UNIT I ENERGY PRINCIPLES

Contents:

• Strain energy and strain energy density

• Strain energy due to axial load
• Strain energy due to shear
• Strain energy due to flexure
• Strain energy due to torsion

• Castigliano’s theorems
• Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem
• Principle of virtual work
• Application of energy theorems for computing deflections in beams and
trusses

• Williot Mohr's Diagram

 UNIT I ENERGY PRINCIPLES
• References:
 Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston Jr., John T.
Dewolf, “Mechanics of Materials” McGraw-Hill, New
York, 2006.
 Punmia B.C.,"Theory of Structures" (SMTS) Vol II,
Laxmi Publishing Pvt Ltd, New Delhi 2004.
 Rattan.S.S., "Strength of Materials", Tata McGraw Hill
Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2011.
 Rajput R.K., "Strength of Materials (Mechanics of
Solids)", S.Chand & company Ltd., New Delhi, 2010.
 Strain energy
• Strain Energy of the elastic body is defined as the
internal work done by the external load in deforming
or straining the body.
• Strain energy is always scalar quantity.

• When an elastic body is deformed under external

loading, work is done. The used energy is stored in the
body as strain energy and is recovered without loss on
removal of the load.
• Example: Clockwork device stores strain energy and
then gives it up.
 Strain energy

• Strain energy is associated with different forms of

stress encountered in structures.
• Different forms of stress are direct stress, shear stress,
bending stress and torsion stress.

• Strain energy concept is useful to calculate deflection

of structures.
• Strain energy is usually denoted by symbol U.
𝑓2
• Strain energy, U= × volume
2𝐸
 Strain energy due to axial load
• A uniform cross sectional rod is subjected to a gradually
increasing axial load.

• Theelementary work done by the load P as the rod

elongates by a small amount 𝑑𝑥 is
dU  P dx  elementary work
which is equal to the area of width dx under the load-
deformation diagram.
Strain energy due to axial load
• The total work done by the load P for a
deformation x1 results in an increase of
strain energy
x1
U   P dx  total work  strain energy
0

• In the case of a linear elastic deformation,

x1
U   kx dx  12 kx12  12 P1x1
0
 Strain energy density
• To eliminate the effects of size,
evaluate the strain- energy per
unit volume,
x1
U P dx
V
 A L
0
1
u    x d  strain energy density
0
• The total strain energy density resulting from the
deformation is equal to the area under the curve to 1.
 Strain energy density
• As the material is unloaded, the
stress returns to zero but there
is a permanent deformation.
• Only the strain energy
represented by the triangular
area is recovered.

• Remainder of the energy spent in deforming the

material is dissipated as heat.
 Strain energy density
• The strain energy density resulting
from setting 𝜀 1 = 𝜀 R is the modulus
of toughness.
• The energy per unit volume
required to cause the material to
rupture is related to its ductility
as well as its ultimate strength.
• If the stress remains within the proportional limit,
1
E1
2
1
2
u   E1 d x  
2 2E
0
 Strain energy density

• The strain energy density

resulting from setting σ1 = σY
is the modulus of resilience.

Y
2
uY   modulus of resilience
2E
 Strain energy density
• Strain energy per unit volume of the material is
known as strain energy density or resilience.
𝑈
• Resilience, u=
𝑉
• When the stress 𝑓 is equal to proof stress, 𝑓𝑝 at the
elastic limit, the corresponding resilience is known as
𝑓𝑝2
proof resilience, up =
2𝐸
• The proof resilience is known as modulus of
resilience. It is the property of the material. It’s unit is
N-m/m3= N/m2
 Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses
• (a) Due to axial force:
• In an element with a nonuniform stress
distribution,

U dU
u  lim  U   u dV  total strain energy
V 0 V dV

• For values of u < uY , i.e., below the proportional limit,

x
2
U  dV  elastic strain energy
2E
 Strain energy due to axial force
• A member subjected to an external load W.
• Let the extension of the member be ‘δ’.
• Since the load is applied gradually, the magnitude
of the load is increased gradually from zero to the
value ‘W’ and the member also has gradually A
extended.
• External work done, 𝑊𝑒 = Avg.load × displacement δ
0+𝑊 1 w
= ×δ= Wδ.
2 2
w
• Let the energy stored by the member be 𝑊𝑖 .
• We have 𝑊𝑒 =𝑊𝑖 ,
• Let the tension in the member be ‘S’.
• For the equilibrium of the member, S = W.
 Strain energy due to axial force (contd…)
𝑆
• Tensile stress, 𝑓 =
𝐴
𝑓 𝑆
• Tensile strain, e = =
𝐸 𝐴𝐸
• Where E is the young’s modulus of the material.
𝑆𝑙 A
• Change in length, δ= e× 𝑙 =
𝐴𝐸
1
• Strain energy stored = work done = Wδ δ
2
w
1 𝑆𝑙 𝑠2𝑙
𝑈𝐴 = ×𝑆× = w
2 𝐴𝐸 2𝐴𝐸

𝑠2 𝑙
∴ 𝑈𝐴 =
2𝐴𝐸
𝑠2𝑙 𝑓2
• Strain energy stored per unit volume = ÷ 𝐴𝑙 =
2𝐴𝐸 2𝐸
 Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses

 x2
U  dV  elastic strain energy
2E
• Under axial loading,  x  P A dV  A dx
L
P2
U  dx
2 AE
0
• For a rod of uniform cross-section,
2
P L
U
2 AE
 Problems
Problem 1:
A steel bar 15 mm in diameter is pulled axially by a load
of 10 KN. If the bar is 250mm long. Calculate the strain
energy stored by the bar. Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm2.
 Problems
Solution:
d = 15 mm, P=10 kN, l=250 mm and E= 2× 105N/mm2

 1
Cross sectional area of the bar, A  176.71mm2
4

P2L
Strain energy stored by the bar, U 
2 AE

10×1000 2 ×250
𝑈= =353.69 N-mm
2×176.71×2×105
 Elastic Strain Energy due to axial force
• What is the strain energy in a bar of conical section subjected
to axial load P?

