Controlled Rectifiers and AC Voltage Controllers

Module 3
Controlled Rectifiers and AC Voltage

Controllers
Power Electronics
15EC73
Controlled Rectifiers and AC Voltage Controllers
Power Electronics 15EC73
Module 3
1. Controlled Rectifiers - Introduction

2. Principle of Phase-Controlled Converter Operation
3. Single-Phase Full Converter with RL Load
4. Single-Phase Dual Converters
5. Single-Phase Semi Converter with RL load
6. AC Voltage Controllers – Introduction

7. Principles of ON-OFF Control
8. Principle of Phase Control
9. Single phase controllers with resistive and inductive loads
Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 1

1) Discuss the classification of Controlled Rectifiers
 Diode rectifiers are capable of providing only fixed output voltages, hence in order to
obtain controlled output voltages, phase control thyristors are used instead of diodes.
 The output voltage of a thyristor rectifier is varied by controlling the delay or firing angle
of the thyristors.
 A phase control thyristor is turned on by applying a short pulse to the gate terminal and it
is turned off by due to natural or line commutation. ( For highly inductive loads, it is
turned off by firing another thyristor of the rectifier during the negative half cycle of the
input voltage)
 Phase controlled rectifiers are simple and cost effective.
 The efficiency of these rectifiers is above 95%.
 These controlled rectifiers are also known as ac-dc converters.
 Industrial Applications : Variable speed drives ( ranging from fractional half power to
megawatt power level)
Controlled
Rectifiers
Single-Phase Three-Phase
Converters Converters
Semi Full Dual Semi Full Dual

converter Converter Converter Converter Converter Converter
Figure: Classification of Controlled Rectifiers

 A semi converter is a one-quadrant converter and it has one polarity of output voltage and
current.
 A full converter is a two-quadrant converter and polarity of its output can be either
positive or negative ( Output current of full converter has one polarity only)
 A dual converter can operate in four quadrants; both the output voltage and current can be
either positive or negative.
 In some applications converters are connected in series to operate at higher voltages and
to improve the input power factor.
 Method of Fourier series can be applied to study the performances of phase controlled
converters with RL loads.
 To simplify the analysis, the load inductance can be assumed to be very high so that the
load current in continuous and has almost negligible ripple.

2) Explain the principle of operation of a Phase-Controlled Converter and derive the

expression for dc and rms output voltage.
Figure 1: Single phase thyristor converter with resistive load
 The circuit diagram corresponds to a single phase thyristor converter with a resistive load.
 During the positive half cycle of input cycle:
 Thyristor anode is positive with respect to cathode, hence forward biased.
 When thyristor T1is fired at ωt = α, thyristor T1 conducts and input voltage
appears across the load.
 During the negative half cycle of input cycle:
 When the input voltage starts to be negative at ωt = π, anode is negative with
respect to cathode and thyristor T1is said to be reverse biased.
 Hence it is turned off.
 No output appears across the load.
 The time after the input voltage starts to go positive, until the thyristor is fired at ωt = α is
called as the delay or firing angle α.
 The region of the converter operation is shown, where the output voltage and current have
one polarity.
 The waveforms for the input voltage, output voltage, load current and voltage across T1
are shown.
 This is not used in industrial applications since the output has high ripple content and has
low ripple frequency.

 However, it is used to understand and explain the principle of single phase thyristor
converter.
 If fs is the frequency of the input supply, the lowest frequency of the output ripple voltage
is fs
 If Vm is the peak input voltage, the average output voltage Vdc can be found as
 ∫ ( ) [ ]
 [ ]
 Vdc can be varied from Vm/π to 0, by varying α from 0 to π.

