Bharat Electronics Limited

Summer Internship Report

08 May 2019 - 07 July 2019

Indian Institute Of Technology, Bhubaneswar

Odisha, 752050

ProjectGuide- Submitted by-

Mr.MohanLal Abhishek Dawachya
Dy.Manager(Central services) SES,IIT Bhubaneswar
BEL,Ghaziabad 16EE01040
Acknowledgement

I am very thankful to Bharat Electronics Ltd. Ghaziabad for giving me the

opportunity to undertake my summer training at your prestigious
organisation. It was a very good learning experience for me to have worked
at this site. I would like to convey my heartiest thanks to Mr. Mohan Lal, Dy.
Manager who was my mentor and project guide during the internship. Also,
I would like to thank Mr. Ankit , who assisted and guided me whenever I
needed. I am extremely thankful to Mr. Prabhat Vyas, HR Manager and Mr.
Brij Lal Meena DGM for providing me facilities to work in, without which this
work would not have been possible.

Last but not the least; I would like to thank all the staff of BEL family, for
being so helpful during this summer training.
Preface
Every student of School Of Electrical Sciences from IIT Bhubaneswar , has
an essential requirement to do 8 weeks of internship in any of the well
reputed organization. The purpose of this program is to acquaint the
students with practical applications of theoretical concepts taught to them
during conduct of their course. Really, it was a nice opportunity to have a
close comparison of theoretical concept in practical field. This report may
depict deficiencies on my part but still it is an output of a student’s efforts,
for which I beg pardon. The output of my analysis is summarized in a
shape of Internship the contents of the report Shows the detail of sequence
of these.
Index:
1. About BEL
2. Central Services works and Maintenance
3. 33 KV Substation
4. Diesel Generators
5. Relays
6.Conclusion
7.Reference
BHART ELECTRONICS LIMITED (BEL)

Government Of India, Ministry Of Defence (A Navratna Company)

In 1954, in a newly independent India, the need was utmost to develop

indigenous industry. The dream of a self-reliant India gave birth to many
Public Sector Undertakings. Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) was one
such dream, which has come a long way since then with the far-sighted
vision of its pioneers, the dedication and hard work of its employees,
support and faith of its customers and the Government of India. The
Government’s clarion call for ‘Make in India’ resonates with what BEL has
been successfully doing for over 6 decades.

From humble beginnings in 1954, when BEL was set up in association with
CSF, France (now, Thales), to manufacture basic communication
equipment, BEL now produces a wide range of state-of-the-art equipment
in fields such as Defence Communication, Radars, Naval Systems, C4I
Systems, Weapon Systems, Homeland Security, Telecom & Broadcast
Systems, Electronic Warfare, Tank Electronics, Electro Optics, Professional
Electronic Components and Solar Photovoltaic Systems, BEL also provides
turnkey system solutions. Civilian products from BEL include Electronic
Voting Machines, Tablet PC, solar-powered traffic signal systems and
Access Control Systems.

Starting from a single Unit in Jalahalli, Bangalore, BEL has established its
presence across the country by setting up eight other Units – in Ghaziabad,
Pune, Machilipatnam, Panchkula, Kotdwara, Navi Mumbai, Chennai and
Hyderabad. Each Unit has a specific product mix and customer focus. BEL
has also set up a wide network of offices and service centres countrywide
as well as two overseas offices – at New York and Singapore.

BEL was established to meet the specialized electronic equipment

requirements of the Indian Defence Services. While this continues to be its
prime focus, the Company has a significant presence in the civilian market,
too. BEL exports some of its products and services to a number of
countries as well.

BEL has been laying great emphasis on Research and Development right
from the early years. It has also been able to successfully partner as
production agency with many DRDO labs. From a meagre turnover of Rs.2
lakhs in 1956-57, BEL has grown manifold to record a turnover of Rs.7,510
crores (provisional) in 2015-16.
BEL is not only a successful business story but also an organization which
cares for people and society. Even before the term ‘Corporate Social
Responsibility’ gained currency, BEL has undertaken innumerable CSR
activities and continues to do them with a lot of passion and commitment.
BEL has set up educational institutions, including a special school for the
mentally challenged. It has also set up hospitals, fine arts clubs and sports
facilities. These and other welfare initiatives ensure a good quality of life for
employees and their dependents. Some of these facilities also serve the
local community. BEL is currently concentrating on promoting education,
sanitation, health care, rural development, employment and enhancing
vocational skills, while ensuring environmental sustainability.

