ABSTRACT

The issue of child labour is a frontline concern in India as yearly entry in to labour market at
formative stage of life does mean absconding from proper schooling leading to lose of future
scope of better livelihood child labour is complex problem basically rooted in poverty. And
at the same time the nation bears the deadly consequences of this cures of the society . children
under fourteen comprise 3.6% of the total labour force in India. Nearly 85 percent are engaged
in the traditional agriculture sector, less than 9% in manufacturing. Services and repairs are
about 0.8% are in factories.
A growing phenomenon is using children as domestic workers in urban areas.
The condition is which children worked completely unregulated and the are often made to work
without food, and law wages, resembling situation of slavery. There are cases of physical,
sexual, and emotional abuse of children domestic workers. The argument for domestic work is
often that families have placed their children in these home for care and employment. The
elimination of child labour is a priority and is being implemented at the grass roots level in
India. A large number of non-governmental and voluntary an organization are involved in this
process a long with national and international organization. In this paper we intend to give the
scenario in which child labour gets increased and various challenge that have emerged due to
this particular problem are also elaborated. The required affords to over come thus problems
are proposed. Finally we conclude that the proposed solution may be found worthy in over
coming the challenges that have emerged due to child labour.

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 1. INTRODUCTION
Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of
their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally ,physically, socially or morally
dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many international
organization. Most of the developing countries of the world including India are facing a social
tragedy found in the form of child abuse and child labour. A large number of children below
the age of 12-14 are made to work as labourers in many place especially in the agricultural and
industrial areas. The physical, emotional, educational and medical needs of these working
children are conveniently ignored. They are often battered by their employers and harassed by
their senior colleagues. Unlike the adult labourers these child labourers do not have a labour
union of their right and safeguard their interest. Hence, their exploitation continues without any
protest. Neither the government nor the public is serious enough to make organize defforts to
combat this problem. Even the sociologists and phychologists have not taken much interst in
highlighting this grave problem. The nation is also not aware of the gravity of the problem.
Legislation across the world prohibit child labour these lows do not consider all work by
children as child labour exceptions include work by child artists, in most of the under developed
and the developing countries, children of inappropriate age forced to take part in productive
activities due to economic distress. Child labour has existed to very extents through most of
history. During the 19th and early 20th centuries. Many children aged 5-14 from poor families
still worked in Erope the united states and various colonies of European powers. These children
mainly worked in agriculture, home-based assembly operations, factories, mining and in
services such as news boys. Some worked night shifts lasting 12hours.With the rise of
household income, availability of schools and passage of child labour lows, the incidence rates
of child labour fell.Child labour refers to the exploitation of the labour of children who are
either too young to work ,or are of working age but work under conditions that subject them to
risk .It is an unfortunate reality that children world wide are often force to undertake work that
is physically ,psychologically and morally damaging to them nonetheless, not all work
performed by children is classified as child labour, infact, some light work that does not
interfere with the child’s development, their education,or health,such as helping parents around
the home, or earnig pocket money outside of school hours or on holidays, can be a positive
experience for children. The term child labour therefore does not generally apply to children
between the ages of 12-14 that engage in light work or to children between the ages of 15-17
who work in non-hazardous conditions. child labour is a cause and consequence of poverty and
education and training is crucial to breaking this cycle. At the same time , interventions to
effectively remove children form hazardous wok. This includes measures which address
poverty and underdevelopment, inadequate health and social policies, weak labour market
institutions, inadequate legislation and an inadequate enforcement of lows. Both supply side
factors such as the role of poverty in compelling parents to send their children to work , and
demand side factors such as the way a society organizes its production processes help
determine the extent to which children engage in child labour . social eclusion mechanism are
another strong factor that keep children out of school leading them to work . In many cases,
children in the worst forms of child labour belong to the most discriminated strata of society in
terms of ethnicity and culture .Displacement resulting form a health crisis,violent conflict civil
strife or natural disaster leaves children with few alternatives. Child labour is exacerbated by
an increasing demand coupled with an increasing supply of child labour form poor families
especially in rural areas . Child labour has long recognized as a major obstacle to achieving