 The average output voltage becomes maximum when α = 0 and the maximum output
voltage is Vdm is

 Normalising the output with respect to Vdm, the normalized output voltage
 ( )
 The root mean square ( rms ) output voltage is given by
 * ∫ ( )+ * ∫ ( ) ( )+
 * ( )+
 The gating sequence for the thyristor switch is given by
 Generate a pulse signal at the positive zero crossing of the supply voltage Vs.
 Delay the pulse by desired angle α and apply it between the gate and cathode
terminals of T1 through a gate isolating circuit.
 NOTE:
 Both the output voltage and input current are non-sinusoidal.
 The performance of a controlled rectifier can be measured by parameters such as
distortion factor (DF), total harmonic distortion (THD), PF, transformer
utilization factor (TUF) and harmonic factor (HF).
 Performance of a converter is degraded at higher range of delay angle α.
 Varying the delay angle α from 0 to π can vary the average output voltage from
Vm/π to 0.
 The input transformer can carry dc current, thereby causing a magnetic saturation
problem.
3) Illustrate the working of Single-Phase Full Converter with RL Load with neat diagrams and
mathematical derivations for dc and rms output voltages.
 The circuit diagram is of a single phase full converter with RL load.

 This converter is extensively used in industrial applications up to 15kW.
 The load is a highly inductive load
 During the positive half cycles the T1 and T2 are forward biased
o When these two thyristors are fired simultaneously at ωt = α, the load is
connected to the input supply through the thyristors T1 and T2.
o Due to the inductive loads, these thyristors T1 and T2 will continue to
conduct beyond ωt = π, even though the input voltage is already negative.

 During the negative half cycle of the input voltage, the thyristors T3 and T4 are
forward biased and the firing of T3 and T4 will apply the supply voltage across T1
and T2 as reverse blocking voltage.
o T1 and T2 will be turned off due to line or natural commutation and load
current is transferred from T1 and T2 to T3 and T4.
o The graph shows the regions of converter operation and the waveforms for
input voltage, output voltage and input and output currents.
 During the period from α to π, the input voltage v and input current I are positive and
power flows from the supply to the load. During this time the converter is said to be
operated in the rectification mode.
 During the period from πto π + α, the input voltage v is negative, and the input
current is positive. There will be a reverse power flow from the load to the supply.
During this period the converter is operated in the inversion mode.
 Depending on the value of α, the average output voltage could be either positive or
negative and it provides the two quadrant operation.
Figure 2: Single phase thyristor converter with resistive load
 The average output voltage can be found from

 ∫ ( ) [ ]

Where Vdc can be varied from 2Vm/π to -2Vm/π, by varying α from 0 to π
 The maximum average output voltage is Vdm = 2Vm/π
 The normalised average output voltage is

 The rms values of the output voltage is given by :
[ ∫ ( )]
[ ∫ ( ) ( )]
4) Illustrate the working of Single-Phase Full Converter with RL in the two different modes
and derive relevant expression for Load current
 The operation of the converter can be divided into two identical modes:
o Mode 1: when T1 and T2 conduct.
o Mode 2: when T3 and T4 conduct.
o The output currents during these modes are similar and we need to consider only one
mode to find the output current iL
o Mode1 is valid for α ≤ ωt ≤ (α + π) if √ is the input voltage and the

load current iL during mode 1 can be determined from
 √ for iL ≥ 0
o Whose solution is of the form
√ ( ⁄ )
 ( ) for iL ≥ 0
o Whose load impedance [ ( ) ] and load angle ( ⁄ )

o Constant A1, which can be determined from the initial condition: at ωt = α, iL=ILO is
found as:
√ ( ⁄ )( ⁄ )
 * ( )+
o Substituting in the above equation we get
√ √ ( ⁄ )( ⁄ )
 ( ) * ( )+
o At the end of mode1 in the steady state condition iL (ωt = π + α) = IL1=IL0
o Applying the condition and solving for ILO
( ) ( ) ( ⁄ )( ⁄ )
√
 ( ⁄ )( ⁄ ) for iL ≥ 0
o The critical value of α at which I0becomes zero can be solved for known values of θ,
R, L, E and Vs by and iterative method.
o The rms current of a thyristor can be found from
 * ∫ ( )+
o The rms output current can then be determined from

 [ ] √
o The average current of thyristor is given by
 ∫ ( )
o The average output current can be determined by

o The load current iLflows only during the period α ≤ ωt ≤ β, at ωt = β the load current
falls to 0 again. The critical value of α referred to as α c at which ILO becomes zero is
given by
( )
 [ ( )
]
Where the voltage ratio and θ is the load impedance angle

√
5) Illustrate the working of Single-Phase dual converter and derive relevant expression for
current and voltages.
 Single phase full converters allow only two quadrant operation.

