C O N S I L I U M

Keynote
Prof. Vivek Suneja
Dean, Planning, Delhi University

Professor, Strategy

INDIA RISING

Now that the gloomy times are over and the Indian economy is back on a high growth trajectory, it is a
good time to take stock and think afresh about how to approach the future.
Of course, the temptation in good times is not to engage in such a process
of reflection. Good fortune tends to make us a bit giddy and the optimism
engendered during such periods makes one feel that flowing with the
momentum is good enough. This applies not just to participants in the
stock market but also to senior executives, managers, employees,
customers and even governments.

But take stock we must. It is far easier to make errors of judgment in times
of plenty than when one is going through more austere circumstances. It is
more important now than ever before to clearly articulate our strategic
plans, both at the corporate and at the national level, so that the investments that we are now in a position
to make are chosen with wisdom and foresight.

Let us not also forget that despite the economy’s rapid growth in terms of overall GDP, huge challenges
remain to be addressed and overcome. Thanks to the very large bottom of the Indian pyramid, India ranks
even lower than some sub-Saharan countries in terms of the Human Development Index. On both health
and education, India has a record even worse than Bangladesh. More than one third of Indian districts are
affected by the Naxalite problem which itself has much to do with very low levels of economic and social
development. The rapid GDP growth is also creating new problems of its own such as the serious issue of
environmental degradation.

So how is India to broaden the benefits flowing from GDP growth to its middle classes to the poorest of the
poor? The old development strategy that relied almost exclusively on state intervention has failed not least
because of rampant corruption in the political and bureaucratic system. So can business succeed where the
state has failed? Can our entrepreneurs achieve what our development planners had once aspired for?

The answer to the above question of course remains to be seen. Whether success is achieved or not shall of
course depend on a number of factors, such as the commitment of the emerging entrepreneurs to solving
India’s problems relating to underdevelopment. It will also depend crucially, in my opinion, on the
imagination with which entrepreneurs approach the old problems. Innovation in business models is likely
to be as important in this endeavour as the creative application of technologies.

In this second edition, we take on the challenge of seeking innovative solutions in two critical and strategic
areas of the Indian economy – waste management and education. We hope that the collection of articles
here shall stimulate you to begin thinking about how you can contribute to India Rising. As Gandhi
persistently pointed out, economic growth in a nation is meaningless unless and until it benefits the last
man in the ladder, the poorest of the poor. If we can creatively harness managerial expertise in this
endeavour, we would then deserve to feel justly proud.

2 FMS, DELHI
 C O N S I L I U M

Contents
Presented by Consultancy Club, Faculty of Management Studies

C O N S I L I U M November ’10

Improved Solid Waste Emerging Trends in E-Waste Management WASTE – NO WASTE "Public Private
Management Model the Indian Education Partnerships in
Sector Page 9 Page 14 Vocational Training in
Page 4 India"
Page 7
Page 16

EMERGING TRENDS IN
THE INDIAN EDUCATION
SECTOR

Page 12

FMS, DELHI
3

Improved Solid Waste
Management Model
An Approach to Effective Waste Management in India
By
! Abhishek Rao ! ! Himank Jain
! IIM Indore!! ! IIM Indore
ABSTRACT
Waste Management System in India faces umpteen
numbers of challenges which acts as a hurdle in
adopting many upcoming technologies. The
annual waste generation has been observed to
increase in proportion to the rise in population
and urbanization, and issues related to disposal
have become challenging as more land is needed
for the ultimate disposal of these solid wastes. A
sustainable and efficient Waste Management
System in India could only be adopted by
incorporating changes in existing Waste
Management System wherein special care must be
taken for segregating different types of wastes.
Public apathy and lack of community involvement
is a key concern for inefficient segregation. The
paper presents an outline of major challenges,
regulations and greener and sustainable business
solutions.
INTRODUCTION
India being one of the fastest growing economies
in the world is observing rapid industrialization
and development in each sector. The quantity of
MSW has also increased tremendously with
improved life style and social status of the
populations in urban cities. Although the per
capita waste generated is low compared to
4
C O N S I L I U M
western countries, the volume is huge. The
generation of solid waste in Indian cities has been
estimated to grow with 1.3 percent annually. The
expected generation of waste in 2025 will therefore
be around 0.7 kg per capita per day. Considering
that the urban population of India is expected to
grow to 45 percent from the prevailing 28 percent,
the degree of the problem is likely to grow even
larger 1.
According to a study carried out by National
Environmental Engineering Research Institute
(NEERI), more than 90% of MSW (Municipal Solid
Waste) in India is directly disposed of on the land
in an unsatisfactory manner. This uncontrolled
dumping of waste on the outskirts of towns/cities
has created a serious environmental and public
health concerns. While the quantity of solid waste
generated by society is increasing, the composition
of waste is also becoming more and more
diversified, with increasing use of packaging
materials made of both paper and plastic. Thirty
years ago, the composition of solid waste
generated by an Indian resident was characterised
by 1/5th non-biodegradable waste and
4/5thbiodegradable waste. At present, this ratio is
about to reverse; today, a mere 40% of all solid
waste is biodegradable (organic matter) while 60%
is non-biodegradable. Still, the organic matter in
solid waste in developing when compared to
developed countries is much higher and this can
be converted into useful products to lessen the
burden on existing landfills.
The present Municipal Solid Waste Management
regulations are based on waste collection in open
bin manual collection system which is poor and
inefficient. The ratio of number of waste collectors
to the number of households is very small in
majority of cities and waste collectors are usually
inadequately equipped in handling the waste as
they are directly exposed to the waste. The waste
is often left unattended at the disposal sites,
creating a public health hazard. Hence, despite
concerted efforts by policy makers to create a legal
framework for solid waste management, the
existing model has failed to serve the purpose.
The handling of waste is described in the "Waste
Hierarchy" - with those towards the top of the list
are more desirable than those towards the bottom.
The main methods currently employed are
landfilling, recycling and composting and energy
from waste plants. These together with alternative
and emerging technologies are discussed below.
Despite the hierarchy, the majority of waste is still
being disposed of through landfill.
FMS, DELHI

Fig 1: The Waste Hierarchy describing the
preference for dealing with waste
Present MSW Practices in India and its concerns
The complete waste management cycle is a six step
process. This involves collection of waste from
various sources, transportation, and segregation of
waste, processing, disposal and recycling. The
sequence of processes is diagrammatically shown
below.
Fig 2: The present Solid Waste Management Model
followed in India.
The deficiencies are primarily caused by apathy of
municipal authorities, lack of community
involvement, lack of technical know-how and
inadequate financial resources. They constitute the
main challenges that must be tackled to improve
the system of waste management in the country.
The major concerns involved in each step are as
follows:
Collection
In India, in most of the cities, residents collect
waste in small containers (usually plastic buckets)
and deposit it regularly in community bins located
near the house. In some areas, the waste is
collected from individual houses by corporate
staff. Street sweepings are also collected in
community bins. There are no separate bins
exclusively for collection of waste paper, plastic,
etc. The MSW Handling Rules 2000 demands that
the waste which is bio degradable in nature such
as waste originating from slaughter houses, fruit
and vegetable market shall be managed to make
use of such waste.It further demands that debris
originating from construction/demolition shall be
separately collected and disposed off. Lack of
suitable containers, unavailability of primary
vehicles and equipments and improper
segregation of waste at source has resulted in non
compliance with these norms.
Transportation and Storage of MSW
The community bin collection system is adopted in
most of the cities. In a few cities, the waste
generated from various sources such as residential,
FMS, DELHI
C O N S I L I U M
street sweepings, garden, parks, offices, and
shopping complexes is collected separately. As per
the MSW Rules 2000,
i.! Storage facilities or ‘bins’ shall have
‘easy to operate’ design for handling, transfer and
transportation of waste. Bins for storage of bio-
degradable wastes shall be painted green, those for
storage of recyclable wastes shall be painted white
and those for storage of other wastes shall be
painted black.
ii.! Manual handling of waste shall be
prohibited. If unavoidable due to constraints,
manual handling shall be carried out under proper
precaution with due care for safety of workers.
This storage methodology in different bins is
presently not in practice, which makes the process
of segregation even more tedious and inefficient.
Due to resource limitations, handling of waste by
workers poses severe health hazard and also threat
to the environment.
Segregation of waste
The segregation step is one of the major concerns
in solid waste management. Though this step is
followed after collection, transportation and
storage of waste, this step should ideally be
integrated with the collection stage as this will
help in waste segregation at the source, thereby
making the processing and disposal method much
more efficient with respect to time, effort and
money.
The MSW Rules 2000 states that in order to
encourage the citizens, municipal authority shall
organise awareness programmes for segregation of
wastes and shall promote recycling or reuse of
segregated materials. It shall also undertake
phased programme to ensure community
participation in waste segregation. But, due to lack
of awareness among the citizens, waste such as
hazardous waste (dead batteries, tubes, metals,
leather, etc), biomedical wastes and other kinds are
disposed directly without segregation.
In western countries such as United States and
U.K, the awareness amongst the citizens for waste
segregation is quite high, which makes the waste
management system highly efficient.
In India, the role of rag pickers in waste
segregation is indispensible for the recycling
process. All metals, unsoiled paper, plastics, glass,
cardboards, etc. are readily marketable and are
therefore recycled by householders themselves or
by rag pickers. However, biodegradables are not
fully utilized. The materials are segregated by rag
pickers and thereafter reach different industries for
reuse and recycling.
Processing of waste
As per the MSW Handling Rules-2000, the
Municipal authorities shall adopt suitable
technology or combination of such technologies to
make use of wastes so as to minimize burden on
landfill. Following criteria’s should be adopted
namely:-
i.! The biodegradable wastes shall be
processed by composting, vermicomposting,
anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate
biological processing for stabilization of wastes.
The end product should comply with the
standards.
i.! Mixed waste containing recoverable
resources shall follow the route of recycling.
Incineration with or without energy recovery
including pelletisation can also be used for
processing wastes in specific cases.
In major cities like Bangalore, Hyderabad,
Ahmedabad, and Kolkata, compost plants have
been established and operated by private players.
The plants have installed capacity in the range of
40–700 tonnes/day. However, the plants are
underutilized for various reasons; the major reason
is the poor quality of compost (lower organic
content) resulting in reduced demand from the
end users. Moreover, due to non-availability of any
proven technologies for Indian wastes, the desired
success is yet to be achieved
The following table shows the amount of waste
generated in various cities of India, the collection,
storage, processing and disposal methods
followed.
!
From the above table, it can be inferred that the
processing method followed is composting and
vermicomposting in majority of the cities and
other processing methods like Leachate Collection
Treatment Facility, Biogas recovery facility;
Biomethanation and Pelletisation are not practiced.
Moreover, uncontrolled dumping is practised in
almost all the places and penalty clause is not
followed many such places. All these findings
aggravate further the issue of poor waste
management system in India.
Disposal of waste
MSW is normally disposed of in an open dump in
many Indian cities and towns, which is improper
method of disposal because it poses environmental
hazards which cause ecological imbalances with
respect to land, water, and air pollution. As per the
MSW handling Rules-2000,
•! Land filling shall be restricted to non-
biodegradable, inert waste and other waste that
are not suitable either for recycling or for
biological processing. Land filling shall also be
carried out for residues of waste processing
facilities as well as pre-processing rejects from
waste processing facilities.
5
 C O N S I L I U M

