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What events occur in the xylem and

phloem?
xylem- water and minerals move upward
phloem- food moves to other parts of the plant
Chapter 5
What is the most important thing a seed Section 2
needs to germinate?
water

 1. Identify the characteristics of Characteristics

gymnosperms.  A seed plant that
 2. Describe how gymnosperms reproduce produces naked
seeds (not enclosed
by protective fruit)
 Many have needle-
like or scale like
leaves
 Many have deep
growing root
systems

 Cycads- look like palm trees with cones. What are the 4 groups of gymnosperms?
Grow in tropical areas
 Conifers- cone-bearing plants. Most diverse
Cycads, conifers, ginkgoes, gnetophytes
group. “evergreens”
 Ginkgoes- only one species Ginkgo biloba.
 Gnetophytes- trees, shrubs or vines. Grow in
deserts and tropical rain forests

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Terms: Steps:
Cone- reproductive structure covered with 1. Pollination
scales (male and female) 2. Fertilization
Pollen (male)- contain cells that will become 3. Seed development
sperm 4. Seed dispersal
Ovule (female)- contains an egg cell

 The transfer of pollen from a male
reproductive structure to a female
reproductive structure
 Pollen collects in the ovule
 Pollen is usually carried by the wind
 After pollination, the ovule closes and seals
in the pollen
 Scales close
 Sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell
 Egg develops into the embryo part of the
seed

 Female cones remain on tree until seeds  Scales open when seeds are mature
mature  Wind shakes the seeds out of the cones
 Male cones fall off

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 First, pollen falls

from a male cone
What is the reproductive structure of onto a female
most gymnosperms called? cone. In time, a
sperm cell and an
Cone egg cell join
together in an
ovule on the
What is pollination? female cone.
Transfer of pollen from male to female After fertilization
occurs, the seed
structures develops on the
scale of the
female cone.