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com

ScienceDirect
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 224 (2016) 276 – 283

6th International Research Symposium in Service Management, IRSSM-6 2015, 11-15 August
2015, UiTM Sarawak, Kuching, Malaysia

Critical Review on Construction Waste Control Practices:

Legislative and Waste Management Perspective
Noraziah Wahia,*, Corina Josephb, Rudy Tawie c, Roseline Ikaud

a, d
Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
b
Faculty of Accountancy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
c
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia

Abstract

Construction waste that emerges from construction site has become a major concern to the nation due to its negative footprints on
the environment. Undeniably, huge amounts of construction waste will cause destructive effects on the environment if they are
not managed properly. Therefore, the productions of construction waste need to be controlled and managed by the stakeholders in
the construction industry. This paper conducts a review of existing waste control practices adopted by the responsible parties in
Hong Kong and M alaysia in order to minimize the environmental impacts of construction activities. This paper also embraces the
differences and similarities of waste control practices in both countries reviewed. In addition, the gap identified will form a basis
of encyclopaedic research on construction waste control practices in the future. In turn, the research will lead to a better
sustainable construction waste control framework, which complies with the M alaysian legislation and regulations. The study is
very useful for construction stakeholders to promote a comprehensive efficacy of construction waste control practices and also
furnish precious sources for other countries in controlling and managing wastes at construction sites in order to answer the
challenge towards sustainable development.
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-reviewunder
Peer-review underresponsibility
responsibility of Universiti
of the TeknologiMARA
Universiti Teknologi M ARA Sarawak.
Sarawak

Keywords: waste management; construction waste; waste control; sustainable construction

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +6-012-809-5004.

E-mail address: noraziahwahi@sarawak.uitm.edu.my

1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Universiti Teknologi MARA Sarawak
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.460
 Noraziah Wahi et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 224 (2016) 276 – 283 277

1. Introduction

Globally, waste volumes are increasing quickly, even faster than the rate of urbanization. Currently, the world
cities are generating about 1.3 billion tonnes of solid waste per year. This volume is expected to increase to 2.2
billion tonnes by 2025. As countries urbanise, their economic wealth increases. As standards of living and d isposable
incomes increase, consumption of goods and services increases , which results in a corresponding increase in the
amount of waste generated (Hoornweg & Bhada-Tata, 2012).
Local govern ments in Asia are currently spending about US$25 b illion per year on urban solid waste
management. This amount is used to collect more than 90 percent of the waste in high -income countries, between 50
to 80 percent in middle -inco me countries, and only 30 to 60 percent in low -inco me countries. In 2025, it is
anticipated that the spending on solid waste management activities would increase by 200 per cent in 2015
(Hoornweg & Thomas, 1999).
Although solid waste is generated by different household and economic activ ities, the construction industry has
always been considered as one of the major p roducers of waste (Al-Hajj & Ha man i, 2011). Construction waste is not
by nature an environmentally friendly activity; the sector has always been a major generator of construction waste
(Lachimpadi, Pereira, Taha, & Mokhtar, 2012; Shen & Tam, 2002).
Realizing the negative impact of construction waste to the environment, govern ments at both national and
international levels have introduced various policies and regulations to make construction activities more sustainable
(Akadiri & Fadiya, 2013). This includes countries in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region s, Hong Kong and
Malaysia (Hoornweg & Bhada-Tata, 2012). In 2013, with a total population approximately 7.2 million, Hong Kong
had recorded a gross national income per capita of USD38,420 (World Bank, 2014a). Meanwhile, Malaysia having
the population of approximately 29.7million had recorded a g ross national income per cap ita of USD10, 430 (World
Bank, 2014b). This puts Hong Kong as a high-income country, while Malaysia as the nation at upper middle -inco me
country in the region (World Bank, 2014a; World Bank 2014b).
This paper reviews the existing waste control practices adopted in Hong Kong and Malaysia by co mparing the
construction waste control practices in terms of legal instrument, method of waste treatment and other practices
between both countries.