Suggested MSW Model
In order to improve the waste management
process, it is necessary to redesign the existing
waste management system. The suggested SWM
will include the following seven steps:
(1) Waste segregation and storage at source, (2)
Primary collection, (3) Street sweeping, (4) waste
storage (5) transport of waste, (6) Processing and
recycling for solid waste, and (7) final disposal.
treatment option in their SWM strategy since these
initiatives have not been formally linked with the
municipal corporation. Sustainable composting is
possible only with the financial or organizational
support of municipal authorities.
Biomethanation
This method of processing organic waste can be
used for production of methane, which can be
used as a fuel and power. This method has been
implemented in Pune and Lucknow and its
prospects are under observation.
The task of adopting such greener and sustainable
solutions is a daunting one and the sole
responsibility should not only lie on the
government but citizens must also shoulder the
responsibility.
References
•! 1. Office of the Registrar General. 2001.
“Census of India.” New Delhi: Ministry of Home
Affairs. http://www.censusindia.net/

•! A Toolkit for Social Assessment and

Before selection of any technology, it needs to be Public Participation in Municipal Solid Waste
carefully assessed under the following aspects: Management. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Technical Aspects http://www.worldbank.org/urban/uswm/

Fig 3: The Suggested Solid Waste Management
System for improved segregation and processing
Waste segregation and storage at source
The existing model involved segregation step at
the third stage whereas this should ideally be
practised along with collection step. At least 15 to
20 percent of the country’s total waste can be
conveniently segregated at its source for recycling
if the practice of segregation of waste at source
were adopted. Citizens must be informed,
educated, and motivated not to litter on the streets
so they develop the habit of storing their waste at
its source in at least two separate bins (one for
biodegradable waste and one for recyclable waste).
The benefit of segregating at source will help in
effectively implementing various processing
methods such as biomethanation, thermal
conversion into energy, etc. since, the waste
available for processing in the existing MSW
system contains lower organic content (lower
calorific value) which cannot be used as a raw
material for any of the processing methods for
conversion into energy. This poses a major
hindrance in adopting any of the waste processing
method cost effectively. Once, the waste obtained
for processing is rich in organic content (higher
calorific value), the various processing methods for
energy generation would seem attractive.
Selection of Processing Method
The organic fraction of the solid waste collected
needs to be treated before disposal through
composting or any waste to energy methods
available. The technologies available are:
Composting: Controlled process involving
microbial decomposition of organic matter under
aerobic conditions.
Biodegradable waste is converted to a soil-like
substance (compost), which is a valuable soil
amendment and fertilizer. Only a few
municipalities have adopted composting as a
socialassesstoolkit.pdf. by Bernstein, Janis. 2000.
•! Experience with the technology
•! Improving Municipal Solid Waste
•! Scale of operation Management in India- A Sourcebook for Policy
Makers and Practitioners by Da Zhu, P. U. Asnani.
•! Requirement of land, water and power
•! PERSPECTIVES OF SOLID WASTE
•! Environment Impact MANAGEMENT IN INDIA by KURIAN JOSEPH
Financial Aspects •! Assessment of the status of municipal
solid waste management in metro cities, class I
•! Investment and Operation Cost
cities, and class II towns in India: An insight
•! Financing Schemes available
Sunil Kumar a,*, J.K. Bhattacharyya a, A.N. Vaidya
•! End product demand in market a, Tapan Chakrabarti a, Sukumar Devotta a, A.B.
Akolkar
Managerial Aspects
•! Hanrahan, David, Sanjay Srivastava,
•! Labour requirement and A. Sita Ramakrishna. 2006. “Improving
Management of Municipal Solid Waste in India:
•! Skills required for operations and
Overview and Challenges.” World Bank,
maintenance
Washington,DC.
Improving Final Disposal of Waste
The future of waste management lies in adopting
greener and sustainable methods like soil
fertilization. This method is not just waste
management solution but also offers a potential
business prospect. The cities which have
inadequate infrastructure to dispose organic waste
in enclosed facility must install shredders which
could ground the organic waste into smaller size.
These smaller sized waste matters provide greater
surface area than the original waste which results
in faster biological degradation process. These
organic wastes add nutritional value to the soil by
supplying Nitrogen. The surrounding area of open
dumping waste ground can be used for
agricultural purpose as such area will be able
generate higher per hectare yield. The surrounding
area of open dumping ground can also be used for
developing greenbelts.
Conclusion
To protect nature from getting irreparably damage
by waste we need to adopt greener solutions.
Training programmes must be practiced to
increase community awareness and involvement.

6
FMS, DELHI

Emerging Trends in the Indian
Education Sector
Team Members: Sowmya
Meet Kachhy
Course: Business Management 2009-11
College: XLRI Jamshedpur
The Indian Education Sector: An
Overview
The Indian Education Sector is best
categorized as paradoxical in nature.
On the one hand, the illiteracy level
is high, and on the other hand, the
quality of educated people in India is
looked up to by all the other
countries. The accelerated growth of
the Indian economy in the recent past
is finally forcing the government to
look into the issues of education
seriously. The size of the education
sector is expected to expand to US$
50 billion by 2015, thanks to a
combined effect of increase in
government expenditure and an
increase in the proportion of the
middle class segment in India, who
primarily spend a large portion of
their disposable income on education
(current spends at 5% of average
Household Income, growing at a
CAGR of 8.6%). To bring in new
initiatives, the Indian government is
planning to spend close to 5% of its
GDP on education in the next five to
six years. The education sector in
India can mainly be categorized
FMS, DELHI
C O N S
under two heads, public and private.
The public sector is fraught with
regulatory and governance issues,
thereby paving the way for increased
participation by the private sector.
The Indian Education Society (IES) is
the largest capitalized space in India,
currently attracting around 3.7% of
GDP spends and an immense
network of 1m schools and 18,000
higher education institutes.
However, its not- for profit nature
has deterred private participants.
The IES has failed mainly due to high
level of inefficiency, lack of risk
appetite, and bureaucratic and
political issues. This has prevented
new capital from flowing into the
sector, since investors do not believe
there is any sort of value creation
potential. The private sector is
tagged as the non-formal IES, but in
a standalone manner, it cannot do
much since it faces constraints of
resources and scalability. As explored
in this article, it is seen that there is a
marked shift towards the private
sector across all segments of
education and this is going to be the
future of the Indian education.
I L I U M
K-12 segment and IB schools
The K-12 segment (Kindergarten to
12th) mainly comprises schools
catering to the age group of 3-17
years. It is by far the largest
component under IES. The focus is
slowly shifting to private institutes in
this space with statistics showing
that close to 7.5% of the schools are
now privately run. Moreover, this
small percentage accounts for over
40% of the education. There is no
single central body governing the
K12 schools and they are mainly
ruled by state boards, CBSE, ICSE
etc. Recent trends show that schools
have started getting affiliated to
international boards such as
International Baccalaureate from
Geneva and International General
Certificate of Secondary Education.
But this trend is mainly restricted to
the private schools in metros and Tier
1 cities of India. For this segment to
realize its full potential, favorable
regulations are mandated. Recently, a
market for some teaching mechanism
beyond the black board approach is
coming into play. Multimedia
techniques are fast gaining ground.
Though the market is currently
nascent ($70m), it is expected to grow
at a rate of 60%, with NIIT, Educomp
and Everonn being the key players.
Higher Education and ICT in
education
Higher Education (HE) is the second
largest segment of IES and is largely
driven by private players (77%)
owing to the fact that less than 10%
of the total public expenditure on
education is assigned to higher and
university education. With a single
governing body (UGC), HE
comprises graduate/ diploma/
professional courses. This may be
followed by post graduation courses.
Technical and MBA colleges are
governed by All India Council for
Technical Education (AICTE). Since
private players form the major
component of this sector, the role of
Information and Communication
Technology is very high. According
to a study by IDC, the total spending
on IT in education is forecasted to
reach US$3,770.8 million by 2011.
7

