high voltages 400Kv.
11.5 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER
Sulphur hexa fluoride is used for the arc quenching. It is a heavy non inflammable,
nontoxic and colorless gas with a high dielectric strength which is about 2.5 times that of air.
Electro negativity is the best property of the gas. This is to the maintained at a pressure of
6.67kg/ &8.5 kg/ .
SF6 circuit breaker type SFM makes full use of arc quenching and electrical
insulating characteristics of SF6 gas. In the circuit breaker puffed by the puffer cylinder
extinguishes the arc. Makes the breaker operation very simple with low breaking noise. The
pneumatic operating mechanism ,which operated by air pressure for opening and spring force
for closing is very simple and reliable.
The moving contact system is connected to operating mechanism. Housed

mechanism housing . the operating mechanism uses compressed spring for opening and
compressed spring force for closing. Since compressed spring is required for opening/ closing
operation. The mechanism is simple and reliable. The pole units sealed off from the
atmosphere contamination& therefore deterioration of SF6 gas&erosion of contacts is little.
11.5.1 Construction and Operation
A tropical single pole of the breaker consists of interrupting unit
a. Support unit
b. Mechanism Housing
A)Opening Operation
Opening is affected by pulling the piston rod, puffer cylinder, moving main contact,
moving arc contact and the nozzle. After the moving contact wipe the stationary contact an
arc is generated. During downward movement the gas in puffer chamber builds up and high
pressure through the nozzle and qunenches the arc.

Figure:11.3 Sf6 Circuit Breakers.
B)Closing Operation
In closing operation,piston rod is pulled up and the parts move in the reverse
direction of operating operation. Also SF6 gas is taken into puffer chamber.

11.6 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
Instrument transformers like voltage and current transformers have low VA rating
used for protection and measurement purpose in electrical circuits. Where as Power-
Transformers are rated for high KVA ratings and are used for transmission of high electrical
energy(order of KVA, MVA ) from one voltage level to another voltage leve
The Main Tasks of Instrument Transformers are
To transform current or voltage from usually high values to a value easily to handle
for relays and instruments.
 To insulate the metering circuit from the primary high voltage system.
 To provide possibilities of standardizing the instruments and relays to a few rated
currents and voltages.
11.6.1 Current Transformers
These transformers are used for protective relaying & metering purpose, current
transformers are used for supplying the current to the indicating instrument(Ammeter,Watt
meter etc),recording instruments (energy meters etc) and protective relays. The current
transformers are designed to provide standard secondary current output of 1A/5A when rated
current flows through the primary. The current transformer is ideally a short circuited
transformer where the secondary terminal voltage is zero and the magnetizing current is
negligible. The current transformers should not the left with their secondary open. The
equation which gives current transformation in proportion to the primary and secondary turns
is given by =
Figure:11.4 Line Diagram of CT

The two classes of current transformers(CTs) are protective transformers used in

current circuits in protection systems employing secondary relays and control systems.
 Current transformers for indicating and metering purpose should have a minimum
error at their rated normal value. These CTs should have low current multiple of
saturation and high accuracy.
 CTs for metering instruments shall be able to transform the current at an acceptable
degree of accuracy for the secondary side from 10% to 120% of the rated current.
However under fault conditions,the secondary reflected current should not be very
high so as to damage the instrument normally ISF is 5. CTs for protection should have
the accuracy between the rated current up to the maximum desired secondary current
under fault conditions.
11.6.2 Potential Transformers
The potential transformers are used to supply the voltage to various protection
schemes,windings of power direction relays etc,are of single phase or three phase design. The
secondary voltage of these transformer is 110V. The primary of VT is connected directly to
power circuit between phase and ground depending upon rated voltage and application. The
VA ratings of voltage transformer is lesser as compared with that of power transformers.
Figure:11.5 Line Diagram of PT

There are two types of constructions.
 Electromagnetic P.T in which primary and secondary are wound on magnetic core
like in usual transformer.
 Capacitor in which the primary voltage is applied to a series capacitor group. The
voltage across one of the capacitor is taken to auxiliary VT. The secondary of
auxiliary V.T is taken for the measurement of protection.
11.6.3 Differences between C.T & P.T
 The P.T may be considered as ‘parallel’ transformer with its secondary winding
operating nearly under open circuit conditions whereas the current transformer may
be thought ass a ‘series’ transformer under virtual short circuit conditions. Thus the
secondary windind of a P.T can be open-circuited without any damage being caused
to the operator or to the transformer.
 The primary winding current in a C.T is independent of the secondary winding circuit
conditions while the primary winding current in P.T certainly depends upon the
secondary circuit burden.
 In a potential transformer, full line voltage is impressed upon its terminals whereas a
C.T carries the full line current.
 Under normal operation the line voltage is nearly constant and, therefore the flux the
flux density and hence the exciting current of a potential transformer varies only over
a restricted range whereas the primary winding current and excitation of a C.T vary
over wide limits in normal operation.
11.7 TYPES OF VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
There are two types of voltage transformers
1. Electromagnetic voltage transformers(EMVT)