 If two such full converters are connected back to back, then both the output voltage
and the load current can be reversed.
 The system will provide for a four quadrant operation and is called as a dual
converter.
 Dual converters are usually used in high power variable speed drives.
 If α1 and α2 are the delay angles of converters 1 and 2 respectively, then the
corresponding average output voltages are Vdc1 and Vdc2
 The delay angles are controlled such that one converter operates as a rectifiers and the
other converter operates as an inverter.
 But both the converters produce the same average output voltage.
 The average output voltages are :
 Since one converter is rectifying and the other is inverting,
Vdc1= - Vdc2
Cos α2= - Cos α1 = cos ( π – α1)
 Hence α2 = π- α1
 Since the instantaneous output voltages of the converters are out of phase, there will
be an instantaneous voltage difference, resulting in a circulating current between the
two converters.
 The circulating current will not flow through the load, however it is normally limited
by a circulating current reactor Lr

Figure 3: Single phase dual converter
 If v01 and v02 are the instantaneous output voltages of converters 1 and 2 respectively, the
circulating current can be determined by integrating the instantaneous voltage difference
starting from ωt = π – α1
 Since the two output voltages during the interval ωt = π + α1 to 2π -α1 are equal and opposite,
their contributions to the instantaneous current ir is zero.

∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ( )
[ ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )]
( )ir> 0 for 0 ≤ α1 ≤ π/2
ir< 0 for π/2 ≤ α1 ≤ π
 For α1= 0, only the converter1 operates; for α1= π, only the converter2 operates.
 For 0 ≤ α1 ≤ π/2, converter1 supplies a positive load current +i0 and thus the circulating
current can only be positive.
 For π/2 ≤ α1 ≤ π, converter2 supplies a negative load current -i0 and thus only a negative
circulating current can flow.
 At α1 = π/2, the converter 1 supplies positive circulating during the first half cycle and the
converter2 supplies negative circulating during the second half cycle.
 The circulating current depends on the delay angle.
 For α1 = 0, its magnitude becomes minimum when ωt = nπ, n = 0,2,4..and maximum when ωt
= nπ , n = 1,3,5..
 If the peak load current is Ip, one of the converters that controls the power flow may carry a
peak current of (Ip + 4Vm/ωLr)
 The dual converters can be operated with or without a circulating current.
 In case of operating without circulating current, only a single converter operates a time and
carries the load current, and the other converter is completely blocked by the inhibited gate
pulses.
 Operating with circulating current has the following advantages.
o The circulating current maintains the continuous conduction of both converters over
the whole control range, independent of the load.
o Since one converter operates as rectifier and the other converter operates as an
inverter, the power flow in either direction at any time is possible.
o Since both converters are in continuous conduction, the time response for changing
from one quadrant operation to another quadrant is faster.
 Gating Sequence:
o Gate the positive converter with a delay angle of α1 = α
o Gate the negative converter with a delay angle of α2= π-α through gate isolating
circuits.
6) Explain the working of a Single-Phase Semi Converter with RL load and derive expressions
for output voltage.
 The arrangement of a single phase semi converter with RL load is shown; here the load is a
highly inductive load.
 The load current is assumed to be continuous.
 During the positive half cycle, the thyristor T1 is forward biased

o When T1 is fired at ωt = α, the load is connected to the input supply through T1 and
D2 during the period α ≤ ωt ≤ π
o During the period from π ≤ωt ≤ π + α , the input voltage is negative and the
freewheeling diode Dm is forward biased.
o Dm conducts to provide continuity of the current in the inductive load.
o The load current is transferred from T1 and D2 to Dm, subsequently the thyristor T1
and diode D2 are turned off.
 During the negative half cycle of the input voltage, the thyristor T2 is forward biased and the
firing of the thyristor T2 at ωt = π + α will reverse bias Dm.
o The diode Dm is turned off and the load is connected to the supply through T2 and D1.
 From the region of operation it is evident that the output voltage and current have positive
polarity.
 The figures corresponding to waveforms of input, output voltage, input and output currents
through T1,T2,D1 and D2
 This converter has a better power factor due to the freewheeling diode and is commonly used
in application up to 15kW, where one-quadrant operation is acceptable.
Figure 4: Single phase semi converter

