Basic Algebra and Its Aplication

A. Fraction
n every day life,we always see the things that are devided into many
equalparts such as follows:
1) A piece of paper cuts into four equal parts,then it is written ¼
2) A birthday cake dvided into twenty equal parts,then it is written
1/20.
3) An apple sliced into two equal parts.then it is written ½ these
events are related with fraction.
A apple sliced into two equal parts and each parts is called “one
half”or “one over two”or “half”.Mathematically,it is written as”1/2’’.then
each of two parts devided again into two equal parts is called “one-
fourth”or “quarter”.And mathematically,it is written as “1/4”.The number
½ and ¼ arecalled fractions.The followings are given some definitions of
fraction.

Some definitions:
Definitions 1:Fractions are the ratio of two integers,or any numberthat can
Expressed in the form of m/n,where m is not a multiple of
n,and n is not zero or one.For example,3/5,1/2,3/100 are
fractions.The rules for addition and multiplication of
fractions are a/b +c/d= ad+cb/b and a/b .c/d=ac/bd,
From which the rules for subtraction,devision,and inversion
can readily be derived.
Definitions 2:Fractions are any ratio of onequantity or expression
(The numerator) to another non-zero quantity or expression
(the denominator).
Definition 3 :Fraction is any number relating to,containing,or con stitutin
Fractions.
Definition 4 :Fraction a number part is the difference between the given
Real number and its integer part.For example,the fractional
Part of 2.37 is 0.37.

Mathematically,fractions are written as p =a/b,a,b £1,b is not factor of

a and a is not b.A number such as 3/5 is called a fraction.A fraction
comprises two parts,the denominator and the,numerator.The denominator
is the number below the line.While,
 a) What is the numerator?
b) What are the numerator and denominator separated by?

If the numerator is less than the denominator,the fraction is known as

proper fraction.If the denominator is less than the numerator,the fraction is
known as proper fraction.If the denominator is less than the numerator,the
Fraction is known as an improper fraction.

Example:
In the fruction 102/153, both the denominator and numerator may be
devided by the same number (51) t give 2/3.this is called canceling or
reducing the fraction.

Exercise 1
Make similar sentences about these fractions;
a) 12/20 b)36/120 c)15/103 d)346/369 e)234/504

Can the following fractions be reduced?

f) 18/5 g)84/460 h)62/88 i)17/597 j)43/107

Comprehension;
1. Both 12 and 18 are divisible by 6
2. 12 and 18 are both divisible by 6
3. Neither 12 nor 18 is divisible by 5
4. 18 is divisible by 9,whereas 12 is not divisible by 9
5. 18 is divisible by 9,on the other hand,28 is not (divisible by 9)

Make similar sentences about the following pairs of number

a. 18 and 30
b. 24 and 26
c. 111 and 333
Any integer may be represented as the product of prime numbers.For
example,150-2.3.5².This is known as factorizing a number .20 can be
factorized into 2².5.
Make similar statements about thes numbers:
a. 36
b. 180
c. 48
d. 456
150 and 20 both have the factors 2 and 5.150 and 20 have the factors 2 and
5 in common.The highest common factor (H.C.F) OF 150 And 20 is
2.5=10.The H.C.F.Is also known as the greates common devisor.The
lowest common multiple (L.C.M) Of 150 and 20 is 2².3.5².300.The L.C.M
Is also known as the leas common multiple.

Answer questions as follows:

a. 46 and 64
b. 322 and 800
c. 144 and 28
d. 16 xy and 9x²

In the number 1.23875;2 is the first decimal place,3 is the second decimal
place and so on.
1.239 is the same number correct to three decimal places.
1.2 is the same number accurate to one decimal place.

Reading Comprehension
The Cartesian diagram consist of two lines.The horizontal line is
called the X-axis,while the vertical line is called the y-axis.Both the axes
interest at the origin O.These two axes are called the co-ordinate axes.The
axes separate the diagram into four quadrants.The top right-hand quadrant
is known as the first quadrant,the top left and second,the bottom left the
third,the bottom right the fourth.Starting from the origin,label the points to
the rght on the X-axis 1,2,3,4,etc;and to the left -1,-2,-3,etc.Any pointin
the plane may be represented in relation to the two axes by two
numbers.For example,the point P is represented by two numbers,(x1,y1).
These numbers are called the co-ordinates of the point P.The x-co-
ordinate,x1,is called the abscissa of P.The y-co-ordiate y2,is called the co-
ordinateof P.The system is known as The Cartesian co-ordinate system.
B. Sequences
Sequences are numbers,arranged in lines according to certain
formulas,so that the numbers have the same grouping to be
developed.Some examples;
1) 2,3,5,7,11,….
2) 1,4,9,16,25,…
3) 1,8,27,64,….
4) ½,1/3,1/4,1/9,1/8
5) 1,2,6,24,120,..

