Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
T. Marhaendrajana*
Associate Professor, Petroleum Engineering, Institute Technology Bandung (ITB)
Bandung dan Sekitarnya, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.
S. Parsaulian
Senior Reservoir Engineer, PT PERTAMINA EP, Indonesia.
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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 5 (2016) pp 2979-2985
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
The grid size is smaller near the well and near the fracture tip Dimensionless fracture conductivity,
as these regions subject to higher flux density [5]. To avoid k f wf
false wellbore storage response, the effective well-block FcD (5)
radius was computed using Peaceman formula [10]; Equation kx f
1 for isotropic and Equation 2 for no isotropic. The Dimensionless fracture height, and
discretization of the reservoir model is shown in Figure 2.
hf
Reservoir and fracture are assumed to be filled with slightly H fD (6)
compressible and single-phase fluid of constant viscosity. xf
Gravity effect is neglected and wellbore pressure is
independent of depth. Thickness ratio,
hf
ro 0.14 x 2 y 2 (1) h fD
h
(7)
ro 0.28
k y / kx1 / 2 x 2 k x / k y 1 / 2 y
2 1/ 2
(2)
Where pi is initial pressure (psi), pwf is wellbore bottom hole
k y / k x 1 / 4 k x / k y 1 / 4 pressure (psi), q is surface flowrate (stb/d), B is fluid
formation volume factor (v/v), is fluid viscosity (cp), ct is
Grid was constructed in symmetrical manner, and a well in the total compressibility (1/psi), k is reservoir (mD), is porosity
center of reservoir. The dimension of grids were calculated by (fraction), h is reservoir thickness, kf is fracture permeability
using equations below. (mD), wf is fracture width, xf is half fracture length, hf is
At location that is away from the well at y-direction: fracture height, and t is producing time.
1 /( N 1)
yi 1 y
a; where a e
yi y w Vertical
well
In the formula, ye is reservoir dimension at y-direction; yw is
well grid block size at y-direction; and N is number of grid
blocks.
At x-direction and away from well (direction of fracture), grid ye
blocks were computed similarly with exception that it was
divided into several sections; (i) well-to-center of fracture, (ii)
center of fracture-to-fracture tip, (iii) fracture tip-to-reservoir Fracture
limit (xe/2). tip
wf/2
y xe
x
reservoir
z
Figure 2: Model of Grid Block Size and Geometry
h
Produc-
Data used to generate numerical solution for extended fracture
Fracture vertical fracture height is listed in Table 1.
height, h f tion
interval
Table 1. Rock, Fluid and Fracture Data
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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 5 (2016) pp 2979-2985
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
t D
1
2 cos nx D
1 exp
n fD n
2 2
t D
n
1
1
1
C fDf 2 tD 1 2
(8)
n fD n 1 q x' , cos n ( x x' ) dx' d
D D
0 1
n 1 exp n fD n 2 2 (t D )
x x ' 2 Figure 3: Comparison between Numerical and Analytical
exp D
tD 1 4t D Solutions for Fracture Height Equal To Reservoir Thickness
q D x' ,
1
dx' d
4 0 1 t D
Wellbore pressure is then computed by: When fracture height is much less than fracture half-length
(hf/xf = 0.01), the limited entry has little effect on the pressure
x' 2 drop as seen in Figure 5, at both FcD = 0.1 and FcD = 1.
exp
tD 1 4t Furthermore, the extended fracture height solutions coincide
p wD t D q D x' ,
1 D
4 0 1 t D
dx' d (9) with the Cinco solution (hf=h) at FcD, app = hfD.FcD. For
example, the solution of extended fracture height at hfD=5 and
FcD=0.1 coincides with Cinco solution at FcD=0.5. Likewise,
When the two solutions (numeric and analytic) are in good the solution of extended fracture height at hfD=5 and FcD=1
match, an analogous numerical model setup is used to coincides with Cinco solution at FcD=5.
generate constant flowrate solution for fracture height
extending beyond the reservoir thickness.
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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 5 (2016) pp 2979-2985
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
It can be said that extending fracture height beyond the curve approach to a constant value at about FcD > 10 and this
producing zone interval improves the well performance by value is equal to 0.7.
reducing well pressure drop. Another thing can be drawn from
Figure 5 is that Cinco solution can still be used for extended
fracture height provided FcD, app = hfD.FcD is used as correlating
parameter. This correlating parameter were first introduced by
Bennett. However, results from this paper indicate that it only
applies if hf <<xf.
For radial and horizontal flow of a fully penetrated vertical
well, productivity index (PI) is computed from Darcy’s
equation and it is written as:
q kh
PI (10)
p re
141.2 B ln
rw
For extended fractured well, the expression of productivity
index can use effective/apparent wellbore radius concept
(Prats, 1961) or pseudo-skin factor concept (Cinco, 1978) for
vertically fractured well. Figure 5: Dimensionless Wellbore Pressure of Extended
kh Height Fractured Well, Case hf/xf = 0.01 and hf/h = 5
PI f or
re
141.2 B ln
rwa
kh
PI f (11)
re
141.2 B ln s f
rw
Where rwa is effective wellbore radius; and sf is pseudo-skin
factor. The productivity increase of extended fractured well is
then measured by productivity ratio.