2. Construction and demolition (C&D) waste control practice in Hong Kong

Like most modern cities, the need to attain sustainability is compelling in Hong Kong, which has suffered rap id
environmental degradation in the course of achieving a spectacular economic boom since the early 1970s (Chung &
Lo, 2003). In line with construction booming, in the year of 2012, Environ mental Protection Depart ment (EPD) in
Hong Kong had reported that 13,844 tonnes per day of waste had been dumped at landfills.
Realizing the threat of C&D waste to the environment, the local industry has been promoting measures such as
establishing waste management plans, reduction and recycling of construction and demol ition wastes, providing in-
house training on environmental management, and legal measures on environmental protection (Shen & Tam,
2002).

2.1. C&D waste legal instrument

The main authorities involve with construction waste in Hong Kong are the Environment Protection Depart ment
(‘EPD’) and the Civ il Engineering and Development Depart ment (‘CED’) (Ming -zhi & Gao, 2006). The Hong Kong
government has issued various laws and ordinances to reduce waste generation and protect the environment by legal
enforcement. These include Water Po llution Control Ordinance (1980), Noise Control Ord inance (1989), Waste
Disposal Ordinance (WDO, 1980), A ir Pollution Control Ord inance (1985) and Environ mental Impact Assessment
(EIA) Ordinance (1998) (W.Y Tam, Shen, Fung, & Wang, 2007) as shown in Table 1.
278 Noraziah Wahi et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 224 (2016) 276 – 283

T able 1. Summaries of the legislation relating to waste control practices in Hong Kong.

Ordinance
Water Pollution Control Ordinance (1980)
Noise Control Ordinance (1989)
Waste Disposal Ordinance (WDO, 1980)
Air Pollution Control Ordinance (1985)
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Ordinance (1998)
Explanation
T o safeguard public health, to protect the fabric of the sewage
collection and disposal system and to contain the problem before
the quality of the receiving waters deteriorate beyond natural
recovery. Discharge of effluent from construction activities is
classified under Discharge Subject to Control, thus discharger
should apply for a license from EPD and comply with its terms
and conditions (Environmental Protection Department, 1997).
T o provide statutory controls to restrict and reduce the nuisance
caused by environmental noises including noise from
construction activities such as piling works. Construction
activities are grouped into two categories: general construction
work and percussive piling; for example, piling by means of a
hydraulic hammer or a drop hammer (Environmental Protection
Department, 2006).
T o provide a framework for managing waste from generation to
final disposal. WDO prohibits any person from using any land or
premises for the disposal of waste unless this has been authorised
or a license from the waste disposal authority, the Director of
Environmental Protection has been obtained. WDO has specified
the environmental conditions at waste treatment and disposal
facilities. Concerned parties must comply with WDO for the
disposal of chemical waste, toxic, hazardous and difficult waste,
and the management of sludge arising from water/sewage
treatment systems. WDO also controls the imports and exports of
waste (W.Y T am et al., 2007)
T o provide a statutory framework for establishing the Air Quality
Objectives and stipulating the anti-pollution requirements for air
pollution sources. It enables the making of subsidiary regulations
to deal with specific air pollution problems, such as construction
dust, etc. (Environmental Protection Department, 2010).
T o avoid, minimise and control the adverse impact on the
environment of designated projects through the application of the
environmental impact assessment process and the environmental
permit system (Environmental Protection Department, 2011).

2.2. C&D waste management and treatment system

At present, Hong Kong relies solely on landfills for municipal solid waste disposal (MSW). Approximately 9000
tonnes of unrecoverable MSW are still discarded in the landfills every day. Currently , the government is
experiencing a serious shortage of MSW disposal sites with an anticipation that the current three strategic landfills,
namely, South East New Territories (SENT), No rth East New Territories (NENT), and West New Territories
(WENT) will be exhausted in 2014, 2016, and 2018, respectively (Woon & Lo, 2013). In Hong Kong, C&D waste
generators are responsible for its proper collect ion and disposal. Landfills and public filling areas are the major
receiving bodies in Hong Kong (Chung & Lo, 2003; Poon, Yu, Wong, & Cheung, 2004).
The government is giving full encouragement and support at reusing, recycling and minimizing the amount of
C&D materials disposal so that the life span of the landfills can be extended (Poon et al., 2004; W.Y. Tam & Tam,
2006). Before recycling stage takes place, the C&D waste generator needs to do waste sorting. C&D waste sorting is
very crucial since it increases the efficiency of construction waste reuse and recycling (Lu & Yuan, 2012). At the
early stage, on-site construction waste sorting for reus ing, recycling and reducing C&D waste had not been popular
in Hong Kong, and the common practice was contractors sent the construction waste directly to landfil ls or public
 Noraziah Wahi et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 224 (2016) 276 – 283 279