2. Capacitive voltage transformers(CVT)
11.7.1 Capacitor voltage transformers
The capacitor voltage transformer consists of the capacitive voltage divider and an
inductive medium voltage circuit. The inductive part is immersed in mineral oil and
hermitically sealed with air /nitrogen cushion in side a steel tank. One, two or three capacitor

units are mounted on the tank. They consist of condenser stack with paper oil as dielectric
under mineral oil with nitrogen gas cushion. AT 132KV and above,capacitor voltage
transformer(CVT) are more economical than the electromagnetic voltage transformers,
capacitor voltage transformer convert transmission class voltage to standardized low and
easily measurable values , which are used for metering , protection and control of the high
voltage system. As such , the need for accurate and reliable voltage transformation is
essential. Additionally, Capacitor voltage transformers serve as coupling capacitors for
coupling high frequency power line carrier signal to the transmission line.
Figure:11.6 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
The performance of CVT is not much difference with that of conventional

electromagnetic VTs at steady state condition. However it’s performance is affected by the
supply frequency , switching transients magnitude of connected burden etc. The capacitors
can be connected in series act like potential dividers provided the current becomes relatively
larger and ratio error and phase error introduced. Compensation is carried out by ‘tuning’.
The reactor connected in series with burden is adjusted to such a valve that at supply
frequency it resonates with the sum of 2 capacitors. This eliminates the error. The
construction of capacitor type VT depends on form of capacitor voltage divider. Generally
H.V capacitors are enclosed in porcelain housing. A large metal sheet box at the base
encloses the tuning coil intermediate transformer.
11.8 PLCC
In the 400KV switch yard of 500MW unit they are two types of PLCC systems are in
services.
 Carrier communication system along with protection where the power lines are being
used for communication with wave traps to filter/ block the high frequency signals
entering into the switch yard.
 The superior system then the existing one where the OFC cable is used for carrier
communication and carry protection signals from one substation to another.
11.9 SCADA (SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM)
The switchyard control and protection consists of SCADA system for 400Kv and
220Kv for its control & monitoring system. The disturbance recording and event recording
which shall be a part of SCADA system. The controls of switch yard breakers and isolators
for the various bays viz, lines, station transformer, etc shall be through SCADA from CRT
located in main control room. However breaker closing and tripping should also be possible
from a backup single switch yard control panel, which shall be located in the switch yard
control room and shall also have mimic of switch yard. Miniature switches for breaker,
indications, metering and annunciation shall also be provided on this panel. All essential
metering shall be displayed on the CRT. Switch yard protection relay panels, PLCC panels ,
switch yard battery, DCDBs&ACDB and necessary,RTUs for interfacing with SCADA
system shall be housed in a separate relay room in the switch yard. Two nos SCADA CRTs
shall be located in main control room. The numerical protective relays in switch yard room
shall be connected SCADA by means of RTU located in switch yard relay room.
The control and interlocking scheme suitable for one and half breaker-switching
scheme shall be provided . Line bays shall be provided with single phase and three phase auto
reclosing feature. All the necessary relays, trip relays auxiliary relays shall be provided
provisions shall be made to accord higher reclosing priority to main breakers, or to issue

reclosing commend to both breakers simultaneously. Rapid reclosing& delayed reclosing

features shall be provided. All conditions requiring blocking auto reclosure shall be
considered. Live line-dead bus closing and dead line –live bus closing facilities shall be
provided using dedicated relays for this purpose. Indicating lamps for fulfillments of the
permissive condition shall be provided. Synchronizing facility shall be provided for all lines
in SCADA. In check in synchronizing position, the synchronizing criteria shall be fulfill as
indicating by the closing permissive provided by check synchronizing relay. In manual mode,
closure is possible only if either the line or the bus is dead. It shall not be possible to close in
manual mode if both line and bus are live. Control and indication shall be provided for each
of the breaker and isolator.