r r
ln e ln e
PI f r
w rw
(12)
PI re re
ln ln s f
r
rwa w
Equation 12 will always be positive because rw and rwa cannot
be greater than re. Hence [ln(re/rw) + sf] will always be
positive. The pseudo-skin factor is determined by subtracting Figure 6: Pseudo-Skin Factor of Extended Height Fractured
the extended fracture height solution by fully penetrated Well, Case hf/xf = 0.01 and hf/h = 5
vertical well solution (Equation 13). Pseudo-skin factor for
case of HfD=0.01 and hfD=5 is shown in Figure 6.
kh
sf p s p Dw, f p Dw,v (13)
141.2qB
In Figure 6, pseudo-skin factor of extended fracture is always
negative, and it decreases with time for all dimensionless
fracture conductivity, FcD. The value becomes stable
(approaching a constant value) during pseudo-radial flow
period (for this case the time is approximately greater than
100 days). This constant value, sf, is used in the productivity
index (Equation 12). Value of sf depends on dimensionless
fracture conductivity, FcD, and it decreases (becomes more
negative) as FcD increases. For fracture height is equal to
reservoir thickness, hf/h=1, Reference [5] proved that group of
parameter sf+ln(xf/rw), called pseudo-skin function, correlates
with FcD in a single curve. To validate our pseudo-skin factor
computation, the numerical solution of extended fracture for
hf/h =1 are plotted and are compared with data from Figure 7: Plot of Pseudo-skin Function at hfD=1 for various
Reference [5]. Figure 7 shows that all data of pseudo-skin value of HfD
function for various HfD lie on a single curve. It is seen the
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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 5 (2016) pp 2979-2985
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
Power form:
Figure 8: Plot of Pseudo-skin Function at HfD=0.01 for Figure 11: Plot of Pseudo-skin Function at HfD=0.5 for
various value of hfD various value of hfD
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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 5 (2016) pp 2979-2985
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
4 4 4 4
Sf +ln(xf /rw)
2 2
Sf +ln(xf /rw)
2 2
1 1
1 1
0 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000
FcD,app=FcD*hf D
0 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000
FcD,app=FcD*hfD Figure 15: Plot of Pseudo-skin Function at HfD=0.5 for
various value of hfD using correlating parameter FcD, app =
Figure 12: Plot of Pseudo-skin Function at HfD=0.5 for FcD*hfD
various value of hfD
4 4
Hf D=0.05 hfD=1
hfD=2
hfD=5
3 hfD=10 3
Cinco Data
Sf +ln(xf /rw)
2 2
1 1
0 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000
FcD,app=FcD*hfD
Figure 13: Plot of Pseudo-skin Function at HfD=0.05 for Figure 16: Plot of Pseudo-skin Function using a new
various value of hfD using correlating parameter FcD, app = correlating parameter FcD, app= FcD*hfD^(1-0.727 HfD) for
FcD*hfD various hfD and HfD
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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 5 (2016) pp 2979-2985
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100 References
hf = xf Af = 50000 sq-ft
2.0
Af = 100000 sq-ft
[6] K. Fisher, and N. Warpinski, “Hydraulic Fracture
1.5
Af = 200000 sq-ft
Height Growth: Real Data, ” Journal SPE Production
hf = xf/0.727
1.0 Af = 200000 sq-ft
& Operations, pp. 8-19, February 2012.
0.5
http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/60184-JPT
[7] H. Cinco-Ley, and F. Samaniego-V., “Transient
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Pressure Analysis for Fractured Wells, ” Journal of
Petroleum Technology, pp. 1749-1766, September
hfD = hf/h
1981. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/7490-PA.
[8] R.G. Agarwal, R.D. Carter, and C.B. Pollock,
“Evaluation and Performance Prediction of Low-
Figure 18: Effect of fracture height on effective fracture
Permeability Gas Wells Stimulated by Massive
conductivity with fracture volume is constant
Hydraulic Fracturing, ” Journal of Petroleum
Technology, pp. 362-372, March 1979. http://
dx.doi.org/10.2118/6838-PA.
Conclusion [9] C.O. Bennett, A.C. Reynolds, R. Raghavan, and J.L.
This work presents a modified model for extended height Elbel, “Performance of Finite-Conductivity,
fractured well, where fluid entering to the well from fracture Vertically Fractured Wells in Single Layer
on through the reservoir thickness interval. This model is Reservoirs, ” Journal SPE Formation Evaluation, pp.
considered to be more realistic compared to the latest model 399-412, August 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118
by Bennett. This work proposes a new correlating parameter /11029-PA.
of effective fracture conductivity for extended height fractured [10] D.W. Peaceman, “Interpretation of Well-Block
well. This correlating parameter, FcD, app = FcDhfD^(1- Pressures in Numerical Reservoir Simulation with
0.727HfD), enable ones to determine pseudo-skin factor using Non-square Grid Blocks and Anisotropic
the relationship between pseudo-skin function versus FcD Permeability, ” Society of Petroleum Engineers
previously published by Cinco et al. which then can be used to Journal, pp. 531-543, June 1983.
compute well productivity. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/10528-PA.
Two important findings are offered in this work: (i) extending
fracture height beyond the reservoir thickness at constant
fracture length increases fracture conductivity until it reaches
a maximum at optimum fracture height. Extending fracture
height further lower the fracture conductivity and it becomes
disadvantageous when FcD, app/FcD < 1, (ii) The increase of
fracture conductivity by extending fracture height greater than
reservoir thickness is also true for the case of constant fracture
volume provided that hf < xf/0.727. When hf > xf/0.727,
effective fracture conductivity is not better than case of hf=h.
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