'Clean and green' is true of every Unit of BEL. Concern for the environment
is visible in the profuse greenery in all the Units. Afforestation, effluent
treatment, used water recycling, generation and use of bio gas, rainwater
harvesting, green buildings, setting up and using wind energy and solar
energy power plants, to name a few, are some of the activities in this
direction.

Awards galore have come BEL’s way, recognizing its emphasis on

excellence. Recent accolades include India Today PSU Awards for ‘Best
Global Presence Award’, ‘Eco Friendly Award’ and ‘Best R&D Innovation
Award; Digital India PSE of the Year Award; Standing Conference of Public
Enterprises (SCOPE) Meritorious Award (Gold Trophy) for HR Excellence
for Best Practices in Human Resource Management; Mentor Graphics
Silicon India Leadership Award for ‘Best VLSI/Embedded Design in
Defence/Aerospace Sector’; International Aerospace Award for
‘Innovation’; SAP Award for Customer Excellence; SODET Gold Award for
‘Technology Innovation’; Government of Karnataka ‘State Export
Excellence Award’ in the Electronics & Communications (excluding IT/BT &
ITES sector) Medium/Large Industries sector; and Raksha Mantri’s Awards
for Excellence.

VISION
To be a world-class enterprise in professional electronics.

MISSION
To be a customer focussed, globally competitive company in defence
electronics and in other chosen areas of professional electronics, through
quality, technology and innovation.

OBJECTIVES
● To be a customer focussed company providing state-of-the-art
products & solutions at competitive prices, meeting the demands of
quality, delivery & service.
● To generate internal resources for profitable growth.
 ● To attain technological leadership in defence electronics through in-
house R&D, partnership with defence/research laboratories &
academic institutions.
● To give thrust to exports.
● To create a facilitating environment for people to realise their full
potential through continuous learning & team work.
● To give value for money to customers & create wealth for
shareholders.
● To constantly benchmark company's performance with best-in-class
internationally.
● To raise marketing abilities to global standards.
● To strive for self-reliance through indigenisation.

VARIOUS UNITS :

Its corporate office is at Bangalore. Bangalore complex is the BEL‟s

first and largest unit and it accounts for two-thirds of both the
company‟s turnover and manpower. This unit‟s product range
covers over 300 Defence and Civilian products. Ghaziabad is the
second largest unit of BEL and it specializes in radars,
communication equipments & microwave-components. In total BEL
has got 9 units. These are distributed in all over the India as:
BANGALORE (Corporate Office) GHAZIABAD PANCHKULA
MACHILIPATNAM PUNE HYDERABAD CHENNAI KOTDWARA
TALOJA Besides, there are two Central Research Laboratories (CRL)
 located at Bangalore and Ghaziabad, to address futuristic
technologies of interest to BEL.

FOCUS AREA IN BEL Ghaziabad

● Network Centric Systems

● Radars
● Antennae
● Satcom (Defence)
● Microwave Components
Central Services / Electrical Engineering
In central services dept. , I have to analyse and evaluate efficient working
of all projects and administer all processes and methods according to
required supply standards and systems.

The main work of central services is to supply power to all production units,
administrative block and other parts of factories.This whole department is
further divided into one main station, six substations and one CRL located
in company. The incoming power is supplied by Uttar Pradesh Vidyut
Board.Through 33KV power into Main-station here, power is stepped down
to 11KV using 33/11KV transformer (Step Down) of rating 7.5 MVA delta
star connected. The main switch is provided by Gang operated switch
(GOS) 33KV, Vacuum circuit Breaker. The VCB is used of rating 1250V ,
800A. The GOS is operated at OFF mode . This is operated when there is
some fault in incoming power line. In case of switch ON-Load , large
amount of sparks will be produced . There are 2 transformers situated at
main-substation. One is used at time and second one is used as standby
transformer. I.e. operated as a spare.

