Name : Salsabila BZ

NIM : A320170056

Class :B

LEXICO GRAMMAR

1. Grammar is a theory of language, of how language is put together and how it works. More
particularly, it is the study of wordings.
2. Traditional grammar aims to describe the grammar of standard English by comparing it with
Latin. As such, it is prescriptive. Students learn the names of parts speech (nouns, verbs,
prepositions, adverbs, adjectives). Parse textbook sentences and learn to correct so-called
bad gramma. Traditional grammar focuses on rules for producing correct sentences.
Formal grammar are concerned to describe the structure of individual sentences. Such
grammars view language as a set of rules which allow or disallow certain sentences
structures. Knowledge of these rules is seen as being carried around inside the mind.
Functional grammars view language as a resource for making meaning. These grammars
attempt to describe language in actual use and so focus on texts and their context. They are
concerned not only with the structures but also with how those structures construct
meaning.
3. A text is any object that can be “read”, whether this object is a work of literature, a street
sign, an arrangement of buildings on a city block, or styles of clothing. It is a coherent set of
sign that transmits some kin dof informative message.
4. Context of culture determines what we can mean through : being ‘who we are’, doing ‘what
we do’, saying ‘what we say’
Context of situation can be specified through use of the register variables : field, tenor, and
mode
5.
A. Field refers to what is going on
Mode refers to how language is being used
Tenor refers to the social relationships between those taking part
B. Ideational function is language concerned with building and maintaining a theory of
experience
Interpersoal function refers to the grammatical choices that enable speakers to enact
their complex and diverse interpersonal relations
Textual function is distinct from both the experiential and interpersonal because its
object is language itself
C. Participants are those elements which denote who or what is directly involved in the
process. They are typically realised by noun phrases
Processes are the happenings or states of affairs represented in a clause. They are
realised by verb phrase
Circumstances contribute additional, and frequently optional, information regarding the
who, when, where, how, for how long and so on, of the process. They are typically
realised by adv phrases and prep phrases
D. Mood is one of a set of distinctive forms that are used to signal modality
Modality is a facet of illocutionary force, signaled by grammatical devices (that is,
moods)
 E. Theme is a clause-level phenomenon, it is dependent on grammarical structure
Cohesion is non-structural, or rather, a part of the semantic
F. Genre can be defined as a culturally specific text-type which results from using language
(witten or spoken) to (help) accomplish something
Register is a variety of language used for a particular purpose i=or in a particular
communicative situation
G. Discourse refers to a unit of language longer than a single sentence
Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. It focuses on
the conventional meaning.
Lexico grammar is a term used in systematic functional lingustics (SLF) to emphasize the
interpendance of and ocntinuity between vocabulary (lexis) and syntax (grammar)
Phonology graphology is the study of handwriting as a means of analyzing character
Also called handwriting analysis
6. The mood system also includes choices in modality, such as expression of probability and
obligation. From the theory above, it can be concluded that mood is the central aspect of
the grammar of exchange and its elements including subject have a function to construct a
role of clause exchange in dialogue
7. Mood element consist of subject and finite while Residue consist of Predicator,
Complement, and Adjunct. There are three main elements to the Mood constituent;
Polarity, Subject, and Finite. While in residue, there are three main elements; complement,
predicator, and residue
8. When they arrived, they found that there was not enough food into: they found (main or
principal clause) when they arrived (subordinate adverbial clause of time, modifying the verb
found): that there was not enough food (subordinate noun clause, object of the verb found)
The man who broke the bank was a crook. The main clauses is respectively “the man was a
crook’. I ‘who broke the bank’, qualifying the noun ‘man’
I will go when I am ready, the main clauses is respectively ‘I will go’. The adverb clause is I
‘when I am ready’. Modifying the verb ‘will go’
How he did it is not known. The noun clause is ‘how we did it’, as subject of te verb ‘is’
When he was asked how he had received his injuri, he said that he had fallen over. A main
clause is ‘he said’. The other clause are ‘when he was asked’, an adverb clause modifying the
verb ‘said’ in the main clause ‘how he had received his injuri.’ A noun clause object of ‘asked’
in the adverb clause had fallen over a noun clause object of ‘said’ in the main clause
9. The indicative mood is used to make factual statements (the declarative) or pose questions,
such as the interrogative, the imperative mood is used to express a request or command,
the (comparatively rare) subjunctive mood is used to show a wish, doubt, or anything else
contrary to fact.