D
d
P P
 Elastic Strain Energy due to axial force
L
𝑥 𝛿𝑥 D
d
P P
𝐷−𝑑
• 𝑑𝑥 = d + 𝑥
𝐿
= 𝑑 + 𝑘𝑥
𝑃2 𝛿𝑥
Strain energy of small length =
2𝐴𝑥 𝐸
𝐿 𝑃2
Strain energy of whole bar = 0 2𝜋 𝑑+𝑘𝑥 2 𝐸
𝑑𝑥
4
2𝑃2 𝐿
∴ U=
𝜋𝐸𝑑𝐷
 Elastic Strain Energy due to axial force
• What is the strain energy in a bar of trapezoidal section
subjected to axial load P?

P b B P
 Elastic Strain Energy due to axial force
L t
𝑥
𝐵−𝑏
𝑏𝑥 = b + 𝑥 P b B P
𝐿
= 𝑏 + 𝑘𝑥
𝑃2 𝛿𝑥
Strain energy of small length =
2𝐴𝑥 𝐸

𝐿 𝑃2
Strain energy of whole bar = 0 2 𝑏+𝑘𝑥 𝑡𝐸
𝑑𝑥

𝑃2 𝐿 𝐵
∴𝑈= log 𝑒
2 𝐵 − 𝑏 𝑡𝐸 𝑏
 Elastic Strain Energy due to axial force
• A steel bar is acted upon by forces as shown in the following
Figure. Determine the strain energy stored in the bar if A is the
area of cross section of the bar and E is the modulus of elasticity.

A B C D
5P 2P P
L/3 L/3 L/3
 Elastic Strain Energy due to axial force
A B C D
5P 2P P
L/3 L/3 L/3
• For segment CD, force at D=force at C= P

P P
C D
• For segment BC, force at C=force at B= 3P

3P 3P
C D
• For segment AB, force at B=force at A= 2P (Comp.)

2P 2P
C D
 Elastic Strain Energy due to axial force
𝑃2 𝐿
• Total strain energy =
2𝐴𝐸
𝐿/3
= 𝑃2 + 3𝑃 2
+ −2𝑃 2
2𝐴𝐸
7𝑃2 𝐿
• ∴𝑈=
3𝐴𝐸
 Elastic Strain Energy due to axial force
• What is the expression for strain energy of a prismatic bar under
its own weight.

L
 Elastic Strain Energy due to axial force
Weight per unit volume of the bar = w
Weight of the bar below the small section,
𝑤𝑥 = 𝑤𝐴𝑥

𝑤𝐴𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 L
Strain energy of the element = 𝛿𝑥
2𝐴𝐸

𝐿 𝑤𝐴𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Total strain energy = 0
2𝐴𝐸
2
𝑤 𝐴 𝐿 2
= 2𝐸 0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑤 2 𝐴𝐿3
∴𝑈=
6𝐸
 Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses
• (b) Due to transverse load on beams:
• For a beam subjected to a
transverse load (i.e., beam is
under bending),
My
x 
I
 x2 M 2 y2
U  dV   2
dV
2E 2 EI
Setting dV = dA dx, L
M2
∴ U  dx
M  2 
L 2 2 L 2
M y 2 EI
U  A 2 EI 2 dA dx  0 2 EI 2  A y dA  dx 0
0
Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses
• For an end-loaded cantilever beam find the strain
energy and deflection at the free end of the beam.

M   Px

L
M2
U  dx
2 EI P 2 L3
∴U 
0

L
P2 x2 P 2 L3 6 EI
 dx 
0
2 EI 6 EI
 Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses

1
• Work done by the external load, 𝑊𝑒 = Pδ
2
• We know 𝑊𝑒 =U
1 𝑃2 𝐿3
• ∴ Pδ =
2 6𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝐿3
• and hence, 𝛿 =
3𝐸𝐼
 Problems
Problem 1:

Taking into account only the normal stresses due to

bending, determine the strain energy of the beam for the
loading shown.
 Problems
• Solution:
• Determine the reactions at A
and B from a free-body
diagram of the complete
beam.
Pb Pa
RA  RB 
L L

• Develop a diagram of
the bending moment
distribution.
Pb Pa
M1  x M2  v
L L
 Problems
• Integrate over the volume of the
beam to find the strain energy.
a b
M12 M 22
U  dx   dv
2 EI 2 EI
0 0
a 2 b 2
Over the portion AD, 1  Pb  1  Pa 
   x
2 EI  L 
 dx    x  dx
2 EI  L 
Pb 0 0
M1  x
L 1 P 2  b 2a3 a 2b3  P 2a 2b 2
 2 3


 2
a  b 
Over the portion BD, 2 EI L  3  6 EIL

Pa
M2  v P 2a 2b 2
L U
6 EIL
Strain energy for shearing stress
• For a material subjected to plane shearing
 xy
stresses,
u  xy d xy
0
• For values of xy within the proportional
limit,
 xy
2
u  2 G xy  2  xy  xy 
1 2 1
2G
• The total strain energy is found from
U   u dV

 xy
2
 dV
2G
Strain energy for shearing stress
• For a shaft subjected to a torsional load,
 xy
2
T 2 2
U  dV   2
dV
2G 2GJ

• Setting dV = dA dx,
T 2  2 
L L
T 2 2
U   dA dx   2
 dA dx
2GJ 2
2GJ  A 
0A 0 
T
 xy  L
J T2
 dx
2GJ
0

• In the case of a uniform shaft,

T 2L
U 
2GJ
 Problems
• A portal frame ABCD has its end A hinged and end D is placed
on-rollers. A horizontal force P is applied on the end D as shown
in the following Figure. Determine the horizontal movement of
D. Assume all members have the same flexural rigidity.