12.1 COLD STARTUP PROCEDURE
Conditions
 Cold startup when Turbine shaft /casing temp<150deg.C

 Warm startup when Turbine shaft/ casing temp>150deg.C and <350deg.C
 Hot startup when Turbine shaft/ casing temp>350deg.C
1) Charge ST-7 and ST-6 transformers and all 11KV, 3.3KV, 440v buses.
2) Charge cooling water system (Raw water, Clarified and DM water).
3) Charge ACW/CW and DMCW systems and compressor/A.C systems.
4) Ensure seal oil/H 2/Primary water system.
5) Ensure main turbine and TDBFPS barring gear.
6) Fill the drum by taking MDBFP into service and ensured closing of Ring Header
drains.
7) Through ID/FD/BCW/CEP/HFO/LDO systems and ensure L.T PRDS, FOPH from
stg-3 PRDS.
8) Ensure no water is coming from CRH pot drain.
9) Maintain air flow greater than 650tph.
10) Purge the boiler, Light up with LDO and ensure opening of all turbine side drains to
UFT.
11) Close boiler side vents at 2kgs and drain at 5kgs.
12) MS line/PRDS/Seal steam lines charging.
13) Condenser vacuum pulling and charging HP-LP bypass system.
1 4) Ensure no hammering of lines and observe HP bypass downstream temp.
15) Reset turbine trip and open main turbine stop valves.
16) Turbine rolling, Soaking and fulfilling TSE criteria.
17) Take one PA fan, Mill B and maintain proper O2 %.
18) Keep turbine speed 3000RPM and synchronize unit.
19) Close turbine side all drains/HP-LP bypass and observe all turbovisory parameters.

20) To load the machine above 100MW observe IP turbine front/rear diff temp.
21) At 120MW load charge UT’s and LP Heaters.
22) Take second mill and CEP, charge CDBFP’s from PRDS and keep them in soaking
(1500rpm).
23) Before taking third mill into service observe SH outlet temperature.
24) At 210MW load charge de-aerator and change PRDS from MS to CRH.
25) At 220MW load take one TDBFP and second PA fan into service.
26) Take fourth mill into service observe SH outlet temps.
27) At 300MW load charge HP heaters after warming up.
28) Take 5th mill into service and keep 3000rpm for 2nd TDBFP.
29) Cut off oil support and load second TDBFP.
30) Parallel TDBFP’s, keep drum level in auto and MDBFP as standby.
31) Take 6th mill (if needed 7th mill also) raise the load to 500MW.
32) Keep all remaining H.T drives in standby mode and turbine side keep in SLC mode.
12.2 SHUT DOWN PROCEDURE
1) Inform to load dispatch centre, CHP, MCR, chief chemists and also all maintenance
wings.
2) Start reducing load gradually, by taking out mills one by one and maintaining proper
air flow.
3) Take MDBFP into service.
4) Below 350MW take oil support.
5) Maintain drum level by MDBFP/TDBFP and trip other TDBFP.
6) At load <250MW cut off HP heaters.

7) Monitor SH/HPBP downstream temps.
8) Maintain drum level by MDBFP and trip 2nd TDBFP.
9) Cut off extraction to de-aerator.
10) De-parallel PA fans and trip one PA fan
11) Further reduce load by cutting off mills and monitor draught, O2, air flow SH temp,
etc...
12) Monitor HPBP downstream temp, turbovisory parameters.
13) Change over PRDS from CRH to MS and cut off extractions to LP heaters.
14) Keep HP/LP bypass in manual and ensure LP bypass spray in auto.
15) Hand trip the turbine hold HP bypass (close on spray isolation valves).
16) Ensure starting of AOP at 2850rpm, JOP at 510rpm.
17)Cut off last mill, trip 2nd PA fan and maintain seal steam temperature.
18)Take out HFO guns boiler trips on loss of all fuel.
19)Depending upon the requirement cool the boiler with prescribed airflow or boxed it
up
20)Ensure opening of gate valve gearing at210rpm and keep turbine under barring gear.
21)Kill vacuum (off vacuum pumps, open vacuum breaker and close seal steam isolation
valve).
22)At drum pr 7kgs trip one BCW pump at 5kgs open boiler side drains and at 2kgs open
boiler side vents.
23)At suction manifold temp <95deg, Trip 2nd BCW pump drain the boiler if required.

CONCLUSION
Here in this project we experienced the efficient working of a thermal power plant and
generation of electricity in it. It is a complex structure involving a number of stages working
simultaneously for the production of electricity.
The most important and the necessary parts of the thermal plant are boiler, turbine,
condenser and generator. The efficiency of a thermal plant depends upon the effective
working of these parts.
In this we learnt about the whole process of power generation by the co-ordination of
various auxiliary systems. We saw that the major losses in are mainly due to steam leaks in
boiler tubes and condenser. The effective transfer of steam from boiler to condenser and
reuse it as feed water greatly improves the efficiency of a power plant
Thus, I conclude that the working of a thermal power plant does not entirely rely upon
the boiler and generator but, the co-ordination of various systems together get the efficient
generation.