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decent work. In 1992,the ILO launched its international programme on the elimination of child
labour (ILO-IPEC) to provide technical cooperation to member states in finding solutions to
this problem. We are making progression the fight to eliminate child labour, however there are
still many children who enter the workforce too soon .Of particular concern in this region are
the 122 million children aged 5-15 forced to work for their survival. In the world’s poorest
countries,around 1 in 4 children are engaged in child labour .In 2017 , four African nations
withnessed over 50 percent of children aged 5-14 child labour. The vast majority of child labour
is found in rural setting and informal urban economy, children are perdominatly employment
by their parents, rather than factories. Poverty and lack of schools are considered as the primary
cause of child labour.58% of all children in child labour and 62% of all children in hazardous
work are boys.It appears that boys face a greater risk of child labour than girls however this
may be a reflection of an under reporting of girls work particularly in domestic child labour.
Child labour is a burning problem all over the world, both in developed and developing
countries. Through several attempts were made and are being made to eradicate /mitigate child
labour at national and international levels, yet, the magnitude has been increasing at an
alarming rate ,particularly in the third world countries. As much as 90 percent of the child
labour is concentrated in the undeveloped countries of the world .T he proportion of child
workers to total child population in different regions demonstrares a relatively high percent in
South Asia (5.4percent)Africa (4.0percent and latin America (2percent).When the global
picture is soon.ILO estimated it at 248 million,which shows the gravity of problem.Among the
countries,India highest child possesses the child labour force in the world.In has been pointed
out in the committee on child labour is not a new phenomenon related to our age.It has existed
in one form or another in all historical times .As we see in the later parts of thesis ,employment
of children cuts across the geographic , spcial,national and religious frontiers and has become
an established practice in allcountries.But,it is also equally important to note that every working
child does not constitute to be a part of child labour ,as child labour is associated with the
presence of certain brought out in the later parts of this thesis.In this introductory part, in the
coming few paragraphs,a reference is ,however,made about th observations of a few scholars,
as to how the child labour menace is continuing in different parts of the world.Bekombo
analyses how in Africa,children socialize themselves though their participation in the market.In
urban areas, they are usually employed as pasters,house servants,or washers are guards.
Sometimes,they are also involved in trade in stolen market products and luxury contraband
trades and sports-grounds. In Asia, agriculture and the related activities engaged a substantial
proportion of child worker in the rural areas. Children also provide a helping hand to their
families, which are engaged in cottage industries, fishing, washing and retail trades .Heyes
hightlights that some of the boys and girls also work as prostitutes in Thailand where attractive
children are often sold to broththeis. In Hong kong ,children are employment in light
engineering and textile industries, domestic work , catering places and houses. Child labour is
widely concentrated in agriculture and plantations in the rural areas and domestic services,
street trade and services in the small – scale industries, in the urban areas. mostly such
employment is arranged by the adults, but sometimes minors are also able to find work without
any adult support. The industrial revolution destroyed the village and household industries. For
their survival, only the females but even the children of poor had to get inducted into economic
activity. By 19thcentury, it has become common for the children, to work in factories in abysmal
working conditions involving a daily stint of some 14 hours and with almost no means of
protection against the risk of accidents child labour is the employment of the children below