 The average output voltage can be found from
∫ ( ) [ ]
( )
 Vdc can be varied from 2Vm/π to 0 by varying α from 0 to π

 The maximum average output voltage Vdm = 2Vm/π
 The normalized average output voltage is given by
 ( )
 The rms output voltage is found from
 * ∫ ( )+ [∫ ( ) ( )]
 * ( )+
√
7) Analyse the working of a Single-Phase Semi Converter with RL load in the two modes and
derive expressions for output voltage.
 A load has a finite inductance.The load current depends on the value of load resistance R,
load inductance L and battery voltage E.
 The converter operation can be divided into two modes mode1 and mode2
 Mode1: This mode is valid for 0 ≤ ωt ≤ α , during which the freewheeling diode Dm conducts.
o The load current iL1 is described by

o Which, with initial condition iL1(ωt = 0) = iL0 in the steady state gives
( ⁄ ) ( )
 ( ) for iL1 ≥ 0
o At the end of this mode at ωt = α, the load current becomes IL1
( ⁄ )( ⁄ ) ( )( ⁄ )
 ( ) ( ) for i
L1≥ 0
 Mode2: This mode is valid for α ≤ ωt ≤ π , during which thyristor T1 conducts.

o If √ ( ) is the input voltage, the load current iL2 during mode 2 can be
found from
 √ ( ) for iL2 ≥ θ
o Whose solution is of the form
√ ( ⁄ )
 ( ) for iL2 ≥ 0
o Where load impedance [ ( ) ]

o And load impedance angle ( ⁄ )
o Constant A1 which can be determined from the initial condition at ωt = α
 iL2 = IL1 is found as
√ ( ⁄ )( ⁄ )
 * ( )+
o Substitution for A1 yields For iL2 ≥ 0

√ √ ( ⁄ )( ⁄ )
o ( ) * ( )+
o At the end of mode2 in the steady state condition IL2(ωt = π) = IL0
o Applying this condition and solving for ILO we get
√ ( ) ( ) ( ⁄ )( )⁄
 ( ⁄ )( ⁄ ) for IL0 ≥ 0 and θ ≤ α ≤ π
o The rms current can be found as
 * ∫ ( )+
o The average current of a thyristor can found from
 ∫ ( )
o The rms output current can be found from
 * ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )+
o The average output current can found from
 ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
√
o Discontinuous load current : By letting IL0 = 0 and dividing by and
substituting R/Z = cos θ and ωL/R = tan θ we get the critical value of voltage ratio
⁄√ as
( )
( ) ( )
 [ ( )
]
o Which can be solved for corresponding critical value of α = αc for known values of x
and θ
 The load current iL2 flow only during the period α ≤ ωt ≤ β, At ωt = β the load current falls
to zero again.
 Gating sequence
o Generate a pulse signal at the positive zero crossing of the supply voltage vs
o Delay the pulse by the desired angles α and α + π for gating T1 and T2 respectively
through the gate isolating circuits.
8) Discuss the applications of AC Voltage Controllers
 When a thyristor is connected between ac supply and load, the power flow can be
controlled by varying the rms value of the ac voltage applied to the load.
 This type of power circuit is known as ac voltage controller.
 The common applications of ac voltage controller are
o Industrial heating
o On load transformer tap changing
o Light controls
o Speed control of polyphase induction motors
o Ac magnet controls
 For power transfer, two types of control are normally used.
o On-off control
 The thyristor switches connect the load to the ac source for a few
cycles of input voltage and then disconnect it for another few cycles.
o Phase angle control