Current transformers and Potential transformers are used as measuring

device of current, voltage and power measurement . Lighting arrestors are
used at main to protect the station from lighting . For extra security ,2
different set of lighting arrestors are used one above the other so that the
equipments are not damaged.
There are 6 substations at BEL which receive the power from main at 11KV
and stepped down it to 433V for further use. These substations provide
power to different parts of the factory. Unit stations are also provided with
HP panels, trx’s ,RMVC (Ring Main Unit), LT panels, LA and GOS.

Each LT panel having 2 incomers with Air Circuit Breaker (ACB’s) and one
bus coupler.Outgoing feeder are having ACB’s, SFU’s and MCCB’s. In
case of power failure there are 5 generators which can provide supply.
These are of Skoda company and air standing type and need a pressure of
1000 pound for starting. These can develop a power of 325 hp. And
consume 300 litres/Hr diesel each. Each is composed of 6 cylinders , these
having a firing order of 15-36-24 to operate the cylinder in the same order .
Capacity is( 2250 KVA *2) and ( 1010 KVA*3).
Power Distribution Scheme Components -

Capacitor Bank to maintain power factor throughout (606 KVAR)

Transformer Rating - Delta to star 33/11KV, 7.5 MVA, Dynamo 11 OLTC
Group Operated Switches (GOS) 33 KV
Current Transformer (CT Ratio) 300A/1A/1A
Potential Transformer 1. 11 KV 1250A 2. 33KV 1250 A
Buses (Rear and Front)
Generators G1 and G2 - 2250 KVA, 400V
G3, G4, G5 and spare one - 1010KVA
What is Substation ??
► A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission,
and distribution system.
► Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or
 perform any of several other important functions.
► Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow
through several substations at different voltage levels.

Classification :
► Based on service
► • Transformer Substation – Transform power from one voltage to
another voltage
► • Switching Substation – Switching of power lines without transforming
voltages
► • Converting Substation – Conversion of AC - DC – AC (for HVDC
transmission)
► Based on voltage
► • High voltage Substation - 11kV and 66kV
► • Extra high voltage Substation - 132kV and 400kV
► • Ultra high voltage Substation – Voltages above 400kV
► Based on installation
► • Outdoor Substation
► • Indoor Substation (Air insulated or gas insulated)
► − Usually for < 66kV
► − Heavily polluted areas
► − Adverse climatic conditions
► − Need for high reliability
► − Space constraints

Substation types-
Open

Air Insulated

Gas Insulated
 Function of a substation:-
► The purpose of a substation is to 'step down' high voltage electricity
from the transmission system to lower voltage electricity so it can be
easily supplied to homes and businesses through our distribution lines.
► Supply electric power to consumers continuously
► • Supply of electric power within specified voltage limits
► • Shortest possible fault duration
► • Optimum efficiency of electrical network
► • Supply of electrical energy to consumers at lowest cost

Power Transmission -
A distribution substation is located near or inside city/town/village/industrial
area. It receives power from a transmission network. The high voltage from
the transmission line is then stepped down by a step-down transformer to
the primary distribution level voltage. Primary distribution voltage is usually
11 kV, but can range between 2.4 kV to 33 kV depending upon region or
consumer.

Radial Distribution System

This system is used only when substation or generating station is located at

the center of the consumers. In this system, different feeders radiate from a
substation or a generating station and feed the distributors at one end.
Thus, the main characteristic of a radial distribution system is that the
power flow is in only one direction. Single line diagram of a typical radial
distribution system is as shown in the figure below. It is the simplest system
and has the lowest initial cost.
Although this system is simplest and least expensive, it is not highly
reliable. A major drawback of a radial distribution system is, a fault in the
feeder will result in supply failure to associated consumers as there won't
be any alternative feeder to feed distributors.

Ring Main Distribution System

A similar level of system reliability to that of the parallel feeders can be

achieved by using ring distribution system. Here, each distribution
transformer is fed with two feeders but in different paths. The feeders in this
system form a loop which starts from the substation bus-bars, runs through
the load area feeding distribution transformers and returns to the substation
bus-bars. The following figure shows a typical single line diagram of a ring
main distribution system.
Ring main distribution system is the most preferred due to its following
advantages.

Advantages Of Ring Main Distribution System

■ There are fewer voltage fluctuations at consumer's terminal.

