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Backward Calculation of Soil Stiffness From the Loading Pile Test Using

Plaxis Software.

Gouw Tjie Liong


Faculty of Civil Engineering, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta
Krisandi Saptyanto
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta

ABSTRAK: Soil stiffness parameters (E), is a very important input parameter in the finite element method. The
accuracy of predicted settlement on foundation is depends on how accurate the soil stiffness value is inserted
into the finite element program. There are various ways to get the soil stiffness value, such as through triaxial
test, oedometer test, pressuremeter test or correlation with the data from SPT and CPT test. This paper presents
the soil stiffness parameters obtained through the backward calculation of the static pile loading test results. The
curve of the load against pile settlement obtained from the loading test will be matched with the results from the
PLAXIS program analysis. The input of E value will be adjusted, so that the PLAXIS analysis and the results of
the loading test reaches the suitable result. The analysis using test data from 15 unit bored pile foundation in
Jakarta. Furthermore the value of E which obtained from the backward calculation will be correlated to the N-
SPT value, N1 (60).
Keywords: Soil Stiffness, Static Loading Test, Plaxis, N SPT
ABSTRACT : Soil stiffness, E, is one of important factor to consider in geotechnical finite element analysis. The
predicted pile movement depends heavily on the accuracy of the inputted E value. Many ways can be used to
obtain this E values, e.g. through triaxial test, oedometer test, pressuremeter test, or correlation with CPT cone
resistance and/or SPT blow counts. This paper presents the E values derived from back analysis of pile static
loading test results. PLAXIS finite element software were used to model the piles. By looking into the soil profile,
the E values of the foundation soils were adjusted in such a way until the load settlement curve obtained from the
PLAXIS analysis more or less matched the actual load settlement curve of the corresponding piles. 15 bored pile
loading test results from Jakarta area were evaluated. Finally, the resulting E values were correlated with the
normalized SPT blow count, N1(60).
Keywords: Soil Stiffness, Static Loading Tests, Plaxis, N SPT

1. INTRODUCTION test; or through correlation with the value of cone


resistance, qc from CPT test or SP value. More often
In its function as a bearer and distributors of the estimated settlement obtained from the finite
load construction, pile foundation in addition element modeling results diverge when compared
should have a certain bearing capacity, the pile with the results of the static pile loading test. To
settlement which occurring must also be within solve that problem the author tried to study the soil
acceptable limits. pile settlement is much more stiffness parameter values by analyzing backward
difficult to be precisely estimated than bearing calculation the results of static bored pile loading
capacity. One of the ways to estimate the magnitude test.
of settlement on the pile foundation is using finite
element analysis. It required input parameters such 2. RESEARCH METHOD
as soil stiffness parameters, E. However, the
parameter E is generally not available directly in the The research began by collecting bored pile
soil test report. Geotechnical practitioners should test data (diameter 800mm - 1200mm ) from various
decrease this parameter through the results of projects around Jakarta area. In order to obtain
triaxial test, consolidation test, and pressure-meter correlation with soil data, loading test data which is
used are selected based on the following conditions: is a finite element method program specifically for
The farthest distance of soil inspection test point geotechnical applications. Pile is modeled with
(soil test borehole) should be approximately 5-10m axisymetri models, and using Hardening Soil Model
from the point of pile test; The available borelog for soil modeling (see Figure 2).
should have soil sampling and SPT test at least
every 2m depth; have data index properties. Based
on the above criteria, only about 15 test data is
obtained which is qualified those requirements.
The next step is to evaluate soil data to
obtain soil profile, soil shear strength, and the value
of the field representative SPT. Figure 1 shows one
of the derived field SPT values against the depth.
The field SPT value then normalized to the value of
N1(60) (see Gouw, 1994).