3
age of 14 years in any industry or business child labour in an illegal act and has been a big
social issue in India for years. It is considered as exploitative for the future of children and
country country. Children generally, get involved in child labour people, who are very poor
and cannot manage their two times food and clothes, become forced to send their kinds and
children to do some job at lowest payment instead of sending them to the school for education.
According to the survey of 2011,it was found that approximately90%of the children were
involved in productive activities as a supplement to their family income(23.8%)or improving
their family income (66%).Child labour is the full work taken by the children in any field rights
of everyone which he/she must come under the love and core or there parents however this
illegal act of child forces a child to live life like elder. Child labour is a big social issue in our
country ,as well as abroad which everyone must be aware of let your kinds and children known
what is child labour ,its cause and what prevention measures are child labour, is generally
speaking ,work for children that harms them or exploits them in someway (physically,
mentally, morally or by blocking access to education).It is the work that exceeds a minimum
numbers of hours depending on the age of a child .Child labour is the practices a having
children engage in economic activity on part of fulltime basic. The practices deprives children
of their childhood and harmful to their physical and mental development. Poverty, lack of good
schools and growth of informal economy are considered as the importance causes of child
labour in india 22% of child labours work in the service industy - retail, restaurants and hotels
, transport, finance, business, community and social service.9% of child labours work in
industry-mining, quarrying, manufacturing construction and public utilities.69% of child
labours work in agriculture, hunting forestry and fishing 1 in 7 children around the world is a
labourer .That is
218 million children who are working instead of going to school .They work in factories ,in
fields they serve tea on streets , they mine, they dig and the serve in homes. A large number of
children are found to be working in rural areas. It is estimated that more that 60% of them are
below the age 10 years .A study conducted age-group were engaged in some economic
activity.Similarly,over52% of the girls in the age group11-14 were involved in economic
pursuits. In tea-garden and coffee estates-children below 12 years are made to work much
against the law.girls who boring food to their working mothers are often encouraged to stay
back and help in the work.Also boys below 12 years are preferred to carry things inside the
tunnels without bending their head. It is said that in the mining sector56%workers are children
below 15 years. It is difficult to estimate the number of children stuggling to live in urban areas
child labours. Size able number of them work in city canteens petty shops, restaurants, garages,
workshops, etc.for example:-In Delhi alone60,000 children work in dhabas, tea-
stalls,restaurants and small eating place on a daily wage of Rs-8 to 10 .They are also found to
be packing rages, hawking goods ,cleaning private cars, trucks ,selling fruits, vegetable, candy,
newspaper etc. Loading ands unloding goos for the tomps and trucks, houses as domestic
servants. Child labour is also associated with bonded labour. It is said that out of the total
number of bonded labours in karnatak,10.3% are found to be children .The figure stand at 8.7%
for Tamilnadu and 21% for Andhra Pradesh. Studies conducted in several mega cities have
revealed some of the shocking facts about child labours. For example, Mumbai has the largest
number of child labours In varansi, more than 5000 children are found working in silk weaving
industry alone. Child laourers are found to be working in many factories in several cities much
against the preventing law. The most pitiable working children are those employed in
hazardous industries. Some example of such industries employing children may be citied here.

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 -In the glass industry of Firozabad in U.P.,out of lakh corkers,50,000(25%)are found to be
children.
-In the brassware industry of Muradabad,(U.P),about40,000-50,000 children[27to30%] are
working.
-In the fire works and match box units in sivakasi (Tamilnadu)45,000 children are employed
for work.
-In the carpet-weaving industry around bhadolei(U.P.)15,000 out of 50,000 employers, are
children.
-small girls are made to work in the back-breaking carpet weaving industry in Kashmir and
soon.
-In and around Surat (Gujarat)many young boys in their teens are engaged in diamond cutting
operation.

1.1 DEFINITION;-

William Wordsworth defined as; “The child labour is the experience of our child
labour that cast their shadow on our future. The is the reason why children are
imparted noble value and virtues , so that they can grow up to be good and responsible
citizens of the country. By making them work in this tender age we are not only
destroying their future, but also playing with the destring the of the country”.

1.2 CHILD LABOUR IN HISTORY

The child labour in India can be well understood by bifurcating it into three
perspective that is ancient, medieval ,and modern.