fill reception facilities for disposal. However, things changed when the Hong Kong government implemented a
Waste Charging Scheme (WCS) in 2006 (Lu & Yuan, 2012).
“Construction Waste Disposal Charg ing Scheme” (CWDCS) was imp lemented based on the ‘polluter pays
principal’. CWDCS encourages contractors to consider recycling and reusing of C&D waste so as to reduce the
disposal of construction waste to the limited landfill space in Hong Kong (Yu, Poon, Wong, Yip, & Jaillon, 2013).
A construction contractor will have a levy of HK$125 (USD1=HKD7.76) imposed for every tonne of construction
waste containing not more than 50% by weight of inert substances for the dispose at landfills. He will be levied
HK$100 per tonne if the generated construction waste containing more than 50% by weight of inert substances is
accepted by off-site sorting facilit ies. Meanwhile, he will be charged only HK$27 per tonne if the construction waste
consisting entirely of inert materials is accepted by public fill reception facilities (Yuan, Lu , & Jianli Hao, 2013).
The price discriminations reflect the d ifferent environ mental impacts caused by different forms of construction
waste. It is also anticipated that the charge will be channelled back to the construction contractors to encourage more
active construction waste management activit ies, such as reduction, reuse, and recycling. This particu lar scheme has
been proven as an effective vehicle in stimulating on-site and off-site CWS (Lu & Yuan, 2012).

2.2.1. On-site waste sorting

Poon et al. (2004) stated that the best way to reduce the impact upon landfills is that - once waste reduction
practices in design and construction have been adopted, the waste needs to be sorted on-site before disposal. The
negative impact of construction activities on the environment has been significantly reduced through conducting on -
site construction waste sorting (CWS) (Lu & Yuan, 2012). A direct contribution of the imp rovement CWS is that
more construction materials on-site are separated at source, and thereby, the resource reuse and recycling efficiency
have been greatly increased. Better on-site CWS has also resulted in less construction waste going to landfills (Yuan
et al., 2013).

2.2.2. Off-site C&D waste sorting

The Hong Kong government has the duty to provide off-site sorting facilit ies to separate mixed materials. The
inert material will then be used as public fill wh ile the decomposable organic waste will be taken into the main
waste disposal stream. The first construction waste recycling facility was s et up at the South East New Territories
(SENT) Landfill in 1998 to recover usable materials fro m mixed C&D waste (Ming -zhi & Gao, 2006). The
government then launched the off-site CWS program and built two CWS facilities in Tuen Mun and Tuseng Kwan
O areas, respectively, in 2006 fo r separating and sorting construction waste before its final disposal. Since its
implementation, a significant amount of construction waste has been handled by these two waste sorting facilit ies,
thereby reducing the use of existing landfills significantly (Lu & Yuan, 2012).

3. Waste control practice in Malaysia

The Borneo Post (2013) reported that in 2012, 33,000 tonnes of solid waste had been generated daily in Malaysia.
Meanwhile, in 2010, the government of Malaysia spent RM1, 136.0 million for waste management. Of this total,
expenditure on non-hazardous solid waste stood at RM920.5 million (81.0%), wh ile scheduled waste at RM 215.6
million (19.0%) (Depart ment of Statistics Malaysia, 2011). Therefo re, due to the negative footprint of the increasing
of waste generation to the environment, the Malaysian government has initiated measures to address this problem
with legal instruments and research on the best method to manage the C&D waste.

3.1. C&D legal instrument

The key stakeholders in managing solid waste generated by the industry in Malaysia are the M inistry of Housing
and Local Govern ments, Depart ment of Local Govern ment, local govern ments, solid wastes contractors companies,
as well as the industry and solid wastes recyclers (Mohamed, 2009). The government agencies , led by the Ministry
280 Noraziah Wahi et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 224 (2016) 276 – 283

of Housing and Local Govern ment, provide legislative and guidelines in managing industrial waste (Manaf, Samah,
& Zukki, 2009; Mohamed, 2009).
Another government body involved in managing solid waste is the Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment (Nagapan, Abdul Rah man, & Asmi, 2012). The Ministry of Works also takes part in managing the
waste at construction sites. The Ministry has established the Standard Specifications for Bu ild ing works (SBW),
which is governed by the Ministry of Works (Sin, Chen, Long, & Hwang, 2012). The other authority that concerns
on construction waste is the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB), in wh ich the law under its
supervision is Pembinaan Malaysia Act 1994 (Act 520).
In previous study, Sasitharan, Ismail, and Ade (2012) had listed out acts and regulations that relate to
construction waste as shown in Table 2.