We may regard a sequence is a function whose domain is a set of natural

numbers and range is arranged in lines according to certain formulas.If the
domain is finite,the sequence is called a finite sequenceOtherwise,it is an
infinite sequence.Generally,we can write follows:a1,a2,a3,…,an,….
a1,is the first term,a2 is the second term,and so on until an is infinite
sequence.
One of the interesting sequence is Fibonacci sequence
1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,…It has many applications in the natural,like physical
science and mathematics.
Arithmetic sequence is a sequence in which next term obtained by
adding its previous term with a number d,called difference.Geometric
sequence is a sequence in which next term obtained by multiplying its
previous term with a number r,called ratio.For example:4,5,6,7 is
arithmetic sequence with first term is 4 and difference is 1.And 7,14,28,56
is geometric sequence with first ter is 7 and ratio is 2.
There are two types of arithmetic sequence,they are ascending aritmatic
sequence anddescending arithmetic sequence.Ascending means the
sequence has positive difference,for example 2,4,6,8,10,the differenceis
2.Otherwise,descending means the sequence has negative difference,for
example:100,90,80,70,the difference is-10.
Like arithmetic sequence,geometric also has ascending and descending
geometric sequence.Ascending indicates that a term is greater than its
previous term,for example:3,9,27,81.Other wise,descending indicates a
term,for example:16,8,4,2.If the ratioof a geometric sequence negative,it is
called harmonious geometric sequence or alternately geometric sequence.
C. Series
Series are numbers,placed according to certain operational power,not
mathematical power.
Some examples:
1) 1+2+3+4+5+6+…..
2) 1+3+5+7+9+11+….
3) 1+4+9+16+25+…
4) 1+2+3+5+7+11+….
5) 2+3+4+5+6+…..

a. As successive values are added in this series,so the sequence gets

larger.1/2+1/4+1/8+1/16+1/32+…
b. As successive valuesare added to this series,so the approaches infinity
(~)

D. Convergence and Divergence Analysis

An expression of the form a1+a2+a3+a4+….+an+…is called an infinite
series.Members of a series a1,a2,a3,an…are called respectively the
first,second,third,…nth,etc.terms.Each term in a series can be calculated
from the preceding term by using a given rule.For example,in the series
11+10-9+8-7+6-5…,each term is found by adding or subtracting one to the
preceding term.
Although the number of terms in a series is infinite,the sum of terms
may have a finite limit.For example,the sum of series 1+1/2+1/4+1/8+…
Where each term is found by multiplying the preeding term by ½,gets
nearer and to 2 but never reaches it.2 is consequently said to be the limit of
the series,and the series said to be convergent.A series in which the sum
does not tend to a finite lmit is said to be divergent.
As in the series 1+2+3+4+…in all convergent series,the terms get
closer and closer to zero,but not all series in which the terms get closer and
closer to zero convergent.For example,the terms of the series
1+1/2+(1/3+1/4)+(1/5+1/6+1/7+1/8)+(1/9+1/10+…+1/16)+(1/17+1/18+…
+1/32)each sum in brackets is greater than ½,so the sum of the series is
always of the series greater than 1+1/2+1/2+1/2+…and the series is
divergent.
 Graphs of Trigonometri
In all convergent series,the terms get closer and closer to zero,but not all
series in which the terms get closer and closer to zero are convergent.

E. Vectors and Scalars

Listen to the passage and write down the word or phrase in each of the
following pairs which occur in the passage.
a. The second quantity/a second quantity
b. Both/boat
c. Express/expressed
d. Cylindrical/cylinder
e. 40/30
f. Both these/both of these
g. Location/locating
h. Consist/consists

Block/blog where /were

Little /title son/sun
Fine/wine life/live
17/7

F. Comparing and Contrasting

Thick line AB is approximately

three times as long as CD

The area of rectangle ABCD

isexactly twice the area of triangle
ABE.
G. Matrices
Definition : A matrix consist of numbers,which are arranged in rows
and columns,in the form of sequares or rectangles.Names of matrices use
capital letters,while the elements of matrices are small letters or numbers.

Look at the diagram,which shows a(n×m) matrix

a11
a21

M= a31

Matrices are numbers,arranged in rows and columns in the form of

rectangles or sequares.Use capital letters for the names of matrices and
small letters or numbers for their elements.

The elements of a matrix according to their position.

The example matrix below shows a simple 5×5
arrangement.Now,look at the elements of the matrix according to their
position.
5 is in the top left-hand corner of the matrix.
15 is immediately bellow 33
34 is immediately to the left of 16
6 is immediately above 24

Elements of matrices can be numbes of letters,depending on there

relationship with a mathematical identity.
H. Calculating and Processing Data Device
Some definitions:
1) A Computer is a machine that can calculate and manipulate data
according to a set of instructions.
2) Calculating means to compute,to determine (a number or value)
from some given information by some mathematical function or
algorithm.Calculating is the act or process of calculating,or a
record of the steps of such a process.

This computer consists of a plastic case,and about eighty keys.

a. The plastic case contains a power supply.

b. The keys include about thirty six digit keys,one decimal point
key,and so on.
c. The keys are arranged in thirteen colmns and even rows.
d. The middle row coprises letters digits and the
division,semicolon quotation,coma,enter,page down,and caps
lock signs.
e. The number in the display contains thousands of digits.

Computers are the machines that calculate and manipulate data

according to a set of instructions,written by people.

I. Puzzle
A man has three sons.When left alone with one of his brothers,the oldest
son always starts a fight.The man needs to cross a river using a boat that
can carry only two people.He also wants to avoid a fight if possible.
 LESSON PLAN

A. Standard of Competence
Understanding Algebra and its application.
B. Basic Competence
Compreheding Algebra and its application.
C. Indicators
Students can:
1) Explain definitions and kinds of fractions
2) Write some different examples of fractions.
3) Describe the definitios of sequences and series.
4) Determine kinds of matrices and their properties.
5) Identify kinds of element matrices.
6) Give some examples of sequences and series.
7) Determine differences between convergent and divergent
series.
8) Explain parts of computers.
9) Use computers as computational tools,teaching aid,and
checking answers.
D. Sources,Media,and Teaching Devices
1) The student book
2) The student worksheets.
3) Other contextual materials.
E. Teaching and Learning Stategies
Teaching and learning Models : Problem based learning Models.
Method : Discussion,Assignment,and Speech