A. CHILD LABOUR IN ANCIENT PERIOD:

As the regard child labour in ancient India, it is can be said
, it can be said that it existed in the form of child slaves. Child slaves could purchase or
sold like commodities. To some extent, parent obligation were very often involved in
working for the landlord on such low wages that it created conditions for the child to
work in the farm for wages. They remained as bonded labour in the landlords house along
with parents for repaying or minimizing the debt which their parents had taken from
landlord. Children , however, helped their parents in house-hold activities. A
predominantly rural society is inevitable characterized by small and marginal economic
units.
B. CHLD LABOUR IN MEDIAVAL PERIOD:

Child labour is medieval period was not exception. Increasing pressure on land led
to fragmentation of holding. Growing families had to luck beyond personal
cultivation for substance. A class of land lessness labourers came in to existence ,

5
 often bonded to the large land owners. These labours used there children to help in
there economic activities. Occupation were determined largely on the basic of
heredity medieval India remained in existence on a large scale and even the rural
encourage it with an slavery and rural did not endeavour to weed out this practice
and hence the result was always exploited for this selfish ends.

C. CHILD LABOUR IN MORDERN AREA:

Children have always been used in economic activities. In pro- capital and socialist
states including India children were employed in guild and the trade occupations. In
these societies, there work place was an extenuation of the home and work
relationships were formal relationship . the child grew of and the found work was a
central aspect of their socialization and training. This conception how ever underwent
a dynamic change with the advent of capitalism in the industrialisation during the
18th century and child being designated as a social problem. The data on sectoral look
in various occupation of child labour is taken from census 2010. Child labour is more
pronounced in urban areas with 15.55% in agricultural and 12.31% in manufacturing
in rural areas.

2. DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM

The phenomenon of child labour of most visible, rampart and complex

problem of our society in contemporary times and it will continue to be more acute in
future also till its total elimination .The causes for this malady are discussed, at length,
in the later chapters by presenting a detailed review of literature. However name of
few ,they are poverty ,restricted job opportunities , adequate availability of cheap
child labour ,family traditions, illiteracy of parents, etc. These children who are
working as child labourers exhibit several characters like frustration, aggression, etc.
as per the various studies conducted on them. Working with low wages and for longer
hours, in dehumanizing conditions at the work spot, these children are susceptible to
exploitation , harassment and abuses of all sorts. The cumulative effects of all these
factors not only adversely affect the personality of the children , but also convert them
some times in to delinquents.
Inspite of the improved legislations like implementation of child
labour Act, 1986 and National policy on child labour and other action programmes
for welfare of child workers, the incidence of child labour in the country has not come
down significantly,and their living conditions continue to be appalling. The child
labour statistics globally and within the country is finished in chapter-111.

3. LITERATURE OF REVIEW

Duby (1981) said that child labour will never be eradicated unitl and unless
poverty is eliminated. The conclusion often drawn from this study is that child labour
and poverty are inseparable as people most often depend upon the income generated
by their children for their family maintenance and that calls for an immediate ban on
child labour is unrealistic.