■ The system is very reliable as each distribution transformer is fed
with two feeders. That means, in the event of a fault in any
section of the feeder, the continuity of the supply is ensured from
the alternative path.

Elements of a substation:-

A: Primary power lines' side B: Secondary power lines' side 1. Primary

power lines 2. Ground wire 3. Overhead lines 4. Transformer for
measurement of electric voltage 5. Disconnect switch 6. Circuit breaker 7.
Current transformer 8. Lightning arrester 9. Main transformer 10. Control
building 11. Security fence 12. Secondary power lines

BUSBAR
• BUSBAR (or bus, for short)- An electrical bus bar is defined as a
conductor or a group of conductor used for collecting electric power from
the incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing feeders.

Busbars(long heavy tube type)

DISCONNECTS/Isolator -
Open an electrical circuit, isolating the downstream circuit for purposes of
inspection and maintenance. Low-voltage disconnect switches are often
used as main disconnecting devices in switchboards.

Disconnect Switch( moving contact rod & contacts with flexible fingers )
CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current,
typically resulting from an overload or short circuit.
Vacuum Circuit Breaker

A Vacuum circuit breaker is a circuit which vacuum is used to extinct the

arc. It has dielectric recovery character, excellent interruption and can
interrupt the high frequency current which results from arc instability,
superimposed on the line frequency current.

Circuit Breakers ( Connected in a 3-phase circuit and Operating

Mechanism Panel)

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
• CURRENT TRANSFORMER – Current transformers (CT) are a series
connected type of instrument transformer. They are designed to present
negligible load to the supply being measured and have an accurate current
ratio and phase relationship to enable accurate secondary connected
metering.

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
Voltage transformers (VT), also called potential transformers (PT), are a
parallel connected type of instrument transformer. They are designed to
present negligible load to the supply being measured and have an accurate
voltage ratio and phase relationship to enable accurate secondary
connected metering.
EARTHING SWITCH
• EARTHING SWITCH – also known as ground disconnect, which
used to connects the equipment to a grid of electrical
conductors buried in the earth on the station property. It is
intended to protect people working on the grounded
equipment. It does this by completing a circuit path, thereby
reducing the voltage difference between the equipment and
its surroundings.

Lightning Arresters
A lightning arrester is a device used to protect the insulation and
conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning.
The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground
terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar)
travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is
diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth.

Protection Device Used In Sub-station-

Different Types of Relays

Depending on the operating principle and structural features relays are of

different types such as electromagnetic relays, thermal relays, power varied
relays, multi-dimensional relays, and so on, with varied ratings, sizes and
applications.

1. Electromagnetic Relays

These relays are constructed with electrical, mechanical and magnetic

components, and have operating coil and mechanical contacts. Therefore,
when the coil gets activated by a supply system, these mechanical
contacts gets opened or closed. The type of supply can be AC or DC.
DC vs AC Relays

Both AC and DC relays work on the same principle as electromagnetic

induction, but the construction is somewhat differentiated and also depends
on the application for which these relays are selected. DC relays are
employed with a freewheeling diode to de-energize the coil, and the AC
relays uses laminated cores to prevent eddy current losses.

DC vs AC
Relays

The very interesting aspect of an AC is that for every half cycle, the
direction of the current supply changes; therefore, for every cycle the coil
loses its magnetism since the zero current in every half cycle makes the
relay continuously make and break the circuit. So, to prevent this –
additionally one shaded coil or another electronic circuit is placed in the AC
relay to provide magnetism in the zero current position.

Attraction Type Electromagnetic Relays

 Attraction Type Relays

These relays can work with both AC and DC supply and attract a metal bar
or a piece of metal when power is supplied to the coil. This can be a
plunger being drawn towards the solenoid or an armature being attracted
towards the poles of an electromagnet as shown in the figure. These relays
don’t have any time delays so these are used for instantaneous operation.

Induction Type Relays

These are used as protective relays in AC systems alone and are usable
with DC systems. The actuating force for contacts movement is developed
by a moving conductor that may be a disc or a cup, through the interaction
of electromagnetic fluxes due to fault currents.
 Induction Type Relays

These are of several types like shaded pole, watt-hour and induction cup
structures and are mostly used as directional relays in power-system
protection and also for high-speed switching operation applications.