b
B C

A D
P
 Problems
• Solution: 𝑥
b
B C
There will be a horizontal reaction P at A.
Strain energy stored by the frame, U
= Strain energy stored by the columns h
+ Strain energy stored by the beam
𝐿 𝑀2 Y
∴𝑈= dx AY D
0 2𝐸𝐼 P P
ℎ 𝑏
𝑃2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑃2 ℎ2 𝑑𝑥
=2 +
2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
0 0
𝑃 2 ℎ3 𝑃 2 ℎ2 𝑏 𝑃 2 ℎ3 𝑃 2 ℎ2 𝑏
=2× + = +
6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
2
𝑃 ℎ 2
= 2ℎ + 3𝑏
6𝐸𝐼
 Problems
𝑃2 ℎ 2 𝑥
• U= 2ℎ + 3𝑏 b
6𝐸𝐼 B C

• Let the horizontal movement of D be 𝛿

h

1
• External work done, 𝑊𝑒 = Pδ Y
2 Y
A D
P P
• We know, 𝑊𝑒 = U 𝛿
1 𝑃2 ℎ 2
• ∴ Pδ = 2ℎ + 3𝑏
2 6𝐸𝐼

𝑃ℎ2
• ∴𝛿= 2ℎ + 3𝑏
3𝐸𝐼
 Problems
• Find the strain energy stored in the cantilever beam subjected
to u.d.l. of w/m for whole span.

W kN/m

‘L’ m 𝑥

𝑊𝑥 2
• 2
𝑀𝑥 =
𝐿 𝑀𝑥 2
𝑈= 0 2𝐸𝐼
dx
𝑊 2 𝐿5
∴𝑈=
40𝐸𝐼
 Problems - Strain energy stored in a Truss
• Problem :
• A cantilever truss ABCDE is hinged at two points A and E. E is 2 m
below A. EDC is the horizontal bottom chord, C being the free
end. ED=DC=2m. AB=BC. BD and BE are the vertical and diagonal
members. The truss is loaded with 20 kN loads at C and D. Cross
sectional area of each member is 8 cm2. Find the strain energy
stored in the truss. E=2× 105 MPa.
 Strain energy stored in a Truss
A cantilever truss ABCDE is hinged at two points A and E. E is 2 m below A.
EDC is the horizontal bottom chord, C being the free end. ED=DC= 2m
AB=BC. BD and BE are the vertical and diagonal members.

The truss is loaded with 20 kN loads at C and D.

Cross sectional area of each
member is 8 cm2. Find the strain
A energy stored in the truss.
E=2× 105 MPa.
2m B

1m
C
E 2m D 2m

20 kN 20 kN
 Strain energy stored in a Truss
• Solution: Let us first determine the forces in the various members.
• For the equilibrium of joint C,
A
𝑷𝑪𝑩
𝜃 C 𝑷𝑪𝑫
2m B

1m
20 kN 𝜃 C
E 2m D 2m
Resolving vertically,
20 kN 20 kN
𝑃𝐶𝐵 sin 𝜃=20 ∴ 𝑃𝐶𝐵 = 20 5 kN.
Resolving horizontally, 1
sin 𝜃 =
𝑃𝐶𝐷 = 𝑃𝐶𝐵 cos 𝜃 5
2
= 20 5 × = 40 kN. cos 𝜃 =
2
5
5
∴ 𝑃𝐶𝐷 = 40 𝑘𝑁.
 Deflection of Trusses Problems
• For the equilibrium of joint D,
𝑃𝐷𝐵 A

D
40 𝑃𝐷𝐸 2m B
20 5
1m
40 C
20 kN E 2m D 2m
Resolving vertically, 20 kN 20 kN
𝑃𝐷𝐵 =20 kN.

Resolving horizontally,
𝑃𝐷𝐸 = 40 𝑘𝑁
 Deflection of Trusses Problems
• For the equilibrium of joint B,
𝑃𝐵𝐴 A
𝑃𝐵𝐸
𝜃 𝜃 B
2m
B 20 5
20 5
20 1m
𝜃 C
20 kN
E 2m D 2m
20 kN 20 kN
Resolving vertically,
𝑃𝐵𝐴 sin 𝜃 + 𝑃𝐵𝐸 sin 𝜃 = 20 + 20 5 sin 𝜃
1 1 1
𝑃𝐵𝐴 × + 𝑃𝐵𝐸 × = 20 + 20 5 ×
5 5 5
𝑃𝐵𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵𝐸 = 20 + 20 5
𝑃𝐵𝐴 = 40 5 − 𝑃𝐵𝐸 -------(1) 1
sin 𝜃 =
5
 Deflection of Trusses Problems
• For the equilibrium of joint B,
𝑃𝐵𝐴 A
𝑃𝐵𝐸
𝜃 𝜃 B
𝜃 2m
B 20 5
20 5
20 1m
𝜃 C
20 kN
E 2m D 2m
𝑃𝐵𝐴 = 40 5 − 𝑃𝐵𝐸 ------(1) 20 kN 20 kN
Resolving horizontally,
𝑃𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 𝑃𝐵𝐸 cos 𝜃 + 20 5 cos 𝜃
𝑃𝐵𝐴 = 𝑃𝐵𝐸 + 20 5
Substitute eq.(1) in the above eq.
40 5 − 𝑃𝐵𝐸 = 𝑃𝐵𝐸 + 20 5 ∴ 𝑃𝐵𝐴 = 30 5 kN
𝑃𝐵𝐸 = 10 5 kN
 Deflection of Trusses Problems
𝑃2 𝐿 A
• Strain energy, 𝑈 = 30 5
2𝐴𝐸

2m B
10 5 20 5
20 1m
40 40 C
E 2m D 2m
20 kN 20 kN

2
1 ( 20 5 × 5) + (402 × 2) + (202 × 1)
• U= 2 2
2×8×10−4 ×2×108
+ 402 × 2 + ( 10 5 × 5) + ( 30 5 × 5)

∴ 𝑈 =0.07016 kNm
 Problems
A simply supported beam is loaded as shown in Figure.
Determine the strain energy stored due to bending and
deflection at centre of the beam.