Vocational Training Institutes
This is a parallel $1.5 bn education system driven
by the needs of developing special skill sets to
survive in extremely competitive industry
scenarios. The main upcoming training areas are
retail, aviation, hospitality, management, and
English language/ soft skills. Corporates these
days are laying more and more emphasis on
improved productivity and hence have begun
investing in their own training programs. Many
tie-ups are happening in this space, for example, a
one year program by ICICI-Manipal University
which guarantees employment after the course of
the program. Moreover, public private
partnerships are gaining ground in this segment.
Government has shown interest by announcing a
dispersion of Rs 720bn for ICT and Vocational
Training. The projected growth of this space is
around 25%, but is hampered by low revenues,
fragmentation and thus scalability issues.
Coaching Classes
The middle class segment is the highest growing
one in India, both demographically and income
wise. Owing to this, there is an increasing demand
for premier education, especially in the
professional areas like engineering and medicine.
There is a category of institutions which capitalizes
on this demand and cut throat competition.
Coaching classes form a $6.4bn industry growing
at 15% year-on-year. There is marked
fragmentation and lack of regulation in this
segment. Some of the big names are FIITJEE,
Brilliant, Bansals Kota etc which are fast
expanding their domains from their base locations
to many Tier-2 cities and other far flung areas of
the country by following a franchisee model of
network. The market is rapidly growing as the
Indian education system, especially in HE, lays
heavy emphasis on marks scored in an exam. Local
tuition classes for K-12 students are also fast
gaining ground. Interestingly, in the recent past,
online tutoring has come out as a cheap and
reliable alternative. Though this phenomenon is
quite new in India, the penetration is expected to
double as and when internet reaches out to more
people.
Foreign Institutes in India
The primary presence of foreign schools in India is
in the form of business schools and professional
courses, an area where they see huge scope for
increasing revenues. Franchising, double or joint
degrees and various articulation models are
emerging as the most popular methods of
international program mobility.
Areas of Concern
Accessibility
This is by and far the most important concern
plaguing the Indian education sector as of now. We
need to keep in mind that most of the
developments are happening in major cities or
urban areas. However, bulk of the Indian
population still resides in rural areas and no
development is possible by marginalizing such a
huge chunk of the population. Rural education is
8
C O N S I L I U M
yet to come up in a big way and is mainly led by References
government initiatives, which unfortunately have
not done much. Foray of private players in this ¬! IDFC- SSKI Research, MHRD
sector is required as it has huge untapped potential
¬! Indian Education Society : http://
in terms of revenue and growth.
www.ies.edu/
Quality
¬! Internationalization of Education in
The statistics and numbers merely reveal the India: Emerging Trends and Strategies, Subrata
extent of progress of IES (both formal and non- Kumar Mitra,
formal) in terms of quantity. What about quality?
Asian Social Science Journal
True, there might be thousands of colleges for
higher education coming up, but are they well ¬! Higher Education in India : Seizing the
staffed and do they have proper infrastructure? Opportunity, Sanat Kaul, Indian Council for
Sadly, most of these questions remain unanswered Research on International Economic Relations
since there is hardly any kind of check on quality
of the education system in India. A striking ¬! Indian Education - A Sector report by
example is seen at the highest levels, post IDFC
graduation. MBA is considered a coveted degree,
¬! http://www.reportbuyer.com/
so much so that B-schools have sprung up in every
business_government/government/
corner of all the big metros. Such institutes end up
india_government_education_sector_usage_trends
as money making machines without a care as to
_2007_2011_forecast_analysis.html
the students’ future or employment. Also approval
by AICTE or affiliation to UGC has become a farce ¬! http://www.ibef.org/industry/
with hardly any universities being denied the others.aspx#training
same. This is also a pressing concern for the future
as quantity should not end up diluting quality.
Initiatives need to be taken on part of the
government to set up stringent regulatory
processes and awareness should be spread
amongst people so that they are not swindled by
fly-by-night operators.
Conclusion
With, the strong growth expected in Indian
economy and increasing contribution to the same
by the services sector, there is a solid base for
uplifting the education sector, thereby making the
human capital the most coveted resource of India.
The outlook for the education sector in India, thus,
is highly positive. Key ratios like Gross Enrollment
Ratio are on the upswing, hitting close to 90% and
literacy rate is fast improving across the nation.
However, there is a lot of scope for improvement
also. There needs to be a more intimate linkage
between academia and industry to solve the
problem of employability, which is the ultimate
aim of education. Since education in India is still
primarily handled by the government, a lot of pro
active initiatives need to be taken at the most basic
levels like infrastructure, budget outlays, staffing
etc. In this regard, PPP are the schemes of the
future, wherein companies will provide an end-to-
end solution including setting up the
infrastructure, systems integration, teacher
training, content development and learning
delivery. There are significant opportunities to tap
the private sector companies like Educomp
Solutions, Everonn Systems India and NIIT
Limited. Moreover, the role of IT is going to gain
further importance and this has to be backed up by
better Internet capabilities across the country. On
the whole, we remain optimistic about the
education sector in India and believe that though
the process of development might be slow and
play out over many years, yet it will definitely
happen on a big scale.
FMS, DELHI

E-Waste Management
Samia Naqvi
Faculty of Management Studies, Delhi
E- WASTE
Electronic waste (or e-waste, e-scrap, Waste
Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE))
describes loosely discarded, obsolete, surplus
or broken electronic or electrical devices. It
basically is for electronic products nearing the
end of their “useful life”. They are considered
dangerous, as certain components of some
electronic products contain materials that are
hazardous. Discarded computers, televisions,
VCRs, stereos, copiers, fax machines, electric
lamps, cell phones, audio equipment and
batteries if improperly disposed can leach lead
and other substances into soil and
groundwater.
IMPACTS OF E-WASTE
Due to the use of toxic materials in the
manufacture of electronic goods, E-wastes can
cause widespread environmental damage.
Hazardous materials such as lead, mercury
and hexavalent chromium in some form is
present in such wastes primarily consisting of
Cathode ray tubes (CRTs), Printed board
assemblies, Liquid crystal displays (LCDs),
Batteries, etc. Land filling of e-wastes leads to
the leaching of lead into the ground water.
These products contain several rechargeable
FMS, DELHI
C O N S I L I U M
battery types. All of these contain toxic
substances that can contaminate the
environment when burned in incinerators or
disposed of in landfills. Because plastics are
highly flammable, the printed wiring board
and housings of electronic products contain
brominated flame retardants, a number of
which are clearly damaging to human health
and the environment.
Table I: Effects of E-Waste constituent on
health
Source: http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/
paper/ewaste/ewaste.html
STATUS OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
Estimate is there that the total obsolete
computers originating from business houses,
government offices, industries and household
in India is of the order of 2 Million numbers.
Around 1200 tons of electronic scrap is
estimated to be produced by manufactures and
assemblers in a single calendar year. Due to a
short life span of a computer, consumers find it
convenient to buy a new one rather than
upgrade the old one due to the changing
configuration, technology and the attractive
offers of the manufacturers.
Despite a wide range of environmental
legislation in India, no specific laws or
guidelines for electronic waste are there. E-
waste is not treated as hazardous as per the
Hazardous Waste Rules (1989), unless proved
to have higher concentration of certain
substances. As the collection and re-cycling of
electronic wastes is being done by the informal
sector in the country at present, the
Government has taken the following action to
enhance awareness about environmentally
sound management of electronic waste (CII,
2006):
¥! Several Workshops on Electronic
Waste Management was organised by the
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in
collaboration with Toxics Link, CII.
¥! Action has been initiated by CPCB
for rapid assessment of the E-Waste generated
in major cities of the country.
¥! A National Working Group has been
constituted for formulating a strategy for E-
Waste management.
¥! A comprehensive technical guide on
"Environmental Management for Information
Technology Industry in India" has been
9

