26 MARET 2015

MINING SYSTEM
HENDRA HARISMAN, ST., M.ENG.SC.
MINING SYSTEM

SHOVEL TRUCK SELECTION

HENDRA HARISMAN, ST., M.ENG.SC.
CASE
• Q = 25,000 tonne/shift
• Working time (Availability) = 50 min/hour
• Bank density = 2.40 tonne/m3
• Loose density = 1.50 tonne/m3
• Medium digging conditions
• Swing angle = 120°
• Three to four passes (good match), four to six passes (proper match)
• 1 shift = 8 hours
• Spotting time = 0.3-min, Dumping time = 1.1-min, travel empty = 4.8-min, travel
loaded = 7.5 min
SHOVEL PRODUCTIVITY
Loading (shovel) productivity is a function of:
• Rock density
• Swell factor
• Bucket size
• Bucket fill factor
• Truck size
• Truck load factor
• Swing cycle time
• Truck spotting time
BUCKET SIZE AND CYCLE TIMES
Bucket size is determined by:
• Machine size
• Material loose density
• Range available from manufacturer
BUCKET SIZE AND CYCLE TIMES
• E: Easy digging, loose, free
running material, sand, small
gravel
• M: Medium digging, partially
consolidated materials, clayey
gravel
• M-H: Medium to hard digging,
well-blasted limestone, weaker
ores, gravel with large boulders
• H: hard digging, granite, strong
limestone, strong ores
BUCKET SIZE AND CYCLE TIMES
SWING CYCLE TIME
Swing cycle time is a function of:
• Material density
• Digging conditions
• Swing angle
• Truck height
• Operator proficiency
SWING CYCLE TIME
Swing cycle time may be obtained from:
• Operating conditions, or
• Estimated from manufacturer’s table or graph
MATERIAL TYPE
• Real data - preferably used if available
• Approximate values
PRODUCTION FACTORS
• Apply corrections to idealized factors for real-world conditions
• Working time
• Actual time that a shovel operator will be loading in a shift
• Number of shovel moves
• Meal arrangements and human limitations, etc.
PRODUCTION FACTORS
• Swing angle
PRODUCTION FACTORS
• Working conditions
– Bench conditions, degree of fragmentation, type of material, etc.

• Bucket fill factor

PRODUCTION FACTORS
• Dipper factor (Bf)
F x Swell Factor
CASE
• Q = 25,000 tonne/shift
• Working time (Availability) = 50 min/hour
• Bank density = 2.40 tonne/m3
• Loose density = 1.50 tonne/m3
• Medium digging conditions
• Swing angle = 120°
• Three to four passes (good match), four to six passes (proper match)
• 1 shift = 8 hours
• Spotting time = 0.3-min, Dumping time = 1.1-min, travel empty = 4.8-min, travel
loaded = 7.5 min
SOLUTION
• Q = required production in m3/hour, m3/shift,dst
• C = number of cycles per hour
• P = production factor
• S = Swing angle factor
• Bf = dipper factor
• Bc = shovel bucket capacity
SOLUTION
• Step 1:
Shovel production in m3/hour
• Step 2:
Shovel production in m3/shift
• Step 3:
Shovel production in tonne/shift
• Step 4:
Calculate number of shovels needed
TRUCK SELECTION
• Optimum shovel-truck utilization
– Matching shovel and truck sizes
– Matching number of trucks to the haulage layout/profile
TRUCK SIZE
Available capacities – 20 to 317 tonnes
• Ranges are given for underground mines, small surface
mines, and large surface mines
Optimal number of swings/passes
• Three to four, four to six
Fill factor
• Number of passes
NUMBER OF TRUCKS
Shovel – truck waiting time
• Shovel must be serving trucks throughout the shift
• Trucks must not be waiting excessively at loading and dumping
points
TRUCK CYCLE TIME
Haul road profile
• Field measurements or estimates under similar situations
• Elements of truck cycle time (t):
• Travel empty time from dump to loader, tte
• Wait time at loader, twe
• Spotting time at loader, tse
• Loading time at loader, tl
• Travel loaded time, loader to dump, ttl
• Wait time at dump, twd
• Spotting time at dump, tsd
• Time to dump, td
TRUCK CYCLE TIME

• Travel empty time from dump to loader, tte

• Wait time at loader, twe
• Spotting time at loader, tse
• Loading time at loader, tl
• Travel loaded time, loader to dump, ttl
• Wait time at dump, twd
• Spotting time at dump, tsd
• Time to dump, td
NUMBER OF TRUCKS

• This analysis is based on deterministic data

• Computer simulation with stochastic data