REFERENCES
1. A Course in Power Plant Engineering:

-S.C.Arora, S.Domkundwar Dhanapat Rai & Co.2001
2. Thermal Engineering:
-R.S.Khurmi, S.Chand Publisher
3. Steam Turbine Operation & Maintenance:
-B.H.E.L. Haridwar
4. Operation and Maintenance Manuals:
-APGENCO, Dr. NTTPS
5. Electrical Power by
-J.B.Gupta
6. Power System by
-V.K.Mehta

G.Rajashekar Reddy
Mobile:9908553685
9492312221
E-Mail: Rajashekar.reddy972@gmail.com
Facebook: facebook.com/Rajashekar.Reddy.H
Twitter: Twitter.com/Raji4H
G,Ravi Kumar
Mobile No: 8331918229
7396224600
E-Mail: Ravikumar.ganta213@gmail.com
Facebook: facebook.com/innocent.RaviKumar

Coal Analysis For vtps-500MW

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A

Main Project Report

Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements

Under The Esteemed Guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SREEKAVITHA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

MADHIRA (M), KHAMMAM-507203 (T.S)

We would like to express our sincere thanks to external project guides

We render our thanks to Chairman, Mr.P.USHA KIRAN KUMAR

We are indebted to our beloved Principal, Prof. V. CHINNIAH, Ph.d for

We found immense pleasure in expressing our gratitude to

G.RAVI KUMAR - 116U1A0213

G.RAJASHEKAR REDDY - 116U1A0216

G.RAVI KUMAR - 116U1A0213

G.RAJASHEKAR REDDY - 116U1A0216

List of the tables iii

The Process of Power Generation vii

CHAPTER-8 CONDENSER AND COOLING TOWERS

CHAPTER-9 WATER TREATMENT PLANT

11.3 Components In 400kv(EHT) Electrical System 58

11.6 Instrument Transformers 64

11.7 Types of Voltage Transformers 66

11.7.1 Capacitor Voltage Transformers 66

CHAPTER-12 Dr. NTTPS STAGE-4 PLANT START UP PROCEDURE

12.2 Shut Down Procedure 71

Figure: 1.1 Layout of 500MW PowerPlant 1

Figure: 2.2 Stacker / Re-claimer 10

Figure: 3.1 Ash Disposal & Dust Collection 12

Figure: 4.1 Typical Dry Electrostatic Precipitator 15

Figure:5.2 PulverizedFuel System 23

Figure:5.3 Steam Drum 24

Figure:5.6 Pressure Parts 30

Figure:6.1 Steam Turbine 37

Figure:6.2 Sectional Arrangement of 500mw Turbine Set 41

Figure:7.1 Cross section of Generator 42

Figure:7.2 Stator Frame 43

Figure:8.1 Cooling Tower 47

Figure:10.2 Ideal Transformer. 51

Figure:11.1 Single Line Diagram 57

Figure:11.2 Wave trap 60

Figure:11.3 SF6 Circuit Breakers. 63

Figure:11.4 Line DiagramofCT 64

Figure:11.5 Line DiagramofPT 65

Figure:11.6 Capacitor Voltage Transformer 67

10.1 Ratings of Different Transformers 54

11.1 Clearence For 400KV Lines 56

To meet the variation of fluctuating demands of different consumers from time to

The power generated by generator is synchronized to grid through generator

The basic energy conservation cycle in Thermal Plant is as follows:

CHEMICAL THERMAL STEAM MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL

1) Hydel 2) Thermal 3) Nuclear 4) Tidal 5) Wind power stations etc….

1. DrNarla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station (Dr.NTTPS), Ibrahimpatnam. (6x210MW,

2. Rayalaseema Thermal Power Project, Muddanur, Kadapa (5x210 MW)

3. Sri DamodaramSanjeevaiah Thermal Power Project, Krishnapatnam (SDSTPS)

4. Srisailam Right Power House (7x110MW, Hydel)

A control system of station basically works on Rankin Cycle. Steam is produced

Figure: 1.1 Layout of 500MW PowerPlant

DEPT OF EEE, SKIT. Page 1

1.Fuel and Ash Circuit.

1.2 FUEL & ASH CIRCUIT

1.3 AIR AND GAS CIRCUIT

1.4 FEED WATER AND STEAM CIRCUIT

DEPT OF EEE, SKIT. Page 2