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White(1982) said that child labour is an inevitable consequence of the economic force
operating at the family level. As long as poverty continues to exist it would be difficult
to eliminate it. Any attempt to abolish it through legal action. Would, under the
circumstances, not be practical since this would put already poor families under acute
economic stress. In this situation the only alternative that is to ban child labour in
hazardous areas and to regulate and ameliorate the conditions of work in other areas
this assessment of the child labour situation is on which many governments including
India have adopted.
Grootaert and Kanbur (1989) said that the roll of fertility behaviour, the household’s
risk management and government policies on social expenditure as factors affecting
the supply of child labour in case of India. They writes, on demand side, the structure
of the labour market and prevailing production technology are the main determinants
of child labour. They father opine that existence of occupational or sector dualism in
terms of formal and in formal sectors in held to be another theoretical formulation of
child labour use. It is argued that a larger of the developing economy is unorganized
and so the households supply their family and child labour for paid or unpaid work.
Hence, “the existence of such dualistic structure at the techno-economic level of
production and distribution, being characterstic of economic like India, is responsible
for the supply of child labour for wages in the labour market “.Home folk said that
child labour is any work by children that interferes with their full physical
development, their opportunities for a desirable , minimum education or their needed
recreation. Professor .A. Kumar said that a study on socio economic condition of child
labourer in Bhubaneswar city in 1982. This study reveals that child labour constitute
2.5 percent of child population and 3.1 percent of total working force of Bhubaneswar
municipality area. Thus study focused a sample of 218 child labourers distributed in
15 various occupations. This study indicates that the child labourers are paid on time-
rate basis or piece-rate system considering the number of days or hours of work No
doubt, this study has covered a wide rang of issues among child labourers , poverty
and suggested some valuable remedial measures. Singh (1990) said that find that the
practice of child labour is primarily found among economically weaker sections of
society and the working conditions are grossly determental to the growth and
development of the child labourers. Bachman (2001) said that underpayment of
children for their work and other forms of exploitation are also included in child
labour. Generally child labour is perceived to be an economic necessity of poor
households and the exploitation aspect in children’s work is associated with the profit
maximizing motiveof commercial enterprises where in children are made to work long
hours. Paid low wages and denied opportunities for education. Cigno and Rosati
(2002) said that the effect of child’s sex, age household composition, and mother’s
education on child labourers is of the same kind for home care children so the two
groups may by the some things. Naidu observed that child labour largely depends
upon normative attitudes towords children in society. The culturally determind roles
and functions of children , the values by which the activities of children are judged
and the nature of socialization process, the process of socialization and the cultural
objectives to which it responds,, are clearly inter-dependent with the structural
economic system within which socialization occurs. Mishra (2001) based on his study
has revealed that in a transitional society the case of child labour is also regarded as

7
an economic practice because of the persistence of tradition-bound occupation and
occupational immobility. But this society is also not free from the influence of modern
science and technology development existing in the modern world and the use of child
labour is also regarded as a social evil. Hence, the practice of child labour, exists
simultaneously both as an economic practice and as asocial evil in a transitional
society. Lieten(2005) has point out that how socialization process of children has
reached today’s most badly organised exploitations. Steven wind (2006) said that
writings has remarked that employers are neglecting the risks associated with the job
in hazardous sectors, and parents of the children not aware of the risks involved in
their children’s works. Most of the parents whether educated or little educated have
taken risk factor of granted. In his study, it is found that a lot of culture factors such
as traditional belief system and parents. Vijay Kumar (1992) demonstrated that the
prevalence of girl child labour is more in beedi industry compared to male child labour
.He explained that absence enough ventilation , light, first aid etc are most common
in all Beedi- making units. Usually rollers are being paid on a ‘piece rate system’ and
in beedi rolling invariably deduct a part of the wages on the grounds that a certain
percentage of the materials produced are of substandard quality due to the bad quality
of the tobacco leaves. It has been observed that, a large number of working children
even don’t know that whether they are paid any wage and if ang wages and if they are
paid wages. They do not know the quantum of wages paid for their labour.

4. OBJECTIVES
 To find out the causes and consequences of child labour
 To suggest policy measures for combating child labour.

5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Child labour is a concept ,which is very difficult to define the social responsibility
discourse examines children in the contest of social rather than economic development
and is concerned with the separation of children from mechanisms of social protection,
participation and opportunity. Child labour is thus seen as a problem of social
exclusion.
As children are most directly affected by the worst forms work and
child labour it is only logical that they should be in the first line of participation and
involved in efforts to address those issues and seek solutions. There are so many
research studies conducted on child labour which includes the status of working
conditions, social and economic problems and health status in different establishments
etc. In this regard the researches felt that, there is basic need to conduct research
studies specifically on the causes and consequences of ‘child labour’.

6. THE DETAILS OF THE TOPIC

Over population illiteracy, poverty debt trap are some of the some
common causes which are instrumental in this issue. Overburn, debt trapped parents
fail to understand the importance of a normal child labour under the pressure of their
own troubles and thus it leads to the poor emotional and mental balance of a child

8
brain which is not prepared to undertake rigorous field or domestic takes. National
and international companies also recreit children in government industries for more
work and less pay which is absolutely unethical according to UNICEF children are
employed because they can be easily exploited by considering various causes of child
labour we can make a strategy to curb or eliminate child labour in India.

