type of linker examples broad meaning example

cause and effect because, so, accordingly, thus, consequently, introduces a reason and shows We had to wait because, it was
hence, therefore, as result raining.
comparison similarly, likewise, whereas, but, on the other identifies similarities between Life is difficult in extreme polls;
hand, except, by comparison, when compared two ideas similarly, it is horrible near the
to, equally, in the same way Equatorial regions.
contrast but, however, yet, still, even though, identifies differences between two Raj did not perform well in the
nevertheless, on the other hand, otherwise, ideas exam; nevertheless, he got a
after all, for all of that, on the contrary, distinction in English.
notwithstanding, in contrast, unlike, whereas,
instead of, alternatively, although
time at once, immediately, meanwhile, at length, in indicates time and frequency of The bell rang and the students left
the meantime, at the same time, in the end, events immediately.
when, then, as, before that, after that
and, also, even, again, moreover, further, adds ideas in support of the main It is very hot today; moreover, there
addition
furthermore, similarly, in addition, as well as idea is a power outage.
for example, such as, for instance, in this introduces illustrations in support I think he is very rich; for example,
example case, in another case, on this occasion, in this of the main idea he gave a hundred rupee note to a
situation, in this manner, to illustrate beggar.
first, second, third, next, then, following, now, shows the importance of the ideas There is a students’ procession
sequence at this point, after, after this, subsequently, by listing according to the priority today; therefore, they diverted the
eventually, finally, previously traffic.
draws conclusion by summarizing It is a love story, the actors
summary in brief, on the whole, in sum, to sum up, thus the ideas performed well, the direction is
excellent, the settings are beautiful;
 in brief, it is a good film.
Activity Rummy with Happy Families
Level: Intermediate to Advance
Age:
Purpose: Pronunciation
Skill area: Oral intelligibility/ suprasegmentals/ Syllable stress
Type: Whole Class Group Activity

Activity Procedures:
1. Copy and cut out the set of cards for each group of four or five students in the class. Color copies are attached for teachers
who are fortunate to have access to a color printer. Print out on the heaviest stock paper available and able to pass through the
color printer. The cards are designed to have the word face so that it is easy to hold the cards in one’s hard, as if they were playing
a regular game of cards, e.g., rummy.

2. Draw attention to the stress patterns and their relationships with the suffixes. Then drill the pronunciation of the words in each
family. You could also talk at this point about what parts of speech are formed by the addition of the suffixes. (Note: hospital is a
noun.)

3. Divide the class into groups of four or five. Nominate a monitor for each group.

4. Give each group a pack of cards and give each monitor a key. (See below)

5. Explain and/or give out the rules.

Rules:
1. The aim of the game is for each player to collect complete families of words such as: civility, civil, civilize, civilization.
2. The monitor deals out five cards to each player. Decide the order in which you are going to take turns.
3. Players take turns to request cards from any of the other players. For example: “Gina, can I have ‘civility’ please?” If the
player that you ask has the word, they must give it to the you. You can then ask either this player or any other player for another
card. If the player doesn’t have the card, take another card from the monitor. It becomes the next person’s turn. Those who know
Rummy will be familiar with how the game is played.
4. When you have a complete family, put the cards face down on the table (in Rummy the cards are placed face up.)
5. The player with the most families when all the families are complete, is the winner.

6. The job of the monitor is to make sure that players pronounce words correctly when asking for the card. If the players do not
pronounce the words correctly, the monitor should ask them to repeat the word. (The game can be prolonged and a little tougher
[nastier] if the student looses their turn if they don’t pronounce the word correctly. But then the onus is on the monitor and that
might not be nice!)

Key: Civil Civility Civilize Civilization

Equal Equality Equalize Equalization
Fertile Fertility Fertilize Fertilization
Final Finality Finalize Finalization
General Generality Generalize Generalization
Hospital Hospitality Hospitalize Hospitalization
Legal Legality Legalize Legalization
Mobile Mobility Mobilize Mobilization
National Nationality Nationalize Nationalization
Neutral Neutrality Neutralize Neutralization
Personal Personality Personalize Personalization
Real Reality Realize Realization
Stable Stability Stabilize Stabilization
Sterile Sterility Sterilize Sterilization

Source: Pronunciation Games, Mark Hancock, Cambridge University Press, 1995

Adapted with color and rules of Rummy by Fran Durbin

What’s the difference between i.e. and e.g.?

They may be small, but their power to befuddle writers and speakers of the English language is mighty.

The term i.e. is a shortening of the Latin expression id est, which translates to “that is.” It is used to introduce a rephrasing or
elaboration on something that has already been stated.
The term e.g. is an abbreviation of the Latin expression exempli gratia, meaning “for the sake of example” or more colloquially, “for
example.” This term is used to introduce examples of something that has already been stated.
Examples using i.e. and e.g.

Here is an example using i.e. “I like citrus fruits, i.e., the juicy, edible fruits with leathery, aromatic rinds.”
In this example, i.e. introduces an elaboration on citrus fruits.
Here is an example using e.g. “I like citrus fruits, e.g., tangerines, lemons, and limes.”
In this example, e.g. introduces examples of citrus fruits.

How do you correctly use i.e. and e.g.?

One easy way to remember the difference between these two abbreviations is by employing a simple mnemonic device: Think of
the i at the beginning of i.e. as a stand in for the first word in the phrase “in other words.”
 This indicates that the clause that follows will rephrase or explain the first part of the sentence.

E.g. is a little more straightforward since e stands for exempli meaning “example.”

And, remember that in formal writing, e.g. and i.e. are often set off in parentheses and followed by a comma; in less formal writing,
it is standard to place a comma before and after these terms.