 In phase angle control, the thyristor switches connect the load to ac

source for a portion of each cycle of input voltage.
 The ac voltage controllers can be classified into two types
o Single phase controllers
 Unidirectional or half wave control
 Bidirectional or full wave control
o Three phase controllers
 Unidirectional or half wave control
 Bidirectional or full wave control
 Various configurations of three phase controllers based on
connection of thyristor switches.
 Since input voltage is ac, the thyristors are line commutated.
 Phase control thyristors that are relatively inexpensive, slower than fast switching
thyristors are normally used.
 Since line or natural commutation is used, there is no need for extra commutation
circuitry.
 Circuits for ac controllers are very simple.
9) Discuss the principles of ON-OFF Control in AC voltage controllers.
 The principle of on – off control can be explained with a single phase full wave
controller The thyristor switch connects the ac supply to load for a time tn
 The switch is turned off by a gate pulse inhibiting for time t0
 The on time tn, usually consists of an integral number of cycles.
 The thyristors are turned on at zero voltage crossing of ac input voltage. The gate
pulses for thyristors T1 and T2 and the waveforms for input and output voltages are
shown.
Figure 5: On off control

 This type of control is applied in application having high mechanical inertia and high
thermal time constant ( eg. industrial heating and speed control of motors)
 Due to zero voltage switching of thyristors, the harmonics generated by switching
actions are reduced.
 For a sinusoidal input voltage Vs = Vm sin ωt = √2 Vs sin ωt
 If the input voltage is connected for n cycles and disconnected from cycles, the rms
output or load voltage can be found from
[ ∫ ( )]
( )
√ √
 Where k = n/(n+m) and k is the duty cycle.

 Vs is the rms phase voltage.
 The circuit configuration for on off control is similar to those of phase control and the
analysis performance is also similar.
10) Discuss the principle of Phase Control in AC voltage controllers and derive the relevant
expressions.
Figure 6: Single phase angle control
 The power flow to the load is controlled by delaying the firing angle of thyristor T.
 The figure illustrates the gate pulses of thyristor T1 and the waveforms for the input and
output voltages. Due to the presence of diode D1, the control range is limited and
effective rms output voltage can only be varied between 70.7 and 100%
 The output voltage and input current are asymmetrical and contain a dc component.
 If there is an input transformer, it may be saturated.
 The circuit is a single phase half wave controller and is suitable only for low power
resistive loads, such as heating and lighting.
 Since the power flow is controlled during the positive half cycle of input voltage, this
types of controller is also known as a unidirectional controller.

 If vs = Vm sin ωt = √2 Vs sin ωt is the input voltage and the delay angle of the thyristor T1
is ωt = α, the rms output voltage is found from
{ [∫ ( ) ∫ ( )]}
{ [∫ ( ) ( ) ∫ ( ) ( )]}
[ ( )]
 The average value of output voltage is
[∫ √ ( ) ∫ √ ( )]
√
( )
 If α is varied from 0 to π, Vo varies from Vs to Vs/√2 and Vdc varied from 0 to -√2 Vs/π
o Generate a pulse at the positive zero crossing of the supply voltage vs
o Delay the pulse by the desired angle α and apply to it between the gate and source
terminals of T1 through a gate isolating circuit.
 Although the half wave controller can vary the output voltage by varying the delay angle
α, the output contains an undesirable dc component.(This type of controller is not
generally used in practical applications.)
11) Explain the working of Single phase controllers with resistive loads and derive the
expressions for output voltages.
Figure 7: Single phase full wave controller