OBSTACLES TO E-WASTE MANAGEMENT
Although readiness and awareness for
implementing improvements is increasing rapidly,
the major hurdles to manage the e wastes safely
and effectively remain. These include
¥! There is lack of reliable data that poses a
challenge to policy makers who wish to design an
e-waste management strategy and to an industry
which wishes to make rational investment
decisions.
¥! Due to absence of an efficient take back
scheme for consumers, only a fraction of the e-
waste (estimated 10%) finds its way to recyclers.
¥! The lack of a safe e-waste recycling
infrastructure in the formal sector and reliance on
the capacities of the informal sector pose severe
risks to the environment and human health.
E-WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
The best option for dealing with E wastes is to
decrease the volume. Designers should guarantee
that the product is built for re-use, repair and/or
upgradeability. There should be stress on use of
less toxic, easily recoverable and recyclable
materials which can be taken back for
refurbishment, remanufacturing, disassembly and
reuse. Recycling and reuse of material are the next
level of potential options to reduce e-waste.
Recovery of metals, plastic, glass and other
materials reduces the magnitude of e-waste. These
options have a potential to conserve the energy
and keep the environment free of toxic material
that would otherwise have been released. It is high
time the manufactures, consumers, regulators,
municipal authorities, state governments, and
policy makers take up the matter seriously so that
the different critical elements depicted in Figure 1
are addressed in an integrated manner. It is the
need of the hour to have an “e waste-policy” and
national regulatory frame work for promotion of
such activities. An e-Waste Policy is best created by
those who understand the issues. So it is best for
industry to initiate policy formation collectively,
but with user involvement. Sustainability of e-
waste- management systems has to be ensured by
improving the effectiveness of collection and
recycling systems (e.g., public–private-
partnerships in setting up buy-back or drop-off
centres) and by designing-in additional funding
e.g., advance recycling fees.
Figure 1. Elements of e-waste management system
for India
Source: http://www.swlf.ait.ac.th/UpdData/
International/NRIs/Electronic%20waste
%20management%20in%20India.pdf
Considering the Government, Citizens and the
Industry to be the main components associated
with the generation of E-waste, there are certain
responsibilities these parties should adhere to:
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE GOVERNMENT
1. Governments should set up regulatory agencies
in each district, which are vested with the
10
C O N S I L I U M
responsibility of co-ordinating and consolidating
the regulatory functions of the various
government authorities regarding hazardous
substances.
2. Governments should be responsible for
providing an adequate system of laws, controls
and administrative procedures for hazardous
waste management. Existing laws concerning e-
waste disposal be reviewed and revamped. A
comprehensive law that provides e-waste
regulation and management and proper disposal
of hazardous wastes is required. Such a law should
empower the agency to control, supervise and
regulate the relevant activities of government
departments.
Under this law, the agency concerned should
•! Collect basic information on the
materials from manufacturers, processors and
importers and to maintain an inventory of these
materials. The information should include toxicity
and potential harmful effects.
•! Identify potentially harmful substances
and require the industry to test them for adverse
health and environmental effects.
•! Control risks from manufacture,
processing, distribution, use and disposal of
electronic wastes.
•! Encourage beneficial reuse of "e-waste"
and encouraging business activities that use
waste". Set up programs so as to promote recycling
among citizens and businesses.
3. Governments must encourage research into the
development and standard of hazardous waste
management, environmental monitoring and the
regulation of hazardous waste-disposal.
4. Governments should enforce strict regulations
against dumping e-waste in the country by
outsiders. Where the laws are flouted, stringent
penalties must be imposed. In particular, custodial
sentences should be preferred to paltry fines,
which these outsiders / foreign nationals can pay.
5. Governments should enforce strict regulations
and heavy fines levied on industries, which do not
practice waste prevention and recovery in the
production facilities.
6. Polluter pays principle and extended producer
responsibility should be adopted.
7. Uncontrolled dumping is an unsatisfactory
method for disposal of hazardous waste and
should be phased out.
8. Governments should explore opportunities to
partner with manufacturers and retailers to
provide recycling services.
RESPONSIBILITY OF INDUSTRIES
1. Generators of wastes should take responsibility
to determine the output characteristics of wastes
and if hazardous, should provide management
options.
2. All personnel involved in handling e-waste in
industries including those at the policy,
management, control and operational levels,
should be properly qualified and trained.
Companies can adopt their own policies while
handling
e-wastes. Some are given below:
•! Use label materials to assist in recycling
(particularly plastics).
•! Standardize components for easy
disassembly.
•! Re-evaluate 'cheap products' use, make
product cycle 'cheap' and so that it
has no inherent value that would encourage a
recycling infrastructure.
•! Create computer components and
peripherals of biodegradable materials.
•! Utilize technology sharing particularly
for manufacturing and de manufacturing.
•! Encourage / promote / require green
procurement for corporate buyers.
•! Look at green packaging options.
3. Manufacturers, distributors, and retailers should
undertake the responsibility of recycling/disposal
of their own products.
4. Manufacturers of computer monitors, television
sets and other electronic devices containing
hazardous materials must be responsible for
educating consumers and the general public
regarding the potential threat to public health and
the environment posed by their products. At
minimum, all computer monitors, television sets
and other electronic devices containing hazardous
materials must be clearly labeled to identify
environmental hazards and proper materials
management.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE CITIZEN
Waste prevention is perhaps more preferred to any
other waste management option including
recycling. Donating electronics for reuse extends
the lives of valuable products and keeps them out
of the waste management system for a longer time.
But care should be taken while donating such
items i.e. the items should be in working
condition.
Reuse, in addition to being an environmentally
preferable alternative, also benefits society. By
donating used electronics, schools, non-profit
organizations, and lower-income families can
afford to use equipment that they otherwise could
not afford.
E-wastes should never be disposed with garbage
and other household wastes. This should be
segregated at the site and sold or donated to
various organizations.
FMS, DELHI
 C O N S I L I U M

While buying electronic products opt for those that:

•! are made with fewer toxic constituents

•! use recycled content

•! are energy efficient

•! are designed for easy upgrading or disassembly

•! utilize minimal packaging

•! offer leasing or take back options

•! have been certified by regulatory authorities. Customers should

opt for upgrading their computers or other electronic items to the
latest versions rather than buying new equipments.

NGOs should adopt a participatory approach in management of e-wastes.

CONCLUSION

Solid waste management, which is already an impossible task in India, is becoming more complicated by the invasion of e-waste. There is an urgent need for
a detailed assessment of the future scenario including quantification, characteristics, existing disposal practices, environmental impacts etc. Institutional
infrastructures, including e-waste collection, transportation, treatment, storage, recovery and disposal, need to be established, at national levels for the
environmentally sound management of e-wastes. Partnership with private entrepreneurs and manufacturers for the establishment of e-waste collection,
exchange and recycling centres should be encouraged. Modern facilities employing environmentally robust technologies and methods for recycling and
recovery are to be established. There should be policy level interventions including development of e-waste regulation, control of import and export of e-
wastes and facilitation in development of infrastructure. An effective program providing incentives for producers to design products that are efficient, contain
fewer toxic components, and are easier to disassemble, reuse, and recycle may help in reducing the wastes. End-of life management should be made a priority
in the design of new electronic products.

http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/paper/ewaste/ewaste.html

http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Draft%20E-waste-Rules%2030.3.10.pdf

http://www.env.go.jp/recycle/3r/en/asia/02_03-4/11.pdf

http://www.swlf.ait.ac.th/UpdData/International/NRIs/Electronic%20waste%20management%20in%20India.pdf

FMS, DELHI 11
 C O N S I L I U M

EMERGING TRENDS IN THE

INDIAN EDUCATION SECTOR
THE NON-CONFORMISTS
From

Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Delhi

MBA-International Business

Ms. Aditi Nagpal:

Mr. Aniket Khare:

Emerging trends in the Indian education sector
In the context of India becoming a global player
and slowly moving into the limelight as an
economy with strong fundamentals, expectations
from India have increased in the world scenario
after the stringent regulatory framework that led
the country to achieve the current status. While
the entire world observes in the wake of
competition, our rivals may be a pain in the neck if
one is lacking an incentive to promote a smooth
transition from a developing nation to a
developed one. One sector which can turn the
tables around and help this cause substantially is
the education sector. Tremendous effort is being
put in to transform the sector by enlightening the
youth either through various vocational courses or
through the up gradation of the medium of
instruction for the various curricula.
The Indian education sector is currently seeing
huge changes which were perhaps unimaginable a
few years ago. The range of educational
opportunities available, the number of vocational
courses, the rapid strides being taken by Indian
academicians in the world all point towards a very
positive future outlook so far as the education
scenario in India is concerned. This article aims to
look at emerging trends in the Indian education
sector along two time-lines:
1) Short-term trends:
a.! Expected impact of the foreign
universities bill
b.! Burgeoning of for-profit multi-campus
educational set-ups
c.! Development of an adequate and
sufficient accreditation infrastructure
d.! Demand for professional talent in the
educational sector
2) Long-term trends:
a.! Inculcation of value-based education
strongly backed by cultural awareness
Short-term trends
a)! Expected impact of the foreign
universities bill: The Bill comes as a respite for
Indian students with six universities showing an
inclination to enter India which include Virginia
Tech, Georgia Tech, Schulich School of Business,
Boston University, Middlesex University and
Duke University. Universities of the league of
Harvard and Yale have a brand name to save
which they fear would be diluted once they make
a move to enter into low end markets like India
and as such India might not see enthusiastic
investment from the Ivy League schools.
Nonetheless, the advent of the foreign universities
in India certainly promises to bring in a fresh
flavour into the Indian education system, with
newer pedagogies and teaching methods coming
to the fore. This is also likely to improve the
maturity of the current Indian education system.
Although it is expected that these schools would
be instrumental in establishing world class
universities in India, we would perhaps do well
by exercising cautious optimism. Keeping in pace
with the projected GDPs for the developing
countries, the numbers that India needs to meet
while sending students to college are humongous.
The numbers are expected to increase from current
14 million to 22 million by 2014. In a situation
where it costs at least 3 lakh per student just to set
up a world class university and 50 universities to
be set up to even hope to meet the target numbers,
the government would be under tremendous
pressure to meet the extreme capital expenditure
and worse might still fail to map the student to
university ratio which it expects to meet.