6.1 ECONOMIC CAUSES

(a)EXTREME POVERTY;-
Child labour is commonly found in all the developing
countries where poverty is usually found. In is a country in which more than 26% of
the people are living below the conditions of poverty as per 2001 estimate. Many
families with the extreme poverty are compelled to send their children for work who
contribute something for the family income children of poor families are forced to
work particularly when the working adult members of the family become disabled due
to physical and mental deformities, diseases or accidents.

(b)POSSIBILITY OF EXTRACTING MORE WORK FOR LESS WAGE

Employers of many enterprises search for child labourers because they can
extract more work from them by giving less wages. child labourers neither have a
“labour union” of their own ,nor the “bargaining power” to demand more wages. It is
observed that a child labourers are employed in mining, glass-making, carpet-weaving
and leather industries mainly with this intention.

(c)TO SECURE MORE PROFIT FOR FACTORIES;-

Some industrialists believe that their units are able to maximise profits because
of the appointment of child labourers whose labour is very cheap. For example, the
carpet industry of U.P. which employs 75000 children earns about Rs 150/- crore, a
year in foreign exchange. In 1993, its export earnings were estimated to be about Rs
350/- crore. These industrialists put forward their own arguments in favour of
appointing little children.

(B)FAMILIES FACTORS
Family disorganisation often leads to child labour. Extreme poverty and
economic necessity of the family as it is already mentioned, is one of the factors
favouring child labour. Divorce, Desertion, Rigid family relations, cruelty at home,
Parent child conflicts , Criminal tendencies of the parents often compel children to run
away from the unpleasant family environment. In order to which away their time such
children wander here and there as street children and finally get in to some jobs.
Ex;- According to one estimate of the more than 4 lakh
working children in Delhi, nearly 1.5 lakh children do not go for work the alternative
left for them is idles destitution, on crime.

9
 (C)SOCIAL AND OTHER FACTORS;-

(a)TEMPTATION OF BAD HABITS;

Children belonging to the poor families often become the
victims of certain bad and costly habits such as -smoking ,gambling ,purchasing
lottery tickets ,seeing the movies regularly, consuming alcohol drinks etc. when they
do not get enough packet money from home they often resort to out side work to earn
money to satisfy their bad habits.

(b) JUSTIFICATION OF EMPLOYERS OF CHILD LABOURERS;-

Some employers justify their act of employing little children for work.
They argue that work keeps poor children away from starvation .they even say that
they are rendering a service to the society by providing some jobs to the wandering
children who would other wise have become criminals or joined the rank of anti-social
elements.
(c)KIDNAPPING AND BLACKMAILING OF CHILDREN;-
They are also anti-social forces which often kidnap
children and take them to a different place for selling them to some employers who
are in search of cheap human labour.

6.2 CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD LABOUR;-

Child labour are exposed to accidental and other injuries at work.
They should thus be protected to prevent social, economic and physical norm, which
present to affect them during tear life time such injuries include.
The presence of a large number of child labour is regarded
as a serious issue in terms of economic welfare. Children who work fail to get
necessary education. They do not get opportunity to develop physically, emotionally