W kN

C B
A
L/2 m L/2 m

Xm
 Problems
• Solution: W kN
Xm
C B
A
𝑊𝑥
𝑀𝑥 = L/2 m L/2 m
2
𝑊 𝑊
2 2
𝐿 𝑀𝑥 2
𝑈= 0 2𝐸𝐼
dx
𝜕𝑈 𝑊𝐿3
𝛿= =
𝜕𝑊 48𝐸𝐼
𝑊 2 𝐿3
∴𝑈=
96𝐸𝐼
 Problems
• Problem :
A simply supported beam is loaded as shown in Figure.
Determine the strain energy stored due to bending E=
210 GN/m2.

15 kN
9 cm
C B
A
3m 1.5 m
6 cm
Xm
 Problems
15 kN
• Solution:
Calculation of reactions: C
B
A
𝑅𝐴 × 4.5 = 15 × 1.5 Xm
∴ 𝑅𝐴 = 5 kN. 3m 1.5 m
5 kN

Consider the section X X at a distance X from A,

𝑀𝑥 = 5𝑥, → limits x= 0 to 3 m
𝑀𝑥 = 5𝑥 − 15(𝑥 − 3), → limits 𝑥 = 3 𝑡𝑜 4.5 𝑚
𝑙
𝑀𝑥 2
Strain energy, 𝑈= 𝑑𝑥
0 2 𝐸𝐼
 Problems
1 3 2 4.5 2 𝑑𝑥
• ∴𝑈= 0
25𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3
5𝑥 − 15(𝑥 − 3)
2𝐸𝐼
3 4.5
1
= 25𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 100𝑥 2 + 2025 − 900𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝐸𝐼 0 3
3 4.5
1 𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥2
= 25 × + 100 × + 2025𝑥 − 900
2𝐸𝐼 3 0 3 2 3
1
= 225 + 2137.5 − 5062.5 + 3037.5
2𝐸𝐼
337.5×106
= 6×93
2×210×109 × 12 ×10−4
= 220.46 Nm
 Problems
• Find the strain energy stored in the simply supported beam
subjected to u.d.l. of w/m for whole span.

x w kN/m

‘L’ m
wL/2 wL/2
 Castigliano’s theorems
• Castigliano’s first theorem:

• For linearly elastic structure, the Castigliano’s first theorem may be

defined as the first partial derivative of the strain energy of the
structure with respect to any particular force gives the
displacement of the point of application of that force in the
direction of its line of action.
 Castigliano’s First theorem derivation

Consider an elastic beam AB subjected to loads W1 and W2, acting

at points 1 and 2 respectively
 Castigliano’s First theorem derivation
 1   11   12
 2   21   22

If 11W1   11

where ∆11 = deflection at 1 due to a

unit load at 1 and

 21W1   21
with ∆21 = deflection at 2 due to a
unit load at 1
 Castigliano’s First theorem derivation
 22   22W2 , with ∆22 = deflection at 2 due to a unit load at 2 &
 12  12W2 , with ∆12 = deflection at 1 due to a unit load at 2.
Then 1  11  12
 11W1  12W2 (I)
Similarly,  2   21   22
  21W1   22W2 (II)
Considering the work done = U
1 1
 W111  W2 22  W112
2 2
1 1
 W1  11W1  W2   22W2  W1  12W2
2 2
1 1
 11W12   22W22  12W1W2 - - - - - (III)
2 2
 Castigliano’s First theorem derivation
• Now applying W2 at Point 2 first
and then applying W1 at Point 1,
1  12  11  12W2  11W1
Similarly,
 2   22   21   22W2   21W1

Strain energy, U
1 1
 W2 22  W2 21  W111
2 2
1 1
 W2   22W2  W2   21W1  W1  11W1
2 2
1 1
  22W22   21W1W2  11W12 - - - - - - - (IV)
2 2
 Castigliano’s First theorem derivation
• Considering equation (III) and (IV), and equating them, it can
be shown that

1 1
U  11W1   22W22  12W1W2
2

2 2
1 1
  22W2   21W1W2  11W12
2

2 2

12   21 This is called Betti – Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem

Deflection at point 1 due to a unit load at point 2 is equal to the

deflection at point 2 due to a unit load at point 1.
 Castigliano’s First theorem derivation
• From Eqn. (III), U  1 11W12  1  22W22  12W1W2
2 2

U
 11W1  12W2  1
W1
1 1
From Eqn. (IV), U  22W22   21W1W2  11W12
2 2

U
  22W2   21W1   2
W2

U
∴  i This is Castigliano’s first theorem.
Wi
 Castigliano’s second theorem
Similarly the energy U can be express in terms of spring
stiffnesses k11, k12 (or k21), & k22 and deflections δ1 and δ2;
then it can be shown that

U
 W1
1 This is Castigliano’s second theorem.
U
 W2
 2
U
When rotations are to be determined, i 
M i
 Method of least work

The partial derivative of internal energy with respect

to a load applied at a point where the deflection is
zero,
Then

𝜕𝑈
= 0.
𝜕𝑊
 Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem
• In any beam (or) truss, the deflection at any point C due to load
W at any point B is the same as the deflection at B due to the
same load W applied at C.

W
A B C D
𝛿𝐶

= W 𝛿𝐶 = 𝛿𝐵
A B C D
𝛿𝐵
 Deflection of Trusses Problems
• Problem :
• A cantilever truss ABCDE is hinged at two points A and E. E is 2
m below A. EDC is the horizontal bottom chord, C being the
free end. ED=DC=2m. AB=BC. BD and BE are the vertical and
diagonal members. The truss is loaded with 20 kN loads at C
and D. Cross sectional area of each member is 8 cm2. Find the
deflection of the free end C of the truss. E=2× 105 MPa.
 Deflection of Trusses Problems
A

2m B

1m
C
E 2m D 2m

20 kN 20 kN
 Deflection of Trusses Problems
• Solution: To find the vertical displacement at joint C, take the
vertical downward load P at C and find the forces in all members.
• For the equilibrium of joint C, A
𝑷𝑪𝑩
𝜃 C 𝑷𝑪𝑫 2m B

1m
𝜃 C
P kN E 2m D 2m
Resolving vertically, 20 kN P kN
𝑃𝐶𝐵 sin 𝜃=P ∴ 𝑃𝐶𝐵 = P 5 kN.
Resolving horizontally, 1
sin 𝜃 =
5
𝑃𝐶𝐷 = 𝑃𝐶𝐵 cos 𝜃
2 2
=P 5× = 2P kN. cos 𝜃 =
5 5
∴ 𝑃𝐶𝐷 = 2𝑃 𝑘𝑁.
 Deflection of Trusses Problems
• For the equilibrium of joint D,
𝑃𝐷𝐵 A

D
2P 𝑃𝐷𝐸 2m B
P 5
1m
2𝑃 C
20 kN E 2m D 2m
Resolving vertically, 20 kN P kN
𝑃𝐷𝐵 =20 kN.