Magnetic Latching Relays

These relays use permanent magnet or parts with a high remittance to

remain the armature at the same point as the coil is electrified when the coil
power source is taken away.

2. Solid State Relays

Solid State uses solid state components to perform the switching operation
without moving any parts. Since the control energy required is much lower
compared with the output power to be controlled by this relay that results
the power gain higher when compared to the electromagnetic relays. These
are of different types: reed relay coupled SSR, transformer coupled SSR,
photo-coupled SSR, and so on.

Solid State Relays

The above figure shows a photo coupled SSR where the control signal is
applied by LED and it is detected by a photo-sensitive semiconductor
device. The output form this photo detector is used to trigger the gate of
TRIAC or SCR that switches the load.

3. Hybrid Relay

These relays are composed of electromagnetic relays and electronic

components. Usually, the input part contains the electronic circuitry that
performs rectification and the other control functions, and the output part
include electromagnetic relay.

4. Thermal Relay

These relays are based on the effects of heat, which means – the rise in
the ambient temperature from the limit, directs the contacts to switch from
one position to other. These are mainly used in motor protection and
consist of bimetallic elements like temperature sensors as well as control
elements. Thermal overload relays are the best examples of these relays.

5. Reed Relay

Reed Relay

Reed Relays consist of a pair of magnetic strips (also called as reed) that is
sealed within a glass tube. This reed acts as both an armature and a
contact blade. The magnetic field applied to the coil is wrapped around this
tube that makes these reeds move so that switching operation is
performed.
Based on dimensions, relays are differentiated as micro miniature,
subminiature and miniature relays. Also, based on the construction, these
relays are classified as hermetic, sealed and open type relays.
Furthermore, depending on the load operating range, relays are of micro,
low, intermediate and high power types.

Relays are also available with different pin configurations like 3 pin, 4 pin
and 5 pin relays. The ways in which these relays are operated is shown in
the below figure. Switching contacts can be SPST, SPDT, DPST and
DPDT types. Some of the relays are normally open (NO) type and the other
are normally closed (NC) types.
Relays used in Main Substation-

1- Neutral Displacement Relay (24-250 DC)

2- Auxiliary RElay (220 volt DC)

3- High Speed Trip Relay (220 DC)

4- Dir o/c Relay (7.5 MVA , 33/11KV Trx )

Diesel generator
A diesel generator (also known as diesel genset) is the combination of a
diesel engine with an electric generator (often an alternator) to generate
electrical energy. This is a specific case of engine-generator. A diesel
compression-ignition engine is usually designed to run on diesel fuel, but
some types are adapted for other liquid fuels or natural gas.

Diesel generating sets are used in places without connection to a power

grid, or as emergency power-supply if the grid fails, as well as for more
complex applications such as peak-lopping, grid support and export to the
power grid.

Proper sizing of diesel generators is critical to avoid low-load or a shortage

of power. Sizing is complicated by the characteristics of modern
electronics, specifically non-linear loads. In size ranges around 50 MW and
above, an open cycle gas turbine is more efficient at full load than an array
of diesel engines, and far more compact, with comparable capital costs; but
for regular part-loading, even at these power levels, diesel arrays are
sometimes preferred to open cycle gas turbines, due to their superior
efficiencies.

Diesel generator set

The packaged combination of a diesel engine, a generator and various

ancillary devices (such as base, canopy, sound attenuation, control
systems, circuit breakers, jacket water heaters and starting system) is
referred to as a "generating set" or a "genset" for short.

Set sizes range from 8 to 30 kW (also 8 to 30 kVA single phase) for homes,
small shops and offices with the larger industrial generators from 8 kW (11
kVA) up to 2,000 kW (2,500 kVA three phase) used for large office
complexes, factories. A 2,000 kW set can be housed in a 40 ft (12 m) ISO
container with fuel tank, controls, power distribution equipment and all other
equipment needed to operate as a standalone power station or as a
standby backup to grid power. These units, referred to as power modules
are gensets on large triple axle trailers weighing 85,000 pounds (38,555 kg)
or more. A combination of these modules are used for small power stations
and these may use from one to 20 units per power section and these
sections can be combined to involve hundreds of power modules. In these
larger sizes the power module (engine and generator) are brought to site
on trailers separately and are connected together with large cables and a
control cable to form a complete synchronized power plant. A number of
options also exist to tailor specific needs, including control panels for
autostart and mains paralleling, acoustic canopies for fixed or mobile
applications, ventilation equipment, fuel supply systems, exhaust systems,
etc.