10
 and psychologically. In term of the physical condition of children, children are not
ready for long monotonous work because they become exhausted more quickly then
adults, This makes the children more vulnerable to disease. Children in hazardous
working conditions are even in worse conditions. children who work, instead of going
to school , will remain own well being as well as to community they live in. child
labour has long term adverse effects for india. To keep an economic prospering, vital
criterion is to have an educated work force equipped with relevant skills for the needs
of industries. The young labourers today, will be part of India as human capital
tomorrow. Child labour undoubtedly results in trade- off with human capital
accumulation.
Child labour in India are employed with the
majority(70%)in agricultural some in lowest labour-intensive sector such as sari
weaving or as domestic helpers, which require neither formal education nor training,
but some in heavy industry such as coal mining. According to the international labour
organization (ILO) they are termenedous economic benefits for developing nations by
sending children to school instead of work. With out education, children to school
instead of work. With out education, children do not gain the necessary skills such as
English literacy and technical aptitude that will increase their productivity to enable
them to secure higher skilled jobs in future with higher wages that will lift them out
of poverty.
a) General child injuries and abuse like cuts, burns and lacerations, tiredness and
dizziness, excessive fears and nightmares.
b) sexual abuse, particularly sexual exploitation of girls by adults, rape,
prostitution, early and unwanted pregnancy abortion, sexually. Transmitted
Diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS, drugs and alcoholism.
c) Emotional neglect such as deprivation of family love and affection, resulting in
lone lines and hopelessness.
d) physical neglect like lack of adequate provision of food, clothing, shelter and
medical treatment.
e) Luck of schooling result in missing education qualifications and higher skills
thus perpetuating their life in poverty.Competition of children with adult
workers leads to depressing wages and salaries.

Apart from the above, luck of opportunity for higher education for older children deprives the
nation of developing higher skills and technological capability that are required for economic
development /transformation to attain higher income and better standard of living. This is
necessity given the object poverty prevailing in rural areas in the absence of any social security
system. people look at rising under. It is a catch-22 situation; A poor village can not afford to

11
rise children but continues to produce them in the hope that they will add to the income while
also providing an income security in his old age.

6.3 POLICY ON CHILD LABOUR:

The national policy on child labour, August 1987 contains the action
plan for tacking the problem of child labour. It envisages-
-A legislative action plan.
-Focusing and convergence of general development programmes for benefiting
children were ever possible.
-Project -based action of action for launching of project for the welfare of working
children in areas of high concentration of child labour.

In pursuance of national child labour policy, the NCLP scheme was started in 1988
to rehabilitate child labour. Under the scheme after the survey of child labour engaged
in hazardous occupations and process has been conducted, children are to be
withdrawn from these occupations and process and then put in the special school in
order to enable them to be mainstreamed into formal schooling system.

(a) CHILDLABOUR (PROHIBITION & REGULATION) AMENDMENT ACT

2016

Government has enacted the child labour Amendment act 2016 which came into
force w.e.f. 1.9.2016. The amendment act completely prohibits the employment
of children below 14 years. This act is also prohibiting the employment
adolescents in the age group of 14 to 18 years in hazardous occupation and
processes and regulates their working conditions were they are not prohibited.
This act is also providing stricter punishment for employer for violation of the act
and making the offence of employing any child.

(b) CHILDLABOUR (PROHIBITION &REGULATION) AMENDMENT ACT

2017
Government in India has notified the amendment in the child labour central rules
after extensive consultation with the stakeholders. The rules provide broad and
specific framework for prevention, prohibition rescue and re-prohibition of child and
adolescent workers. It also clarifies on issues related with help in family and family
enterprises and definition of family with respect to child ,specific provisions has been
incorporated in rules . Further ,it also provides for sategwards of artists which have
been permitted to work under the act ,in terms of hours of work and working
conditions .The rules provide for specific provision in corporating duties and
responsibilities of in forcement agencies in order to ensure effective implementation
and compliance of the provisions of the act .

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c)CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR CHILD UPLIFTMENT
-Article 21(a) right to education:-
The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the
age of 6 to 14 years in such manner as the state, by law ,many determine .
-Article 24: provibition of employment of children in factories etc.
No child below the age 14 years shall be employed I work in any factory
or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment .
-Article 39:The state shall ,in particular direct policy towards securing that the health
and strength of workers .Men and women ,and the tender age of children are not
abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to inter avocations
unsuited to their age .