Resolving horizontally,
𝑃𝐷𝐸 = 2𝑃
 Deflection of Trusses Problems
• For the equilibrium of joint B,
𝑃𝐵𝐴 A
𝑃𝐵𝐸
𝜃 𝜃 B
2m
B P 5
P 5
20 1m
𝜃 C
20 kN
E 2m D 2m
20 kN P kN
Resolving vertically,
𝑃𝐵𝐴 sin 𝜃 + 𝑃𝐵𝐸 sin 𝜃 = 20 + 𝑃 5 sin 𝜃
1 1 1
𝑃𝐵𝐴 × + 𝑃𝐵𝐸 × = 20 + 𝑃 5 ×
5 5 5
𝑃𝐵𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵𝐸 = 20 + 𝑃 5
𝑃𝐵𝐴 = 20 + 𝑃 5 − 𝑃𝐵𝐸 1
sin 𝜃 =
5
 Deflection of Trusses Problems
• For the equilibrium of joint B,
𝑃𝐵𝐴 A
𝑃𝐵𝐸
𝜃 𝜃 B
𝜃 2m
B P 5
P 5
20 1m
𝜃 C
20 kN
E 2m D 2m
𝑃𝐵𝐴 = 20 + 𝑃 5 − 𝑃𝐵𝐸 ------(1) 20 kN P kN
Resolving horizontally,
𝑃𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 𝑃𝐵𝐸 cos 𝜃 + 𝑃 5 cos 𝜃
𝑃𝐵𝐴 = 𝑃𝐵𝐸 + P 5
Substitute eq.(1) in the above eq.
20 + 𝑃 5 − 𝑃𝐵𝐸 = 𝑃𝐵𝐸 + P 5 ∴ 𝑃𝐵𝐴 = 10 + 𝑃 5
𝑃𝐵𝐸 = 10 5 kN
 Deflection of Trusses Problems
𝑃2 𝐿
• Strain energy, 𝑈 =
2𝐴𝐸
• U=
2
2 2
1
𝑃 5 × 5 + 2𝑃 × 2 + 20 ×1
2𝐴𝐸 2 2 2 2
+ 2𝑝 ×2 + 10 5 × 5 + 𝑃 + 10 5 × 5
𝜕𝑈
• Vertical downward deflection at C, 𝛿𝑐 𝑉 =
𝜕𝑃
𝜕𝑈 1
• = 2𝑃 × 5 5 + 16𝑃 + 16𝑃 + 5 5 2𝑃 + 20
𝜕𝑃 2𝐴𝐸
• By substituting P=20 kN,
𝜕𝑈 1
• = 2 × 20 × 5 5 + 32 × 20 + 5 5 40 + 20
𝜕𝑃 2𝐴𝐸
1758.03
∴ 𝛿𝑉 𝐶 = = 0.005494 m = 5.494 mm.
2 × 8 × 10−4 × 2 × 108
 Deflection of Trusses Problems

• Horizontal displacement of Joint C:

• Now assume a horizontal load of Q kN at C.

2m B

1m
C
E 2m D 2m
Q

20 kN 20 kN
 Deflection of Trusses Problems
• Let us first determine the forces in the various members.
• For the equilibrium of joint C, A
𝑷𝑪𝑩
𝑷𝑪𝑫 𝜃 C 𝑸 2m B

1m
C
20 Q
E 2m D 2m
20 kN 20 kN
Resolving vertically,
𝑃𝐶𝐵 sin 𝜃=20 ∴ 𝑃𝐶𝐵 = 20 5 kN. 1
Resolving horizontally, sin 𝜃 =
5
𝑃𝐶𝐷 +20 5 cos 𝜃=Q
2 2
𝑃𝐶𝐷 + 20 5 × = Q. cos 𝜃 =
5 5
∴ 𝑃𝐶𝐷 = (𝑄 − 40) 𝑘𝑁.
 Deflection of Trusses Problems
For the equilibrium of joint D,
𝑃𝐷𝐵 A

D 𝑄 − 40
𝑃𝐷𝐸 2m B
20 5
1m
C
Q
20 kN E D 𝑄 − 40
2m 2m
Resolving vertically, 20 kN 20 kN

𝑃𝐷𝐵 =20 kN.

Resolving horizontally,
𝑃𝐷𝐸 = 𝑄 − 40
 Deflection of Trusses Problems
For the equilibrium of joint B,
A
𝑃𝐵𝐴
𝑃𝐵𝐸 B
2m 20 5
𝜃 𝜃
𝜃 20 1m
B C
20 5 Q
E 𝑄 − 40 D 𝑄 − 40
20 kN 2m 2m
20 kN 20 kN
Resolving vertically,
𝑃𝐵𝐴 sin 𝜃 + 𝑃𝐵𝐸 sin 𝜃 = 20 + 20 5 sin 𝜃
1 1 1
𝑃𝐵𝐴 × + 𝑃𝐵𝐸 × = 20 + 20 5 ×
5 5 5
𝑃𝐵𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵𝐸 = 40 5
𝑃𝐵𝐴 = 40 5 − 𝑃𝐵𝐸 ----------(1)
 Deflection of Trusses Problems
For the equilibrium of joint B,
A
𝑃𝐵𝐴
𝑃𝐵𝐸 B
2m
𝜃 𝜃 20 5
B 20 1m
20 5 C
Q
E 𝑄 − 40 D 𝑄 − 40
20 kN 2m 2m
𝑃𝐵𝐴 = 40 5 − 𝑃𝐵𝐸 ------(1) 20 kN 20 kN