Diesel generators are not only for emergency power, but may also have a
secondary function of feeding power to utility grids either during peak
periods, or periods when there is a shortage of large power generators.In
the UK, this program is run by the national grid and is called STOR.

Ships often also employ diesel generators, sometimes not only to provide
auxiliary power for lights, fans, winches etc., but also indirectly for main
propulsion. With electric propulsion the generators can be placed in a
convenient position, to allow more cargo to be carried. Electric drives for
ships were developed before World War I. Electric drives were specified in
many warships built during World War II because manufacturing capacity
for large reduction gears was in short supply, compared to capacity for
manufacture of electrical equipment. Such a diesel-electric arrangement is
also used in some very large land vehicles such as railroad locomotives.

Generator size
Generating sets are selected based on the electrical load they are intended
to supply, the electrical load's characteristics such as kW, kVA, var,
harmonic content, surge currents (e.g., motor starting current) and non-
linear loads. The expected duty (such as emergency, prime or continuous
power) as well as environmental conditions (such as altitude, temperature
and exhaust emissions regulations) must also be considered.

Most of the larger generator set manufacturers offer software that will
perform the complicated sizing calculations by simply inputting site
conditions and connected electrical load characteristics.

Power plants – electrical "island" mode

One or more diesel generators operating without a connection to an
electrical grid are referred to as operating in island mode. Operating
generators in parallel provides the advantage of redundancy, and can
provide better efficiency at partial loads. The plant brings generator sets
online and takes them off line depending on the demands of the system at
a given time. An islanded power plant intended for primary power source of
an isolated community will often have at least three diesel generators, any
two of which are rated to carry the required load. Groups of up to 20 are not
uncommon.

Generators can be electrically connected together through the process of

synchronization. Synchronization involves matching voltage, frequency and
phase before connecting the generator to the system. Failure to
synchronize before connection could cause a high short circuit current or
wear and tear on the generator or its switchgear. The synchronization
process can be done automatically by an auto-synchronizer module, or
manually by the instructed operator. The auto-synchronizer will read the
voltage, frequency and phase parameters from the generator and busbar
voltages, while regulating the speed through the engine governor or ECM
(Engine Control Module).

Load can be shared among parallel running generators through load

sharing. Load sharing can be achieved by using droop speed control
controlled by the frequency at the generator, while it constantly adjusts the
engine fuel control to shift load to and from the remaining power sources. A
diesel generator will take more load when the fuel supply to its combustion
system is increased, while load is released if fuel supply is decreased.

Supporting main utility grids

In addition to their well known role as power supplies during power failures,
diesel generator sets also routinely support main power grids worldwide in
two distinct ways:

Grid support

Emergency standby diesel generators, such as those used in hospitals and

water plants, are, as a secondary function, widely used in the US and, in
the recent past, in Great Britain to support the respective national grids at
times for a variety of reasons. In the UK the tenders known as the Short
Term Operating Reserve have exhibited quite variable prices, and from
2012 the volume of demand-side participation, which mainly entails the use
of on-site diesels, has dropped as the tendered prices fell. Some 0.5 GWe
of diesels have at times been used to support the National Grid, whose
peak load is about 60 GW. These are sets in the size range 200 kW to 2
MW. This usually occurs during, for example, the sudden loss of a large
conventional 660 MW plant, or a sudden unexpected rise in power demand
eroding the normal spinning reserve available.

This is beneficial for both parties - the diesels have already been
purchased for other reasons; but to be reliable need to be fully load tested.
Grid paralleling is a convenient way of doing this. This method of operation
is normally undertaken by a third party aggregator who manages the
operation of the generators and the interaction with the system operator.

