Signal and Systems (EE-310)

Lecture 01
Introduction

Dr S M Wasif
syed.wasif@uog.edu.pk
September 5, 2018

Department of Electrical Engineering,

University of Gujrat
Table of contents

1. Course Break-Up Plan & Reference Books

2. Introduction

3. Discrete-time Signals

4. Elementary Discrete-time Signals

1
Course Break-Up Plan &
Reference Books
Marks Break-Up

• End Term Exam 50

• Mid Term Exam 25
• Design Course Work 10
• Assignments (3) 10
• Unannounced Quiz (6) 05

2
Reference Books

1. Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Willsky, S. Hamid Nawab, “Signals

and Systems”, Prentice Hall, (Latest Edition).
2. Haykin, Simon, and Barry Van Veen. “Signals and Systems”. John
Wiley & Sons, 2007.

3
Introduction
Signal and Systems?

• Signal: information about the state or behaviour by means of a

pattern of variations/changes.
• Mathematically represented as function of one or more variables.
e.g.,
s(x, y ) = 3x + 2xy + 10y 2
s(t) = 20t 2
• Unknown, complex or highly complicated function relationship.

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Signal and Systems?

5
Types of Signals?

• Continuous-time signal: defined

for every value of time t.

• Discrete-time signal: defined at

only discrete times.

• Digital signal: discrete-time

signal with finite values of
amplitude.

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Signal and Systems?

• System: “A regularly interacting or independent group of items

forming a unified whole”.
or
“A physical device that performs an operation on a signal”.
or
“Extract useful information from a signal”.
• Types:
Continuous-time system: transforms a continuous-time input signal
into a continuous-time output signal.
Discrete-time system: transforms a discrete-time input signal into a
discrete-time output signal.
• Digital system: where input and output both are digital signals.

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Discrete-time Signals
Sequences

• Represented mathematically as
sequence of numbers.
x = x[n] for −∞ < n < ∞
• Periodic sampling of
continuous-time signal.
x[n] = xa [nT ]
for −∞ < n < ∞

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Discrete-time Signal Representations

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Elementary Discrete-time Signals
Elementary Discrete-time Signals

• Unit Sample Sequence: also

known as unit impulse signal.
(
0, n 6= 0
δ[n] =
1, n = 0

10
Elementary Discrete-time Signals

• Unit Step Sequence:

(
1, n≥0
u[n] =
0, n<0

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Elementary Discrete-time Signals

• Exponential Sequences: x[n] = Aαn

• For positive value of A i.e., 0 < α < 1, decreasing positive value
sequence with increase in n.

• if −1 < α < 0 decreasing and alternating sign sequence with

increase in n.

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Elementary Discrete-time Signals

• if |α| > 1 growing in amplitude sequence as n increases.

• If both A and α are complex valued i.e.,

α = |α|e jω0

A = |A|e jφ
then x[n] = Aαn is a complex exponential sequence.

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Elementary Discrete-time Signals

• Periodic and Aperiodic Sequences: a sequence x[n] is periodic if

x[n] = x[n + N] for all n

• Example discrete-time sinusoid:

A cos(ω0 n + φ) = A cos(ω0 n + ω0 N + φ)

if ω0 N = 2πk
• Some examples:
πn
x1 [n] = cos( ) with N=8
4
3πn
x2 [n] = cos( ) with N = 16
8

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