Resolving horizontally,
𝑃𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 𝑃𝐵𝐸 cos 𝜃 + 20 5 cos 𝜃 From equation (1),
𝑃𝐵𝐴 = 𝑃𝐵𝐸 + 20 5 𝑃𝐵𝐴 = 40 5 − 10 5
Substitute eq.(1) in the above eq.
40 5 − 𝑃𝐵𝐸 = 𝑃𝐵𝐸 + 20 5 ∴ 𝑃𝐵𝐴 = 30 5
𝑃𝐵𝐸 = 10 5 kN
 Deflection of Trusses Problems

30 5
B
2m

10 5 20 5
1m
20 C
Q
E D
𝑄 − 40 𝑄 − 40
2m 2m

20 kN 20 kN
 Deflection of Trusses Problems
𝑃2 𝐿
• Strain energy, 𝑈 =
2𝐴𝐸
• U=
2
2 2
1
20 5 × 5 + 𝑄 − 40 × 2 + 20 ×1
2𝐴𝐸 2 2 2
+ 𝑄 − 40 ×2 + 10 5 × 5 + 30 5 × 5
𝜕𝑈
• Horizontal deflection at C, 𝛿𝐻 𝐶 =
𝜕𝑄
𝜕𝑈 1
• = (2𝑄 − 80) × 2 + 2𝑄 − 80 × 2
𝜕𝑄 2𝐴𝐸
• By substituting Q=0 kN,
𝜕𝑈 1
• = −320
𝜕𝑃 2𝐴𝐸
−320
∴ 𝛿𝐻 𝐶 = = −0.001 m = 1 mm.
2 × 8 × 10−4 × 2 × 108
 Deflection of Trusses Problems

2 2
• Deflection at joint C, 𝛿𝐶 = 𝛿𝑉 𝐶 + 𝛿𝐻 𝐶

= 5.494 2 + −1 2

∴ 𝛿𝐶 =5.59 mm
 A.U. Question paper problems
• A simply supported beam of span 3 m is carrying a point load of
20 kN at 1m from left support in addition to a u.d.l. of 10 kN/m
spread over the right half span. Using castigliano’s theorem
determine the deflection under the point load. Take EI is constant
throughout. (May/June 2012)
 A.U. Question paper problems
20 kN
10 kN/m 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈
𝛿𝑐 = =
A C D B 𝜕𝑊𝑐 𝜕𝑊
1m 1.5 m W kN
3m 10 kN/m
X D
A C B
𝑀𝑥 = 0.67W + 3.75 x; x=0 to 1 1m 1.5 m
Y z
3m
0.67W+3.75 0.33W+11.25
𝑀𝑦 = 0.67W + 3.75 y − W(y − 1); y=1 to 1.5
𝑧2
𝑀𝑧 = 0.33W + 11.25 z − 10 × ; z=0 to 1.5
2
1.5 𝑀 2
1
𝑀𝑥 2 𝑦
1.5
𝑀𝑧 2
𝑈= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
0 2 𝐸𝐼 1 2 𝐸𝐼 0 2 𝐸𝐼
 A.U. Question paper problems

• A simply supported beam of span 8 m carries two

concentrated loads of 32 kN and 48 kN at 3m and 6 m from
left support. Calculate the deflection at the centre by strain
energy principle (Nov/Dec 2007).
 Problems
Solution: W kN
32 kN 48 kN
𝛿𝐸 =?

A C E D B
3m 2m
4m
8m
48+0.5 W

Calculation of support reactions:

𝑅𝐵 × 8 = 32 × 3 + 𝑊 × 4 + 48 × 6
𝑅𝐵 = 48 + 0.5 𝑊
𝑅𝐴 = 32 + 0.5 𝑊
 Problems
W kN
32 kN 48 kN
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈 b x
𝛿𝐸 = =
𝜕𝑊𝐸 𝜕𝑊 a y
C E Y
D
A B
3m 2m
4m
8m 48+0.5 W

𝑙 𝑀𝑥 2 3 𝑀𝐴𝐶 2 4 𝑀𝐶𝐸 2 2 𝑀𝐵𝐷 2 4 𝑀𝐷𝐸 2

• 𝑈= 0 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑑𝑥 = 0 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑑𝑎+ 3 𝑑𝑏 + 0 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑑𝑥 + 2 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑑𝑦
2 𝐸𝐼
• 𝑀𝐴𝐶 =(32+0.5W)𝑎; 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠 0 𝑡𝑜 3
• 𝑀𝐶𝐸 =(32+0.5W)𝑏 − 32 𝑏 − 3 ; 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠 3 𝑡𝑜 4
• 𝑀𝐵𝐷 =(48+0.5W)𝑥; 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠 0 𝑡𝑜 2
• 𝑀𝐷𝐸 =(48+0.5W)𝑦 − 48 𝑦 − 2 ; 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠 2 𝑡𝑜 4
 Problems
• Find the strain energy stored in the simply supported beam
subjected to u.d.l. of w/m for whole span.

x w kN/m

‘L’ m
wL/2 wL/2
 A.U. Question paper problems
• For the beam shown in the following Figure find the slope and
deflection at C. (Nov/Dec 2011)

4 kN
6 kN/m
A B C
4m 1m
(2EI) (EI)
 A.U. Question paper problems

A beam 4m in length is simply supported at the ends and carries a

uniformly distributed load of 6 kN/m length. Determine the strain
energy stored in the beam. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 1440 cm4.
(April/May 2011)
 A.U. Question paper problems

• A beam simply supported over a span of 3m carries a UDL of

20 kN/m over the entire span. The flexural rigidity EI = 2.25
MNm2 Using Castigliano’s theorem, determine the deflection
at the centre of the beam. (April/May 2011)
 A.U. Question paper problems
• A cantilever of rectangular section breadth b, depth d and of
length l carries uniformly distributed load spread from free
end to the mid section of the cantilever. Using Castigliano’s
theorem find: Slope and deflection due to bending at the free
end. (Nov/Dec 2010)
 Williot diagram
Williot diagram: To determine deflection of truss joints
graphically.