T able 2. Summaries of the legislation relating to waste control practices in Malaysia.

Ordinance
Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management
Act 2007 (Act 672)
Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127)
Pembinaan Malaysia Act 1994 (Act 520)
Explanation
T he act scopes are to improve and ensure high quality services in
solid waste management. Waste management strategies, such as
3Rs, are a mandatory commitment on waste segregation and
severe penalties for non-compliance with the regulations
stipulated within the Act (Agamuthu & Fauziah, 2011).
T he act scopes are to prevent, reduce, control pollution and
enhance the environment. The wastes appear in this act are more
related to general environmental problems. T he wastes are
interpreted as liquid, solid, gasses and radioactive. The wastes
are either normal waste or schedule waste (Sasitharan et al.,
2012).
In this act, only Part I and Part IX can be related with
construction waste issues. Part 1 describes construction works
whilst Part IX is more towards enforcement and investigation.
T he act is to provide functions relating to construction works in
the country. It gives power to investigation officers for entering
construction site at any times to do inspection. This enforcement
law gives the authority to act upon construction waste left on site
through the term of site clearance (Sasitharan et al., 2012).

3.2. C&D waste management and treatment system

There are a few types of construction waste disposal treatment systems applied in Malaysia, namely, landfilling,
incineration, and recycling (Lau, 2004). Landfilling is a main method used for the disposal of solid wastes in
Malaysia (Jalil, 2010; Lau, 2004; Moh & Abd Manaf, 2014; Periathamby, Hamid, & Khid zir, 2009; Shari &
Soebarto, 2014; Sin et al., 2012). Most of landfill sites are open dumping areas with overloaded capacity, which
pose serious environmental and social threats (Moh & Abd Manaf, 2014).
Besides landfills, the incinerator is considered to be one of the disposal methods in Malaysia as the nation could
not depend on landfills only. There are five existing small incinerators with the capacity of fewer than 100 tons in
Malaysia, located at Pulau Pangkor in Perak, Pulau Langkawi in Kedah, Pu lau Tio man and Cameron Highlands in
Pahang, Lu mut and Labuan. Three large-scale incinerators are going to be built in Taman Beringin, Kuala Lu mpur;
Bukit Payung, Johor; and Sungai Udang, Melaka (Moh & Abd Manaf, 2014). Currently, the incineration in
Malaysia is main ly used to dispose clin ical and hazardous wastes, where 100% o f the wastes are incinerated (Din ie,
Samsudin, & Don, 2013).
Similar to Hong Kong, to curb the excessive generation of waste, recycling programs were launched in 1993 in
Malaysia. In December 2000, the M inistry of Housing and Local Govern ment re -launched the recycling program
and declared 11 November as the National Recycling Day (Manaf et al., 2009). However, most of the construction
practitioners still do not imp lement the reuse, reduce and recycle 3R concept into their construction sites , or some of
them are unaware of it. Besides, only a few systems are used, namely, the 3R concept, incineration and landfilling
 Noraziah Wahi et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 224 (2016) 276 – 283 281

(Sin et al., 2012). Furthermore, the slow uptakes of utilizing reused and recycled materials or components in the
Malaysian construction industry are due to factors, such as cost and perception of “low quality” (Shari & Soebarto,
2014).
Till now, disposing unseparated and reusable construction waste in landfills was certain ly a co mmon on -going
practice in Malaysia (Shari & Soebarto, 2014). Despite the high potential and opportunities for solid waste
recycling, wastes are still simply being dumped in an open area of ground without any attempt for recovery and
recycling. In co mparison to recycling rates of neighbouring countries, Malaysia is falling back at merely 5% , which
proves how uncommon recycling practice is in Malaysia (Moh & Abd Manaf, 2014).