7. THE FINDINGS
 The gender -wise classification of our child laborers indicated that an over whelming
majority of 65.26 percent child labourers are males. The low percentage of girls child
labourers might be due to social and cultural factors which hampers their participation in
work.
 A variety of educational service are offered by many school /educational institution in their
attempt to provide an alternative to child labourer they provide full day schools that mirror
the mainstream formula system in many respects .But the school are regarded as non-formal
on the grounds that they offer the primary school curriculum in compressed time frame and
their teachers less qualified and are paid lower salaries than government school teachers .
They demand that such schools most be founded the government .The rationale for setting
such schools into improve school access to the children of educationally backward area .
 This study found wide variation in the importance of working children contributions to
household livelihood .In some per households, male bread winner was carring enough to

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feed his household. In such families, children are not dire economic ,necessities arising
from siblings marriage or religious ceremony ,this families are compelled to send their
children to work part time or full time .30.62percent of children are found working as well
as attending school. A majority of such children consists of children working as domestic
servants in homes and in agricultural fields .In other household ,working children
contribution is considered important because an adult male member of the family is not
working or diverting economic resources to the purchase of drugs and alcohol .In some
household ,where labour sporadic rather than constant ,girls work part-time after attending
the schools.

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 8. CONCLUSION
The problem and cause of child labour continues to pose a challenge before the nation
government has been taking various pro-active magnitude and extent of the problem
and that it is essentially a socio-economic problem and cause in extricable ,linked to
poverty and illiteracy ,it requires cornuted efforts from all society to make a dent is
the cause and problem.
 The major factors whose contribute toward child labour is unemployment of
parents.
 Luck of education is 2nd important factor.
 The basis reason of child labour is parent luck of interest in education
 Law and order situation Peshawar.
 Economical condition of area.
 Over population is also main cause for child labour.
The social evil of child labour can be brought under contract, if each individual takes
responsibility of prevailing child labour. Each an every citizen should take corrective
measures to stop child labour, so that we can have a better an developed India. child labour
can be controlled it the government functions effectively with the support of the public.

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9.BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Basu, K (1999), “child labour : cause, consequence, and cure with Remarks on International
labour standards.’’
2. Journal of Economic literature, September 1083-1119.
3. Jaiswal.P. child laour a sociological study, New Delhi: sharp publication 2000.
4. United Nations children fund. Profiting from abuse: An even investigation in to the sexual
exploitation of our children.
5. New York :UNICEF,2001.
6. Bajpai, Asha (2003), child Rights in India , law policy, and practices, New Delhi:Oxford
University press.
7.Bhargava, Gopal(2000), child labour voi.1, New Delhi : Kalput publication.
8.Cigno, A;F.C. Rosati(2002) “child labour, education and nutrition in rural India.”
9.Mishra Lakshmi Dhar (2000), Child labour in India, Oxford University Press New Delhi.
10.Singh A.N (1990),Child labour in India: Socio-Economic Perspectives, Shipra publication
Delhi.
11. Grootaert, C, and R. Kanbur(1995) child labour:An economic perpective, International
labour.
12. Naidu, U.S. (1985). Child labour and health: problems and prospects. Bombay, India: Tata
Institute of social sciences.
13.Stein, E., & and Davis, J. (1940),labour problems in America. New York, NY:Farrar &
Rinehart. -Find this resource.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like place on record my deep felt gratitude to all those who health me to realise my
long dream to right dissertation at the out set. I would express my sincere respect and profound
gratitude to my supervisor__________________ whose consistent valuable guidance
supervision and encouragement at is and every stage have gone the way in the preparation
and shaping of the dissertation without her patient and creative supports. I would not have
been able to comp let my work in the in the stipulated time in fact she has enriched my
knowledge caliver with her invaluable suggestions and comment’s my frequent intraction with
her and various issue of the problem her help me in understanding the problem.
I wish to thank other faculties of the department without whom at would
have been difficult to me to ststupmt with my work.
I greatfull to my family for their love, inspiration and sacrifice .I would like
to thank my friend and my brother for they are moral support health I need than most .
The from in which the Dissertation has been presentated ,idea and experience
thus I own the enter responsible for any short coming in her work.

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