• Due to external loads acting at joints of a truss, the truss

members are subjected to axial forces (Compressive or
tensile).
• Hence the members undergo changes in their lengths.
• Due to the changes in lengths of the members, deflections of
joints take place.

• If the extensions and contractions of the members are known,

it is possible to determine the displacements of the joints
graphically.
 Williot diagram - Problem
• A crane consists of a jib 7.5 m long, of 15 cm2 cross sectional
area and a horizontal tie 6m long of 10 cm2 sectional area.
Determine the vertical and horizontal displacements of crane
head, when a load of 10 tons is suspended from it.
𝐸 = 2 × 106 kg/cm2.
 Williot diagram - Problem
• Graphical method – Williot diagram
6m C
AB = 7.52 − 62 = 4.5 m. A
𝜃
4.5 10 t
tan 𝜃 =
6
4.5
sin 𝜃 =
7.5 B
6
cos 𝜃 = PCB
7.5
C 𝜃
PCA
Resolving the forces at c vertically, we have
PCBsin 𝜃=10
10 10
PCB= = × 7.5 = 16.67 𝑡 = 16.67 × 103 kg. 10 t
sin 𝜃 4.5
Resolving horizontally at C,
6
𝑃𝐶𝐴 =𝑃𝐶𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 16.67 × = 13.34 t = 13.34 × 103 kg.
7.5
 Williot diagram - Problem

A 13.34 × 103 kg. C

𝜃
10 t ABC=15 cm2
AAC=10 cm2
B 𝐸 = 2 × 106 kg/cm2

𝑃𝐿 16.67×103 ×750
• Decrease in length of BC = = =0.417 cm=4.2mm
𝐴𝐸 𝑩𝑐 15×2.0×106

𝑃𝐿 13.34×103 ×600
• Increase in length of AC = = =0.40 cm=4.0mm
𝐴𝐸 𝑨𝑪 10×2.0×106
 Williot diagram - Problem
• Plot a point and designate it as (a,b)
• Measure ac1= 4.0 mm parallel to AC (a,b) 𝛿ℎ = 4
c1
• Draw bc2 = 4.2 mm parallel to CB
• Draw C1C and C2C perpendicular to
aC1and bc2 respectively and obtain c2
the point C.
• The actual deflection of the joint C is from
𝛿𝑉 =
(a,b) to c. 12.8 mm

• By scaling from the diagram,

Vertical deflection of C= 𝜹𝑽 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖 𝒎𝒎.
Horizontal deflection of C = 𝜹𝒉 = 𝟒𝒎𝒎.

c
 A.U. Question paper problems
1. Find the strain energy stored in a steel bar 50 cm long and 3
cm× 1cm in cross section , shown in the following figure when it is
subjected simultaneously to an axial pull of 50 kN and compressive
stress of 100 N/mm2 on its narrow edge. (May/June 2013)

Compressive 100 N/mm2

50 kN 50 cm 3 cm 50 kN

Compressive 100 N/mm2

 A.U. Question paper problems y

Compressive 100 N/mm2

x
Z
50 kN 50 cm 3 cm 50 kN

Compressive 100 N/mm2

50×103
• 𝜎𝑥 = = 166.67 N/𝑚𝑚2
30×10
• 𝜎𝑦 = 100 N/𝑚𝑚2 , 𝜎𝑧 = 0
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
• Strain in x direction, 𝜀𝑥 = −μ −
𝐸 𝐸
𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥
Strain in Y direction, 𝜀𝑦 = − −μ
𝐸 𝐸
𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥
∴ 𝜀𝑦 = −( +μ )
𝐸 𝐸
 A.U. Question paper problems
𝐿1 𝐿1
• Strain Energy, 𝑈 = 𝜎 𝜀 dv
0 2 𝑥 𝑥
+ 𝜎 𝜀 dv
0 2 𝑦 𝑦
𝐿1 𝐿1
• 𝑈= 𝜎 𝜀 dA
0 2 𝑥 𝑥
dx + 𝜎 𝜀 dA
0 2 𝑦 𝑦
dx
500
1 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
𝑈= 𝜎𝑥 +μ (30 × 10) dx
2 𝐸 𝐸
0
30
1 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥
+ (−𝜎𝑦 ) −( + 𝜇 ) (500 × 10) dy
2 𝐸 𝐸
0
500
1
𝑈= 𝜎𝑥 2 + μ 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 30 × 10 dx
2𝐸
0
30
1
+ 𝜎𝑦 2 + 𝜇𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 (500 × 10) dy
2𝐸
0
 A.U. Question paper problems
• Assume 𝜇 = 0.3, 𝐸 = 2 × 105 N/mm2
500
1
𝑈= 166.672 + 0.3 166.67 × 100 (30 × 10) dx
2𝐸
0
30
1
+ 1002 + 0.3 166.67 × 100 (500 × 10) dy
2𝐸
0

1 2 + 0.3 166.67 × 100 (30 × 10) × 500

𝑈= 166.67
2 × 2 × 105
1 2
+ 100 + 0.3 166.67 × 100 (500 × 10) × 30
2 × 2 × 105

𝑈 = 12, 291.67 + 5625.03

∴ 𝑈 = 17,916.71 𝑁𝑚𝑚
 Principle of virtual work
• For beams:
𝒍
𝑴𝒎 𝒅𝒙
𝜹=
𝑬𝑰
𝟎
• For trusses:
𝑷𝒌𝒍
𝜹=
𝑨𝑬
 Problems
• Find the slope at the centre of a cantilever beam subjected to
u.d.l. of w kN/m for the whole span using energy principle.