4. Comparison

As shown in Table 3, in Hong Kong, it is stated that two government bodies , namely, Civil Engineering and
Develop ment Department and Environmental Protection Depart ment , are in-charge of environ mental issues.
However, the latter is the main government body responsible for environmental matters. As compared to Malaysia,
there are three government bodies , namely, the Ministry of Housing and Local Govern ment, the Ministry of Works
and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environ ment, which are in-charge of environ mental regulation and
enforcement. These departments are supported by a private agency , named the CIDB. This decentralizat ion
involving many agencies may have impacted the effectiveness in implementation of legislation and enforcement in
terms of info rmation dissemination, unclear or overlapping roles and responsibilit ies and red tapes. Nonetheless , this
might be driven by the number of states and massive Malaysian land size . As opposed to the situation in the island
of Hong Kong, centralized government departments are sufficient to implement the waste management efforts
across all sectors. In order to increase efficiency in imp lementation, a single government body is to regulate all
environmental issues and enforcement in the future.

T able 3. A comparison of existing C&D waste control practices in Hong Kong and Malaysia.
Country Hong Kong Malaysia

Population (2013) 7,187,500 people 29,716,965 people

GNP per capita 2013 (USD) 54,270 22,530

Waste generation in 2012
Agencies in-charge of environmental
enforcement
13,844 tonnes per day
Environmental Protection Department,
Civil Engineering and Development
Department
33,000 tonnes per day
Ministry of Housing and Local
Government, Ministry of Works,
Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment and Construction
Industry Development Board
(CIDB).

Legal Act Water Pollution Control Ordinance
(1980), Noise Control Ordinance
(1989), Waste Disposal Ordinance
(WDO, 1980), Air Pollution Control
Ordinance (1985) and Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) Ordinance
(1998)
Method of C&D waste treatment Recycling, Reusing, Landfilling, Public
filling areas
Public Cleansing Management Act
2007 (Act 672), Environmental
Quality Act 1974 (Act 127) and
Pembinaan Malaysia Act 1994 (Act
520)
Recycling, Incineration, Landfilling

In terms of legislation, environ mental ordinances in Hong Kong are categorized into more specific waste
categories. This provides a clear demarcation of each segment. It may p rovide better imp lementation as each
282 Noraziah Wahi et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 224 (2016) 276 – 283

ordinance covers definite scope and distinct boundary. In Malaysia, the acts are drafted in a more general manner,
thus bound to be similarities in its clauses across the act enacted by various government and private agencies.
For C&D waste treatment, there are similarities in the methods practised in Malaysia and Hong Kong, for
instance activities such as recycling and landfill. Stakeholders in construction are very receptive to recycling
programme in Hong Kong. This is driven by the enforcement of CWDCS. Malaysian recycling effo rt has not
received much attention albeit the government’s effort to promote the benefits of recycling. Besides that, major
critical steps undertaken by Hong Kong are on-site and off-site sortings. This is proven to be critical in the success
of recycling and reuse of waste. On-site and off-site sortings in Malaysia have been in place to provide avenue for
recycling; however, the imp lementation and effect iveness are still vague. Therefore, it is essential for Malaysia to
inculcate on-site sorting and off-site C&D waste sorting to minimize waste management costs , hence extending the
life span of landfills.

5. Conclusion

In conclusion, there are still many effo rts that the Malaysian government can undertake by taking Hong Kong as
a role model to tackle the C&D waste issue. In order fo r Malaysia to move towards a green or sustainable
environment, the country has to benchmark itself to developed nations like Hong Kong in handling construction
waste issues (Sasitharan et al., 2012). It is the aspiration of the nation to become a high-inco me country in the future.
C&D waste management issue continues to linger if not getting worse in tandem with econo mic develop ment. In
readiness for the future, it is best to kick start the effort at this juncture.
We suggest that there is future research on creating awareness by means of providing effective t rain ings on
proper waste management method. Facilities to support waste management part icularly in recycling need upgr ading
and improvement. Replicating the success of CWSD to suit local environ ment and culture can be imp lemented and
enforced accordingly. Enforcement by the govern ment is essential to ensure that the requirements and standards are
fulfilled. In Malaysia and any countries , in reaching sustainable development, the decisions related to solid waste
management should be tabled out to the public fro m grass root level, which signifies the participation of all
concerned (Behzad, Ahmad, Saied, Elmira, & Bin, 2011).

Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge our research financial support, the Ministry of Education Malaysia under
Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS). We would also like to thank the anonymous referees for the valuable
comments provided.

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