 The problem of dc input current can be prevented by using bidirectional or full wave
control
 A single phase full wave controller with resistive load is shown.
 During the positive half cycle of input voltage, the power flow is controlled by varying
the delay angle of thyristor T1 and thyristor T2 controls the power flow during the
negative half cycle of the input voltage.
 The firing pulses of T1 and T2 are kept 1800 apart.
 The waveforms for the input voltage, output voltage, and gating signals are shown.
 If vs = √2 Vs sin ωt is the input voltage, and the delay angles of thyristors T1 and T2 are
equal, α1 = α2 = α , then the rms output voltage can be found from
o * ∫ ( )+
o * ∫ ( ) ( )+
o * ( +
 By varying α from 0 to π, Vo can be varied from Vs to 0
 The gating circuits of thyristors T1 and T2 must be isolated.
 However it is possible to have a common cathode for T1 and T2 by adding two diodes.
 Thyristor T1 and diode D1 conduct during the positive half cycle.
 Thyristor T2 and D2 conduct during the negative half cycle.
 Since this circuit can have a common terminal for gating signals of T1 and T2 it is
sufficient to have only one isolation circuit, but at the expense of two power diodes.
 Due to two power devices conduction at the same time, the conduction losses of devices
would increase and efficiency would be reduced.
Figure 8: Single phase full wave controller with common cathode.
 A single phase full wave controller can also be implemented with one thyristor and four
diodes. The four diodes act as a bridge rectifier.
 The voltage across thyristor T1 and its current are always unidirectional
 With a resistive load, the thyristor current would fall to zero due to natural commutation
in every half cycle. If there is a large inductance in the circuit, the thyristor T1 may not be
turned off in every half cycle of the input voltage and this may result in loss of control.
 Three power devices conduct at the same time and the efficiency is also reduced.
 The bridge rectifier and thyristor act as a bidirectional switch.

Figure 9: Single phase full wave controller with one thyristor
 Gating sequence:
o Generate a pulse signal at the positive zero crossing of the supply voltage vs
o Delay the pulse by the desired angle α for gating T1 through a gate isolating circuit.
o Generate another pulse of delay angle α+π for gating T2
12) Discuss the working of single phase controllers with inductive loads and derive the
expressions for load currents.

Figure 10: Single phase full wave controller with RL load

 Typically most loads are inductive to an extent.
 A full wave controller with RL load is shown.
 Assume that thyristor T1 is fired during the positive half cycle and carries the load
current.
 Due to inductance in the circuit, the current of thyristor T1 may not fall to zero at ωt = π,
when the input voltage starts to be negative.
 The thyristor T1 will continue to conduct until its current i1 falls to zero at ωt = β
Figure 11: Typical waveforms of single phase ac voltage controller with an RL load
 The conduction angle of thyristor T is δ = β – α and depends on the delay angle α and the
power factor angle of load θ
 If vs= √2 Vssin ωt is the instantaneous input voltage & the delay angle of thyristor is α.
 The thyristor current i1 can be found from
o √
 The solution to the above equation is
√ ( ⁄ )
o ( )
⁄
o Where load impedance [ ( ) ]
o And load angle ( )
The constant A1 can be determined from the initial condition at ωt = α, i1=0
A1 is found as

√ ( ⁄ )( ⁄ )
( )
 Substitution of A1 in the above equation yields.
√ ( ⁄ )( ⁄ )
o [ ( ) ( ) ]
 The angle β when the current i1 falls to zero and the thyristor T1 is turned off can be
found from the condition i1( ωt = β ) = 0 and is given by the relation
o ( ) ( ) ( ⁄ )( ⁄ )
 The angle β is also known as extinction angle can be determined by transcendental

equation and it requires an iterative method of solution.
 Once β is determined, the conduction angle δ can be found from
o δ =β–α
 The rms output voltage
⁄
o * ∫ ( ) +
⁄
o * ∫ ( ) ( )+
⁄
o * ( )+
 The rms thyristor current can be found from
 * ∫ ( )+
 * ∫ { ( ) ( ) ( ⁄ )( ⁄ )
} ( )+
 The rms output current can then be determined by combining the rms current of each
thyristor as
o ∫ ( )
√ ( ⁄ )( ⁄ )
o ∫ ( ) ( ) ( )
 The gating signals of thyristors could be short pulses for a controller with resistive
loads.
 However the short pulses are not suitable for inductive loads.
 When thyristor T2 is fired at ωt = π + α, the thyristor T1 is still conducting due to the
load inductance. By the time the current of thyristor T1 falls to zero and T1 is turned
off at ωt = β = α + δ, the gate pulse of thyristor T 2 has already ceased and
consequently T2 cannot be turned on. As a result only T1 operates causing asymmetric
waveforms of the output voltage and current. This difficulty can be resolved by suing
continuous gate signals with a duration of (π-α). As soon as the current of T1 falls to
zero, the thyristor T2 would be turned on. However a continuous gate pulse increases
the switching loss of thyristors and requires a larger isolating transformer for the
gating circuit. In practice a train of pulses of short duration are normally used to
overcome these problems. There may be a short hold off angle γ after the zero
crossing of negative going current.
 The load voltage and current can be sinusoidal if the delay angle α is less than the
load angle θ. If α is greater than θ the load current would be discontinuous and non-
sinusoidal
 Note:
o If α=θ, then sin(β-θ) = sin(β-α) = 0 and β-α = δ = π