12
FMS, DELHI

b)! For profit, multi-campus set-ups:
Universities like University of Phoenix, ITT
Technical Institute and Capella Education all have
a completely market-driven model based on
demand and have proved that in countries like US
for-profit setups are a highly effective proposition.
India needs to leave the government institutions
like IITs and IIMs untouched and should strive to
encourage serious for-profit ventures for setting up
educational hubs. This can be done only when
AICTE and UGC come forward and do away with
their stringent guidelines and allow such
organisations to be recognised as educational
institutions. Also this inflexibility does not allow
for schools with a 1 year integrated programme to
find a place under the list of affiliated institutes
with AICTE.A perfect example of this is ISB,
Hyderabad which still remains unaffiliated to
AICTE in spite of it being recognised upto global
standards. A negative aspect of the same would
also be that tapping the education potential of
India would call for making fast money rather
than inculcating true value of education seeing the
volumes involved and a lot of entrepreneurs
would be looking to do just that. But this can be
easily tackled by introducing legislations where
public private partnership model can save the
ignominy of deliverance of low quality flooding
the education system.
c)! Development of an accrediting
infrastructure: With Kapil Sibal floating the idea of
a National Accreditation Regulatory Authority to
take care of accreditation norms and National
Education Finance Corporation for lending to
government, aided and private educational
institutions, Indian education sector is expected to
come of age soon. Forward looking regulations
targeting the practical aspects of education over
just the knowledge part of it would be crucial in
developing a world-class educational system in
India.
d)! Increase in demand for professional
talent in the education sector: Most forms of
education have at least two components to them,
the “knowing” component and the “doing”
component. In specialized areas of education like
management, there is often a third category, that of
“being”. In India, the current scenario is known to
barely accomplish the “knowing” part of the
education, let alone pursuing excellence in the
“doing” and “being” part. The “doing” part could
be really strengthened by encouraging students to
dirty their hands in actual scenarios in the real
world as and when the opportunity arises.
However the “being” part can be imbibed only by
stalwarts in the respective fields coming and
sharing their experiences with students so that
they partake of the inherent dilemmas and crises
associated with the respective fields.
The Harvard Business School, where industry
professionals are invited as guest faculty who
FMS, DELHI
C O N S I L I U M
make the students relate their theoretical concepts
to their hands-on-experience on site certainly
accomplishes the “being” component of education
admirably. However, the Indian Education sector
has seen very few striking examples of this sort.
But one does see a lot of hope in the future. There
have been emerging trends of industry honchos on
the boards of various B schools and research
institutes and there are efforts where they may be
engaged in the course curriculum eventually as
well. The entry of top professionals into the
education sector would be indeed an advanced
sign of maturity for the Indian sector. Till then, we
must at least ensure that our teachers are
sufficiently trained in a wide array of pedagogies
to ensure that the teaching part is done as
effectively as possible.
Long-term trends foreseeable in Indian
education:
Context
Ever since a significant number of Indians started
working abroad, dilemmas have been observed
especially along the lines of cultural compatibility
and value-structures for Indians abroad. As a
result, we find that while people who stay in
foreign countries have few or no problems in
adapting to the environment there in pursuit of
their dreams, the kith and kin of such people often
encounter a cultural shock which becomes tough
to deal with. This has been observed so extensively
that it has given enough material for the
entertainment industry to exploit through movies
like “Bend it like Beckham” and “Namastey
London”. The impact of evangelist organizations
to influence the diaspora in the countries they
reside in is something which would normally
invite a serious reaction. Unfortunately, let alone
reacting sufficiently, the more worrisome trend
observed is that people who are victims in such
incidents of cultural aggression are the ones who
are ignorant of their own culture and core values.
The question: What exactly does their cultural and
scriptural heritage mean to them?
These questions do not trouble normal individuals
on a daily basis, however when people face extra-
ordinary circumstances, these questions return to
haunt them more strongly than ever. Fortunately
or unfortunately, the recent recession created
exactly those extra-ordinary circumstances. The
ethical and moral lacunae amongst the best firms
in the “Best country in the world” are really
evident as are difficulties in dealing with these
lacunae.
Although there is now considerable action on the
side of regulatory bodies to ensure that mishaps of
this kind do not occur again(recent economic
reforms of US introduced by President Obama),
the fact remains that it would be impossible for
regulatory bodies to be able to pro-actively detect
and mitigate situations involving a high level of
ethical risk. The question that naturally comes then
is what can be done?
A possible solution: The answer is strong ethical
and moral frameworks. The brilliance of a strong
ethical framework lies in that it is the only route to
nipping a full-blown social/economic catastrophe
in the bud. Needless to mention, every kind of
social or economic mishap invariably has its roots
in the minds of a few. However, an ethical
framework is followed en-masse only when people
perceive a high sense of credibility in-built into it.
Fortunately, the Indian scriptures and especially
our epics, if studied under guidance systematically
provide exactly the kind of framework which is
robust, has infallible fundamentals and yet flexible
based on the circumstantialities of the dilemma or
incident on hand.
These foundations of our cultural heritage also
help develop and reinforce all those thoughts and
attitudes that help define the scope of our activities
(be it business, education or services) in a manner
which is as socially inclusive as possible and yet
competitive in the conventional sense of activities.
Although currently a trickle, there is a new school
of educationists who are beginning to pursue this
path of education in a big way. Very recently, FMS
Delhi in collaboration with Pondicherry University
conducted an “International Research Workshop
on Spiritual and Ethical Foundations of
Organizational Development”. There is enough
evidence to suggest that a few modern schools of
management are now bringing in innovative
methods like “Analysis of the Mahabharata” or
“Analysis of the Arthashastra” as integral parts of
their curricula thus strengthening the connect
between the students and their very own roots.
This type of education, although prone to attacks
from pseudo-secularists is perhaps the most
promising way of creating a new generation of
self-empowered confident individuals who are
globally competitive and yet can be of nearly
unquestionable ethically/morally.
In a way, it would also be a classic case of the
wheel turning the full round, from Macaulay’s
education system to a British/American system
graced by highly talented Indians to finally a
brand of global education with Indian
foundations.
Considering that as of today, Indians world-over
have broken almost every conceivable glass
ceiling, it is perhaps the ideal circumstance for
Indians to now create a gap between themselves
and other professionals around the world and
wide the same by connecting strongly with their
own roots.
13

Solid waste management is one among the basic
essential services provided by municipal
authorities in the country to keep urban centres
clean. With rapid urbanization, the situation is
becoming critical. The urban population has
grown fivefold in the last six decades with 285.35
million people living in urban areas as per the
2001 Census. The waste generation rates in India
are lower than the low-income countries in other
parts of the world and much lower compared to
developed countries. However, lifestyle changes,
especially in the larger cities, are leading to the use
of more packaging material and per capita waste
generation is increasing by about 1.3 per cent per
year. With the urban population growing at 2.7 per
cent to 3.5 per cent per annum, the yearly increase
in the overall quantity of solid waste in the cities
will be more than 5 per cent. The Energy and
Resources Institute (TERI) has estimated that
waste generation will exceed 260 million tonnes.
Scientific management of household and
industrial wastes is yet to find a place in India, but
you just need to look at waste in a new light to
unearth an Rs 6,128 crore opportunity – Waste
Management. Solid waste management is a
relatively new concept in India, compared to the
west where it is a highly organized business. The
typical business model involves collection,
14
C O N S I L I U M
WASTE – NO WASTE
Ravishankar Prajapati & Sushant Gupta
Faculty of Management Studies, Delhi University
transportation, segregation, treatment and
disposal of waste. And there is opportunity
hidden in each step. So, while planning a business
in waste management, an entrepreneur may
consider either offering end-to-end solution or
focusing on one segment.
Collection and Transportation: Waste collection is
usually done on a contract basis. For instance,
resident welfare associations and municipal
corporations pay a certain amount of money to a
contractor for collecting garbage daily and
disposing it off in a landfill. Assorted types of
brick masonry bins/RCC bins, as well as M.S. and
PVC containers, are generally used for collection
of waste. Ahmadabad, Bangalore, Surat and Jaipur
are some of the cities which have involved private
sector in door to door collection and
transportation.
Segregation: In most western economies,
segregation of waste is done at the household level
and there are fines imposed for mixing organic
and recyclable waste. But in India, where a
majority of people do not even know the
difference between green and blue trash cans kept
on road sides, manual segregation at the
collectors’ end becomes an important step in the
process.
Treatment: Unfortunately, in most developing
countries including India, waste management
mostly means picking up waste from residential
and industrial areas and dumping it at landfill
sites. “In Delhi, landfills are in a terrible state. In
fact, in our country, most landfills are merely
dumping grounds,” says Satish Sinha, Associate
Director, ToxicLink, an environmental NGO. In
Delhi, three private companies – Delhi Waste
Management, AG Enviro and Metro Waste –
collect, transport and dump waste at landfill sites,
which are located at Okhla, Gazipur and
Bhalaswa. Landfill sites in Bhalaswa and Gazipur
are almost saturated. “We collect 1,200 tons of
waste every day and cover central and south
zone,” says S K Chadha, GM, Delhi Waste
Management, a subsidiary of Subhash Projects. An
ideal landfill has to be properly designed
depending on the type of waste being disposed of.
A well-designed landfill is hygienic while a badly
designed one could be a pollutant and result in the
release of greenhouse gases. It could even pollute
ground water and surface water. More than 1400
sq. Km of the land would be required by the end
of 2047 if the waste is just dumped into landfills.
FMS, DELHI
 C O N S I L I U M

In India, the market is yet to take shape, thanks to the government’s

Another method of waste management is Thermal Treatment Techniques.
Incineration, Gasification and RDF (Refuse Derive Fuel) methods are some
of the processes that employ the Thermal Treatment Techniques. Of these,
Incineration is the one commonly used which involves conversion of waste
into energy through burning. In countries like Japan, Sweden and
Denmark, huge quantities of waste is converted into energy, primarily
because of scarcity of land for creating landfills. Setting up a waste-to-
energy plant may make sense in a power-deficient country like India.
According to the Planning Commission, there is a potential of 2,700 MW of
power generation from urban and industrial waste in the country. The
eleventh five year plan even targets 400 MW of power generation from
wastes.
apathy and our mindset on waste disposal. Let’s take a look at the figures
on what we are missing out by not considering waste management as a
business opportunity. An Assocham study shows that Delhi generates
about 6,000 tons of solid waste daily. Mumbai is a close second with 5,800
tons followed by Kolkata at 4,000 tons, Bangalore at 2,800 tons, and
Chennai at 2,675 tons.
At present, collection and transportation of this waste is highly
unorganized and is mostly done by rag pickers, small-time contractors,
municipalities and some companies such as
Delhi Waste Management, a subsidiary of Subhash Projects and Marketing.