Figure 2 – Pile Modeling using PLAXIS

Figure 1 – Derived of field SPT value

Using obtained soil data profiles, loading test Figure 3 - Exp of PLAXIS Results vs Loading Test
is performed by software PLAXIS modeling, Plaxis
Figure 4 – E50ref (drained) vs N1(60)

For the initial input, the parameter E values tube by 60% of the SPT potential energy (which is
(notation in the PLAXIS is E50ref) estimated from the same with the weigh 63.5kg hammer multiplied by
SPT data. Loading stages in the PLAXIS software 76cm falling height ).
following the loading steps on the loading test data.
Then the PLAXIS calculations output, load against 3. RESULTS and DISCUSSION
settlement on the head of pile is plotted on one Figure 4 above shows the obtained results. At
curve. Plotting result from PLAXIS is compared to first glance seems that the data points distribution is
the actual static loading test results. When obtained irregular and difficult to obtain a good correlation
quite far deviation on the both load settlement curve, value.
PLAXIS calculation will be repeated by adjusting
the E value of soil layer. Such method will be From these results then the obtained data is
repeated systematically until the load settlement further studied and disaggregated depend on the soil
curve obtained from the PLAXIS analysis more or type. So E50ref values obtained from PLAXIS
less matched the actual load settlement curve of the calculations are classified based on soil types, as
corresponding piles. Figure 3 is an example of two well as the N1(60) value of SPT. As shown in Figure
backward calculations result. 5 and 6, seen that after disaggregated by the soil
data, more regular distribution data is obtained, and
After obtaining matched load settlement curve, can be classified in coarse grained soils (sand) and
then the E50ref value which is obtained will be fine-grained soil and fine-grained soil can be
correlated with the normalized SPT values, N1(60). subdivided into silt and clay soil.
Note: the number 1 in N1 (60) shows the normalized
number N SPT values in effective vertical soil stress
at 1 kg/cm2 (≈ 100kPa), number 60 in the notation
indicate the effective energy at the end of the SPT
• In sandy soil type with a correlation: the average
value E50ref (MPa) = 2.0 N1 (60) and the upper limit
E50ref (MPa) = 7.5 N1 (60)

As the closing, the author realized that the


correlations resulting from this research is still a
little rough because the data obtained only from 15
static loading tests. However, the results obtained
are quite convinced that the research using
backward calculation could be continued to get the
better correlation, and the correlation value obtained
so far can be used as an initial guide of soil stiffness
value for calculating foundation settlement,
especially for the settlement estimation in a single
Figure 5 - E50ref (drained) vs. N1 (60) for sandy soil pile.

5. REFERENCES

Atkinson. (2000). Non-Linier Soil Stiffness in Routine


Design, Geotechnique 50, 487-508.
Bowles, J.E. (1997). Foundation Analysis and Design,
5th edition. Singapore: McGraw-Hill. New York.
Das, B. M. (2007). Principles of Foundation Engineering
(Seven ed.). Stamford: Global Engineering.
Departement Of Transportation. (2007). Static Pile Load
Test Manual. New York: Geotechnical
Engineering Bureau.
Gouw, Tjie Liong. (1994). Sudah Standardkah Standard
Penetration Test Kita, 20. A Short Course
on Soil Investigation and Its Interpretation - The
Problems and Their Effect to Design and The
Problems Solving, by ISGE (HATTI), Jakarta,
June 6-8, 1994.
Figure 6 - E50ref (drained) vs. N1 (60) for fine-grained Handley, B., Ball, J., & Bell, A. (2006). Handbook on
soil Pile Load Testing. Beckenham: Federation of
Piling Specialists.
4. CONCLUSION PLAXIS b.v. (2011), PLAXIS Version 2011 Manual, Plaxis
BV, Netherlands.
Backward calculation (backward analysis) result
from static pile loading test data on the 800mm- Prakash, S., & D.Sharma, H. (1990). Pile Foundation In
Engineering Practice. New York: John Wiley &
1200mm diameter bore pile shows:
Sons, Inc.
Skempton, A.W (1986). Standard Penetration Test
• There is a range correlation between the E50ref vs
Prosedures and The Effect in Sand of
N1 (60) value. Overburden Pressure, Relative density, Particle
Size, Ageing and Overconsolidation.
• Relation between the E50ref vs N1 (60) value Goetechnique 36, 425-447.
depending on the soil type. Tomlimson. (2001). Foundation Design and
Construction (7th ed.). Edinburgh Gate: Prentice
• On clay and silt soil the correlation is: the average Hall.
value E50ref (MPa) = 1.3 N1 (60) and the upper limit
E50ref (MPa) = 4.0 N1 (60)

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