These diesels can in some cases be up and running in parallel as quickly

as two minutes, with no impact on the site (the office or factory need not
shut down). This is far quicker than a base load power station which can
take 12 hours from cold, and faster than a gas turbine, which can take
several minutes. Whilst diesels are very expensive in fuel terms, they are
only used a few hundred hours per year in this duty, and their availability
can prevent the need for base load station running inefficiently at part load
continuously. The diesel fuel used is fuel that would have been used in
testing anyway.

In Great Britain, National Grid can generally rely upon about 2 GW of

customer demand reduction via back-up diesels being self-despatched for
about 10 to 40 hours a year at times of expected peak national demand.
National Grid does not control these diesels - they are run by the customer
to avoid "triad" transmission network use of system (TNUoS) charges which
are levied only on consumption of each site, at the three half-hours of peak
national demand. It is not known in advance when the three half-hours of
peak national demand (the "triad" periods) will be, so the customer must
run his diesels for a good deal more half-hours a year than just three.

The total capacity of reliably operable standby generation in Britain is

estimated to be around 20 GW, nearly all of which is driven by diesel
engines. This is equivalent to nearly 29% of the British system peak,
although only a very small fraction will ever be generating at the same time.
Most plant is for large offices blocks, hospitals, supermarkets, and various
installations where continuous power is important such as airports.
Therefore, most is in urban areas, particularly city and commercial centres.
It is estimated that around 10% of plant exceeds 1 MW, about 50% is in the
200 kW-1 MW range, and the remaining 40% is sub-200 kW. Although it is
growing, only a very small proportion is believed to be used regularly for
peak lopping, the vast majority just being only for standby generation. The
information in this paragraph is sourced from section 6.9 of the government
report : "Overcoming Barriers To Scheduling Embedded Generation To
Support Distribution Networks"

Increasing use of banks of diesel generators (known as "diesel farms") is

being made in Britain to balance the fluctuating output from renewable
energy sources, such as wind farms.

A similar system to Great Britain's Short Term Operating Reserve operates

in France. It is known as EJP; at times of grid stress, special tariffs can
mobilize at least 5 GW of diesel generating sets to become available. In
this case, the diesels prime function is to feed power into the grid.

During normal operation in synchronization with the electricity net,

powerplants are governed with a five percent droop speed control. This
means the full load speed is 100% and the no load speed is 105%. This is
required for the stable operation of the net without hunting and dropouts of
power plants. Normally the changes in speed are minor. Adjustments in
power output are made by slowly raising the droop curve by increasing the
spring pressure on a centrifugal governor. Generally this is a basic system
requirement for all powerplants because the older and newer plants have to
be compatible in response to the instantaneous changes in frequency
without depending on outside communication.

Cost of generating electricity-

Typical operating costs

Fuel consumption is the major portion of diesel plant owning and operating
cost for power applications, whereas capital cost is the primary concern for
backup generators. Specific consumption varies, but a modern diesel plant
will at its near-optimal 65-70% loading, generate at least 3 kWh per litre
(ca. 30% fuel efficiency ratio).

Generator sizing and rating

Rating
Generators must provide the anticipated power required reliably and
without damage and this is achieved by the manufacturer giving one or
more ratings to a specific generator set model. A specific model of a
generator operated as a standby generator may only need to operate for a
few hours per year, but the same model operated as a prime power
generator must operate continuously. When running, the standby generator
may be operated with a specified - e.g. 10% overload that can be tolerated
for the expected short running time. The same model generator will carry a
higher rating for standby service than it will for continuous duty.
Manufacturers give each set a rating based on internationally agreed
definitions.

These standard rating definitions are designed to allow valid comparisons

among manufacturers, to prevent manufacturers from misrating their
machines, and to guide designers.

Generator Rating Definitions

Standby Rating based on Applicable for supplying emergency power for

the duration of normal power interruption. No sustained overload capability
is available for this rating. (Equivalent to Fuel Stop Power in accordance
with ISO3046, AS2789, DIN6271 and BS5514). Nominally rated.

Typical application - emergency power plant in hospitals, offices, factories

etc. Not connected to grid.

Prime (Unlimited Running Time) Rating: Should not be used for

Construction Power applications. Output available with varying load for an
unlimited time. Typical peak demand 100% of prime-rated ekW with 10% of
overload capability for emergency use for a maximum of 1 hour in 12.A
10% overload capability is available for limited time. (Equivalent to Prime
Power in accordance with ISO8528 and Overload Power in accordance
with ISO3046, AS2789, DIN6271, and BS5514). This rating is not
applicable to all generator set models.