Recycling is another element of waste management and is carried out after

segregation of the garbage. Once organic and inert waste has been
Taking Delhi as a sample, our estimates show that collection of the 6,000
removed, what remains is recyclable material, mostly PET bottles, cold
ton every day alone could rake in Rs 365 crore. Out of these 6,000 tons, 60%
drink cans, paper cartons and certain types of plastic products. These are
is organic waste, 25% is recyclable material and 15% is inert. Making
sold to companies who recycle such products.
compost out of biodegradables and selling it in the open market is another
One of the methods of solid organic waste management currently gaining Rs 657 crore opportunity. Selling recyclables could fetch in another Rs 274
popularity is composting. Organic waste such as food materials can be crore. This totals to a whopping Rs 1,022 crore every year, waiting to be
used for preparing compost. This is then sold to plant nurseries and tapped!
homes. Natural manure is also used in organic farming. End prices of this
compost vary all the way from Rs 1 per kg to Rs 10 per kg depending upon
the method in which the compost is prepared. Windrow composting takes Now, if we extrapolate this figure across different categories to 40
about two weeks and Vermi composting takes a month. cities that have a population of a million plus, the figures arrived at
are truly mindboggling - ` 6,128 crores to be made every year! And out
Bio-methanation is also one of the options available to treat bio-degradable
of this, revenues from waste collection are just under Rs 500 crores!
waste at a smaller scale. Below are some of the common bio- methanation
based digesters available in India.

Still a long way to go, this is one industry which should see various
business models under PPP and otherwise flourishing and making the
¥! TEAM digester (developed by The Energy and Resource
most of it. Hence we see that the real treasure is not in the trash can, but in
Institute (TERI))
what you make out of it.
¥! ASTRA digester (Centre for Sustainable Technologies): TIDE
(Technology Informatics Design Endeavour)

¥! ARTI digester (Appropriate Rural Technology Institute)

¥! SPRERI digester (Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research

Institute)

¥! BARC digester (Bhabha Atomic Research Institute)

¥! Mailhem Engineering PVT Ltd.

¥! BIOTECH

The Opportunity

If you thought waste meant only crap, then you need to take a look at the
US market. According to a report by Credit Suisse, the total market size for
solid waste management in the US was $46.5 billion in 2005 and the
industry comprised of publicly owned corporations, privately held
companies, and individual municipalities handling their own respective
waste was growing at 4.5%. Collection of garbage brought in half of the
industry’s revenue, while around 29% came from disposal services with
close to two-third of that coming from landfills. Recycling, waste-to-energy
plants and other methods of disposal brought in about 12% of the total.
These figures vary region-wise. Waste management companies like Allied
Waste Industries are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The industry
has seen mergers and acquisition in the 90s and the period of consolidation
is more or less over.

FMS, DELHI 15
 C O N S I L I U M

Solid Waste Management

Amit Gera & Heena Goyal
NITIE

Waste management has become a significant
business issue for small and large businesses in
recent years. This is the duty of the business
owners to manage the waste being generated
onsite and to ensure that the waste streams are
transferred only to the appropriately licensed and
permitted waste management contractors for the
off-site waste treatment.
In most developing nations, solid waste
management and the associated services are
entrusted to the Municipal Agency. These
associated services include all aspects ranging
from collection of waste to the final disposal.
Rising cost of solid waste management services is
a serious problem for developing nations.
Statistics shows that around 10-50% of the
municipality revenues are taken for solid waste
management. The inefficiencies crept into the
management system cannot be remedied merely
by increasing the expenditures but by making the
waste management system more efficient.
! Setting policies and enforcing
regulations
! Planning and monitoring MSWM
activities by system designers, users and other
stakeholders
! Using waste characterization studies to
adjust systems to the type of waste generated
! Physically handling waste and
materials, including collection, incineration and
land filling
! Arranging training programs for
MSWM workers
! Carrying out public information and
education programs
! Managing public sector administrative
and operations units
Waste Management Hierarchy
How to implement Solid Waste Management
System?
1.! Classify the waste
2.! Measure the waste
3. On-site and Off-site waste management
Waste Classification:
Any substance that the holder discards or intend
to discard can be considered as waste. Waste can
be hazardous or non-hazardous.
Generally wastes from Small and Medium
Enterprises comprise of following
! Office waste ( office paper etc)
! Retail (Packaging waste)
! Hospitality (Food waste)

Framework of Solid Waste Management ! Manufacturing or process waste

System:
! Miscellaneous wastes
A municipal solid waste management (MSWM)
system includes some or all of the following
activities:
Fig

16
FMS, DELHI

These types of wastes are generally non-hazardous
wastes. But businesses need to treat these wastes
in a manner that they should not pose any threat
to environment and human health
Hazardous wastes are those substances which
comprise of certain constituents which make them
dangerous for human beings and animals.
Hazardous wastes may have one or more of the
following characteristics:
! Explosive
! Flammable
! Toxic
! Infectious
! Corrosive
Mixing hazardous wastes with non-hazardous
wastes can render them hazardous
Measure the Waste:
To measure the on-site waste, the business holders
should:
! Make a survey of their premises and list
down exactly the quantity, type and location of
wastes being generated and the activities
responsible for these wastes
! Involvement of workers and staff is
important to understand how the resources are
being consumed
! Regular interaction with suppliers and
logistics staff is essential to have a fair idea about
the quantity and type of packaging material being
used
Most important aspect is to examine the waste bills
and bins. Identify the quantities of wastes being
sent for off-site treatment, ensure that the
organization has the documented evidence of the
wastes being sent to the off-sites
On-site and Off-site Waste Management:
Every step in the waste management is strictly
regulated and that the businesses should ensure
that the other third parties involved in the
collection, transportation, dumping and treatment
of wastes should act in a manner that is not
harmful for environment and human health.
Steps to be taken On-site:
Once the wastes have been classified and
measured, separate out the containers and specific
waste streams on-site, for example, separate dry
recyclable waste bins from the liquid wastes
! Prevent the waste being put into the
wrong containers. Hazardous wastes must not be
put into general or recycle bins
! Ensure the waste management site
security to prevent any leakage or spillage of waste
FMS, DELHI
C O N S I L I U M
! All wastes should be stored in a dry area
to minimize the risk of spillage or leakage to
surface water
Every business should ensure correct storage and
frequent collection of wastes and that the
transportation of the waste from on-site to off-site
to be done in enclosed transport vehicles to
minimize the dislodging and littering on public
places
Fig3
Steps to be taken Off-site:
! Based on the classification of the waste,
determine whether a hazardous or non-hazardous
waste management contractor is needed
! Evaluate the credentials of the potential
contractors on the basis of sustainability of their
services
! Contractor must hold a license and
permit to collect and treat waste and also the waste
management facility should hold a permit from
Environmental Protection Agency
Present Status of Solid Waste Management
System in India:
How to Improve Efficiency of Solid Waste
Management System?
As we have stated earlier that just by increasing
the expenditure on Solid Waste Management will
not serve the purpose but we need to increase the
efficiency of the overall system. Efficiency of waste
management system is a function of following 3
fundamental factors as shown in the Fig5
Fig5
Financial Aspects:
! Budgetary Issues
! Effects of Financial Resources
! Procurement of Equipment
! Cost of Information
Human Resources:
! Personnel Requirements
! Attitude, morale and motivation
! Public Health factors
Political Issues:
! Authority
! Public Education
! Status
! Roles of Political Leadership
Cost Analysis of Solid Waste Management
System
A number of technologies are available for
Municipal Solid Waste Management but the
decision maker must evaluate what all costs are
entailed with a particular technology. Also the
costs depend on location, equipments and
methods to be used. So, one must take into account
a large number of factors while specifying the
costs for a particular MSWM technology to be
used. Below tables give a comparison of costs of
some MSWM technologies and Disposal cost of
alternative technologies for Income groups i.e. low,
middle and high income groups:
1.! The above sanitary landfill costs are for
cities of over 500,000 people, or over 250 tonnes/
day, in order to capture economies-of-scale. For
smaller cities, costs can be higher.
2.! The higher range of costs for sanitary
landfill is for systems with plastic membrane
bottom liners and leachate collection and
treatment systems; while the lower range of costs
is for natural attenuation landfills, where site
conditions do not require leachate management.
17
 C O N S I L I U M

Performance Indicators of Solid Waste ! Complaints ! Environmental Management Guidelines

Management System published by SFA (Small Firms Association)
4.2 Resource Input indicators
! www.sciencedirect.com
! Human Resources
! http://www.envfor.nic.in/divisions/
! Physical Resources ee/neac/guide_neac_0506.pdf

4.3 Efficiency indicators ! http://mysorecity.gov.in/forms/

SWM.pdf
5. Processing and Resource Recovery

5.1 Size reduction

Fig6 5.2 Amount of residue generated

1. Generation 5.3 Revenues from sales of recovered products

1.1! Demographic Information: 5.4 Human resources and physical resources

! Administrative or political area and 6. Final Disposal

Service Area
6.1 Total capacity
! Total population in the administrative
6.2 Amount of waste disposed
area and Service area
6.3 Unit cost of waste disposed
! Number of households and commercial
institutions!