o Since the conduction angle cannot exceed π and the load current must pass
through zero, the delay angle α may not be less than θ and control range of
the delay angle is θ≤ α≤ π
o If α ≤ θ and the gate pulses of thyristors are of long duration, the load current
would not change with α, but both thyristors would conduct for π. Thyristor
T1 would turn on at ωt = θ and thyristor T2 would turn on at ωt = π+ θ
o Generate a train of pulse signal at the positive zero crossing of the supply
voltage vs
o Delay this pulse by the desired angle α for gating T1 through the gate
isolation circuit.
o Generate another continuous pulse of delay angle α + π for gating.
 An inductive load extends the load current beyond π.
 The load current can be continuous if the delay angle α is less than the impedance
angle θ
 For α > θ, which is the general case, the load current is discontinuous. Thus the
control range is θ ≤ α ≤ π















Controlled Rectifiers and AC Voltage Controllers

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Controlled Rectifiers and AC Voltage Controllers

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Module 3

Controlled Rectifiers and AC Voltage

Power Electronics 15EC73

Controlled Rectifiers and AC Voltage Controllers

1. Controlled Rectifiers - Introduction

6. AC Voltage Controllers – Introduction

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 1

1) Discuss the classification of Controlled Rectifiers

Semi Full Dual Semi Full Dual

Figure: Classification of Controlled Rectifiers

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 2

2) Explain the principle of operation of a Phase-Controlled Converter and derive the

Figure 1: Single phase thyristor converter with resistive load

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 3

 Vdc can be varied from Vm/π to 0, by varying α from 0 to π.

 The circuit diagram is of a single phase full converter with RL load.

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 4

Figure 2: Single phase thyristor converter with resistive load

 The average output voltage can be found from

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 5

 The rms values of the output voltage is given by :

o Mode1 is valid for α ≤ ωt ≤ (α + π) if √ is the input voltage and the

o Whose load impedance [ ( ) ] and load angle ( ⁄ )

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 6

Where the voltage ratio and θ is the load impedance angle

 Single phase full converters allow only two quadrant operation.

 Since one converter is rectifying and the other is inverting,

Cos α2= - Cos α1 = cos ( π – α1)

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 7

Figure 3: Single phase dual converter

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 8

( )ir> 0 for 0 ≤ α1 ≤ π/2

ir< 0 for π/2 ≤ α1 ≤ π

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 9

Figure 4: Single phase semi converter

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 10

 The average output voltage can be found from

 Vdc can be varied from 2Vm/π to 0 by varying α from 0 to π

 Mode2: This mode is valid for α ≤ ωt ≤ π , during which thyristor T1 conducts.

o Where load impedance [ ( ) ]

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 11

8) Discuss the applications of AC Voltage Controllers

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 12

 In phase angle control, the thyristor switches connect the load to ac

9) Discuss the principles of ON-OFF Control in AC voltage controllers.

Figure 5: On off control

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 13

 Where k = n/(n+m) and k is the duty cycle.

Figure 6: Single phase angle control

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 14

 The average value of output voltage is

Figure 7: Single phase full wave controller

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 15

Figure 8: Single phase full wave controller with common cathode.

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 16

Figure 9: Single phase full wave controller with one thyristor

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 17

Figure 10: Single phase full wave controller with RL load

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 18

 The angle β is also known as extinction angle can be determined by transcendental

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 19

Power Electronics /15EC73/Module 3 Page 20