Typical application - where the generator is the sole source of power for
say a remote mining or construction site, fairground, festival etc.

Base Load (Continuous) Rating based on: Applicable for supplying

power continuously to a constant load up to the full output rating for
unlimited hours. No sustained overload capability is available for this rating.
Consult authorized distributor for rating. (Equivalent to Continuous Power in
accordance with ISO8528, ISO3046, AS2789, DIN6271, and BS5514). This
rating is not applicable to all generator set models

Typical application - a generator running a continuous unvarying load, or

paralleled with the mains and continuously feeding power at the maximum
permissible level 8,760 hours per year. This also applies to sets used for
peak shaving /grid support even though this may only occur for say 200
hours per year.

As an example if in a particular set the Standby Rating were 1000 kW, then
a Prime Power rating might be 850 kW, and the Continuous Rating 800
kW. However these ratings vary according to manufacturer and should be
taken from the manufacturer's data sheet.
Often a set might be given all three ratings stamped on the data plate, but
sometimes it may have only a standby rating, or only a prime rating.

Sizing

Typically however it is the size of the maximum load that has to be

connected and the acceptable maximum voltage drop which determines
the set size, not the ratings themselves. If the set is required to start
motors, then the set will have to be at least three times the largest motor,
which is normally started first. This means it will be unlikely to operate at
anywhere near the ratings of the chosen set.

Many gen-set manufacturers have software programs that enable the

correct choice of set for any given load combination. Sizing is based on site
conditions and the type of appliances, equipment, and devices that will be
powered by the generator set.

Fuels
Diesel fuel is named after diesel engines, and not vice versa; diesel
engines are simply compression-ignition engines, and can operate on a
variety of different fuels, depending on configuration and location. Where a
gas grid connection is available, gas is often used, as the gas grid will
remain pressurized during almost all power cuts. This is implemented by
introducing gas with the intake air and using a small amount of diesel fuel
for ignition. Conversion to 100% diesel fuel operation can be achieved
instantaneously.In more rural situations, or for low load factor plant, diesel
fuel derived from crude oil is a common fuel; it is less likely to freeze than
heavier oils. Endurance will be limited by tank size. Diesel engines can
work with the full spectrum of crude oil distillates, from natural gas,
alcohols, gasoline, wood gas to the fuel oils from diesel oil to cheaper
residual fuels that are like lard at room temperature, and must be heated to
enable them to flow down a fuel line.Larger engines (from about 3 MWe to
30 MWe) sometimes use heavy oils, essentially tars, derived from the end
of the refining process. The slight added complexity of keeping the fuel oil
heated to enable it to flow, whilst mitigating the fire risks that come from
over-heating fuel, make these fuels unpopular for smaller, often unmanned,
generating stations.

Other possible fuels include: biodiesel, straight vegetable oil, animal fats
and tallows, glycerine, and coal-water slurry. These should be used with
caution and due to the composition, normally have a detrimental effect on
engine life.

Role of Internee during Internship “I learned how to adjust myself in

the work environment, how to deal with people at work - from the boss to
the janitors. It’s a good and quality experience; The necessary kind of
experience as it helps you realize what you want in future. “Also got the
opportunity to evaluate myself under these stressful conditions”
Conclusion:

It was a wonderful learning experience at BHARAT ELECTRONICS

LIMITED for eight weeks in Ghaziabad. I gained a lot of insight regarding
almost every aspect of plant. I was given exposure in almost all the
departments at the plant. The friendly welcome from all the employees is
appreciating, sharing their experience and giving their peace of wisdom
which they have gained in long journey of work. I am very much thankful for
the wonderful facility from BEL. I hope this experience will surely help me in
my future and also in shaping my career. I am pretty sure that this facility
has ability to achieve its goals as stated in vision statement.by following
their quality statement. “We are committed to comply with customer
requirements and Quality Management System Requirements and shall
strive to continually improve the effectiveness of our Quality Management
System to exceed customer expectations”

References:

1.www.elprocus.com

2.en.wikipedia.org

3. www.bel.co.in