! Number of public areas and Conclusion:

establishments, markets and factories
! Length of roads, streets and drains
requiring cleaning
1.2 Quantities of Waste Generated:
! Household and Commercial
! Industrial and Institutional
! Total waste
If we look at the present status of Solid Waste
Management system in India, the percentage
compliance value for Sanitary Landfill is just 1.73.
Also the processing of the waste material is 9.18%.
These values are far below when compared with
industrialized nations like USA, UK, Australia etc.
For a developing country like India, it must focus
on improving the efficiency of its solid waste
management system and also on the key
performance indicators to streamline its waste
management processes. Also, for every business,
all the evidences related to waste management
activities (collection, on-site treatment, off-site
treatment, disposal) must be documented.

Environmental pollution can be mitigated by

2. Waste Characterization
2.1 Physical composition of wastes like metals,
paper, plastics, glass etc.
2.2 Characteristics like moisture content, bulk
density, calorific value etc.
3. Storage
current technologies. Many existing technologies
are also cost effective like Landfill gas recovery for
energy use and can be profitable in countries
where use of Landfill is considerable. Decisions for
alternative waste management strategies are often
made locally, however, there are also regional
drivers based on national regulatory and policy
decisions.

3.1 Individual container Regarding the future up-front of solid waste

management, it is expected that wider
! Type implementation of incrementally improving
technologies will provide more rigorous process
! Size
control for waste streams transported to off-site
! Material treatment including recycling, incineration and
composting.
! Number of location and storage units

3.2 Cost
References:
4. Collection and Transport
! http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/
4.1 Service Performance indicator publications/spc/solid_waste_management/
index.asp
! Coverage
! Waste Management by Jean Bogner
! Frequency
(USA) (Chapter 10)

18
FMS, DELHI

"Public Private Partnerships in
Vocational Training in India"
—
Chetan Gadia
Poonam Gangwal
Case for vocational training in India
With one of the fastest growing economies and a
fundamentally strong education system, India is
poised to set up a stage for its highly talented
manpower. The Indians have proved their mettle
at various places around the world and the result
of this is their strong demand in various
disciplines such as medicine, science, information
and technology, finance, economics etc. However,
behind all this is the majority of the Indian
population which is not dependent but lacks even
the most basic form of education. The school drop-
out rates are huge across all the grades and
approximately 22-23 million students who drop
out of Class VIII to X remain devoid of any skill
set that could help them in getting employed.
Only 5.5 million are able to pass Class X every
year of which only 3.3 million proceed for further
education. 80% of the graduates in general streams
such as B.A. and B.Sc. are also perceived as
unemployable as they lack specific skills for a job.
To sustain the growth rate and involve the rural
mass in this phenomenon there is an urgent need
of providing vocational training aimed at specific
skill sets required for jobs. The Team Lease Labor
report defines vocational education as “a training
program which prepares an individual for a
specific career or occupation”.
FMS, DELHI
C O N S I L I U M
As the world gets older, the dependency for
skilled labor will fall on countries like India which
has a median age of 25.3 years (2009). By 2020, a
skilled manpower shortage of 56 million is
expected to occur of which India can satisfy 47
million given proper vocational training and
higher education is imparted to the people.
The Indian government, understanding the
importance of vocational training and education
has undertaken several steps to bridge the skill
gap. The Ministry of Labor & Employment and the
MHRD are the two regulatory bodies that govern
the vocational training and education in India. The
central government is involved in a much greater
capacity in implementing the schemes than the
state government. Under the public vocational
training, schemes like Vocational Education
Program (VEP) are started right from the
secondary schools. Industrial Training Institutes
(ITI), run by the state ministries offer basic skill
development programs on welding, plumbing,
masonry etc. Polytechnics under the MHRD office
offer diploma courses in various disciplines. Apart
from these there are some apprentice schemes like
Statutory Apprenticeship Training Scheme (SATS)
that run parallel with these programs. Private
initiatives like Industrial Training Centres (ITC)
run under government specified schemes. There is
also a gamut of Private training institutes for
which the market is pegged at USD 2 billion.
These institutes provide services training in
growing industry segments such as BFSI, retail,
hospitality, aviation etc. Some of the key players in
this segment are NIIT, Frankfinn, Aptech, ICoFP
etc.
There has often been a speculation that the
government run ITIs and other schemes are not in
sync with the industry’s needs and the private
players should be incentivized to participate in
such schemes. A direct output of this is the Public
Private Partnership (PPP) model which is
comparatively new and is being tried in the ITI’s
through coordinated efforts between the FICCI,
IL&FS and the Central and State governments.
Several state governments esp. in South have also
started tying up with the private players to
provide employment training to the rural mass.
19
 C O N S I L I U M

The skill development initiative scheme (SDIS), a vocational training
programme created by the Ministry of Labor and Employment was also the
first vocational training programme to involve the private sector. It aimed at
the unorganized sector, which employs 92% of India’s workforce. It was
targeted in particular at school dropouts and low-skilled workers. Private
Companies, both small and large see an opportunity in this scheme, and are
now entering into the business of teaching vocational skills to employees and
students.
According to the township model suggested by Technopak Advisors, the
initial capex of setting up the centre is huge (approximately USD 312 billion)
excluding the value of land which according to the model would be provided
by the government.
This model seems to work if the township clubs formal education in other
disciplines along with VET and there are hidden motives such as brand
building, CSR initiatives and a foreign partner.! ! !

The government plans to make private institutes and companies as The Way Ahead
vocational training providers. The government in turn would pay them Rs.
The education ministry at center and a few state ministries have realized the
15 per person for every hour of training provided. This money may seem like
importance of private partnerships in vocational training. As a result of this
a very small amount but for small enterprises, it is significant. The
realization private partners were invited to partner with the government in
investment required by these companies is minimal. There are cases where
the management and infrastructure building of the ITI’s. The Institute
small garages have been providing automotive computer training in small
Managing Committee (IMC) in the ITI’s regards the private parties as
rooms adjoining their workplace. For these small enterprises money is the
partners and ensures maximum participation of industry in various processes
only motivating factor for such initiatives. However for a company like
including organizing campus interviews, arranging on-the-job training and
Larsen and Turbo it is the larger and long term benefits that are the driving
industrial visits, training and development of faculty, vocational guidance
force. They have opened up institutes to provide training in construction
and counseling, better upkeep of equipment, resource generation and
skills to people below the poverty line. These initiatives bring recognition
utilization by the ITI itself. The HRD ministry headed Kapil Sibbal has also
from the government and help them in attracting workers from rural area by
proposed that the new IIITs be set up under the PPP mode. Initiatives from
building credibility against suspicious contractors. Companies wanting to
the state governments can also provide a way to handle the rural
enter this field range from Bikaner Foods to Career Launcher while a few big
unemployment problem in India.
players already present are Bharti, Educomp, NIIT, Aptech, Everonn and
Jetking. As for the private parties it makes sense to invest in the PPP model if they
foresee long term needs for skilled labor in their firms and can also leverage
A Public Private Partnership model in areas such as vocational education
the latent benefits such as brand building and CSR through such efforts.
enables government to supply these services which are badly needed in the
economy and are in very bad state at the present. Citizens would have a wide
choice of providers and there would be a clear demarcation in the roles of
provider and regulator, with the government being the latter.

Challenges Faced by the Private Sector in the Vocational Training Space

The idea of Public Private Partnership in the vocational training space may
seem lucrative at first but there are certain implementation and cost related
issues when the plans are put into paper. Historically, the vocational training
centres have not been able to attract better talents because of the poor
perception of vocational training vis-à-vis mainstream higher education. The
underutilized VET centres (53%) and as low as 8% of the total labor force
having had vocational training is an indicative of the poor performance of
vocational training in India. With low quality of formal education and no
interlink between the vocational and formal education the task at

Source: Technopak Advisors, 2010

hand for private players is not only to equip the students with certain skill
sets but also to impart basic education to them. Lack of good trainers because
of low pay levels and poor perceptions is also an issue for the private players.
Trainers in the urban area have no reason to shift to the rural areas and it is
not feasible for the companies to bring the rural mass to the urban areas to
train them.