W kN/m

‘L’ m
 Problems
𝜕𝑈 Y
Slope at C, 𝜃𝐶 =
𝜕𝑀𝐶 W kN/m X
A C 𝑥 B
Since there is no external
moment at C, assume a 𝜃𝐶
M
moment M at C. ‘L’ m X

Moment at any section XX between B and C from free end is given by,
w𝑥 2 𝜕𝑀𝑥
𝑀𝑥 = −( ); limits: 0 to L/2 =0
2
𝜕𝑀
Moment at any section YY between C and A from free end is given by,

w𝑦 2 𝜕𝑀𝑦
𝑀𝑦 = −(M + ); Limits: L/2 to L = −1
2 𝜕𝑀
 Problems
𝐿/2
𝑀𝑥 2 𝐿 𝑀𝑦 2 Y
𝑈= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 W kN/m X
0 2 𝐸𝐼 𝐿/2 2 𝐸𝐼
A 𝑥 B
C
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈
𝜃𝑐 = = 𝜃𝐶
𝜕𝑀𝑐 𝜕𝑀 M
𝐿 ‘L’ m X
𝑙/2 2 2
𝜕 𝑀𝑥 𝑀𝑦
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑀 0 2 𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝐿/2
𝐿/2 𝐿
2𝑀𝑥 𝜕𝑀𝑥 2𝑀𝑦 𝜕𝑀𝑦
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
2𝐸𝐼 𝜕𝑀 2𝐸𝐼 𝜕𝑀
0 𝐿/2
 Problems
𝐿/2 𝐿
1 𝜕𝑀𝑥 1 𝜕𝑀𝑦
∴ 𝜃𝑐 = 𝑀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑀𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 𝜕𝑀 𝐸𝐼 𝜕𝑀
0 𝐿/2
w𝑥 2 𝜕𝑀𝑥
substitute, 𝑀𝑥 = −( ); =0
2 𝜕𝑀
w𝑦 2 𝜕𝑀𝑦
𝑀𝑦 = −(M + ); = −1
2
𝜕𝑀
𝐿/2 𝐿
1 w𝑥 2 1 w𝑦 2
∴ 𝜃𝑐 = −( ) × 0 𝑑𝑥 + −(M + ) × −1 𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 2
0 𝐿/2
Substitute M=0
𝐿 L 𝟑
1 w𝑦 2 1 𝑤𝑦 3 𝑤 𝐿 𝟕𝒘𝑳 𝟑
∴ 𝜽𝒄 = 0 + 𝑑𝑦 = × = 𝐿3 − =
𝐸𝐼 2 2𝐸𝐼 3 6𝐸𝐼 8 𝟒𝟖𝑬𝑰
𝐿/2 L/2
 Problems
𝑙
w𝑥 2
1 𝜕𝑀𝑥 𝑀𝑥 = −(M + )
∴ 𝜃𝐵 = 𝑀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝐸𝐼 𝜕𝑀
0
𝑙 𝜕𝑀𝑥
1 w𝑥 2 = −1
∴ 𝜃𝐵 = −(M + ) (−1) 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑀
𝐸𝐼 2
0

Substitute M=0 in the above equation, we get

𝑙 L
1 w𝑥 2 𝑤 𝑥3
𝜃𝐵 = 𝑑𝑥 =
𝐸𝐼 2 2𝐸𝐼 3 0
0
𝑤𝐿3
∴ 𝜃𝐵 =
6𝐸𝐼
 Problems
• Find the slope at the free end of a cantilever beam subjected to
u.d.l. of w kN/m for the whole span using energy principle.

W kN/m

‘L’ m
 Problems
𝜕𝑈
Slope at B, 𝜃𝐵 = W kN/m X
𝜕𝑀𝐵 𝑥
A B
Since there is no external M
moment at B, assume a X ‘L’ m
moment M at B.
𝜃𝐵
Moment at any section XX from free end is given by,
w𝑥 2
𝑀𝑥 = −(M + )
2
𝑙
𝑀𝑥 2
𝑈= 𝑑𝑥
0 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑙
𝑙 2
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈 𝜕 𝑀𝑥 2𝑀𝑥 𝜕𝑀𝑥
𝜃𝐵 = = = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑀𝐵 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑀 0 2 𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 𝜕𝑀
0
 A.U. Question paper problems
• For the beam shown in the Figure, find the deflection at C and
slope at D.
I= 40 ×107 mm4
E = 200 GPa.

30 kN 40 kN

A B C D
2m 2m 2m
 A.U. Question paper problems
• Determine the vertical deflection at the free end of the
cantilever truss shown in the following Figure. Take cross
sectional area of compression members as 850 mm2 and
tension members as 1000 mm2. Modulus of elasticity, E = 210
Gpa for all the members. (May/June 2012)

3m 3m

2m
40 kN
 A.U. Question paper problems
For the truss shown in Figure find the total strain energy stored.
(Nov/Dec 2011)
1 kN B

3m
A C
4m 4m

E : 2 × 105 N/mm2
Area : AB : 100 mm2
BC : 100 mm2
AC : 80 mm2
 A.U. Question paper problems
For the truss shown in Figure find the vertical deflection at ‘C’.
(Nov/Dec 2011)

5 kN

B C
Cross sectional area of
all the members : 100 mm2
3m
E = 2 × 105 N/mm2
A D
4m
 A.U. Question paper problems
• For the truss shown in Figure, find the horizontal movement of
the roller at D. AB, BC, CD area = 8 cm2
AD and AC = 16 cm2
E = 2 ×105 N/mm2 .
B 5 kN
C

4m

A D
3m
 A.U. Question paper problems
• A bar of uniform cross section A and length L hangs vertically,
subjected to its own weight. Prove that the strain energy stored
𝐴𝑥𝜌3 𝑥𝐿3
within the bar is given by 𝑢 = . (Nov/Dec 2014)
6𝐸
 A.U. Question paper problems
• A simply supported beam having 8 m span and carries UDL of 40
KN/m as shown in fig.(a). Determine the deflection of the beam
at its midpoint and also the position of maximum deflection and
maximum deflection. Take E=2x105 N/mm2 and I=4.3 x108 mm4.
(Nov/Dec 2014)
40 kN/m
C D
A B
1m 4m 3m