20
FMS, DELHI

Higher Education and ICT in Education
Ravi Sikaria
Higher Education and ICT in Education
With the advent of information age, technology,
which started out as a prime resource for
achieving efficiencies in research, subsequently in
business, has reached a stage where it can be
leveraged to shape the future minds of a nation.
Fuelled by increasing rate of globalisation and
technological progress, information is today, not
limited to privileged few. With the World Wide
Web having gained prominence, the world
economy has seen an upsurge in sharing of
information and knowledge and subsequent
actions on them. Actions are not limited to speedy
processing of information or access to instant
news across the globe, but have resulted in women
liberalisation, increased literacy, better skill
development, alternate employment
opportunities, with marked social changes.
Parameters for social changes have primarily been
levels of healthcare, basic amenities, infanticide
rates, per-capita income and literacy levels. Any
developing nation, similar to ours, India, has been
facing problems with the education sector.
A nation not only requires the infrastructure for
development in the form of better roads, houses,
telecommunication, energy systems etc., but also
better skilled labour force. As various theories of
economies point towards a trade-off between
FMS, DELHI
C O N S I L I U M
capital and labour, there is a limit to which each
can be substituted by the other. Any government
would be conducting a futile exercise by investing
in building roads, railways and other components
of infrastructure as outlined above, if it doesn’t
invest in human capital.
Information and Communication Technologies
provide an opportunity especially to developing
nations, to reap greater benefits from the pool of
its human resource. The two technologies act
symbiotically to create a pool of better skilled and
knowledgeable workforce. The former makes the
information available sometimes in mere form of
data though, while the latter, ensures the reach of
this information to a vast number of people.
Focusing not only on the internet, but other
mediums especially the television and radio can
help in achieving increased levels of skills. A
person might not be a formal graduate from a
university, instead, if he/she possess expertise in
any of the various vocational trainings imparted
across the country, it would be beneficial. In India,
television and radio have already shown a
remarkable reach to the people who lag a formal
educational set-up.
Benefits provided by ICTs
ICTs are costly to implement and the basic
question which rises on hearing this concept is
what the benefits are. Some of them are outlined
below:
Increased literacy levels – ‘literacy’ has been
greatly misunderstood. It doesn’t only mean the
ability to read and write. With ICTs the
educational programmes, be it vocational training
given via television or radio or being provided in
formal educational institutes, can be improved
greatly. Not only would the technological,
scientific, or global knowledge would increase, but
with proper usage of the facility would lead to an
all-round development of the student.
Improved quality of learning – nearly every
parent in their lifetime has faced the dilemma of
choosing the better school for their children. What
is the underlying principle here? It refers to the
quality of education, which is formed by the
quality of faculty members, course outline and the
prescribed materials. And remember, this gets
more complicated when the frame is shifted to the
higher education. Being a student, it can be easily
felt that audio-visual learning is far reaching than
merely studying books. If the process of learning
is broken into its constituents, reading books
would require the reader to first read, then
comprehend the language, understand the
concept, draw the pictorial reference for the
concept and then memorise. A long drawn process
indeed when compared to the audio-visual
21

Motivation – it is not unknown that any person
would lose interest in any academic related
activity due to non-ability to appreciate the
concepts. As ICTs provide simple explanations for
complicated theories and formulas, students get
interested and pursue with a renewed zeal to
achieve their targets.
Access to learning resources – due to various
reasons, with economical ones being prominent,
not all information sources can be made available
at every place. This exercise in itself is too costly.
With the help of ICTs, information can be stored at
a single location and be accessed by nearly
unlimited people simultaneously. There are
infrastructural costs related though, which are
discussed later. ICTs in the long run would reduce
the cost of learning and make it feasible for lower
income people to study and learn.
Experimental learning – students have
traditionally been limited to the exercises provided
with the books and also information contained
there. With ICTs, not only is the amount of
knowledge unlimited but also the students get a
better horizon to think and experiment with ideas.
This again instils greater interests.
Distance programs - For example, with the help of
basic educational programs in regional languages,
government has been able to educate the rural
mass leveraging the prowess of television. In rural
India, today because of the advent of computers,
farmers are able to monitor the prices of
commodities and are able to get the better profits
out of their produce. Online and distance higher
education are common today because of ICTs and
related products.
Problems with ICTs
Some of the problems associated with the
implementation of ICTs especially in India are
discussed below:
Huge infrastructure costs – the installation of the
components of ICTs are costly in nature due to the
complicated resources required. Not only the
hardware but also the software used, along with
the content would require huge investments.
Again, in order to impart education using
technological tools, one would require trained
professional teachers, constant access to internet/
electricity, amongst other operational
requirements. Though it seems a mammoth task at
the first look, the variable cost is negligible. Also
compared to the benefits, it appears to be an
opportunity worth investing for.
Development of suitable material – information is
available on the internet and in various digital
forms, but for a formal course, there is a
requirement of better formed digital products. This
exercise is also costly, but in long-term view,
majority of the products would not be required to
be updated. This would reduce the cost of
education and make it more accessible to the lower
income groups.
22
S E Q U O I A C L U
Curriculum outline – as the digital medium would
provide an opportunity to explore and learn more,
the educational goals is not easy to be set. This if
negated, would defeat the very purpose of
introducing ICT in education.
Testing the project – with the progress of IT
industry in India better processes for project
implementation is made available, with a focus on
modular implementation. Also as the project in
itself is very costly, this would make economic and
financial sense. The problem stems from the fact,
that none of the schools would be willing enough
to take a chance with the future of the students as
well as its own.
Political willingness – in India, as most probably
elsewhere, the political willingness is a major
deterrent to similar initiatives. There might be
various factors comprising of vote-bank, lack of
funds, etc. because the implications of the ICTs can
give more power in the hands of the common
people. The skilled person would desire for better
jobs than he/she has seen and this might result
into increasing unemployment. The government
would need to create suitable jobs for the educated
mass, which if it is not able to find ways for, would
prevent the implementation of ICTs.
Implementation of the ICTs
ICTs provide a concept which when implemented
would help the nation reap a lot of benefits. There
are problems which have been outlined above and
many more can be devised. Presented, hereby is a
plan to implement the same.
For the costs incurred, the government can
sanction amount and give fiscal motivation to the
IT industry or related domains. The development
of the infrastructure would require huge amounts,
which can be provided over a period of time,
limited to 5 years for the same. As the cellular
service providers penetrate the Indian rural
economy, the road has become only easier.
The major operational issue which the
implementation of ICTs has is the supply of
internet and electricity. These can be countered
using hard disks, CD ROMs, etc and with planned
electricity supply to rural parts of the country.
Presently, the academicians write books and share
their expertise; these books can be converted to
digital formats and specialised companies can be
given the contract to develop the material. As this
is a costly exercise, suitable stimulation in the form
of extended contract for usage of the product or
some form of subsidy in a suitable form can be
provided.
For piloting the project, the premier educational
institutes at the high school level can be started
with and extended down the line. Schools in urban
areas of the country are always looking for better
ways to educate their student and the fact that the
system has been implemented and successful in
western countries can be a motivational factor for
the schools.
B
As the literacy levels increase, the social standard
of living would also increase giving greater
benefits to the citizens.
Higher Education
Slowly, the ICTs have penetrated the higher
education sector, especially in technological and
managerial related fields. Increasing number of
institutes has started providing distance education
requiring access to internet only. With the help of
CD-ROMs, internet, video-conferencing, the
institutes have been able to reach wider sections of
society giving them opportunities to grow.
Managerial education has been a field where the
ICTs have been leveraged significantly. Premier
institutes like IIMs, XLRI, IMT, SP Jain, and MDI
amongst many others have benefitted large
number of students. Not only are they providing
distance education facility, but have incorporated
the usage of digital products in their on-campus
courses. Enhanced learning with increased
avenues of gaining knowledge has been provided
to the students.
Technical education where much-sought after
courses like engineering and pure sciences are
being provided, made possible only due to the
ICTs. Not only do the students have access to
better and latest material but are also able to learn
better due to the audio-visual capability of the
system.
Though these have been implemented in few
institutes, a long way remains to be treaded. With
better access to videos from experts on different
topics, access to the research materials, better
software, high speed internet and an
encompassing digital library would be the near
requirement of students. Video-conferencing
would not only allow them to share new ideas and
concepts, but would also facilitate better
interaction, which would give the students an
opportunity to research and progress in life. The
benefits experienced by these students can be
spread to others not so privileged. Technological
prowess has been constantly increasing and is also
available in various parts of the world due to
globalisation, and this has led to development of
tools where learning is possible even on move. As
wireless communication devices become more
sophisticated, the ICTs provide the facility of
information and knowledge anywhere, anytime.
In all ICTs have been implemented on a miniature
scale, though it has immense possibility of
increasing the literacy in the country. There are
problems some of which have been discussed, but
the concept is implementable in phases and can be
achieved to not only improve standard of living
but also encourage research and development.
References
www.unescobkk.org
www.digitallearning.in
FMS, DELHI
 S E Q U O I A C L U B

Consulting Club: Grooming "The future consultants" at FMS

The Consulting Club is a student-run organization with the agenda of liaising with Global Consults to increase their presence at FMS, while working towards
preparing the students for a career in consulting. In addition to providing practical experience through workshops, guest lectures facilitation, the Club serves
as the nucleus for pioneering strategy games and consulting projects and has developed a reputation for unmatched innovation, with activities spanning
several spheres like Management Consulting, Risk Advisory, Process/Operations Consulting, IT Consulting, Benchmarking Advisory.

Our Mission: "Why we exist"

To develop, enhance and showcase the Consulting potential of FMS students, that attracts top consulting firms to campus.

Our Vision: "Where do we want to go in the future?"

Build awareness and generate interest for the consulting domain among students.

Create and Maintain long-term corporate relationships with top consulting firms of the world.

Make available all resources necessary to build content and competency on campus.

Team
Senior Partners
Associate Partners
Abinash Mohanty — President
Jagriti Gupta — Associate Member

Abhinav Agarwal —Senior Member

Prannay Vats — Associate Member

Jahnavi Kundu — Senior Member

Rohit Chaudhri — Associate Member

Sarvesh Sahni — Senior Member

Seher Contractor — Associate Member

Vinay Arya — Senior Member

Venkat Sujith — Associate Member

FMS, DELHI 23